Volume XLVI., page xv, 1890: "Letters of Asa Gray," edited by Jane Loring

Gray, 2 volumes, Boston, U.S., 1893). -articles by. -as advocate of Darwin's views. -Darwin's opinion of. -on Hooker's Antarctic paper. -on large genera varying. -letters to Darwin from. -letters to. -on Darwin's views. -plants of the Northern States. -on variation. -book for children by. -on crossing. -visits Down. -on dimorphism. -on Agassiz. -extract from letter to G.F. Wright from. -on fertilisation of Cypripedium. -on Gymnadenia tridentata. -on Habenaria. -on Passiflora. -on relative ranges of U. States and European species. -on Sarracenia. -mentioned.

Gray, Mrs.

Gray, Dr. John Edward, F.R.S. (1800-75): became an assistant to the Natural History Department of the British Museum in 1824, and was appointed Keeper in 1840. Dr. Gray published a great mass of zoological work, and devoted himself "with unflagging energy to the development of the collections under his charge." ("Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." Volume XV., page 281, 1875.) -and British Museum.

Greatest Happiness principle.

Grebes, as seed-eaters.

Greenland, absence of Arctic Leguminosae. -connection with Norway. -flora of. -introduction of plants by currents. -as line of communication of alpine plants. -migration of European birds to.

Greg, W.R.: Author of "The Enigmas of Life," 1872. -Darwin on his "Enigmas of Life." -letter to.

Grey, Sir G., on Australian Savages.

Grinnell expedition, reference to the second.

Grisebach, A.

Grisebach, A.W.

Grossulariaceae.

Grouse, Natural Selection and colours of. -Owen describes as distinct creation.

Grypotherium Darwini. -G. domesticum.

Guiana, Bates on.

Gulf-weed, Darwin on.

Gully Dr.

Gunther, Dr., visit to Down.

Gurney, E., articles in "Fortnightly" and "Cornhill." -"Power of Sound."

Gymnadenia, course of vessels in flower of. -Asa Gray on. -penetration by pollen of rostellum.

Gynodioecism in Plantago.

Haast, Sir Julius von, (1824-87): published several papers on the Geology of New Zealand, with special reference to glacial phenomena. ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXI., pages 130, 133, 1865; Volume XXIII., page 342, 1867.) -on glacial deposits.

Habenaria, Azorean species (see also Peristylus viridis). -course of vessels in flower. -Lord Farrer on. -morphology of flower. -H. bifolia, flowers. -a subspecies of H. chlorantha. -H. chlorantha, considered by Bentham a var. of H. bifolia. -structure of ovary.

Hackel, E., convert to Darwin's views. -"Generelle Morphologie." -Die Kalkschwamme. -"Freedom in Science and Teaching." -letters to. -on pangenesis. -proposed translation of his book. -on reviews of "Origin" in Germany. -on sponges. -substitutes a molecular hypothesis for pangenesis. -visits Down. -on absence of colour-protection in lower animals. -on change of species. -on Linope. -on medusae.

Haematoxylon, bloom-experiments on. -sleep-movements.

Halictus, Fabre's paper on.

Halimeda, Darwin's description of.

Halleria, woody nature of.

Hallett, on varieties of wheat.

Hamilton, on fertilisation of Dampiera.

Hamilton, Sir W., on Law of Parsimony.

Hancock, Albany (1806-73): author of many zoological and palaeontological papers. His best-known work, written in conjunction with Joshua Alder, and published by the Ray Society is on the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. The Royal Medal was awarded to him in 1858. -on British shells. -and Royal medal.

Hanley, Dr., Darwin's visit to.

Harker, A., note on Darwin's work on cleavage and foliation.

Hartman, Dr., on Cicada septendecim.

"Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders," Moggridge's.

Harvey, William Henry (1811-66): was the author of several botanical works, principally on Algae; he held the botanical Professorship at Trinity College, Dublin, and in 1857 succeeded Professor Allman in the Chair of Botany in Dublin University. (See "Life and Letters," II., pages 274-75.) -criticism of "Origin." -Darwin's opinion of his book. -letter to. -mentioned. -on variation in Fucus.

Haughton, Samuel (1821-97): author of "Animal Mechanics, a Manual of Geology," and numerous papers on Physics, Mathematics, Geology, etc. In November 1862 Darwin wrote to Sir J.D. Hooker: "Do you know whether there are two Rev. Prof. Haughtons at Dublin? One of this name has made a splendid medical discovery of nicotine counteracting strychnine and tetanus? Can it be my dear friend? If so, he is at full liberty for the future to sneer [at] and abuse me to his heart's content." Unfortunately, Prof. Haughtons' discovery has not proved of more permanent value than his criticism on the "Origin of Species." -on Bees' cells. -on depth of ocean. -review by. -mentioned.

Hawaiian Islands, Hillebrand's Flora. -plants.

Hawks and owls as agents in seed-dispersal. -bright colours in female.

Head, expression in movement of.

Hearne, on black bear.

Heat, action on rocks.

Heathcote, Miss.

