Volume XLIV., page xliii.)

-on imperfection of geological record.

Tacsonia, Darwin on flowers of. -fertilisation by humming-birds. -Scott's work on.

Tahiti, coral reefs of. -Darwin on.

Tails of diluvium, in Scotland.

Tait, Prof. P.G., article in "North British Review." -on age of world.

Tait, L., letters to.

Tait, W.C., letter to. -on rudimentary tails in dogs and Manx cats. -sends Drosophyllum to Darwin.

Talbot, Mrs. E., letter to.

Tandon, Moquin, "Elements de Teratologie Vegetale."

Tankerville, Lord.

Tasmania, comparison between floras of New Zealand and. -Hooker's Flora of. -trees of.

Taylor, W., "Life and Correspondence" of.

Tears, and muscular contraction.

Tees, Hooker on glacial moraines in valley of.

Tegetmeier, W.B., assistance rendered to Darwin by. -letters to.

Telegraph-plant (see also Desmodium).

"Telliamed" (de Maillet), evolutionary views of.

Tendrils, morphology of.

Teneriffe, flora of. -violet of Peak of. -Webb and Humboldt on zones of.

Tennent, Sir J.E., on elephants' tears. -on Utricularia.

Tentacles, aggregation of protoplasm in cells of plant-.

Teodoresco, on effect of excess of CO2 on vegetation.

Teratology, Masters on vegetable. -Moquin Tandon on.

Terebratula.

Termites compared with cleistogamic flowers. -F. Muller's paper on.

Terraces, Darwin on Patagonian.

Tertiary, Antarctic continent, Darwin on existence of. -Mastodon from Shanghai. -flora in Madeira.

Tertiary period, action of sea and earth-movement. -island floras of the. -Saporta's work on plants. -succession of types during the. -Prestwich's work on.

Testimonials, Darwin on.

Tetrabranchiata, Hyatt on the.

Thayer's "Letters of Chauncey Wright."

Theologians, Huxley on.

Theological articles, by Asa Gray.

Theology, Darwin's opinion on.

Theorising, observing and.

Theory, Darwin's advice to Scott to be sparing in use of.

Thibet, Hooker prohibited crossing into.

Thierzucht, Settegast's.

Thiselton-Dyer, Lady.

Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W., assists Darwin in bloom-experiments. -Darwin signs his certificate for Royal Society. -lecture on plant distribution as field for geographical research. -letter to "Nature" from. -notes on letter from Darwin to Bentham. -on partial submergence of Australia. -letters to. -extract from letter to. -on Darwin.

Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W., and Prof. Dewar, on immersion of seeds in liquid hydrogen.

Thlaspi alpestre, range of.

Thompson, Prof. D'Arcy, prefatory note by Darwin to his translation of H. Muller's book.

Thompson, W., natural-historian of Ireland.

Thomson, Sir W., see Kelvin, Lord.

Thomson, Sir Wyville, on Natural Selection. -mentioned.

Thomson, review of Jordan's "Diagnoses d'especes" by.

Thorns, forms of.

"Three Barriers," theological hash of old abuse of Darwin.

Thury on sex.

Thwaites, Dr. G.H.K. (1811-82): held for some years the post of Director of the Botanic Gardens at Peradenyia, Ceylon; and in 1864 published an important work on the flora of the island, entitled "Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae." -on Ceylon plants. -letters to. -on the "Origin."

Thymus.

Tieghem, Prof. van, on course of vessels in orchid flowers. -on effect of flashing light on plants.

Tierra del Fuego, flora of. -comparison with Glen Roy. -evidence of glaciers in. -micaschists of.

Time, and evolutionary changes. -geological. -meaning of millions of years. -Niagara as measure of geological. -rate of deposition as measure of. -Wallace on geological.

"Times," article by Huxley in. -letter by Fitz-Roy in.

Timiriazeff, Prof.

Timor, Mastodon from.

Toad, power of Indian species to resist sea-water.

Tobacco, Kolreuter on varieties of.

Todd, on Solanum rostratum.

"Toledoth Adam," title of book on evolution by N. Lewy.

Torbitt, J., experiments on potatoes, and letter to.

Torquay, Darwin's visit to.

Tortoises, conversion of turtles into land-.

Tortugas, A. Agassiz on reefs of.

Toryism, defence of.

Toucans, colour of beaks in breeding season.

Trachyte, separation of basalt and.

Tragopan.

Traill, experiments on grafting.

Transfusion experiments, by Galton.

Translations of Darwin's books.

Transplanting, effect on Alpine plants.

Transport, occasional means of.

