Chapter 458

naturalists." He published a work on "Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders," London, 1873, and wrote on the Flora of Mentone and on other subjects. (See "The Descent of Man" Volume I., Edition II., page 104, 1888.) -letters to. -note on. -experiments on ants and seeds.

Mohl, von, on climbing plants.

Mojsisovics, E. von: Vice-Director of the Imperial Geological Institute, Vienna. -letters to. -work on Palaeontology and Evolution.

Molecular movement in foliated rocks.

Moller, "Brasilische Pilzblumen."

Molliard, on Les Cecidies florales.

Mollusca, distribution by birds. -Huxley on. -means of dispersal of. -Morse on protective colours of. -Wallace on distribution of.

Molothrus, occurrence in Brazil.

Monacanthus viridis, female form of Catasetum tridentatum.

Monkeys, distribution of birds affected by. -range of. -ears of. -mane as protection. -wrinkling of eyes during screaming.

Monochaetum (Monochoetum), absence of nectar in. -experiments on. -flowers of. -neglected by bees. -seeds of. -M. ensiferum, two kinds of stamens.

Monocotyledons, range of. -heterostylism in.

Monotremes, birds compared with. -as remnant of ancient fauna.

Monotropa uniflora, in New Granada. -in Himalayas. -in separate areas in U.S.A.

Monotypic genera, variation of.

Monstrosities, Harvey on. -Masters' work on. -no sharp distinction between slight variations and. -origin of species from. -variations and.

Monte Video, Darwin visits. -Darwin on cleavage at.

Moon, effect on earthquakes.

Moraines, glacial.

Moral sense, J. Morley on Darwin's treatment of.

Morality, foundation of.

More, Alexander Goodman (1830-95): botanist and zoologist, distinguished chiefly by his researches on the distribution of Irish plants and animals. He was born in London, and was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge. He became Assistant in the Natural History Museum at Dublin in 1867, and Curator in 1881. He was forced by ill-health to resign his post in 1887, and died in 1895. He is best known for the Cybele Hibernica and for various papers published in the "Ibis." He was also the author of "Outlines of the Natural History of the Isle of Wight," of a "Supplement to the Flora Vectensis," and innumerable shorter papers. His "Life and Letters" has been edited by Mr. C.B. Moffat, with a preface by Miss Frances More (1898). There is a good obituary notice by Mr. R. Barrington in the "Irish Naturalist," May, 1895. -letters to.

Morgan.

Morley, J., letters to.

Mormodes, labellum of. -M. ignea, flower of.

Morphological, Hooker's criticism of term. -sense in which used by Nageli.

Morphology, Darwin's explanation of. -Kollmann on batrachian. -of plants.

Morse, Prof. E.S.: of Salem, Mass. -letters to. -on shell-mounds of Omori.

Morton, Lord, his mare.

Moscow, opinion on Darwin's work from.

Moseley, Canon H., on glacier-motion.

Moseley, Prof. Henry Nottidge F.R.S. (1844-91): was an undergraduate of Exeter College, Oxford, and afterwards studied medicine at University College, London. In 1872 he was appointed one of the naturalists on the scientific staff of the "Challenger," and in 1881 succeeded his friend and teacher, Professor Rolleston, as Linacre Professor of Human and Comparative Anatomy at Oxford. Moseley's "Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger," London, 1879, was held in high estimation by Darwin, to whom it was dedicated. (See "Life and Letters," III., pages 237-38.) -letter to. -proposal to examine Kerguelen Coal beds.

Moss-rose, sudden variation in.

Mostyn, Lord, horse and quagga belonging to.

Moths, hermaphroditism in hybrid. -survival of distinct races. -colours of. -and Sexual Selection.

Mould, Darwin's opinion of his paper on.

Mountain-building, Rogers on.

Mountain-chains, Darwin on. -and earthquakes. -and elevation. -false views of geologists on. -Hopkins on. -volcanic rocks in.

Movement, of land-areas. -of plants, Darwin on. -F. Muller on. -Wiesner on Darwin's book on.

Mucus of seeds, significance of.

Mukkul, Pass of.

Mules, meaning of stripes of. -J.J. Weir's observations on.

Muller, Ferd., on advance of European plants in Australia.

Muller, (Fritz) Dr. Johann Friedrich Theodor (1822-97): was born in Thuringia, and left his native country at the age of thirty to take up his residence at Blumenau, Sta Catharina, South Brazil, where he was appointed teacher of mathematics at the Gymnasium of Desterro. He afterwards held a natural history post, from which he was dismissed by the Brazilian Government in 1891 on the ground of his refusal to take up his residence at Rio de Janeiro ("Nature," December 17th, 1891, page 156). Muller published a large number of papers on zoological and botanical subjects, and rendered admirable service to the cause of evolution by his unrivalled powers of observation and by the publication of a work entitled "Fur Darwin" (1865), which was translated by Dallas under the title "Facts and Arguments for Darwin" (London, 1869). The long series of letters between Darwin and Muller bear testimony to the friendship and esteem which Darwin felt for his co-worker in Brazil. In a letter to Dr. Hermann Muller (March 29th, 1867), Mr. Darwin wrote: "I sent you a few days ago a paper on climbing plants by your brother, and I then knew for the first time that Fritz Muller was your brother. I feel the greatest respect for him as one of the most able naturalists living, and he has aided me in many ways with extraordinary kindness." See "Life and Letters," III., page 37; "Nature," October 7th, 1897, Volume LVI., page 546. -book by. -convert to Darwin's views. -Darwin's opinion of his book. -friendship with Darwin. -Hooker on. -letters to. -on Lord Morton's mare. -on mutual specialisation of insects and plants. -on prawns. -reference to letter from. -on sponges. -on Cassia and caterpillars in S. Brazil. -on climbing plants. -on crossing plants. -Darwin offers to make good loss by flood. -Darwin's admiration of. -on Darwin's work on lepidoptera. -Darwin urges him to write Natural History book. -explanation of two kinds of stamens in flowers. -on fertilisation mechanisms. -letter to Darwin from. -narrow escape from flood. -article in "Kosmos" on Phyllanthus. -on Melastomaceae. -on orchids. -on stripes and spots in animals. -on Termites. -disinclined to publish. -mentioned.

Muller, Hermann (1829-83): began his education in the village school of Muhlberg, and afterwards studied in Halle and Berlin. From an early age he was a keen naturalist, and began his scientific work as a collector in the field. In 1855 he became Science teacher at Lippstadt, where he continued to work during the last twenty-eight years of his life. Muller's greatest contribution to Botany "Die Befruchtung der Blumen durch Insekten," was the outcome to Charles Darwin's book on the "Fertilisation of Orchids." He was a frequent contributor to "Kosmos" on subjects bearing on the origin of species, the laws of variation, and kindred problems; like his brother, Fritz, Hermann Muller was a zealous supporter of evolutionary views, and contributed in no small degree to the spread of the new teaching. ("Prof. Dr. Hermann Muller von Lippstadt: Ein Gedenkblatt," by Ernst Krause, "Kosmos," Volume VII., page 393, 1883.) -extract from letter to. -Darwin's admiration for his book. -on fertilisation of flowers. -on clover and bees. -on Epipactis and Platanthera. -extract from Darwin's preface to his "Befruchtung der Blumen." -letters to. -on Melastoma. -persecuted by Ultramontane party. -review in "Kosmos" of "Forms of Flowers." -mentioned.

Muller, Prof. Max, "Lectures on the Science of Language." -letter to.

Muller, Rosa, observations on circumnutation.

Mummy wheat.

Mundane cold period, Darwin on supposed.

Mundane genera, distribution of.

Munro, Col., on Bermuda.

Munro, on eyes of parrots.

Murchison, Sir R.I., apotheosis of. -Darwin's conversations with. -letter to. -address to Geological Society. -on structure of Alps. -Lyell's criticism of.

Murder, expression of man arrested for.

Murdoch, G.B., letter to.

Murray, A., address to Botanical Society of Edinburgh. -criticism of Wallace's theory of nests. -Darwin criticised by. -Darwin's criticism of work of. -on geological distribution of mammals. -on leaves and CO2. -review of "Origin" by. -mentioned.

Murray, Sir J., Darwin on his theory of coral reefs.

Murray, J., Darwin's agreement with. -"Journal of Researches" published by. -MS. of "Origin" sent to. -sale of "Origin." -publication of "Fur Darwin."

Mus, range of.

Musca vomitoria, Lowne on.

Muscles, contraction in evacuation and in labour pains. -in man and apes.

Museum (British), enquiry as to disposal of Natural History Collections by Trustees of.

Music, birds and production of. -insects, and. -origin of taste for.