Heaths, as examples of boreal plants in Azores. -and climate.

Heberden, Dr., mentioned.

Hector.

Hedgehog, movements of spines.

Hedychium, Darwin's prediction as to fertilisation of. -paraheliotropism.

Hedyotis, dimorphism of.

Hedysarum, Darwin's experiments on (see Desmodium gyrans).

Heer, Oswald (1809-83): was born at Niederutzwyl, in the Canton of St. Gall, Switzerland, and for many years (1855-82) occupied the chair of Botany in the University of Zurich. While eminent as an entomologist Heer is chiefly known as a writer on Fossil Plants. He began to write on palaeobotanical subjects in 1841; among his most important publications, apart from the numerous papers contributed to scientific societies, the following may be mentioned: "Flora Tertiaria Helvetiae," 1855-59; the "Flora Fossilis Arctica," 7 volumes, 1869-83; "Die Urwelt der Schweiz," 1865; "Flora Fossilis Helvetiae," 1876-7. He was awarded the Wollaston medal of the Geological Society in 1874, and in 1878 he received a Royal medal. (Oswald Heer, "Bibliographie et Tables Iconographiques," par G. Malloizel, precede d'une Notice Biographique" par R. Zeiller; Stockholm.) -on continental extension. -on plants of Madeira. -on origin of species from monstrosities. -Darwin sends photograph to. -"Flora fossilis arctica." -letter to.

Heeria (see also Heterocentron). -F. Muller on.

Heifers, and sterility.

Helianthemum, Baillon's observations on pollen.

Heligoland, birds alight on sea near.

Heliotropism, experiments on. -of roots.

Hemsley, W.B., mentioned.

Hennessey.

Henry, I.A. (see Anderson-Henry) -letter to.

Henslow, Prof. J.S., life of. -Darwin's affection for. -Darwin's Cambridge recollections of. -death of. -letters to. -mentioned. -on Mus messorius. -visits Down. -Darwin on his parish work. -work on crossing.

Henslow, Miss, mentioned.

Herbaceous orders, in relation to trees.

Herbert, Dean, on heaths of S. Africa. -on Polygala. -on Cytisus Adami. -on self-fertility of Hippeastrum. -mentioned.

"Hereditary Genius," Francis Galton's.

Hereditary Improvement, Francis Galton on.

Heredity, Darwin's criticism of Galton's theory.

Hermaphroditism, in trees. -Weir on Lepidoptera and. -and nature of generative organs.

Herminium monorchis.

Heron, Sir R., on peacocks and colour.

Herons, as fruit-feeders.

Herschel, Sir J.F.W., edits "Manual of Scientific Enquiry." -on Natural Selection. -on the "Origin." -"Physical Geography." -on providential laws. -on heating of rocks. -on importance of generalising. -on study of languages. -versus Lyell on volcanic islands. -mentioned.

Heteranthera, two kinds of stamens. -H. reniformis.

Heterocentron, experiments on. -seeds of. -two kinds of stamens. -H. roseum, fertilisation mechanism of.

Heterogeny, Owen on.

Heteromorphic, use of term.

Heterosmilax, de Candolle on.

Heterostylism, Darwin's experiments on. -example in monocotyledons of.

Hewitt, on pheasant-hybrids. -mentioned.

Hibiscus.

Hicks, H., on pre-Cambrian rocks.

Hieracium, American species. -Nageli on. -variability of.

Highness, lowness and.

Hilaire, A. St., see St. Hilaire.

Hildebrand, F., article in "Botanische Zeitung." -experiments on direct action of pollen. -"Die Lebensdauer der Pflanzen." -letter to. -crossing work by. -on Delpino's work. -on dispersal of seeds. -self-sterility in Corydalis cava. -"Geschlechter-Vertheilung bei den Pflanzen." -on orchids. -on ovules formed after pollination. -experiment on potatoes. -on Salvia. -mentioned.

Hilgendorf, controversy with Sandberger.

Hillebrand's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands.

"Himalayan Journals," dedicated by Hooker to Darwin.

"Himalayan Plants, Illustrations of."

Himalayas, British plants in. -commingling of temperate and tropical plants. -tortoise of. -ice-action in. -mixed character of the vegetation.

Hinde, Dr., examination of Funafuti coral-reef cores by.

Hindmarsh, L., letter to.

Hippeastrum, Herbert on self-sterility of.

Hippopotamus, fossil in Madagascar.

Historic spirit, J. Morley's criticism of Darwin's lack of.

Hitcham, collection of Azorean plants made near.

Hobhouse, Sir A., Darwin meets.

Hochberg, K., letter to.

Hofmann, A.W., receives royal medal.

Holland, evolutionary opinions in. -flora of.

Holland, Sir H., on pangenesis. -mentioned. -on influence of mind on circulation.

Holly, effective work of insects in fertilisation of.

Hollyhock, Darwin's crossing experiments.

Holmsdale.

Home, see Milne-Home.

Homing experiments.

Homo, Pithecus compared with.

Homology, analogy and. -course of vessels in flowers as guide to.