Travels, Bates' book of. -Humboldt's. -Wallace's.

Travers, H.H., on Chatham Islands.

Trecul, on Drosera.

Trees, herbaceous orders and. -occurrence in islands. -older forms more likely to develop into. -Asa Gray on. -conditions in New Zealand favourable to development of. -crossing in. -separate sexes in.

Treub, M., on Chalazogamy.

Treviranus, Prof., on Primula longiflora.

Trifolium resupinatum, Darwin's observations on bloom on leaflets.

Trigonecephalus.

Trilobites, change of genera and species of.

Trimen, on painting butterflies.

Trimorphism, in plants.

Trinidad, Catasetum of. -Cruger on caprification in.

Triphaena (Triphoea) pronuba, robin attracted by colour of.

Tristan d'Acunha, Carmichael on. -vegetation of.

Triticum repens var. littorum, bloom-experiments on.

Trollope, A., quotation by Darwin from.

Tropaeolum, Darwin's experiments on. -peloric variety of. -waxy secretion on leaves.

Tropical climate, in relation to colouring of insects.

Tropical plants, possible existence during cooler period. -retreat of.

Tropics, climatic changes in. -description of forests in. -similarity of orders in.

Tubocytisus, Kerner on.

Tuckwell, on the Oxford British Association meeting (1860).

Tucotuco.

Tuke, D.H., on influence of mind on body. -letter to.

Tulips.

Turkey, colour of wings, and courtship. -muscles of tail of.

Turner, Sir W., Darwin receives assistance from. -on Darwin's methods of correspondence. -letters to.

Turratella.

Turtles, conversion into land-tortoises.

Tussilago, Darwin on seeds of groundsel and.

Twins, Galton's article on.

Tylor, article in "Journal of the Royal Institution" by. -on "Early History of Mankind."

Tyndall, lack of caution. -lecture by. -on the Alps. -review in the "Athenaeum" of. -on valleys due to glaciers. -work of. -dogmatism of. -on glaciers. -on Sorby's work on cleavage. -mentioned.

Typhlops.

Typical forms, difficult to select. -vagueness of phrase.

Typotherium, Falconer on.

Tyrol, Mojsisovics on the Dolomites of the.

Umbelliferae, morphological characters of. -difference in seeds from the same flower.

Undulation of light, comparison between Darwin's views and the theory of.

Ungulates, development in N. America during Tertiary period.

United States, flora of. -spread of Darwin's views in.

Unity of coloration, Walsh on.

Uredo, on Haematoxylon.

Ursus arctos, Lamont on. -U. maritimus, Lamont on.

Urticaceae.

Uruguay.

D'Urville, on Canary Islands.

Use and disuse. -in plants.

Uses, Natural Selection and.

Uspallata.

Utilitarianism, Darwin on.

Utility and inheritance.

Utopian "Flora," Darwin's idea of.

Utricularia, Darwin's work on. -U. stellaris, Sir E. Tennent on.

Vaginulus, Darwin finds new species of.

Valeriana, two forms of.

Valleys, action of ice in formation of. -Dana on Australian. -Darwin on origin of.

Valparaiso.

Van Diemen's Land, flora of, in relation to New Zealand.

Vanda.

Vandeae, structure of ovary.

Vanessa, two sexual forms of. -breeding in confinement. -colour of.

Vanilla.

Variability, backward tendency of. -Bentham on. -causes of. -De Candolle on. -dependent more on nature of organism than on environment. -Huxley and Scott on. -importance of subject of cause of. -Natural Selection and. -in oaks. -greater in bisexual than in unisexual plants. -of ferns "passes all bounds." -greater in male than female. -in ovaries of flowers. -tendency of genera at different periods towards.

Variation. -an innate principle. -Bates on. -in blackbirds. -causes of. -centrifugal nature of. -checked by Natural Selection. -climate and. -Darwin attaches importance to useless. -Darwin on favourable. -divergence of. -and external conditions. -in elephants. -in Fucus. -of large genera. -laws of. -of monotypic and polytypic genera. -and monstrosities. -and Natural Selection. -ordination and. -in peaches. -in plants. -produced by crossing. -rate of action of. -of small genera. -sterility advantageous to. -Weismann on. -galls as cause of. -and loss of dimorphism in Primula and Auricula. -Sexual Selection and minute. -transmission to sexes. -Verlot on. -Wallace on.

"Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," completion of. -delay in publication. -Lyell on. -translation of. -Wallace's opinion of. -Darwin at work on.