Musk-duck, hatching of eggs.

Musk-orchids, pollinia of.

Musk ox, as index of climate. -found in gravel at Down.

Mussels, seize hold of fishing hooks.

Mutability of species, Lyell on.

Mutation, use of term.

Mutisia, a tendril-climber, compared with Mikania.

Myanthus barbatus, hermaphrodite form of Catasetum tridentatum.

Mylodon.

Myosotis, in N. America.

Myosurus, range of.

Mytilus, as fossil in the Andes.

Nageli, Carl Wilhelm von (1817-91): was born at Kilchberg, near Zurich. He graduated at Zurich with a dissertation on the Swiss species of Cirsium. At Jena he came under the influence of Schleiden, who taught him microscopic work. He married in 1845, and on his wedding journey in England, collected seaweeds for "Die neueren Algen-systeme." He was called as Professor to Freiburg im Breisgau in 1852; and to Munich in 1857, where he remained until his death on May 10th, 1891. In the "Zeitschrift fur wiss. Botanik," 1844-46, edited by Nageli and Schleiden, and of which only a single volume appeared, Nageli insists on the only sound basis for classification being "development as a whole." The "Entstehung und Begriff" (1865) was his first real evolutionary paper. He believed in a tendency of organisms to vary towards perfection. His idea was that the causes of variability are internal to the organism: see his work, "Ueber den Einfluss ausserer Verhaltnisse auf die Varietatenbildung. Among his other writings are the "Theorie der Bastardbildung," 1866, and "Die Mechanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre," 1884. The chief idea of the latter book is the existence of Idioplasm, a part of protoplasm serving for hereditary transmission. (From Dr. D.H. Scott's article in "Nature," October 15th, 1891, page 580.) -Darwin on his work. -Essay on Natural Selection. -on Hieracium. -"Ueber Entstehung und Begriff der naturhistoriscehn Art." -Weismann on work of. -on arrangement of leaves. -criticism of Darwin. -on innate principle of development. -on physiological nature of useful adaptations in plants.

Napier, Rt. Hon. J.R., speech at British Association (1861) on Darwin's work.

Naravelia.

Narborough, Sir J., description of W. coast of S. America by.

Nascent organs, rudimentary and. -wing of Apteryx as.

Natural classification.

"Natural Conditions of Existence," Semper's.

Natural History, Darwin's taste for. -Darwin's contributions to. -accuracy the soul of. -Darwin urges F. Muller to write book on.

Natural History Collections, enquiry as to disposal by British Museum Trustees of.

"Natural History Review," Lord Avebury on Walsh's paper on dimorphism. -Bentham in the. -Darwin's opinion of. -Darwin reviews Bates in. -Falconer in the. -founding of. -Huxley and.

"Natural Inheritance," Galton's.

Natural preservation, as substitute for Natural Selection.

"Natural Science," A.S. Woodward on Neomylodon in.

Natural Selection, accumulation of varieties by. -and adaptation in orchids. -Allen on slowness of action. -Angraecum in relation to. -Ansted on. -applied to politics. -and artificial. -Bates' belief in. -Bronn on. -comparison with architecture. -with force and matter. -with laws of gravity. -conservative influence of. -Cope's and Hyatt's views on. -Darwin accused of making too much of a Deus of. -Darwin's anxiety not to overestimate effect of. -Darwin lays stress on importance of. -Darwin on use of term. -deification of. -and direct action. -Eocene or Secondary organisms would be beaten in competition with recent on theory of. -and external conditions. -Falconer on. -and fertility. -Asa Gray on. -Harvey misunderstands Darwin's meaning. -Haughton partially admits. -Hooker thinks Darwin probably rides too hard his hobby of. -Hooker on supposed falling off in belief in. -Hooker and Bates believe in. -Huxley's belief in. -Huxley gives in a lecture inadequate idea of. -Hyatt and Cope on. -importance of. -Lamont on. -Lyell on. -and monstrosities. -Nageli's Essay on. -no limit to perfection of co-adaptations produced by. -non-acceptance of. -objections to. -"plants are splendid for making one believe in." -possibility of race of bears being rendered aquatic through. -with the principle of divergence the keystone of "Origin." -production of thorns through. -tends to progression of organisation. -providential arrangement and superfluity of. -struggle between reversion, variability and. -Scott on. -slowness of action. -and sterility. -success of. -tails of mice a difficulty as regards. -Sir W. Thomson's misconception of. -uses of. -value of. -and variation. -variation of species sufficient for selection and accumulation of new specific characters by. -and useful characters. -Wallace on. -Watson on. -applied to man and brutes. -Australian savages and. -beauty and. -Darwin on action of. -Darwin's historical sketch in "Origin" of. -difficulties of. -Donders nearly preceded Darwin in views on. -evolution of man from point of view of. -Owen's attitude towards. -primogeniture destructive of. -Sexual Selection less powerful than. -Wallace attributes theory entirely to Darwin. -Wallace on brain and.

Naturalisation, of European plants. -of plants in India. -of plants in islands.

Naturalised plants, Bentham on. -comparison of variability of indigenous and. -De Candolle on. -variability of. -fewness of American species of, in Britain.

"Naturalist in Nicaragua," Belt's. -Belt's account of honey-glands of plants in.

"Naturalist on the Amazons," Bates'. -Darwin's opinion of.

Naturalists, views on species held by. -few care for philosophical experiments

Nature, Wallace on personification of. -use of term.

"Nature not lying," principle of.

"Nature," Darwin's opinion of. -letters or notes from Darwin in. -Galton in. -F. Muller in. -Thiselton-Dyer in.

Naudin, C., on hybridism. -on Melastomaceae.

Nauplius stages.

Nautilus, of Silurian age.

Necrophorus, Darwin's observations on.

Nectar, in leguminous flowers. -Lord Farrer on secretion of, in Coronilla.

Nectaries, Belt on extra-floral.

Nectarines and peaches. -Rivers on production from seed. -variation in.

Negative geological evidence, Darwin and Lyell on.

Negro, resemblance between expression of Cebus and.

Nelumbium, as example of transport.

Neottia nidus-avis, fertilisation mechanism. -pollen-tubes of.

Nepenthes, Hooker's work on. -Thiselton-Dyer on.

Neptunia.

Nervous system, genesis of. -influence on nutrition.

Nests, Wallace's theory, of. -colour in relation to. -instinct in making.

Neumann, on Catasetum.

Neumayr, Melchior (1845-90): passed his early life at Stuttgart, and entered the University of Munich in 1863 with the object of studying law, but he soon gave up legal studies for Geology and Palaeontology. In 1873 he was recalled from Heidelberg, where he held a post as Privatdocent, to occupy the newly created Chair of Palaeontology in Vienna. Dr. Neumayr was a successful and popular writer, as well as "one of the best and most scientific palaeontologists"; he was an enthusiastic supporter of Darwin's views, and he devoted himself "to tracing through the life of former times the same law of evolution as Darwin inferred from that of the existing world." (See Obit. Notice, by Dr. W.T. Blanford, "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XLVI., page 54, 1890.) -essay on descent theory. -services to geology. -"Die Stamme des Thierreichs."

Nevill, Lady Dorothy.

New Zealand, absence of leguminosae opposed to continental extension of. -British plants in. -clover never seeded before introduction of bees. -comparison between flora of Tasmania and. -elevation of mountains in. -flora of. -flora of Australia and. -Flora of Raoul Island and. -Hooker on flora of. -Darwin's opinion of Hooker's "Flora." -former connection of islands. -former extension of. -naturalised plants. -peopling of mountains by plants. -proportion of annuals. -species of plants common to America, Chili and. -stocked from Antarctic land. -colonising of. -glacial action in. -mountain-rat of. -trees of.

Newton, Prof. A., note on Strickland by. -description of partridge as agent in dispersal of seeds.

Newton's law of gravity.

Niagara, Darwin on Lyell's work on.

Nightingale, Gould on the.

Noises, observations on children's.

Nolana prostrata, Darwin's experiments on.

Nomenclature, discussion on.

"North British Review," Fleeming Jenkin's review in. -Tait in.

Norton, Professor Charles Elliot: of Harvard, the son of the late Dr. Andrews Norton, Professor of Theology in the Harvard Divinity School. -visits Down.

Norway, Von Buch's travels in. -Blytt on flora of.

Norwich, Berkeley's address at British Association (1868) meeting at. -Hooker's address.

Nottingham, British Association meeting (1866) at. -Hooker's lecture on insular floras at.

Notylia, F. Muller on.

Nucula, a persistent type.

Nuneham, Darwin's recollection of trip to.

Nutrition, influence of mind on.

Nyctitropic movements, see Sleep-movements.