Homomorphic, use of term.

Honeysuckle, oak-leaved variety.

Hooker, Mrs., assists Sir J.D. Hooker.

Hooker, Sir J.D., addresses at British Association meetings. -on Arctic plants. -Australian Flora by. -botanical appointment. -C.B. conferred upon. -on coal plants and conditions of growth. -criticism on Lyell's work. -on Darwin's MS. on geographical distribution. -Darwin's admiration for letters of. -Darwin assisted in his work by. -Darwin on good gained by "squabbles" with. -Darwin on success of. -enjoyment of correspondence with Darwin. -expedition to Syria. -extract from letter to. -Falconer and. -first meeting with Darwin. -on Insular Floras. -introductory essay to Flora of Tasmania. -lecture at Royal Institution. -letters to. -letters to Darwin from. -on new colonial flora. -on New Zealand flora. -on Natural Selection. -on naturalised plants. -on the "Origin." -and Owen. -on pangenesis. -on plants of Fernando Po and Abyssinia. -on preservation of tropical plants during cool period. -and reviews. -royal medal awarded to. -and J. Scott. -on species. -on Torbitt's potato experiments. -on use of terms centripetal and centrifugal. -on variation in large and small genera. -on Welwitschia. -on Cameroon plants. -Darwin on his address at Belfast. -Darwin writes testimonial for. -Darwin values scientific opinion of. -Darwin receives encouragement from. -Darwin's pleasure at visits from. -on Glacial period. -on Glacial deposits in India. -on glaciers in Yorkshire. -notice in "Gardeners' Chronicle" on. -photograph by Mrs. Cameron. -Primer of Botany by. -review of Darwin's "Fertilisation of Orchids." -scheme for Flora. -represents "whole great public" to Darwin. -use of structure in plants. -visits Down. -opinion of "Fur Darwin." -mentioned.

Hooker, Sir William Jackson (1785-1865): was called to the Chair of Botany at Glasgow in 1820, where by his success as a teacher he raised the annual fees from 60 pounds to 700 pounds. In 1841 he became Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, which under his administration increased enormously in activity and importance. His private Herbarium, said to be "by far the richest ever accumulated in one man's lifetime," formed the nucleus of the present collection. He produced, as author or editor, about a hundred volumes devoted to Botany ("Dict. of Nat. Biog."). -Herbarium at Kew belonging to. -letters to. -mentioned.

Hopkins, William, F.R.S. (1793-1866) entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, at the age of thirty, and in 1827 took his degree as seventh wrangler. For some years Hopkins was very successful as a mathematical tutor; about 1833 he began to take a keen interest in geological subjects, and especially concerned himself with the effects of elevating forces acting from below on the earth's crust. He was President of the Geological Society in 1851 and 1852 ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXIII., page xxix, 1867). -Article in "Fraser's Magazine." -on elevation and earthquakes. -on mountain-building. -researches in physical geology. -mentioned.

Horner, Leonard, F.R.S. (1785-1862): was born in Edinburgh, at the age of twenty-one he settled in London, and devoted himself more particularly to Geology and Mineralogy, returning a few years later to Edinburgh, where he took a prominent part in founding the School of Art and other educational institutions. In 1827 Mr. Horner was invited to occupy the post of Warden in the London University,a position which he resigned in 1831; he also held for some years an Inspectorship of Factories. As a Fellow of the Royal Society, Mr. Horner "took an active part in bringing about certain changes in the management of the Society, which resulted in limiting to fifteen the number of new members to be annually elected..." In 1846 Horner was elected President of the Geological Society; and in 1860 he again presided over the Society, to the interests of which he had long devoted himself. His contributions to the Society include papers on Stratigraphical Geology, Mineralogy, and other subjects.--"Memoirs of Leonard Horner," edited by his daughter, Katherine M. Lyell (privately printed, 1890). -letters to. -memoirs of. -address to Geological Society. -on coal. -on Darwin's "Geological Observations." -visits Down. -mentioned.

Horner, Mrs. L.

Horse, ancestry. -Arab-Turk and English race-. -hybrids between Quagga and. -in N. and S. America. -equality of sexes in race-.

Horsfall, W., letter to.

Hottonia, dimorphism of.

Hounds, gestation of.

Howard, L.O.

Hoya carnosa, Darwin's work on.

Humble-bees, as agents of fertilisation of orchids.

Humboldt, Bates' description of tropical forests compared with that by. -conversation with. -on heath regions. -on migration and double creation. -"Personal Narrative." -on violet of Teneriffe. -Darwin's opinion of. -on elevation and volcanic activity. -mentioned.

Humboldt and Webb, on Zones on Teneriffe.

Hume, Darwin on Huxley's "Life" of.

Humming-birds, agents of fertilisation.

Hunger, expression by sheldrakes of.

Husbands, resemblance between wives and.

Hutton, Frederick Wollaston, F.R.S., formerly Curator of the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand, author of "Darwinism and Lamarckism, Old and New," London, 1899. -letter to. -review of "Origin."

Hutton, James, (1726-97): author of "Theory of the Earth."