Varieties, accumulation of. -distinction between species and. -fertility of. -in insects. -in large genera. -of molluscs. -production of. -species the product of long series of. -use of. -Wallace on. -elimination by crossing. -zoologists neglect study of.

Vaucher, "Plantes d'Europe."

"Vegetable Teratology," Masters'.

Vegetative reproduction, Darwin on.

Veitch, J.

Velleia, fertilisation mechanism of.

Verbascum, crossing and varieties in. -Scott's work on.

Verbenaceae.

Verlot, on variation in flowers.

Veronica, Antarctic species of.

Vessels, course of, as guide to morphology of flowers.

"Vestiges of Creation," Huxley's review of. -the "Origin of Species" and. -Vetch, extra-floral nectaries of.

Vetter, editor of "Kosmos."

Viburnum lantanoides, in Japan and east U.S.A.

Victoria Street Society for Protection of Animals against Vivisection, charge brought against Dr. Ferrier by.

Villa Franca, Baron de, on varieties of sugar-cane.

Villarsia.

Vine, graft-hybrids of. -varieties of. -morphology of tendrils.

Viola, ancestral form of. -cleistogamic flowers of. -pollen-tubes of. -Madagascan. -Pyrenean. -on Peak of Teneriffe. -V. canina, fertilisation of. -V. nana. -V. odorata, floral biology of.

Virchow, Huxley's criticism of. -publication by Hackel of Darwin's criticism of.

Viscum.

Vitality of seeds, in salt-water experiments.

Viti group of islands, effect of subsidence.

Vivisection.

Vochting, H., "Bewegung der Bluthen und Fruchte." -letter to. -"Organbildung im Pflanzenreich."

"Volcanic Geology," Dana's.

Volcanic islands, polymorphic species in. -Darwin's geological observations on. -Darwin's opinion of his book on. -Lyell and Herschel on. -relation to continents.

Volcanic phenomena, cause of. -Darwin on. -and elevation. -as mere accidents in swelling up of dome of plutonic rocks. -and subsidence.

Volcanic rocks.

Volcano, in interior of Asia.

Volcanoes, in S. America. -compared with boilers. -maritime position of. -of St. Jago, Mauritius, and St. Helena. -simultaneous activity of. -and subsidence.

Volucella, as example of mimicry.

Vries, H. de, on plant-movements.

Vulcanicity.

Wagner, M., attacks Darwin. -essay by. -mentioned.

"Wahl der Lebens-Weise."

Wahlenberg, on variation of species in U.S.A.

Wales, Darwin's visit to. -comparison of valleys of Lochaber and. -Darwin on glaciers of. -elevation of land in Scotland and. -Murchison sees no trace of glaciers in. -Ramsay on denudation of S.

Wallace, A.R., on beauty. -criticises the expression, "Natural Selection." -Darwin on cleverness of. -letters to. -letters to Darwin from. -on Mastodon from Timor. -notes by. -on pangenesis. -review of Bastian's "Beginnings of Life." -on sterility. -on success of Natural Selection. -attributes Natural Selection to Darwin. -on colour and birds' nests. -Darwin's criticism of his "Geographical Distribution of Animals." -differs from Darwin. -on evolution of man. -"Island Life." -on wings of lepidoptera. -review of Darwin's book on Expression. -review of Lyell's "Principles of Geology." -on Round Island. -same ideas hit on by Darwin and. -supplies information to Darwin on Sexual Selection. -on variation. -at work on narrative of travels.

Wallace, Dr., on sexes in Bombyx. -on caterpillars.

Wallich, on Oxyspora paniculata.

Wallis, H.M., on ears. -letters to.

Walpole.