Observation, spirit of astronomers in. -harder work than generalisation. -pleasure of.

Observations, not to be trusted without repetition.

Observer, a good theoriser makes a good.

Oceanic islands, difference in floras and means of stocking. -connection between continents and. -former extension of. -Reade on. -volcanic nature of.

Oceans, age and depth of. -permanence of. -as sinking areas.

Ogle, W., on the sense of smell. -letter to. -translation of book by Kerner.

Ogleby, reference to his nomenclature scheme.

Oken, on Lepas. -Owen on.

Old characters, reappearance of.

Oldenburgia.

Oldenlandia.

Olfers.

Oliver, D., Darwin indebted to for information. -letters to. -mentioned.

Olyra, sleep-movements of.

Omori, Morse on shell-mounds of.

Oncidium, J. Scott's work on. -structure of labellum. -O. flexuosum, observations by Muller and Scott on. -self-sterility of. -O. sphacelatum, Scott on fertilisation of.

Ophrys. -O. apifera, fertilisation-mechanism. -self-fertilisation of. -O. arachnites, fertilisation of. -habitat. -O. aranifera. -O. morio, fertilisation of. -O. muscifera, Lord Farrer's observations on. -O. scolopax.

Opossums.

Oppel, service to geology. -mentioned.

Opuntia, Henslow describes new species from Galapagos.

Orang-utang, Rolleston on brain of. -Wallace on.

Orange trees, grafting of.

d'Orbigny, on geology of S. America. -theory of formation of Pampas mud. -"Voyage dans l'Amerique meridionale. -mentioned.

Orchids, adaptation in. -Darwin's work on. -Darwin's view that seedlings are parasitic on Cryptogams. -Falconer's estimate of Darwin's work on. -few species in humid temperate regions. -flourish in cool temperate regions. -illustrate diversity of means to same end. -monstrous. -quoted as argument against species arising from monstrosities. -utility and. -fertilisation mechanisms of. -Brazilian. -Darwin decides to publish his work in book-form. -Darwin sends copy of his book to F. Muller. -Darwin underrates power of producing seeds without insects. -French translation of Darwin's book. -germinative power of pollen. -Hildebrand's paper on. -Nectar not excreted in some English. -and nectar secretion. -formation of ovule after pollination. -Scott points out error in Darwin's work. -Scott on pollen-tubes of. -Scott on self-sterility. -self-fertilisation in. -setting of seed in unopened flower. -sterility of. -course of vessels in flowers. -wonderful contrivances intelligible.

Orchis, flowers of. -nectaries of. -pollinia of.

Orchis (Bee) (see also Ophrys apifera), Darwin's experiments on. -O. pyramidalis, fertilisation mechanism. -O. ustulata.

Order of Nature.

Ordination.

Organ mountains, Darwin on plants of. -glacial action on.

Organisms, simultaneous change in. -amount of change in fresh water and marine.

Organs, transition of -use of.

"Origin of the Fittest," Cope's.

"Origin of Genera," Cope's work on.

Origin of life.

"Origin of Species," acceptance of doctrine of Evolution due to the. -Darwin's belief in the permanence of the framework of the. -Darwin's opinion of his book. -Dawson's review of. -direct action underestimated in the. -editions of the. -errors in. -Falconer's estimate of. -Huxley's Cambridge speech, and reference to the. -Huxley's lecture on coming of age of. -Huxley's review of. -Lesquereux's articles in "Silliman" against the. -publication of the Abstract of. -publication by Murray of. -sale of the. -Seemann on the. -translation of. -Wallace's criticism of. -Walsh on the. -Darwin on necessity for modifications in the. -review by Fleeming Jenkin. -review by A. Murray. -Owen's criticism of Darwin's Historical Sketch in 4th edition of. -Owen's review of. -study of natural history revolutionised by the. -valueless criticism on.

Origin of species, Darwin's early views on. -Darwin's views on. -Falconer antagonistic to Darwin's views on. -Oxford discussion (British Association, 1860) on the. -spread of Darwin's views in America.

Origin of species and genera, Wallace in the "Nineteenth Century" on.

Original work, time taken up by, at expense of reading.

Ormerod's Index to the Geological Society's Journal.

Ornithorhynchus, aberrant nature of. -preservation of.

Orthoptera, auditory organs of.

Oscillariae, abundance in the ocean.

Oscillataria.

Oscillation of land, Darwin's views on.

Os coccyx, as rudimentary organ.

Ostrea.

Ostrich, modification of wings.

Outliers, plants as.

"Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy," Fiske's.

Ovary, abnormal structure in orchid.

Owen, Sir Richard (1804-92): was born at Lancaster, and educated at the local Grammar School, where one of his schoolfellows was William Whewell, afterwards Master of Trinity. He was subsequently apprenticed to a surgeon and apothecary, and became deeply interested in the study of anatomy. He continued his medical training in Edinburgh and at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London. In 1827 Owen became assistant to William Clift (whose daughter Owen married in 1835), Conservator to the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. It was here that he became acquainted with Cuvier, at whose invitation he visited Paris, and attended his lectures and those of Geoffroy St. Hilaire. The publication, in 1832, of the "Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus" placed the author "in the front rank of anatomical monographers." On Clift's retirement, Owen became sole Conservator to the Hunterian Museum, and was made first Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1856 he accepted the post of Superintendent of the Natural History department of the British Museum, and shortly after his appointment he strongly urged the establishment of a National Museum of Natural History, a project which was eventually carried into effect in 1875. In 1884 he was gazetted K.C.B. Owen was a strong opponent of Darwin's views, and contributed a bitter and anonymous article on the "Origin of Species" to the "Edinburgh Review" of 1860. The position of Owen in the history of anatomical science has been dealt with by Huxley in an essay incorporated in the "Life of Richard Owen," by his grandson, the Rev. Richard Owen (2 volumes, London, 1894). Huxley pays a high tribute to Owen's industry and ability: "During more than half a century Owen's industry remained unabated; and whether we consider the quality or the quantity of the work done, or the wide range of his labours, I doubt if, in the long annals of anatomy, more is to be placed to the credit of any single worker." The record of his work is "enough, and more than enough, to justify the high place in the scientific world which Owen so long occupied. If I mistake not, the historian of comparative anatomy and palaeontology will always assign to Owen a place next to, and hardly lower than, that of Cuvier, who was practically the creator of those sciences in their modern shape, and whose works must always remain models of excellence in their kind." On the other hand, Owen's contributions to philosophical anatomy are on a much lower plane; hardly any of his speculations in this field have stood the test of investigation: "...I am not sure that any one but the historian of anatomical science is ever likely to recur to them, and considering Owen's great capacity, extensive learning, and tireless industry, that seems a singular result of years of strenuous labour." -address at Leeds (British Association, 1858) by. -admission of descent of species. -articles by. -on a badger of Pliocene age. -on the brain. -Mrs. Carlyle's impression of. -and Hooker. -conduct towards Huxley. -Darwin abused by. -on Darwin and Maillet. -and Darwinism. -on ephemeral influence of the "Origin." -Falconer and. -Huxley on. -on Huxley's election to the Athenaeum. -ignores Darwin's work. -influence of. -isolation among scientific men. -lecture on birds by. -letters to. -letter to the "Athenaeum." -"Life of." -on lowness of animals. -on Macacus. -on mammals of Old World. -on morphology of vertebrata. -review in the "Quarterly" of the "Origin." -"Palaeontology" by. -on parthenogenesis. -review in the "Edinburgh Review" by. -on simple and multiple organs. -on use and disuse. -and Bishop Wilberforce's review. -visits Down. -attack on Darwin in his "Anatomy of Vertebrata." -attitude towards Natural Selection. -mentioned.

Owls and hawks, as agents in seed-dispersal.

Oxalis, bulbils of. -cleistogamic flowers of. -dimorphism of. -pollen-tubes of. -seeds of. -trimorphism of. -O. acetosella, sensitive leaves of. -variation in length of pistil and stamens. -O. sensitiva, Darwin's work on. -O. corniculata, variation of.

Oxford, meeting of the British Association at (1847). -Tuckwell's reminiscences of.

Oxlips, Darwin's experiment on cowslips, primroses, and. -Darwin on hybrid character of. -scarcity of.

Oxyspora paniculata, Wallich on.

Pachira, inequality of cotyledons. -P. aquatica.

Pacific Ocean, Darwin wishes Hooker to investigate floras of. -islands of the. -coral reefs of.

Packard's "Lamarck the Founder of Evolution."

Paget, Sir J., on regeneration. -address on elemental pathology. -illness of. -on influence of mind on nutrition. -"Lectures on Surgical Pathology." -letters to. -mentioned.