Huxley, L., reference to his "Life of T.H. Huxley." -information given by.

Huxley, Prof. T.H., biographical note, Volume I. -Article in "Annals and Magazine" in reply to Falconer. -on Aphis. -on automatism. -catalogue of collections in Museum of Practical Geology. -comparative anatomy by. -on Comte. -on Cuvier's classification. -Darwin's value of his opinion. -election to the Athenaeum. -friendship with Darwin. -on growth of Darwin's views. -lectures at the Royal Institution. -lectures on evolution by. -lectures to working men. -legacy and gift to. -letters to. -"Life of Hume." -"Man's Place in Nature." -marriage. -misrepresented by Owen. -founds "Natural History Review." -obituary notice of Darwin. -on the "Origin of Species." -on Owen's archetype book. -president of the British Association meeting at Liverpool (1870). -on Priestley. -quoted by Lord Kelvin as an unbeliever in spontaneous generation. -reviews by. -review of "Vestiges of Creation" by. -on Sabine's address. -on saltus. -prefatory note to Hackel's "Freedom in Science and Teaching." -address to Geological Society (1869). -on classification of man. -on contemporaneity. -on Catasetum. -on deep-sea soundings. -legacy from A. Rich. -on Lyell's "Principles." -on use of term physiological species. -on vivisection. -and H.N. Martin, "Elementary Biology" by. -mentioned.

Huxley, Mrs. T.H., queries on expression sent by Darwin to. -observations on child crying. -mentioned.

Hyacinth, experiment on bulbs.

Hyatt, Alpheus (1838-1902): was a student under Louis Agassiz, to whose Laboratory he returned after serving in the Civil War, and under whom he began the researches on Fossil Cephalopods for which he is so widely known. In 1867 he became one of the Curators of the Essex Institute of Salem, Mass. In 1870 he was made Custodian, and in 1881 Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History. He held professorial chairs in Boston University and in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and "was at one time or another officially connected with the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the United States Geological Survey." See Mr. S. Henshaw ("Science," XV., page 300, February 1902), where a sketch of Mr. Hyatt's estimable personal character is given. See also Prof. Dall in the "Popular Science Monthly," February 1902. -and Hilgendorf. -letters to. -letters to Darwin from. -on tetrabranchiata.

Hyatt and Cope, theories of.

Hybridism, chapter in "Origin" on. -Bentham's address on. -treatment by Darwin in "Variation of Animals and Plants."

Hybrids, and adaptation. -Darwin's views on. -evidence in favour of pangenesis from. -experiments on. -fertility of. -intermediate character of. -primrose and cowslip. -article in "Quarterly Review" on. -sterility of. -Max Wichura on. -Bronn on. -F. Muller's work on. -and heterostyled plants. -rarity of natural. -J. Scott's work on. -tendency to reversion.

Hydra, sexuality of.

Hydropathy, Darwin and.

Hydrozoa, alternation of generations in.

Hymenoptera, affinities of. -H. Muller on.

Hypericum perforatum, a social plant in U.S.A.

Hyracotherium cuniculus, Owen on.

Iberis, mucus in seeds of.

Ice, as agent in dispersal of boulders. -agent in dispersal of plants. -Forbes on transport by. -agent in lake-formation. -cleavage in. -work of, a new factor in geology.

Ice-action, on land and sea.

Icebergs, as factor in explaining European plants in Azores. -Croll on action of. -Darwin on. -evidence in S. America of. -Hopkins on action of.

Ice-cap, of Arctic regions.

Iceland, importance of records of volcanic phenomena in.

Ignorance, Darwin on immensity of man's.

Ilkley, Darwin's visit to.

Illegitimate offspring, need for repetition of Darwin's experiments on plants'.

Imatophyllum.

Immortality, Darwin on.

Immutability of species. -Falconer disbelieves in. -Darwin on.

Imperfection of the Geological Record, see Geological Record.

Impotence in plants. -see also Self-sterility.

India, British rule in. -flora of. -Hooker in. -varieties of domestic animals in. -H.F. Blanford on. -Darwin on origin of lakes in. -evidence of colder climate in. -J. Scott accepts post in.

Infants, Mrs. E Talbot on development of mind in. -observations on ears of.

Infusoria, possible occurrence in underclays of coal.

Inglis, Sir R., Darwin at breakfast party.

Inheritance, atavism and. -conservative tendency of long. -Hackel on. -hypothesis on. -Jager on. -and Natural Selection. -power of. -J.C. Prichard on. -and variability. -Darwin on. -Galton on.

Insanity, concealment of.

"Insect Life," Howard's.

Insectivorous plants, Darwin's work on.

Insects, alpine. -Lord Avebury on. -Bates on. -fossil. -luminous. -of Madeira. -F. Muller on metamorphosis of. -Sharp's book on. -study of habits more valuable than description of new species. -wingless. -Wollaston on. -antiquity of stridulating organs in. -colour and Sexual Selection. -H. Muller's work on adaptation to fertilisation of flowers. -metamorphosis of. -music as attraction to. -observation on fertilisation of flowers by. -Ramsay on. -Riley's work on. -tropical climate and colours of.

Instinct, Darwin and. -in nest-making. -selection of varying.

Insular floras. -Hooker's lecture on.

Insular forms, in Galapagos, Canaries and Madeira. -beaten by continental forms.

Intelligence, meaning of. -Romanes on Animal. -in worms.

Intercrossing, in pigeons. -Darwin on effects of. -and sterility.

Interglacial periods, Darwin on evidence for.

Intermediate forms. -Bates' paper on. -S. American types as. -crossing and frequent absence of. -extinction of. -Falconer on existence of. -as fossils. -Asa Gray on. -Plagiaulax as evidence of. -Wollaston on rarity in insects.

Introduced plants, Sonchus in New Zealand as example of. -in N. America and Australia. -variability of. -Darwin on.

Introductory Essay to Tasmanian "Flora," Hooker's.

Ipswich, British Association meeting (1851).

Iquique, nitrate of soda beds at.

Ireland, Spanish plants in.

Iris, flowers of. -nectar secretion of.

Islands, comparison between species of rising and sinking. -fauna of. -introduction of plants. -products of. -plants with irregular flowers on. -subsidence of coral. -survival of ancient forms in. -volcanic. -comparison of age of continents and. -former greater extension of.

"Island Life," Darwin's criticism of Wallace's.

Isle of Wight, occurrence of Bee-orchis in.

Isnardia palustris, range of.

Isolation, Bentham underestimates importance of. -Darwin's opinion of. -importance of. -Wagner exaggerates importance of. -Weismann on effects of.

Itajahy, F. Muller's narrow escape from flood of.

Italy, flora of.

Ivy, difference in growth of flowering and creeping branches.

Jaeger, G., letter to. -on pangenesis and inheritance.

James', Sir H., discussion in "Athenaeum" on change of climate. -map of the world.

James Island, Darwin's plants from.

Jameson.

Jamieson, W., on S. America. -Darwin converted to glacial theory of Glen Roy after publication of paper by.

Janet, on Natural Selection.

Japan, American types in. -flora of. -Gray's work on plants of. -progress of.

Java, botanical relation to Africa. -Alpine plants of. -Wallace on.

Jays, Crows and. -repeated pairing of.

Jeffreys, Gwyn, shells sent by Darwin to.

Jenkin, Fleeming, review by.

Jenners, taste for natural history in the.

Jenyns (Blomefield), Rev. Leonard: The following sketch of the life of Rev. Leonard Blomefield is taken from his "Chapters in my Life; Reprint with Additions" (privately printed), Bath, 1889. He was born, as he states with characteristic accuracy, at 10 p.m., May 25th, 1800; and died at Bath, September 1st, 1893. His father--a second cousin of Soame Jenyns, from whom he inherited Bottisham Hall, in Cambridgeshire--was a parson-squire of the old type, a keen sportsman, and a good man of business. Leonard Jenyns' mother was a daughter of the celebrated Dr. Heberden, in whose house in Pall Mall he was born. Leonard was educated at Eton and Cambridge, and became curate of Swaffham Bulbeck, a village close to his father's property; he was afterwards presented to the Vicarage of the parish, and held the living for nearly thirty years. The remainder of his life he spent at Bath. He was an excellent field-naturalist and a minute and careful observer. Among his writings may be mentioned the Fishes in "Zoology of the Voyage of the 'Beagle,'" 1842, a "Manual of British Vertebrate Animals," 1836, a "Memoir" of Professor Henslow,1862, to which Darwin contributed recollections of his old master, "Observations in Natural History," 1846 and "Observations in Meteorology," 1858, besides numerous papers in scientific journals. In his "Chapters" he describes himself as showing as a boy the silent and retiring nature, and also the love of "order, method, and precision," which characterised him through life; and he adds, "even to old age I have been often called a VERY PARTICULAR GENTLEMAN." In a hitherto unpublished passage in his autobiographical sketch, Darwin wrote, "At first I disliked him from his somewhat grim and sarcastic expression; and it is not often that a first impression is lost; but I was completely mistaken, and found him very kind- hearted, pleasant, and with a good stock of humour." Mr. Jenyns records that as a boy he was by a stranger taken for a son of his uncle, Dr. Heberden (the younger), whom he closely resembled. -letters to. -mentioned.

Jodrell Laboratory, Darwin's interest in. -note on.

Jordanhill, Smith of, on Gibraltar.

"Journal of Researches," Darwin's.

Judd, Prof. J.W., letter to. -recollections of Darwin. -on Darwin's "Volcanic Islands." -Darwin in praise of work of.

Jukes, on imperfection of the Geological Record. -on changes of climate. -on formation of river-valleys. -over estimates sub-aerieal denudation.

Jumps, variation by.

Juncus, range of. -J. bufonius. -variation of. -germination of seed from mud carried by woodcock.

Jura, Darwin on erratic blocks of.

Jussieu, A. de.

Kane's, E.K., "Arctic Explorations," use of foxtails by Esquimaux referred to in.

Kelvin, Lord, Address at the British Association Meeting at Edinburgh (1871). -on geological time. -on age of the earth. -on origin of plant-life from meteorites.

Kemp, W., sends seeds to Darwin. -on vitality of seeds.

Kensington, proposed removal of British Museum (Bloomsbury) collections to.

Kerguelen cabbage, Chambers versus Hooker on the.

Kerguelen island, coal-beds of. -relation of flora to that of Fuegia. -similarity between plants of S. America and of. -importance of collecting fossil plants on. -moth from. -sea-shells of. -volcanic mountain on.

Kerner, A. von Marilaun, on Tubocytisus. -"Pflanzenleben." -"Schutzmittel des Pollens." -on xenogamy and autogamy. -mentioned.

Kerr, on frozen snow.

Kerr, Prof. Graham.

Kew, proposed consolidation of botanical collections at. -rarity of insects and shells in Royal Garden. -Darwin visits Garden. -Darwin obtains plants from. -Darwin sends seeds to. -Jodrell, Laboratory at. -struggle for existence at. -suggestion that J. Scott should work in Garden.

Kilauea, lava in crater of.

Kilfinnin, shelves in valley of.

Kilima Njaro, plants of.

King, Captain, collection of plants by. -"Voyages of the 'Adventure' and 'Beagle.'"

King, Sir George, reminiscences of J. Scott. -Darwin receives seeds from.

King, Dr. Richard (1811?-1876): He was surgeon and naturalist to Sir George Back's expedition (1833-5) to the mouth of the Great Fish River in search of Captain Ross, of which he published an account. In 1850 he accompanied Captain Horatio Austin's search expedition in the "Resolute." -Arctic expedition.

Kingfisher, sexual difference in.

Kingsley, C., quoted in the "Origin." -story of a heathen Khan. -reference to E. Forbes and P.H. Gosse.

Kini Balu, vegetation of.

Kirby and Spence.

Klebs, on use of mucus in seeds.

Knight, A., on crossing. -hybrid experiments. -on sports.

Knight's Law.

Knight-Darwin Law, F. Darwin on.

Knuth, on morphology of cruciferous flower.

Koch's "Flora Germanica."

Kolliker, visits Down.

Kollmann, Dr., on atavism.

Kolreuter, on Aquilegia. -on hybrids. -observations on pollen. -on self-fertilisation. -on varieties of tobacco.

"Kosmos," F. Muller's article on Crotolaria. -F. Muller's paper on Phyllanthus in.

Krause, E., letter to. -memoir of Erasmus Darwin. -memoir of H. Muller.

Kroyer.

Kubanka, form of Russian wheat.

Kurr, on flowers of Canna.

La Plata, H.M.S. "Beagle's" visit to. -Cervus of. -Mylodon of. -plants of. -extinct animals from. -slates and schists of.

Labellum, nature of.

Labiatae, large genera of.

Laboratory, Darwin on the instruments for botanical. -founding of Jodrell.

Laburnum, peloric flowers of. -Darwin on hybrid (see also Cytisus).

Ladizabala, crossing experiments on.

Lagerstraemia (Lagerstroemia), F. Muller on.

Lakes, Darwin on Ramsay's theory of. -as agents in forming Parallel Roads of Glen Roy. -of Friesland. -Geological action of. -Ramsay on.

Lamarck, Darwin on views of. -difference between views of Darwin and. -"Hist. Zoolog." of. -Hopkins on Darwin and. -Packard's book on. -quotation from.

Lamellicorns, F. Muller on sexes in. -stridulating organs of.

Lamont, James, F.G.S., F.R.G.S.: author of "Seasons with the Sea-horses; etc.; Yachting in the Arctic Seas, or Notes of Five Voyages of Sport and Discovery in the Neighbourhood of Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya," London, 1876; and geological papers on Spitzbergen. -letters to.

Lampyridae, luminous organs of.

Land, fauna of sea compared with that of. -changes in level of sea the cause of those on.

Land-birds, resting on the sea.

Land-shells, dispersal of. -of glacial period. -modification of.

Land-surfaces, preservation for long periods.

Landois, reference to paper by.

Language, observations bearing on origin of. -Sir J. Herschel on study of.

Lankester, E. Ray, letter to. -drawing of earthworm used in Darwin's book.

Lankester, E. (Senior), speech at Manchester British Association meeting (1861), on Darwin's theory.

Lantana, in Ceylon.

Lanugo, on human foetus.

Lapland, richness of flora.

Latania Lodigesii, peculiar to Round Island.

Latent characters, tendency to appear temporarily in youth.

Lathyrus aphaca. -L. grandiflorus, fertilisation of. -L. nissolia, evolution of. -explanation of grass-like leaves. -Darwin on. -L. maritimus, bloom on. -L. odoratus, fertilisation of. -intercrossing of varieties.

Lauder-Dick, Sir Thomas, on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.

Laurel, extra-floral nectaries of.