Walsh, Benjamin Dann: was born at Frome, in England, in 1808, and died in America in 1869, from the result of a railway accident. He entered at Trinity College, Cambridge, and obtained a fellowship there after being fifth classic in 1831. He was therefore a contemporary of Darwin's at the University, though not a "schoolmate," as the "American Entomologist" puts it. He was the author of "A Historical Account of the University of Cambridge and its Colleges," London, 2nd edition, 1837; also of a translation of part of "Aristophanes," 1837: from the dedication of this book it seems that he was at St. Paul's School, London. He settled in America in 1838, but only began serious Entomology about 1858. He never returned to England. In a letter to Mr. Darwin, November 7th, 1864, he gives a curious account of the solitary laborious life he led for many years. "When I left England in 1838," he writes, "I was possessed with an absurd notion that I would live a perfectly natural life, independent of the whole world--in me ipso totus teres atque rotundus. So I bought several hundred acres of wild land in the wilderness, twenty miles from any settlement that you would call even a village, and with only a single neighbor. There I gradually opened a farm, working myself like a horse, raising great quantities of hogs and bullocks...I did all kinds of jobs for myself, from mending a pair of boots to hooping a barrel." After nearly dying of malaria, he sold his land at a great loss, and found that after twelve years' work he was just 1000 dollars poorer than when he began. He then went into the lumber business at Rock Island, Illinois. After seven years he invested most of his savings in building "ten two-storey brick houses for rent." He states that the repairs of the houses occupied about one-fourth of his time, and the remainder he was able to devote to entomology. He afterwards edited the "Practical Entomologist." In regard to this work he wrote (February 25th, 1867):--"Editing the 'Practical Entomologist' does undoubtedly take up a good deal of my time, but I also pick up a good deal of information of real scientific value from its correspondents. Besides, this great American nation has hitherto had a supreme contempt for Natural History, because they have hitherto believed that it has nothing to do with the dollars and cents. After hammering away at them for a year or two, I have at last succeeded in touching the 'pocket nerve' in Uncle Sam's body, and he is gradually being galvanised into the conviction that science has the power to make him richer." It is difficult to realise that even forty years ago the position of science in Illinois was what Mr. Walsh describes it to be: "You cannot have the remotest conception of the ideas of even our best- educated Americans as to the pursuit of science. I never yet met with a single one who could be brought to understand how or why a man should pursue science for its own pure and holy sake." Mr. L.O. Howard ("Insect Life," Volume VII., 1895, page 59) says that Harris received from the State of Massachusetts only 175 dollars for his classical report on injurious insects which appeared in 1841 and was reprinted in 1842 and 1852. It would seem that in these times Massachusetts was in much the same state of darkness as Illinois. In the winter of 1868-9 Walsh was, however, appointed State Entomologist of Illinois. He made but one report before his death. He was a man of liberal ideas, hating oppression and wrong in all its forms. On one occasion his life was threatened for an attempt to purify the town council. As an instance of "hereditary genius" it may be mentioned that his brother was a well-known writer on natural history and sporting subjects, under the pseudonym "Stonehenge." The facts here given are chiefly taken from the "American Entomologist" (St. Louis, Mo.), Volume II., page 65. -as entomologist. -letters to. -letter to Darwin from. -death of. -and C.V. Riley.

Warming, E., "Lehrbuch der okologischen Pflanzengeographie."

Washingtonia.

Wasps, power of building cells.

Water, effect on leaves (see also Rain).

Water-weed, Marshall on.

Waterhouse, George Robert (1810-88): held the post of Keeper of the Department of Geology in the British Museum from 1851 to 1880. -review by Darwin of his book on Mammalia. -on skeletons of rabbits. -on wide range of genera. -mentioned.

Waterloo, Darwin's recollections of.

Waterton.

Watson, H.C., alluded to. -on the Azores. -on British agrarian plants. -on northward range of plants common to Britain and America. -objection to Darwin's views. -on Natural Selection. -mentioned.

Waves, depth of action of.

Wax, secretion on leaves (see also Bloom).

Wealden period.

Weale, J.P.M., sends locust dung from Natal to Darwin.

Webb, on flora of Teneriffe.

Wedgwood, Elizabeth.

Wedgwood, Emma (Mrs. Darwin), letter to.

Wedgwood, Hensleigh: brother-in-law to Charles Darwin. -Darwin visits. -influenced by Lyell's book on America. -on Tyndall.

Wedgwood, Josiah, letter to.

Weeds, adaptation to cultivated ground. -English versus American. -Asa Gray on pertinacity of.

Weeping, physiology of.

Weir, H.W., on Cytisus.

Weir, Mr. John Jenner (1822-94): came of a family of Scotch descent; in 1839 he entered the service of the Custom House, and during the final eleven years of his service, i.e. from 1874 to 1885, held the position of Accountant and Controller-General. He was a born naturalist, and his "aptitude for exact observation was of the highest order" (Mr. M'Lachlan in the "Entomologist's Monthly Magazine," May 1894). He is chiefly known as an entomologist, but he had also extensive knowledge of Ornithology, Horticulture, and of the breeds of various domestic animals and cage-birds. His personal qualities made him many friends, and he was especially kind to beginners in the numerous subjects on which he was an authority ("Science Gossip," May 1894). -experiments on caterpillars. -letters to. -extract from letter to Darwin from. -on birds. -invited to Down. -value of his letters to Darwin. -mentioned.