Pairing, in birds. -vigour of birds and effect on time of.

Palaeolithic flints, in gravels near Southampton.

Palaeontology, rapid progress of.

Palaeozoic period.

Paley, idea of interference of Creator in construction of each species due to.

"Pall Mall," article on "Dr. Hooker on Religion and Science" in. -letter to editor of.

Pallas, Darwin's conviction of truth of doctrine of. -doctrine of. -on hybrids and fertility.

Palm, Malayan climbing.

Palm, L.H., work on climbing plants by.

Palma, crater of.

Pampas, geology of the. -formation of. -Lyell on Mississippi beds and. -D'Orbigny's theory of formation of. -thistle of the.

Pangenesis, adverse opinion on. -Bentham on. -Berkeley on. -bud-propagation and. -Darwin on. -Darwin's suggestion as to term. -difference between Galton's theory of heredity and. -evidence from hybridisation in favour of. -Hooker on. -Huxley's views on. -Jager on. -Lyell on. -and molecular hypothesis of Hackel. -Ranyard on. -Romanes on. -self-fertilisation and. -Wallace on. -the idea a relief to Darwin as connecting facts. -F. Muller and. -bearing on regeneration. -"will turn out true some day." -mentioned.

Panmixia.

Panniculus carnosus in man.

Papilio Memnon, Wallace on. -P. nireus, Mrs. Barber on. -P. pammon, Wallace on.

Papilionaceaous flowers, absence in New Zealand. -and hermaphroditism.

Papilionidae, Wallace on Malayan.

Paraheliotropism, Muller's observations on. -in Phyllanthus.

Parallel Roads of Glen Roy (see Glen Roy).

Parana, Darwin finds Mastodon at.

Pararge, breeding in confinement.

Parasites, and degeneration. -extermination of game by. -bloom as protection against. -and galls.

Parietaria, explosive stamens of.

Parrots, as agents in seed-dispersal.

Parsimony, Hamilton's law of.

Parthenogenesis, Darwin on. -Owen's Hunterian lecture on. -in Primula. -J. Scott's work on.

Partridges, as agents of seed-dispersal. -rudimentary spurs on legs of.

Parus caeruleus, protective colouring of.

Passiflora, bloom experiments on. -Lord Farrer's work on. -position of flowers of. -Muller assists Lord Farrer in work on. -Scott's work on. -self-sterility of. -Sprengel on. -visited by humming-birds. -P. gracilis, dispersal of seeds. -P. princeps, adapted to humming birds.

Patagonia, L. Agassiz on elevation of. -Darwin on geology of. -gigantic land-sloth of. -Admiral Sulivan on.

Pathology, Paget's lectures on.

Pattison, Mark.

Pavo nigripennis.

Payne, on effect of rain on plants. -observations by.

Peaches, bud-variation in. -raised from seed.

Peacock, evolution and Sexual Selection of. -experiments on cutting tail of male. -muscles of tail of.

Pearson, H.H.W., on the botany of Ceylon patanas.

Peas, course of vessels in ovary of sweet-. -crossing in. -fertilisation of. -waxy secretion in.

Pecten, P. latissimus.

Pelargonium, peloric. -Beaton on. -Darwin's experiments on. -flowers of. -P. multiflora alba, Darwin's experiments on crossing.

Pelobius, Darwin on.

Peloria, effect of pollen on regular flowers. -Darwin suggests experiments on. -Masters on. -in Pelargonium. -inheritance of.

Peneus, F. Muller on.

Pentateuch, N. Lewy on.

Periodicals, Darwin's opinion of scientific. -foreign compared with English.

Peripatus, Moseley's work on.

Peristylus viridis, Lord Farrer's observations on.

Permanence of ocean basins.

Permian period, glacial action during. -freshwater beds in India.

"Personal Narrative," Humboldt's.

Peru, anarchy in. -Darwin on terraces in. -D. Forbes on geology of.

Peuquenes Pass, Darwin visits.

Pfeffer, Prof., on chemotaxis. -considers Wiesner wrong in some of his interpretations. -on Drosera. -"Periodische Bewegungen."

Pfitzer, on classification of orchids.

Pfluger.

Phalaenopsis.

Phanerogams, comparison with one class of animals rather than with one kingdom.

Phaseoli, crossing in.

Phaseolus vulgaris, sleep-movements of.

Pheasants, display of colour by golden. -Hewitt on hybrids of. -hybrids between fowls and. -protective colouring.

Phillips, J., defines species. -evolutionary views. -"Life on the Earth." -mentioned.

Phillips-Jodrell, T.T., founder of Jodrell Laboratory at Kew.

Philosophical Club.

Philosophical experiments, few naturalists care for.

Philosophising, means and laws of.

Phlox, Darwin's observations on flowers of. -heterostylism of. -P. Drummondii. -P. subulata.

Phyllanthus, F. Muller's paper in "Kosmos" on. -sleep-movements of. -P. Niruri, sleep-movements of.

Phryma, de Candolle on. -occurrence in N. America.

Phyllotaxis, Darwin and Falconer on.

Physical conditions, effect of.

"Physical Geography," Herschel's.

Physicists, disagree as to rate of cooling of earth's crust.

"Physiological Aesthetics," Grant Allen's.

Physiological germs.

Physiological selection, Romanes'.

Physiological species, Huxley's term.

Physiological units, Herbert Spencer's.

Physiological variations.

"Physiology," Huxley's "Elementary Lessons in." -Darwin on difficulty of. -Darwin's want of knowledge of. -Darwin's work on plant-. -England behind in vegetable. -small knowledge of ordinary doctors of. -and vivisection.

Phytophagic varieties, Walsh on.

Phytophthora, potatoes and.

"Pickwick," quotation from.

Pictet, on the succession of forms. -mentioned.

Pictet and Humbert, on fossil fishes of Lebanon.

Pieris, breeding in confinement. -colour the result of mimicry. -protective colouring. -P. napi. -Weismann on.

Pigeons, breeding of. -drawings of. -experiments on crossing. -experiments bearing on direct action. -production of varieties. -reduction of wings. -and sterility. -Tegetmeier's work on. -Wallace on Malayan. -Darwin's work on. -experiments in painting. -Flourens' experiments on. -gay deceiver. -pairing for whole life. (Barbs.) (Carriers.) (Fantails.) (Laugher.) (Pouters.) (Rock.) (Runts.) (Tumblers.)

Pigs, crossing of.

"Pikermi," Gaudry's "Animaux fossiles de."

Pinguicula, Darwin's observations on.

Pistyll Rhiadr.

Pisum, cross-fertilisation of. -P. sativum, visited by Bombus.

Pithecoid man, Huxley's term.

Pithecus, Owen on Homo and.

Placentata.

Plagiaulax, Falconer on.

Planaria.

Planorbis, Hyatt on genesis of species of. -P. multiformis, graduated forms of.

Plantago, Ludwig's observations on. -Darwin on.

Plants, change in animals compared with change in. -comparison between high and low as regards resistance to injurious conditions. -contractility of. -difference between animals and. -distribution of. -fossil. -of Madeira. -morphological characters. -resemblance to animals. -Saporta's work on fossil. -small proportion preserved as fossils. -splendid for helping belief in Natural Selection. -thorns in. -wide range as compared with animals. -Darwin's interest in movements of. -Darwin on physiology of. -disease in. -effect of stimuli on.

Plas Edwards.

Plasmodiophora, action on cruciferous roots.

Platanthera, H. Muller on.

Plato, comparison between plants and man in his "Timaeus."

Platysma myoides, contraction during terror. -Darwin's error concerning.

Playfair, Lord.

Pleistocene Antarctic land, plants derived from.

Pliocene, Falconer on mammal from the.

Plovers, protective colouring of.

Plumage, immature and adult.

Plumbago, Darwin's experiments on. -said to be dimorphic.

Podostemaceae, fertilisation of.

Poisons, natives of Australia injured by vegetable. -absorption by roots of. -effect of injection into plants.

Polar bear, modification of.

Polar ice-cap, Darwin on the.

Polarity, E. Forbes' theory of.

Pollen, direct action of. -experiments on. -time of maturity in Eucalyptus and Mimosa. -mechanism for distribution in Martha. -Miyoshi's experiments on tubes of.

Polyanthus, crossing in.

Polyborus Novae Zelandiae, in Falkland Islands.

Polydactylism, and inheritance.

Polyembryony, in Coffea and Pachira.

Polygala. -P. vulgaris, variation of.

Polygamy, in birds. -in Machetes.

Polygonum, germination of seeds found in sandpit.

Polymorphism, Darwin and Hooker on. -Wallace on.

Polytypic genera, variation of.

Pontederia, heterostylism of.

