Volume VII., page 263, 1856; "Quart. Journl. Geol. Soc." Volume XI., page

xxvii, 1855, and "Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." Volume XV., 1855. -on flora of Azores. -on Chambers as author of the "Vestiges." -on continental extension. -Darwin opposed to his views on continental extension. -Darwin's opinion of. -Article on distribution. -on continuity of land. -on plant-distribution. -introductory lecture as professor in Edinburgh. -on former lower extension of glaciers in Cordillera. -lecture by. -letter to Darwin from. -on Madagascar insects. -on post-Miocene land. -Polarity theory. -on British shells. -too speculative. -on subsidence. -visits Down. -mentioned. -royal medal awarded to. -essay on connection between distribution of existing fauna and flora of the British Isles and geological changes.

Forbes, H.O., on Melastoma.

Force and Matter, Huxley on.

Forel, Auguste: the distinguished author of "Les Fourmis de la Suisse," Zurich, 1874, and of a long series of well-known papers. -on ants and beetles. -author of "Les Fourmis de la Suisse." -letter to.

Forfarshire, Lyell on glaciers of.

"Forms of Flowers," De Candolle's criticism of Darwin's. homomorphic and heteromorphic unions described in.

Forsyth-Major, zoological expedition to Madagascar.

"Fortnightly Review," Huxley's article on Positivism. Romanes on Evolution.

Fossil Cephalopods, Hyatt on.

Fossil corals.

Fossil plants, small proportion of. of Australia. sudden appearance of Angiosperms indicated by.

Fossil seeds, supposed vivification of.

Fossils as evidence of variability.

Fournier, E., De la Fecundation dans les Phanerogames.

Fowls, difference in sexes. -purred female.

Fox, tails of, used by Esquimaux as respirators.

Fox, Rev. W. Darwin.

Foxglove, use of hairs in flower.

France, edition of "Origin" in. -opinion favourable to Darwin's views in. -birth-rate.

Franco-Prussian war, opinion in England. -Science retarded by.

Frank, Albert Bernhard (1839-1900): began his botanical career as Curator of the University Herbarium, Leipzig, where he afterwards became Privatdocent and finally "Ausserordentlicher Professor." In 1881 Frank was appointed Professor of Plant-Physiology in the Landwirthschaftliche Hochschule, Berlin. In 1899 he was appointed to the Imperial Gesundheits-Amt in Berlin, and raised to the rank of Regierungsrath. Frank is chiefly known for his work on "The Assimilation of Free Nitrogen, etc.," and for his work on "The Diseases of Plants" ("Die Krankheiten der Pflanzen," 1880). It was his brilliant researches on growth-curvature ("Beitrage zur Pflanzen-physiologie," 1868, and "Die Naturlichen wagerechte Richtung von Pflanzen-theilen," 1870) which excited Darwin's admiration. -Darwin's admiration for his work.

Franklin, Sir J., search expedition.

Fraser, G., letter to.

"Fraser's Magazine," article by Hopkins. -article by Galton on twins. -Huxley on review in.

Freemasons' Tavern, meeting held at.

Freewill, a preordained necessity.

Freke, Dr., paper by.

Freshwater, Bee-orchis at.

Freshwater fauna, ocean faunas compared with. -poverty of. -preservation of.

Friendly Islands, rats regarded as game.

Fringillidae, colour and sexual selection.

Frogs, article on spawn of. -F. Muller on. -salt water and spawn of. -frozen in glaciers.

Fruits, bright colours of.

Fucus, variation in.

Fuegia, plants of, (see also Tierra del Fuego).

Fumaria (Corydalis) claviculata, Mohl on tendrils.

Fumariaceae, cross- and self-fertilisation. -morphology of tendrils.

Funafuti, Darwin's theory supported by results of boring in coral island of.

Fungoid diseases, Darwin on.

Fungus, effect on roots and shoots.

"Fur Darwin," F. Muller's (see "Facts and Arguments for Darwin). -Darwin quotes. -Hooker's opinion of. -publication of.

Furze, seeds and seedlings.

Galapagos Islands, visited during the "Beagle" voyage. -birds of. -character of species of, the beginning of Darwin's evolutionary views. -distribution of animals. -distribution of plants. -flora of. -Hooker on plants of. -insects. -craters. -fissure eruptions in. -restricted fauna. -Sandwich Islands and. -subsidence in the.

Galashiels, terraces near.

Galaxias, distribution of.

Gallinaceae, Blyth on. -colour of.

Galls, artificial production of. -Cynips and. -hybrids and. -Walsh on willow-.

Gallus bankiva, colour of wings. -colour and environment. -wings of.