Weismann, A., Darwin asked to point out how far his work follows same lines as that of. -on dimorphism. -"Einfluss der Isolirung." -letters to. -Meldola's translation of "Studies in Descent." -"Studies in Theory of Descent." -faith in Sexual Selection.

Wellingtonia.

Wells, Dr., essay on dew. -quoted by Darwin as having enunciated principle of Natural Selection before publication of "Origin."

Welwitschia, Hooker's work on. -Darwin on. -a "vegetable Ornithorhynchus."

Welwitschia mirabilis, seedlings of.

Wenlock, coral limestone of.

West Indies, plants of. -coral reefs. -elevation and subsidence of. -orchids of.

Westminster Abbey, memorial to Lyell.

"Westminster Review," Huxley's review of the "Origin" in. -Wallace's article.

Westwood, J.O. (1805-93): Professor of Entomology at Oxford. The Royal medal was awarded to him in 1855. He was educated at a Friends' School at Sheffield, and subsequently articled to a solicitor in London; he was for a short time a partner in the firm, but he never really practised, and devoted himself to science. He is the author of between 350 and 400 papers, chiefly on entomological and archaeological subjects, besides some twenty books. To naturalists he is known by his writings on insects, but he was also "one of the greatest living authorities on Anglo-Saxon and mediaeval manuscripts" ("Dictionary of National Biography"). -on range of genera. -and Royal medal. -mentioned.

Whales, Flower on.

Wheat, mummy. -fertilisation of. -forms of Russian.

Whewell, W.

Whiston.

Whitaker, W., on escarpments.

White, F.B., letter to. -on hemiptera of St. Helena.

White, Gilbert, Darwin writes an account of Down in the manner of.

White, on regeneration.

Whiteman, R.G., letter to.

Whitney, on origin of language.

Wichura, Max, on hybrid willows. -on hybridisation.

Widow-bird, experiments on.

Wiegmann.

Wiesner, Prof. J., disagrees with Darwin's views on plant movement. "Das Bewegungsvermogen der Pflanzen." -on heliotropism. -letter to.

Wigand, A., "Der Darwinismus..." -Jager's work contra.

Wight, Dr., on Cucurbitaceae.

Wilberforce, Bishop, review in the "Quarterly."

Wildness of game.

Wilkes' exploring expedition, Dana's volume in reports of.

Williamson, Prof. W.C.

Willis, J.C., reference to his "Flowering Plants and Ferns."

Willows, Walsh on galls of. -Wichura on hybrid.

Wilson, A.S., letters to. -on Russian wheat.

Wind-fertilised trees and plants, abundant in humid and temperate regions.

Wingless birds, transport of.

Wings of ostrich.

Wire-bird, of St. Helena.

Witches' brooms.

Wives, resemblance to husbands.

Wollaston, Thomas Vernon (1821-78): Wollaston was an under-graduate at Jesus College, Cambridge, and in late life published several books on the coleopterous insects of Madeira, the Canaries, the Cape Verde Islands, and other regions. He is referred to in the "Origin of Species" (Edition VI page 109) as having discovered "the remarkable fact that 200 beetles, out of the 550 species (but more are now known) inhabiting Madeira, are so far deficient in wings that they cannot fly; and that, of the twenty-nine endemic genera, no less than twenty-three have all their species in this condition!" See Obituary Notice in "Nature," Volume XVII., page 210, 1878, and "Trans. Entom. Soc." 1877, page xxxviii.) "Catalogue" (Probably the "Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the British Museum," 1864.) -catalogue of insects of Canary Islands. -Darwin and Royal medal. -in agreement with Falconer in opposition to Darwin's views on species. -"Insecta Maderensia." -on rarity of intermediate varieties in insects. -review on the "Origin" by. -on varieties. -mentioned.

Wolverhampton, abrupt termination of boulders near.

Wood, fossil.

Wood, T.W., drawings by.

Woodcock, germination of seeds carried by. -protective colouring of.

Woodd, C.H.L., letter to.

Woodpecker, adaptation in. -and direct action. -form of tail of.

Woodward, A.S., on Neomylodon. -and C.D. Sherborn, "Catalogue of British Fossil Vertebrata."

Woodward, Samuel Pickworth (1821-65): held an appointment in the British Museum Library for a short time, and then became Sub-Curator to the Geological Society (1839). In 1845 he was appointed Professor of Geology and Natural History in the recently founded Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester; he afterwards obtained a post as first-class assistant in the Department of Geology and Mineralogy in the British Museum. Woodward's chief work, "The Manual of Mollusca," was published in 1851-56. ("A Memoir of Dr. S.P. Woodward," "Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society,"