Pontodrilus, Lankester on.

Poplar, Heer on fossil species.

Popper, J., letter to.

Poppig, on civilisation and savagery.

Poppy (corn-), indigenous in Sicily.

Porpoises, Flower on. -freshwater. -Murray on.

Portillo Pass.

Porto-Santo, land-snails of. -plants of.

Positivism, Huxley's article in "Fortnightly Review" on.

Posoqueria, F. Muller's paper on.

Potatoes, crossing experiments. -cultivated and wild. -disease of. -experiments suggested. -graft-hybrids. -sterility and variability in. -Torbitt's experiments on. -Traill's experiments. -varieties of. -Darwin's work on varieties of. -Hildebrand's experiments on.

Poulton, Prof., on Prichard as an evolutionist. -"Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection."

Poultry, skulls of. -Tegetmeier's book on. -experiments on colour and sexual selection.

Powell, Prof. Baden.

"Power of Movement in Plants," Darwin's account of capacity of revolving in plants, in his book. -Continental opinion of. -Wiesner's criticism of.

Prawns, F. Muller on metamorphosis of.

Prayer, Galton's article on.

Pre-Cambrian rocks, Hicks on.

Predominant forms.

"Prehistoric Europe," J. Geikie's.

"Prehistoric Times," Lord Avebury's.

Preordination, speculation as to.

Prepotency of pollen.

Prescott, reference to work by.

Preservation, suggested as an alternative term for Natural Selection.

Pressure, effect on liquefaction by heat.

Preston, S. Tolver, letter to.

Prestwich, Prof. J., letter to. -on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy. -on superficial deposits of S. England. -work on Tertiaries. -mentioned.

Prevost, C., as candidate for Royal Society Foreign List. -mentioned.

Price, J., extract from letter from Darwin to.

Prichard, James Cowles (1786-1848): He came on both sides from Quaker families, but, according to the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," he ultimately joined the Church of England. He was a M.D. of Edinburgh, and by diploma of Oxford. He was for a year at Trinity College, Cambridge, and afterwards at St. John's and New College, Oxford, but did not graduate at either University. He practised medicine, and was Physician to the Infirmary at Bristol. Three years before his death he was made a Commissioner in Lunacy. He not only wrote much on Ethnology, but also made sound contributions to the science of language and on medical subjects. His treatise on insanity was remarkable for his advanced views on "moral insanity." -on immutability. -quotations from his "Physical History of Mankind."

Priestley, "Green matter" of. -Huxley's essay on.

Primogeniture, antagonistic to Natural Selection.

Primrose (see also Primula), Darwin's experiments on cowslip and. -dimorphism of. -J. Scott on.

Primula, Darwin's work on. -difficulty of experimenting with. -dimorphism of. -dimorphism lost by variation. -entrance of pollen-tubes at chalaza. -varying fertility of. -fertilisation of. -homomorphic unions and. -ovules of. -J. Scott's work on. -stamens of. -P. elatior. -P. longiflora, non-dimorphism of. -Treviranus on. -P. mollis. -P. scotica. -P. sinensis. -fertility of. -legitimate and illegitimate unions. -movement of cotyledons.

Principle of divergence.

"Principles of Biology," Spencer's.

"Principles of Geology," Lyell's. -Darwin on. -Wallace's review of.

Pringlea antiscorbutica (Kerguelen cabbage).

Priority, Falconer and Owen on.

Proboscidean group, extinction of.

Progress, in forms of life and organisation.

Progression, tendency in organisms towards.

Progressive development.

Pronuba, the Yucca moth, Riley on.

Proteaceae, former extension of.

Protean genera, list of N. American.

Protection, colour in butterflies and. -thorns as. -Wallace on. -colour and. -colour of birds and. -colour of caterpillars and. -colour of shells and. -Darwin's views on Sexual Selection and. -evolution of colour and. -mimicry and. -monkeys' manes as. -Wallace on colour and. -Wallace on wings of lepidoptera and.

Protective resemblance, Wallace on.

Proterogyny, in Plantago.

Prothero, G.W.

Protococcus.

Protozoa.

Providential arrangement.

Prunus laurocerasus, extra-floral nectaries visited by ants.

Psithyrus.

Psychology, Delboeuf on. -Romanes' work on comparative.

Ptarmigan, protective colouring of.

Pterophorus periscelidactylus.

Publishing, over-readiness of most men in.

Pumilio argyrolepis, Darwin on seeds of.

Purbeck, Plagiaulax from the.

Purpose, Darwin on use of term.

Pyrola, fertilisation mechanism in.

Quagga, hybrid between horse and.

Quails, seed-dispersal by migratory.

"Quarterly Journal of Science," article on Darwin and his teaching in. -review by Wallace of the Duke of Argyll's "Reign of Law."

"Quarterly Review," Mivart's article. -Bishop Wilberforce's review of "Origin" in. -article on zebras, horses, and hybrids.

Quartz, segregation in foliated rocks.

Quatrefages, Jean Louis Armand de, de Breau (1810-92): was a scion of an ancient family originally settled at Breau, in the Cevennes. His work was largely anthropological, and in his writings and lectures he always combated evolutionary ideas. Nevertheless he had a strong personal respect for Darwin, and was active in obtaining his election at the Institut. For details of his life and work see "A la Memoire de J.L.A. de Quatrefages de Breau," 4o, Paris (privately printed); also "L'Anthropologie," III., 1892, page 2. -letters to. -translation of paper by. -on proportion of sexes in Bombyx.

Quenstedt, work on the Lias by.

Queries on expression.

Rabbits, Angora, skeletons of. -Darwin's work on.

Race, nature's regard for.

Racehorse, selection by man. -Wallace on fleetness of. -equality of sexes in.

Races of man. -causes of difference in. -Wallace on.

Rafflesia, parasites allied to.

Rain, effect on leaves. -movements of leaves as means of shooting off.

Ramsay, Sir A.C., on origin of lakes. -Geological Society hesitates to publish his paper on Lakes. -on ice-action. -on insects in tropics. -memoir by Geikie of. -on denudation and earth-movements. -overestimates subaerial denudation. -on Parallel Roads of Glen Roy. -on Permian glaciers. -proposal that he should investigate glacial deposits in S. America. -mentioned.

Range, De Candolle on large families and their. -coleoptera and restricted. -of genera. -of shells. -size of genera in relation to species and their. -of species.

Ranunculaceae, evidence of highness in.

Ranunculus auricomus.

Ranyard, A.C., letter to "Nature" on pangenesis.

Raoul Island, Hooker on.

Raphael's Madonna, referred to by Darwin.

Raspberry, germination of seeds from a barrow. -waxy secretion of.

Rattlesnake, Wright on uses of rattle of.

Raven, said to pair for whole life.

Ray Society, work of.

Raymond, Du Bois, work on plants.

Reade, T.M., letters to. -on age of the world.

"Reader," sold to the Anthropological Society.

Reading, Darwin complains of lack of time for. -little time given by scientific workers to.

Reciprocal crosses, half-sterility of.

Rede Lecture, by Phillips (1860).

Reduction, cessation of selection as cause of. -organs of flight and. -wings of ostrich and.

References, Darwin on importance of giving. -Wallace on.

Regeneration, power of. -reference in "Variation of Animals and Plants" to.

"Reign of Law," the Duke of Argyll's. -reviewed by Wallace.

Reindeer, of Spitzbergen. -horns of.

Religion and science.

Representative species. -in floras of Japan and N. America. -in Galapagos Islands.

Reproduction, difference in amount of energy expended by male and female in.

Reproductive organs, St.-Hilaire's view of affaiblissement and development of. -in relation to theoretical questions.

Research, Huxley and. -justification of.

Reseda lutea, sterile with own pollen. -R. odorata, experiment on cross-and self-fertilisation.

Resemblance, mimetic.

Resignation, expression in.

Restiaceae, former extension of.

Restricted distribution.

Retardation, Cope on.

Retrogression.

Reversion, in ammonites. -Darwin on. -and degeneration of characters. -factors causing. -hybridism and. -Lord Morton's mare and. -stripes of mules due to. -struggle between Natural Selection and. -and crossing. -peloria and.

Review of the "Descent of Man," by J. Morley.

Reviews, Darwin on an author writing his own. -on the "Origin of Species," by Asa Gray. -Haughton. -Hopkins. -Hutton. -Huxley. -F. Jenkin. -Owen. -Wilberforce.

Rhamnus.

Rhexia, flowers of. -R. virginica, W.H. Leggett on anthers.

Rhinoceros.

Rhinochetus.

Rhizocephala, retrograde development in.

Rhododendron Boothii.

Rhopalocera, breeding in confinement.