Lava, Darwin and Scrope on separation of constituent minerals of. -Elie de Beaumont's measurements of inclination of. -fluidity of. -junction between dykes and. -and metamorphic schists. -Scrope on basaltic and trachytic. -subsidence due to outpouring of.

Law, of balancement. -of growth. -of higgledy-piggledy. -of perfectibility by Nageli. -of sterility. -of succession. -of variation.

Lawes, Sir J.B., and Sir J.H. Gilbert, Rothamsted experiments.

Laxton, T., close on the trail of Mendelian principle.

"Lay Sermons," Huxley's.

Leaves, movements of. -used by worms in plugging burrows.

Lebanon, glacial action on. -plants of. -Hooker on Cedars of.

Lecky, Rt. Hon. W.E.H., Darwin's interest in book by. -quoted in "Descent of Man."

Lecoq, "Geographie Botanique." -on self-sterility. -mentioned.

Lectures, Darwin on Edinburgh University, (see also Hooker and Huxley). -Max Muller's, on Science of Language.

Ledebour, allusion to book by.

Leeds, address by Owen at.

Leersia oryzoides, cleistogamic flowers of.

Leggett, W.H., on Rhexia virginica.

Legitimate unions, heteromorphic or.

Leguminosae, absence in Greenland. -absent in New Zealand. -anomalous genera in. -crossing in. -scarcity in humid temporate regions. -seeds of. -example of inherited pelorism in. -Lord Farrer's observations on fertilisation of. -nectar-holders in flowers. -reason for absence of.

Leibnitz, rejection of theory of gravity by.

Lemuria, continent of.

Lepadidae, Darwin's work on, (see also Barnacles). -fossil.

Lepas, nomenclature of.

Lepidodendron.

Lepidoptera, Sexual Selection in. -breeding in confinement. -F. Muller on mimicry in. -protection afforded by wings. -want of colour-perception. -Weir on apterous.

Lepidosiren, reason for preservation of.

Leptotes.

Leschenaultia, fertilisation mechanism. -self-fertilisation of. -L. biloba, fertilisation mechanism of. -L. formosa, fertilisation mechanism of.

Lesquereux, Leo (1806-89): was born in Switzerland, but his most important works were published after he settled in the United States in 1848. Beginning with researches on Mosses and Peat, he afterwards devoted himself to the study of fossil plants. His best known contributions to Palaeobotany are a series of monographs on Cretaceous and Tertiary Floras (1878-83), and on the Coal-Flora of Pennsylvania and the United States generally, published by the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania between 1880 and 1884 (see L.F. Ward, Sketch of Palaeobotany, "U.S. Geol. Surv., 5th Ann. Rep." 1883-4; also "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XLVI., "Proc." page 53, 1890. -convert to evolution. -on Coal floras.

Leuckart, Rudolf (1822-98): Professor of Zoology at Leipzig. -convert to Darwin's views.

Lewes, G.H., (1817-78): author of a "History of Philosophy," etc. -letter to.

Lewy, Naphtali, letter to Darwin from.

Lias, cephalopods from the.

Life, Bastian's book on the beginnings of. -mystery of, -origin of. -principle of. -bearing of vitality of seeds on problem of.

Light, action on plants of flashing.

Lima, Darwin visits.

Limulus.

Linaria, peloria as reversions.

Lindley, John (1799-1865): was born at Catton, near Norwich. His first appointment was that of Assistant Librarian to Sir Joseph Banks. He was afterwards Assistant Secretary to the Horticultural Society, and during his tenure of that office he organised the first fruit and flower shows held in this country. In 1829 he was chosen to be the first Professor of Botany at University College, London, and a few years later he became Lecturer to the Apothecaries' Company. He is the author of a large number of botanical books, of which the best known is the "Vegetable Kingdom," 1846. He was one of the founders of the "Gardeners' Chronicle," and was its principal editor up to the time of his death. He was endowed with great powers of work and remarkable energy. He is said as a young man to have translated Richard's "Analyse du Fruit" in a single sitting of three nights and two days. (From the article on Lindley in the "Dictionary of National Biography," which is founded on the "Gardeners' Chronicle," 1865, pages 1058, 1082.) -Hooker's eloge of. -and Royal Medal. -"Vegetable Kingdom" by. -on Acropera and Gongora. -Darwin on his classification of orchids. -letters to. -on Melastomaceae. -on orchids. -Hooker reviews Darwin's Orchid book in style of. -mentioned.

Lingula, persistence of. -Silurian species.

Link, on Alpine and Arctic plants.

Linnaeus.

Linnean Society, Bentham's address. -Collier's picture of Darwin in rooms of. -Darwin's paper on Linum. -Darwin advises Bates to give his views on species before. -Wallace's paper on the Malayan papilionidae.

Linnet, a migratory bird.

Linope, E. Hackel on.

Linum, Darwin's work on. -dimorphism of. -interaction of pollen and stigma. -mucus in seeds of.

Linum flavum. -L. grandiflorum, two forms of. -L. Lewisii, experiments on. -L. trigynum. -L. usitatissimum, circumnutation of.

Lister, Lord, on spines of Hedgehog.

Listera, fertilisation of. -L. cordata, fertilisation of. -L. ovata, fertilisation of.

Litchfield, Mrs. (see Darwin, Henrietta). -criticism of Huxley.

Littoral shells, glacial period and.

Liverpool, British Association meeting at (1870).

Livingstone, D., on the distribution of thorny plants.

Lobelia, Darwin's experiments on. -fertilisation mechanism of. -fertility of. -L. fulgens, Scott's experiments on.

Lochaber, Parallel Roads of (see also Glen Roy). -evidence of ice-action.

Lochs, Laggan (Loggan), ice-action in. -Roy, Darwin disbelieves in existence of. -Spey, shelves of. -Treig, ice-action in. -Milne's account of.

Locust grass, germination of.

Locusts, blown out to sea. -plants from dung of.

Logwood, leaf-movement of. -See Haematoxylon.

Loiseleuria procumbens.

London clay, supposed germination of seeds from.

"London Review," Darwin's opinion of. -correspondence between Owen and editor in reference to "Origin."

Longchamps, L. de, on crossing in Gramineae.

Longevity, Darwin on animals' and man's.

Lonsdale, William (1794-1871): obtained a commission in the 4th Regiment at the age of sixteen, and served at Salamanca and Waterloo. From 1829 to 1842 he held the office of Assistant-Secretary and Curator of the Geological Society. Mr. Lonsdale contributed important papers on the Devonian System, the Oolitic Rocks, and on palaeontological subjects. ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXVIII., page xxxv., 1872.) -mentioned.

Lopezia, fertilisation of.

Lophura viellottii, colour of.

Loss, nature of.

Love, evidence of existence low in scale.

Loven, S.L.: published numerous papers on Cirripedes and other zoological subjects in the Stockholm "Ofversigt" and elsewhere between 1838 and 1882. -translation of paper on Cirripedes. -mentioned.

Lowe, R.T., on Madeira.

Lowell, Prof., on custom in Italy of shaking head in affirmation.

Lowland plants, ascending mountains.

Lowne, B.T., on anatomy of blowfly.

Lowness and highness.

Lubbock, Lady.

Lubbock, Sir J., see Lord Avebury.

Lucas, Dr. P., on tendency to vary independent of conditions.

Ludwig, F., letter to.

Lumbricus (see also Earthworms).

Luminosity in animals. -result of external conditions.

Lupinus, Darwin's experiments on.

Luzula.

Lychnis dioica, structure of flower. -sets seed without pollen.

Lycopodium, variation in.

Lyell, Sir Charles, Bart., F.R.S. (1797-1875): was born at Kinnordy, the family home in central Forfarshire. At the age of seventeen he entered at Exeter College, Oxford, and afterwards obtained a second class in the final Honours School in Classics. As an undergraduate Lyell attended Prof. Buckland's lectures on Geology. On leaving Oxford Lyell was entered at Lincoln's Inn; a weakness of the eyes soon compelled him to give up reading, and he travelled abroad, finding many opportunities for field work. He was called to the Bar in 1825, and in the same year published some papers on geological subjects. From 1823-26 Lyell filled the post of Secretary to the Geological Society, and in 1826 was elected into the Royal Society. In 1830 the first volume of the "Principles of Geology" was published; the second volume appeared two years later. Speaking of this greatest of Lyell's services to Geology, Huxley writes: "I have recently read afresh the first edition of the "Principles of Geology," and when I consider that this remarkable book had been nearly thirty years in everybody's hands [in 1859], and that it brings home to any reader of ordinary intelligence a great principle and a great fact-- the principle that the past must be explained by the present, unless good cause be shown to the contrary; and the fact that, so far as our knowledge of the past history of life on our globe goes, no such cause can be shown--I cannot but believe that Lyell, for others, as for myself, was the chief agent in smoothing the road for Darwin" (Huxley's "Life and Letters," Volume II., page 190). As Professor of Geology in King's College, London, Lyell delivered two courses of lectures in 1832- 33; in the latter year he received a Royal medal, and in 1858 he was the recipient of the Copley medal of the Royal Society. The "Elements of Geology" was published in 1833; this work is still used as a text-book, a new edition having been lately (1896) brought out by Prof. Judd; in 1845 and in 1849 appeared the "Travels in North America" and "A Second Visit to the United States of North America." The "Antiquity of Man" was published in 1863. Lyell was knighted in 1848, and in 1864 was raised to the rank of a Baronet. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. Darwin wrote in his Autobiography: "The Science of Geology is enormously indebted to Lyell, more so, as I believe, than to any other man who ever lived" ("Life and Letters," Volume I., page 72). In a letter to Lyell-- November 23rd, 1859--Darwin wrote: "I rejoice profoundly that you intend admitting the doctrine of modification in your new edition [a new edition of the "Manual" published in 1865]; nothing, I am convinced, could be more important for its success. I honour you most sincerely. To have maintained, in the position of a master, one side of a question for thirty years, and then deliberately give it up, is a fact to which I much doubt whether the records of science offer a parallel" ("Life and Letters,"