Galton, F., experiments on transfusion of blood. -letters to. -letter to Darwin from. -on twins. -on variation. -on heredity. -on human faculty and its development. -on prayer. -proposal to issue health certificates for marriage.

Game-cock and Sexual Selection.

Gamlingay, lilies-of-the-valley at.

Ganoid fishes, preservation in fresh water.

Gapitche, A., letter to.

"Gardeners' Chronicle," Darwin's article on fertilisation. -Darwin's opinion of. -Darwin's experiment on immersion of seeds in salt water. -article on Orchids. -Harvey on Darwin. -Rivers' articles. -Wallace on nests. -Darwin's index.

Gardner, G., "Travels in the Interior of Brazil."

Gartner, on Aquilegia. -experiments on crossing and variation. -on Primula. -on Verbascum. -Darwin's high opinion of his "Bastarderzeugung." -Beaton's criticism of. -on self-fertilisation in flowers. -mentioned.

Gaskell, G.A., Letter to.

Gatke, on "Heligoland as an Ornithological Observatory."

Gaudry, Albert: Professor of Palaeontology in the Natural History Museum, Paris, Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London, author of "Animaux Foss. et Geol. de l'Attique." -letter to. -on Pikermi fossils.

Gay, on lizards.

Gazania.

Gegenbauer, Karl: Professor of Anatomy at Heidelberg. -as convert to Darwinism. -views on regeneration.

Geikie, Sir A., on age of the Earth. -edition of "Hutton's Theory of the Earth." -memoir of Sir A.C. Ramsay.

Geikie, Prof. J., "Ice Age." -on intercrossing of erratics. -Letters to. -"Prehistoric Europe." -Presidential address, Edinburgh British Association meeting.

Geitonogamy, Kerner suggests term.

Gemmation and dimorphism.

Gemmules, in reproductive organs. -and bud-variation.

Genealogy and classification.

Genera, aberrant. -range of large and small. -variation of. -Wallace on origin of.

"Genera Plantarum," work on the.

Generalisations, evil of. -easier than careful observation. -importance.

"Generelle Morphologie," Darwin on Hackel's.

"Genesis of Species," Mivart's

Geographical distribution, L. Agassiz on. -Darwin on. -Darwin's high opinion of value of. -Darwin's interest in. -E. Forbes on. -Huxley on birds and. -proposed work by Hooker on. -relation of genera an important element in. -Humboldt the founder of.

"Geographical Distribution of Animals," Darwin's criticism of Wallace's.

"Geographical Distribution of Mammals," A. Murray's.

Geographical regions, Darwin on.

Geological Committee on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.

"Geological Gossip," Ansted's.

"Geological Instructions," Darwin's manual of.

"Geological Observations in S. America," Darwin's. -Darwin on his.

Geological record, imperfection of the. -Morse on the.

Geological Society, award of medal to Darwin. -Darwin signs Hooker's certificate. -museum of. -Darwin attends Council meeting.

Geological Survey, foundation of. -investigation of the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy.

Geological Time, article in "N. British Review."

Geologist, Darwin as.

Geologists, evolutionary views of.

Geology, arguments in favour of evolution from. -chapter in "Origin" on. -practical teaching of. -English work in. -Hooker talks of giving up. -Lyellian school. -progress of.

Geotropism, Darwin on.

German, Darwin's slight knowledge of.

Germany, converts to evolution in. -opinion on the "Origin" in. -Englishmen rejoice over victory of.

Germination of seeds, Darwin's experiments on effect of salt water.

"Germs and Vestiges of Disease," Dobell's.

Gesneria, Darwin on dimorphism of.

Gestation of hounds.

Gibraltar, elevation and subsidence of.

Gilbert, Sir J.H.: of Rothamsted. -letter to. -on nitrogen in worms' casting. -and Sir J. Lawes, Rothamsted experiments.

Glacial period, absence of phanerogams near polar regions in N. America during. -Bates on. -climatic changes since. -conditions during. -continental changes since. -Darwin's views on geographical changes as cause of. -destruction of organisms during. -destruction of Spanish plants in Ireland. -distribution of organisms affected by. -duration of. -effect on animals and plants. -and elephants. -S.E. England dry land during. -Greenland depopulated during. -introduction of Old World forms into New World subsequent to. -migration during. -mundane character of. -subsidence of Alps during. -Croll on. -existence of Alpine plants before. -Hooker on. -Glen Roy and. -Lyell on. -extinction of mammals during. -Wallace on. -movement of Europe since and during.

Glaciers, Agassiz on. -Lyell on. -Tyndall's book on. -as agents in the formation of lakes. -Darwin on structure of. -Hooker on Yorkshire. -Moseley on motion of. -physics of. -Parallel Roads of Glen Roy formed by. -rock-cavities formed by cascades in. -in S. America. -in Wales.

Gladstone, Herbert Spencer on criticisms by.

Glass, Dr., on grafting sugar-canes.

Glen Collarig, absence of terminal moraines. -terraces in.

Glen Glaster, absence of terminal moraines. -barriers of detritus. -Milne on. -shelves of.

Glen Gluoy, shelves of.

Glen Roy, Parallel Roads of. -L. Agassiz on. -Darwin on. -Darwin's mistake over. -Darwin on ice-lake theory of Agassiz and Buckland. -glacier theory of. -history of work on. -Hooker on. -marine theory of. -Milne-Home's paper on. -investigated by Geological Survey. -coincidence of shelves with watersheds. -measurement of terraces.

Glen Spean.

Glen Turret, MacCulloch on.

Gloriosa, Darwin's experiments on leaf-tendrils.

Glossotherium Listai.

Gloxinia, peloric forms of.

Gnaphalium.

Gneiss, Darwin on.

God, Darwin on existence of personal.

Godron, on Aegilops.

Godron's "Flora of France."

Goethe, Darwin's reference to. -Owen on.

Goldfinch, difference in beaks of male and female.

Gongora, and Acropera. -Darwin on. -G. fusca (see Acropera luteola). -G. galeata (see A. Loddigesii).

Gondwana Land.

Goodenia, Hamilton on fertilisation of.

Goodeniaceae.

Gordon, General, Huxley on Darwin and.

Gosse, E., "Life of P.H. Gosse" by.

Gosse, Philip Henry (1810-88): was an example of that almost extinct type-- a naturalist with a wide knowledge gained at first hand from nature as a whole. This width of culture was combined with a severe and narrow religious creed, and though, as Edmund Gosse points out, there was in his father's case no reconcilement of science and religion, since his "impressions of nature" had to give way absolutely to his "convictions of religion," yet he was not debarred by his views from a friendly intercourse with Darwin. He did much to spread a love of Natural History, more especially by his seaside books, and by his introduction of the aquarium-- the popularity of which (as Mr. Edmund Gosse shows) is reflected in the pages of "Punch," especially in John Leech's illustrations. Kingsley said of him (quoted by Edmund Gosse, page 344) "Since White's "History of Selborne" few or no writers on Natural History, save Mr. Gosse and poor Mr. Edward Forbes, have had the power of bringing out the human side of science, and giving to seemingly dry disquisitions...that living and personal interest, to bestow which is generally the special function of the poet." Among his books are the "Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica," 1851; "A Naturalist's Rambles on the Devonshire Coast," 1853; "Omphalos," 1857; "A Year at the Shore," 1865. He was also author of a long series of papers in scientific journals. -letter to.

Gould, on sex in nightingales.

Gower Street, Darwin's house in.

Gradation in plants.

Graft-hybrids, experiments on. -of Cytisus. -Hildebrand on. -of potatoes. -of sugar-canes.

Grafting, Darwin on. -difficulty of. -in hyacinth bulbs.

Graham's "Creed of Science."

Gramineae, Darwin on crossing.

Granite, explanation of association with basalt.

Grasses, range of genera. -cleistogamous. -fertilisation of. -F. Muller on Brazilian.

Gratiolet, on behaviour of eyes in rage.

Gravity, comparison between variation and laws of.

Gray, Asa (1810-88): was born in the township of Paris, Oneida Co., New York. He became interested in science when a student at the Fairfield Academy; he took his doctor's degree in 1831, but instead of pursuing medical work he accepted the post of Instructor in Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Botany in the High School of Utica. Gray afterwards became assistant to Professor Torrey in the New York Medical School, and in 1835 he was appointed Curator and Librarian of the New York Lyceum of Natural History. From 1842 to 1872 he occupied the Chair of Natural History in Harvard College, and the post of Director of the Cambridge Botanical Gardens; from 1872 till the time of his death he was relieved of the duties of teaching and of the active direction of the Gardens, but retained the Herbarium. Professor Gray was a Foreign Member of the Linnean and of the Royal Societies. The "Flora of North America" (of which the first parts appeared in 1838), "Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, the Botany of Commodore Wilkes' South Pacific Exploring Expedition" are among the most important of Gray's systematic memoirs; in addition to these he wrote several botanical text-books and a great number of papers of first-class importance. In an obituary notice written by Sir Joseph Hooker, Asa Gray is described as "one of the first to accept and defend the doctrine of Natural Selection..., so that Darwin, whilst fully recognising the different standpoints from which he and Gray took their departures, and their divergence of opinion on important points, nevertheless regarded him as the naturalist who had most thoroughly gauged the "Origin of Species," and as a tower of strength to himself and his cause" ("Proc. R. Soc."