Rhynchoea, colour of.

Rich, Anthony (1804?-1891): Educated at Caius College, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards an Honorary Fellow. Author of "Illustrated Companion to the Latin Dictionary and Greek Lexicon," 1849, said to be a useful book on classical antiquities. Mr. Darwin made his acquaintance in a curious way--namely, by Mr. Rich writing to inform him that he intended to leave him his fortune, in token of his admiration for his work. Mr. Rich was the survivor, but left his property to Mr. Darwin's children, with the exception of his house at Worthing, bequeathed to Mr. Huxley. -legacy to Huxley. -letter to. -leaves his fortune to Darwin.

Rich, Mrs., mentioned.

Richardson, R., on tablet to commemorate Darwin's lodgings at 11, Lothian Street, Edinburgh.

Richardson, Darwin on merits of.

Rigaud, on formation of coal.

Riley, Charles Valentine (1843-95): was born in England: at the age of seventeen he ran away from home and settled in Illinois, where at first he supported himself as a labourer; but he soon took to science, and his first contributions to Entomology appeared in 1863. He became entomological editor of the "Prairie Farmer" (Chicago), and came under the influence of B.D. Walsh. In 1868 Riley became State Entomologist of Missouri, and in 1878 Entomologist to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, a post he resigned in 1894 owing to ill-health; his death was the result of a bicycle accident. (Taken principally from the "Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington," Volume III., 1893-6, page 293.) -letters to. -mentioned.

Rio Janeiro, absence of erratic boulders near. -Agassiz on drift-formation near.

Rio Negro.

Rio Plata.

Ritchie, Mrs., visit to Down.

Rivers, The late Mr. Thomas: of Sawbridgeworth, was an eminent horticulturist and writer on horticulture. -letters to.

Robin, attracted by colour of Triphaena (Triphoea).

Robinia, insect visitors of.

Rocks, bending when heated. -condition in interior of earth. -fluidity of. -metamorphism of (see also Metamorphism).

Rocky Mountains, wingless insects of the.

Rogers, W.B. and H.D., on cleavage. -on coalfields of N. America. -on parallelism of axis-planes of elevation and cleavage.

Rolleston, George (1829-81): obtained a first-class in Classics at Oxford in 1850; he was elected Fellow of Pembroke College in 1851, and in the same year he entered St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Towards the close of the Crimean War, Rolleston was appointed one of the Physicians to the British civil hospital at Smyrna. In 1860 he was elected the first Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, a post which he held until his death. "He was perhaps the last of a school of English natural historians or biologists in the widest sense of the term." In 1862 he gave the results of his work on the classification of brains in a lecture delivered at the Royal Institution, and in 1870 published his best known book, "Forms of Animal Life (Dict. Nat. Biography). -address in "Nature" by. -on the orang-utang. -adhesion to Darwin's views. -letter to. -letter to Darwin from. -mentioned.

Rollisson.

Roman villa at Abinger.

Romanes, G.J. (1848-94): was one of Mr. Darwin's most devoted disciples. The letters published in Mrs. Romanes' interesting "Life and Letters" of her husband (1896) make clear the warm feelings of regard and respect which Darwin entertained for his correspondent. -Darwin on controversy between Duke of Argyll and. -on graft-hybrids. -letters to. -letter to Darwin from. -letter to "Nature" in reply to the Duke of Argyll. -on physiological selection. -review of Roux's book. -on heliotropism. -lecture on animal intelligence by. -lecture on evolution of nerves. -letter to "Times" from. -"Life and Letters" of. -on minds of animals.

Roots, heliotropism of. -sensitive tip of.

Roses, N. American species. -bud-variation. -raising from seed. -resemblance of seedling moss-rose to Scotch. -varieties of.

Ross, Sir J.

Rosse, Lord.

Round Island, fauna and flora of.

Roux's "Struggle of Parts in the Organism."

Royal Commission on Vivisection.

Royal Institution, lectures at.

Royal medals.

Royal Society, council meeting of.

Royer, Mdlle., translatress of the "Origin."

Royle, John Forbes (1800-58): was originally a surgeon in the H.E.I.C. Medical Service, and was for some years Curator at Saharunpur. From 1837- 56 he was Professor of Materia Medica at King's College, London. He wrote principally on economic and Indian botany. One of his chief works was "Illustrations of the Botany and other branches of the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains and of the Flora of Cashmere." (London, 1839.) -letters to. -mentioned.

Rubiaceae, dimorphism in. -fertilisation in.

Rubus, N. American species. -variation in. -F. Darwin on roots of.

Rubus and Hieracium, comparison of variability of N. American and European species.

Rucker.

Rudimentary organs. -in frogs. -nascent and. -variation of. -in man. -use in classification.

Rudinger, Dr., on regeneration.

Rue, flowers of.

Ruffs, polygamy of.

Rumex, germination of old seeds.

Russia, forms of wheat cultivated in.

Rutaceae, A. St.-Hilaire on difference in ovary of same plants of.

Sabine, General Sir E. Sabine (1788-1883): President of the Royal Society 1861-71. (See "Life and Letters," III., page 28.) -address to Royal Society. -award of Copley medal to Darwin during presidency of. -recognition by Government. -mentioned.

Sabrina, elevation of.

Sagitta.

St. Dabeoc's heath, in Azores.

St. Helena, Darwin suggests possibility of finding lost plants in earth from. -extinction in. -Hooker on flora of. -land-birds of. -plants of. -trees of. -Darwin on craters of. -geology of. -subsidence in. -White on hemiptera of.

St.-Hilaire, A.F.C.P. de, on affaiblissement. -erect and suspended ovules in same ovary. -"Lecons de Botanique." -Life of.

St.-Hilaire, J.G., on monstrosities. -author of "Life of A.F.C.P. de St.-Hilaire."

St. Jago, Darwin on craters of. -elevation of.

St. Paul's rocks, plants of. -geological structure.

Saintpaulia, dimorphic flowers.

St. Ventanao, conglomerates of.

Salicaceae.

Salicornia, bloom on.

Salix, varieties of.

Salsola Kali, bloom on.

Salt water, effect on plants.

Salter, on vitality of seeds after immersion in the sea.

Saltus, Darwin's views on.

Salvages, flora of the.

Salvia, Hildebrand's paper on.

Samara, Russian wheat sent to Darwin from.

Samoyedes, power of finding their way in fog.

Sandberger, controversy with Hilgendorf.

Sanderson, Sir J.B., electrical experiments on plants. -letters to. -on vivisection.

Sandwich Islands, absence of Alpine floras. -flora of. -Geranium of. -Dana on valleys and craters. -Galapagos and.

Sanicula, occurrence of species in Azores. -range of.

Santa Cruz.

Santorin, crater of. -linear vent in. -Lyell's account of.

Saporta, Marquis de, (1823-95): devoted himself to the study of fossil plants, and by his untiring energy and broad scientific treatment of the subject he will always rank as one of the pioneers of Vegetable Palaeontology. In addition to many important monographs on Tertiary and Jurassic floras, he published several books and papers in which Darwin's views are applied to the investigation of the records of plant-life furnished by rocks of all ages. ("Le Marquis G. de Saporta, sa Vie et ses Travaux," by R. Zeiller. "Bull. Soc. Geol. France," Volume XXIV., page 197, 1896.) -letters to. -on rapid development of higher plants.

Sargassum, Forbes on.

Sarracenia.

Savages, civilisation of. -comparison between animals and. -decrease of. -Selection among.

Saxifrages, destruction in Ireland of Spanish. -formation of hairs in.

Saxonika, form of Russian wheat.

Scaevola, fertilisation mechanism of. -S. microcarpa, fertilisation mechanism of.

Scalesia.

Scandinavia, Hooker on potency of flora. -Blytt on distribution of plants of. -elevation of.

Scarlet fever, Darwin's dread of.

"Scenery of Scotland," Sir A. Geikie's.

Scepticism, Darwin on.

Schimper, review by Hooker of "Paleontologie Vegetale" by.

Schlagintweit.

Schleiden, convert to Darwin's views.

Schmankewitsch, experiments on Artemia by.

Schobl, J., on ears of mice.

Schoenherr, C.J.

Schomburgk, Sir R., on Catasetum, Monacanthus, and Myanthus.

School, Darwin at Mr. Case's. -of Mines.

Schrankia, a sensitive species of.

Schultze, Max.

Science, and superstition. -progresses at railroad speed.

Science Defence Association, Darwin asked to be president of.

Scientific men, attributes of. -domestic ties and work of. -article in "Reader" on.

Scientific periodicals, Darwin's opinion of.

Scotland, forest trees of. -comparison between flora of T. del Fuego and that of. -elevation of. -frequency of earthquakes in. -land-glaciation of. -tails of diluvium in.

"Scotsman," Forbes' lecture published in. -Darwin's letter on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy in the.

Scott, D.H., obituary notice of Nageli by.

Scott, John (1838-80): Short obituary notices of Scott appeared in the "Journal of Botany," 1880, page 224, and in the "Transactions of the Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh" Volume XIV., November 11th, 1880, page 160; but the materials for a biographical sketch are unfortunately scanty. He was the son of a farmer, and was born at Denholm (the birthplace the poet Leiden, to whom a monument has been erected in the public square of the village), in Roxburghshire. At four years of age he was left an orphan, and was brought up in his aunt's household. He early showed a love of plants, and this was encouraged by his cousin, the Rev. James Duncan. Scott told Darwin that he chose a gardening life as the best way of following science; and this is the more remarkable inasmuch as he was apprenticed at fourteen years of age. He afterwards (apparently in 1859) entered the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh, and became head of the propagating department under Mr. McNab. His earliest publication, as far as we are aware, is a paper on Fern-spores, read before the Bot. Soc., Edinburgh, on June 12th, 1862. In the same year he was at work on orchids, and this led to his connection with Darwin, to whom he wrote in November 1862. In 1864 he got an appointment at the Calcutta Botanic Garden, a position he owed to Sir J.D. Hooker, who was doubtless influenced by Darwin's high opinion of Scott. It was on his way to India that Scott had, we believe, his only personal interview with Darwin. We are indebted to Sir George King for the interesting notes given below, which enable us to form an estimate of Scott's personality. He was evidently of a proud and sensitive nature, and that his manner was pleasing and dignified appears from Darwin's brief mention of the interview. He must have been almost morbidly modest, for Darwin wrote to Hooker (January 24th, 1864): "Remember my URGENT wish to be able to send the poor fellow a word of praise from any one. I have had hard work to get him to allow me to send the [Primula] paper to the Linn. Soc., even after it was written out!" And this was after the obviously genuine appreciation of the paper given in Darwin's letters. Sir George King writes:-- "He had taught himself a little Latin and a good deal of French, and he had read a good deal of English literature. He was certainly one of the most remarkable self-taught men I ever met, and I often regret that I did not see more of him...Scott's manner was shy and modest almost to being apologetic; and the condition of nervous tension in which he seemed to live was indicated by frequent nervous gestures with his hands and by the restless twisting of his long beard in which he continuously indulged. He was grave and reserved; but when he became interested in any matter he talked freely, although always deliberately, and he was always ready to deafen his opinions with much spirit. He had, moreover, a considerable sense of humour. What struck me most about Scott was the great acuteness of his powers of observing natural phenomena, and especially of such as had any bearing on variation, natural selection or hybridity. While most attentive to the ordinary duties of the chief of a large garden, Scott always continued to find leisure for private study, and especially for the conduct of experiments in hybridization. For the latter his position in the Calcutta garden afforded him many facilities. After obtaining a post in the Calcutta Botanic Gardens, Scott continued to work and to correspond with Darwin, but his work was hardly on a level with the promise of his earlier years. According to the "Journal of Botany," he was attacked by an affection of the spleen at Darjeeling, where he had been sent to report on the coffee disease. He returned to Edinburgh in the spring of 1880, and died in the June of that year. At the time of his death many experiments were in hand, but his records of these were too imperfect to admit of their being taken up and continued after his death. In temper Scott was most gentle and loveable, and to his friends he was loyal almost to a fault. He was quite without ambition to 'get on' in the world; he had no low or mean motives; and than John Scott, Natural Science probably had no more earnest and single-minded devotee." -correspondence with. -criticism on the "Origin" by. -letters to. -on Natural Selection. -on a red cowslip. -confirms Darwin's work, also points out error. -Darwin assists financially. -Darwin's opinion of. -Darwin offers to present books to. -Darwin writes to Hooker about Indian appointment for. -Darwin's proposal that he should work at Down as his assistant. -Darwin suggests that he should work at Kew. -on dispersal of seed of Adenanthera by parrots. -on fertilisation of Acropera. -a good observer and experimentalist. -a lover of Natural History. -observations on acclimatisation of seeds. -on Oncidium flexuosum. -letter to Darwin from. -offered associateship of Linnean Society. -on Imatophyllum. -on self-sterility in Passiflora. -on Primula. -on sexes in Zea. -mentioned.

Scrope, P., on volcanic rocks.

Scrophularineae.

Scudder, on fossil insects.

Sea, Dana underestimates power of. -changes in level of land due to those of. -marks left on land by action of.

Seakale, bloom on.

Seashore plants, use of bloom on.

Sea-sickness, Darwin suffers from.

"Seasons with the Sea Horses," Lamont's.

Secondary period, abundance of Araucarias and Marsupials during. -equality of elevation in British rocks of. -insects prior to.

Sections of earth's crust, need for accurate.

Sedgwick, Prof. A., extract from letter to Owen from. -letter to Darwin from. -on the "Vestiges of Creation." -and the Philosophical Society's meeting at Cambridge. -and the "Spectator." -Darwin's visit to. -Feelings towards Darwin. -on the structure of large mineral masses. -proposes Forbes for Royal medal. -quotation from letter to Darwin from. -suggested as candidate for Royal medal. -mentioned.

Sedgwick, A., address at the British Association (1899).

Sedimentary strata, conversion into schists.

Sedimentation, connection with elevation and subsidence. -near coast-lines.

Seedlings, sensitiveness to light.

Seeds, collected by girls in Prof. Henslow's parish. -dispersal of. -effect of immersion on. -of furze. -Asa Gray on Darwin's salt-water experiments. -germination after 21 1/2 hours in owl's stomach. -moss-roses raised from. -peaches from. -variation in. -bright colours of fruits and. -difficulty of finding in samples of earth. -dormant state of. -germination from pond mud. -Hildebrand on dispersal of. -mucus emitted by. -stored by ants. -supposed vivification of fossil. -vitality of.

Seeley, Prof.

Seemann, on commingling of temperate and tropical plants in mountains of Panama. -on the "Origin" in Germany. -mentioned.

Segregation of minerals in foliated rocks.

Selaginella, foot of, compared with organ in Welwitschia seedling.

Selection, a misleading term. -artificial. -as means of improving breeds. -importance of. -influence of speedy. -utilised by pigeon-fanciers. -Sexual (see Sexual Selection). -sterility and. -unconscious. -and variation. -voluntary. -and inheritance.

Self-fertilisation, abundance of seeds from. -Darwin's experiments on cross- and. -evil results of. -comparison between seeds from cross- and. -in Goodeniaceae. -in Orchids.

Self-interest, Preston on.

Self-sterility, in Eschscholtzia. -in plants. -connection with unnatural conditions.

Selliera, Hamilton on fertilisation-mechanism.

Semper, Karl (1832-93): Professor of Zoology at Wurzburg. He is known for his book of travels in the Philippine and Pelew Islands, for his work in comparative embryology, and for the work mentioned in the above letter. See an obituary notice in "Nature," July 20th, 1893, page 271. -letter to.

Senecio. -S. vulgaris, profits by cross-fertilisation.

Sensitive plants, Darwin's work on.

Sensitiveness, diversified kinds in allied plants.

Separate creations, Darwin on.

Sequoia.

Seringe, on Aconitum flowers.

Sertularia.

Sethia, dimorphism of.

Settegast, H., letter to.

Severn, Darwin on floods of.

Seward, A.C., "Fossil Plants as Tests of Climate."

Sexes, colour, and difference in. -proportion at birth. -proportion in animals.

Sexual likeness, secondary.

Sexual organs, as collectors of generative elements. -appendages in insects complemental to.

Sexual reproduction, Galton on. -bearing of F. Muller's work on essence of.

Sexual Selection, Bates on. -Darwin on. -article in "Kosmos" on. -colour and. -man and. -in moths and butterflies. -subordinate to Natural Selection. -Wallace on colour and. -Wallace on difficulties of.

Sexuality, Bentham on. -in lower forms. -origin of.

Shanghai, tooth of Mastodon from.

Sharp, David, on Bombus. -on Volucella. -"Insects."

Sharpe, Daniel (1806-56): left school at the age of sixteen, and became a clerk in the service of a Portuguese merchant. At the age of twenty-four he went for a year to Portugal, and afterwards spent a considerable amount of time in that country. The results of his geological work, carried out in the intervals of business, were published in the Journal of the Geological Society of London ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume V., page 142; Volume VI., page 135). Although actively engaged in business all his life, Sharpe communicated several papers to the Geological Society, his researches into the origin of slaty cleavage being among the ablest and most important of his contributions to geology ("Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume III., page 74; Volume V., page 111). A full account of Sharpe's work is given in an abituary notice published in the "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XIII., page xlv. -on elevation. -Darwin meets. -letters to. -on cleavage and foliation.

Sharpey, W., letter from Falconer to. -Honorary member of Physiological Society.

Shaw, J., letter to.

Sheep, varieties of.

Sheldrake, dancing on sand to make sea-worms come out.

Shells, Forbes and Hancock on British. -distorted by cleavage. -means of dispersal. -protective colour of.

Sherborn, C.D., "Catalogue of Mammalia" by A.S. Woodward and.

Shetland, comparison between flora of T. del Fuego and that of.

Shrewsbury, school.

Siberia, Rhinoceros and steppes of central.

Sicily, elephants of. -flora of.

Sidgwick, Prof. H.

Siebold, von.

Sigillaria, an aquatic plant.

Silene, Gartner's crossing-experiments on.

Silurian, comparison between recent organisms and. -life of. -Lingula from the. -corals. -volcanic strata.

Simon, Sir John: he was for many years medical officer of the Privy Council, and in that capacity issued a well-known series of Reports. -reports by.

Simple forms, existence of. -survival of.

Simpson, Sir J., on regeneration in womb.

Siphocampylus.

Sitaris, Lord Avebury on Meloe and.

Siwalik hills.

Skertchley, S.B.J., on palaeolithic flints in boulder-clay of E. Anglia. -letter to.

Skin, influence of mind on eruptions of.

Slate, cleavage of schists and.

Slave-ants, account in the "Origin" of.

Sleep, plants' so-called.

Sleep-movements, in plants. -of cotyledons.

Slime of seeds.

Sloths.

Smell, Ogle's work on sense of.

Smerinthus populi-ocellatus, Weir on hybrid.

Smilaceae, reference to genera of.

Smilax, De Candolle on flower of.

Smith, Goldwin.

Smith, J., note on.

Snails of Porto Santo.

Snipe, protective colour of.

Snow, red. -geological action of frozen.

Snowdon, elevation in recent times.

Social instincts, actions as result of.

Social plants, De Candolle on. -in the U.S.A.

"Sociology," H. Spencer's.

Soda, nitrate beds.

Soil, in relation to plant distribution.

Solanaceae.

Solanum rostratum, Todd on stamens of.

Solenhofen, bird-creature from.

Sollas, Prof., director of the Funafuti boring expedition. -account of the boring operations by.

Sonchus, introduced into New Zealand.

Song, importance in animal kingdom.

Sophocles, Prof., on expression of affirmation by Turks.

Sorby, on metamorphism.

Sound, and music.

Southampton, British Association meeting (1846). -Darwin on gravel deposits at. -Darwin's visits to.

Spanish chesnut, variation in leaf divergence.

Spanish plants in Ireland. -in La Plata.

Spawn, dispersal of frogs'.

Spean, terraces in valley of.

Special ordination.

Specialisation.

Species, antiquity of plant-. -belief in evolution of. -changing into one another. -creation of. -Darwin recognises difficulties in and objections to his views on. -definition of. -descriptive work influenced by Darwin's views on. -facts from Hooker bearing on. -food as important factor in keeping up number of. -frequency of. -Asa Gray on. -Hooker on. -intermediate forms absent in close. -little tendency during migration to form new. -modification of. -and monstrosities. -mutability of. -Nageli's views on. -origin of (see Origin of Species). -permanence of. -Prichard on meaning of term. -range of. -representative. -separate creation of. -spreading of. -sterility between allied. -and sterility. -time necessary to change. -time of creation of new. -variation of. -Wallace on origin of. -Walsh on modification of. -Weismann on. -Gaudry on affiliation of. -Hackel on change of. -isolation of. -value of careful discrimination of.

"Species not transmutable," Bree's book on.

Specific character, Falconer on persistence of.

Speculation, Darwin on.

Spencer, H., Darwin on the advantage of his expression "survival of the fittest." -letter to. -on electric organs. -on genesis of nervous system. -on survival of the fittest. -Romanes on his theory of nerve-genesis. -Wallace's admiration for. -Darwin on his work. -extract from letter to. -mentioned.

Spermacoce.

Spey, terraces of.

Sphagnum, parasitism of orchids on.

Spiders, mental powers of. -Moggridge on.

Spiranthes, fertilisation of.

Spiritualism, Darwin on.

Sptizbergen, Lamont's book on. -reindeer of.

Sponges, Clark on classification of. -Hackel's work on. -F. Muller on.

Spontaneous generation. -Darwin's disbelief in. -Huxley's disbelief in.

Sports.

Sprengel, (C.C.) Christian Konrad (1750-1816): was for a time Rector of Spandau, near Berlin; but his enthusiasm for Botany led to neglect of parochial duties, and to dismissal from his living. His well-known work, "Das Entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur," was published in 1793. An account of Sprengel was published in "Flora," 1819, by one of his old pupils. See also "Life and Letters," I., page 90, and an article in "Natural Science," Volume II., 1893, by J.C. Willis. -on Passion-flowers.

Stag-beetle, forms of.

Stahl, Prof., on Desmodium. -on transpiration.

Stainton.

Stanhope, Lord.

Stanhopea, fertilisation of.

Stapelia, fertilisation of.

Starling, paired three times in one day.

State-entomologist, appointment of in America, not likely to occur in England.

Statistics, of births and deaths. -Asa Gray's N. American plant-.

Steinheim, Lias rocks of.

Stellaria media, cross-fertilisation of.

Stephens, Miss Catherine: was born in 1794, and died, as the Countess of Essex, in 1882.

Sterile, use of term.

Sterility, accumulation through Natural Selection. -arguments relating to. -artificial production of. -between allied species aided by Natural Selection. -connection with sexual differentiation. -and crossing. -domestication and loss of. -experiments on. -of hybrids. -in human beings. -Huxley on. -increase of races and. -laws governing. -Natural Selection and. -in pigeons. -in plants (see also self-sterility). -reciprocal crosses and unequal. -selection and. -variations in amount of. -varieties and.

Stirling, and Huxley.

Stokes, Sir G.

Strasburger, on fertilisation of grasses.

Stratification, and cleavage.

Strephium, vertical position of leaves.

Strezlecki.

Strickland, H., letters to. -on zoological nomenclature.

Stripes, loss and significance of.

Structural dissimilarity, and sterility.

Structure, external conditions in relation to.

Struggle for existence. -and crossing. -factors concerned in. -and hybrids. -J. Scott on.

Strychnos, F. Muller on.

Student, Darwin as an Edinburgh.

Studer, Bernhard: Several of Studer's papers were translated and published in the "Edinburgh New Phil. Journ." See Volume XLII., 1847; Volume XLIV., 1848, etc. -on cleavage and foliation.

"Studien zur Descendenz-Theorie," Weismann's.

"Studies in the Theory of Descent," Meldola's translation of Weismann's book.

"Study of Sociology," H. Spencer's.

Stur, Dionys (1827-93): Director of the Austrian Geological Survey from 1885 to 1892; author of many important memoirs on palaeobotanical subjects.

Style, Darwin on. -Darwin on Huxley's. -effect of controversy on.

Suaeda, bloom on.

Submergence.

Subsidence, evidence of. -coral reefs and. -and elevation. -equable nature of. -large areas simultaneously affected by. -in oceans. -and sedimentation. -volcanic action.

Subterranean animal, existence in Patagonia of supposed.

Subularia, fertilisation of.

Succession of types.

Sudden appearance of organisms, due to absence of fossils in pre- Cambrian rocks.

Sudden jumps, modification by. -Darwin's disbelief in.

Suess, "Antlitz der Erde."

Suffolk Crag, comparison with recent strata.

Sugar-cane, Barber on hybrids of. -new varieties of.

Sulivan, Admiral, on Patagonia.

Superficial deposits, geological nature of.

Supernumerary members. -amputation followed by regeneration of.

"Survival of the fittest," Darwin on use of the expression. -Wallace on the expression. -sharpness of thorns the result of. -colour of birds and.

Swainson, on wide range of genera.

Switzerland, Tyndall on valleys of.

Sydney.

Symonds, William Samuel (1818-87): a member of an old West-country family, was an undergraduate of Christ's College, Cambridge, and in 1845 became Rector of Pendock, Worcestershire. He published in 1858 a book entitled "Stones of the Valley;" in 1859 "Old Bones, or Notes for Young Naturalists;" and in 1872 his best-known work, "Records of the Rocks." Mr. Symonds passed the later years of his life at Sunningdale, the house of his son-in-law, Sir Joseph Hooker. (See "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc."