Chapter 454

-mentioned. -address to Linnean Society. -Darwin's criticism on address. -letters to. -extract from letter to. -views on species and on "Origin." -on fertilisation mechanism in Goodeniaceae. -on hybridism. -runs too many forms together. -on Scott's Primula paper.

Berberis, Pfeffer on stamens.

Berkeley, Miles Joseph (1803-89): was educated at Rugby and Christ's College, Cambridge; he took orders in 1827. Berkeley is described by Sir William Thiselton-Dyer as "the virtual founder of British Mycology" and as the first to treat the subject of the pathology of plants in a systematic manner. In 1857 he published his "Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany." ("Annals of Botany," Volume XI., 1897, page ix; see also an obituary notice by Sir Joseph Hooker in the "Proc. Royal Society," Volume XLVII., page ix, 1890.) -address by. -experiments on saltwater and seed-dispersal. -letter to. -mentioned. -notice of Darwin's work by.

Bermudas, American plants in. -coral-reefs.

Berzelius, on flints.

Bhootan, Rhododendron Boothii from.

Bible, chronology of.

Biffen, R., potato grafts.

Bignonia, F. Muller's paper on. -B. capreolata, tendrils of.

Binney, Edward William F.R.S. (1812-81): contributed numerous papers to the Royal, Palaeontographical, Geological, and other Societies, on Upper Carboniferous and Permian Rocks; his most important work deals with the internal structure of Coal-Measure plants. In a paper "On the Origin of Coal," published in the "Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society," Volume VIII., page 148, in 1848, Binney expressed the view that the sediments of the Coal Period were marine rather than estuarine, and were deposited on the floor of an ocean, which was characterised by a "uniformity and shallowness unknown" in any oceanic area of the present day. -on marshes of Coal period. -on coal and coal plants.

Biogenesis, Huxley's address on abiogenesis and.

Biology, Huxley's "Course of Practical Instruction" in.

Biology of plants, Hooker's scheme for a Flora, with notes on.

Birds, as agents of dispersal of plants. -blown to Madeira. -climate and effect on American. -coloration of. -comparison with mammals. -as isolated groups. -of Madeira. -modification in. -Andrew Murray on Wallace's theory of nests. -Wallace's theory of nests. -agents in dispersal of land-molluscs. -antics during courtship. -courtesy towards own image. -expression of fear by erection of feathers. -means of producing music. -spurs on female. -pairing. -polygamy. -proportion of sexes. -sexual selection and colour. -attracted by singing of bullfinch. -tameness in Brazilian species. -occurrence of unpaired. -Weir's observations on.

Bird of paradise, and polygamy.

Birmingham, British Association meeting (1849).

Bivalves, means of dispersal of freshwater.

Bizcacha, burrowing animal of Patagonia.

Blackbird, variation in tufted.

Blair, Rev. R.H., observations on the blind.

Blake, paper on Elephants in "Geologist."

Blanford, H.F., on an Indo-oceanic continent.

Blanford, W.T., obituary notice of Neumayr by.

Blind, expression of those born.

Blomefield, L., see Jenyns, L.

Bloom, Darwin's work on. -F. Darwin on connection between stomata and (see also Darwin, F.) -effect of rain on. -on leaf of Trifolium resupinatum. -protection against parasites. -on seashore plants.

Blow-fly, Lowne on the.

Blyth, Edward (1810-73): distinguished for his knowledge of Indian birds and mammals. He was for twenty years Curator of the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, a collection which was practically created by his exertions. Gould spoke of him as "the founder of the study" of Zoology in India. His published writings are voluminous, and include, in addition to those bearing his name, numerous articles in the "Field, Land and Water," etc., under the signature "Zoophilus" or "Z." He also communicated his knowledge to others with unsparing generosity, yet-- doubtless the chief part of his "extraordinary fund of information" died with him. Darwin had much correspondence with him, and always spoke of him with admiration for his powers of observation and for his judgment. The letters to Blyth have unfortunately not come into our hands. The indebtedness of Darwin to Blyth may be roughly gauged by the fact that the references under his name in the index to "Animals and Plants" occupy nearly a column. For further information about Blyth see Grote's introduction to the "Catalogue of Mammals and Birds of Burma, by the late E. Blyth" in the "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal," Part II., Extra number, August 1875; also an obituary notice published at the time of his death in the "Field." Mr. Grote's Memoir contains a list of Blyth's writings which occupies nearly seven pages of the "Journal." We are indebted to Professor Newton for calling our attention to the sources of this note. -reference to letter from. -visits Down. -on Gallinaceae.

Blytt, Axel Gudbrand (1843-98): the son of the well-known systematist M.N. Blytt. He was attached to the Christiania Herbarium in 1865, and in 1880 became Professor of Botany in the University. His best-known work is the essay referred to above, but he was also known for purely systematic work in Botany as well as for meteorological and geological contributions to science. The above facts are taken from C. Holtermann's obituary notice in the "Berichte der Deutschen Bot. Gesell." Volume XVII., 1899. -essay on immigration of Norwegian flora during alternating rainy and dry periods. -letter to.

Bog-Mammoth.

Boiler, comparison with volcano.

Boissier, on plants of S. Spain.

Boissiera, crossing experiments on.

Bolbophyllum, Darwin's account of.

Bolivia, geology of.

Bollaert's "Antiquities of S. America."

Bombus, diversity in generative organs. -Psithyrus in nests of. -Pollen-collecting apparatus of male.

Bombycilla, protective colours.

Bombyx, sexes in.

Bonaparte, L., on Basque and Finnish language.

Bonatea speciosa, F. Muller on. -structure of flower.

Bonney's Edition of Darwin's "Coral Reefs." -"Charles Lyell and Modern Geology."

Bonnier, G., on alpine plants.

Boragineae, dimorphism in.

Borneo, New Zealand and Australian plants in. -temperate plants in lowlands. -possible region for remains of early man.

Bory's Flora of Bourbon.

Bosquet, cirripede monograph sent by Darwin to. -gives Darwin note on fossil Chthamalus.

Botanical collections (national) consolidation at Kew.

Botanist, Darwin as.

Botany, philosophical spirit in study of.

Boulders, transport of erratic (see also Erratic blocks). -Darwin on Ashley Heath. -in Glen Roy. -on Moel Tryfan.

Bourbon, Bory's Flora of.

Bournemouth, Darwin's visit to.

Bovey Tracey, Heer on fossil plants of.

Bower, Prof. F.O., on Welwitschia.

Bower-bird, Bartlett's experiments on. -colours discriminated by.

Bowman, W., Letters to. -supplies Darwin with facts on Expression.

Brachiopods, Morse on. -Silurian.

Brackish-water plants.

Bradshaw, H., translation of Hebrew letter by.

Brain, Owen on. -evolution in man. -Wallace on Natural Selection and Evolution of.

Branchipus, Schmankewitsch's experiments on.

Branta, mentioned in reference to nomenclature of Barnacles.

Brassica sinapistrum, germination at Down of old seeds.

Braun, A., convert to Darwin's views.

Bravais, on lines of old sea-level in Finmark.

Brazil, L. Agassiz's book on. -Agassiz on glacial phenomena in. -F. Muller's residence in. -plants on mountains of. -basalt in association with granite. -Darwin on origin of lakes in. -dimorphism of plants in S.

Bree, Dr., on Celts. -misrepresents Darwin.

Breeders, views on Selection held by.

Breeding, chapter in "Origin" on.

Brehm, on birds.

Breitenbach, Dr.

Brewster, Sir D., on Glen Roy.

Bridgeman.

Brinton, Dr., attends Darwin.

British Association, Meetings: Belfast (1874), Birmingham (1849), Cambridge (1862), Ipswich (1851), Leeds (1858), Liverpool (1870), Manchester (1861), Norwich (1868), Nottingham (1866), Oxford (1847), Oxford (1860), Southampton (1846), Swansea (1880), York (1881). Addresses: Berkeley, Fawcett, Hooker, Hooker on Insular Floras, (see also Hooker, Sir J.D.), Huxley on Abiogenesis, Lord Kelvin, Wallace on Birds' Nests.

British Association, Committee for investigation of Coral Atoll by boring.

British Medical Association, undertakes defence of Dr. Ferrier.

British Museum, disposal of Botanical Collections.

Brodie, Sir Benjamin.

Brongniart, Ad., on Sigillaria.

Bronn, H.G., Letter to. -on German translation of "Origin." -reference in his translation of "Origin" to tails of mice as difficulty opposed to Natural Selection. -on Natural Selection. -"Entwickelung." -"Morphologische Studien." -"Naturgeschische der drei Reiche."

Brougham, Lord, on Structure of Bees' cells. -habit of writing everything important three times.

Brown, H.T., and F. Escombe, on vitality of seeds. -on influence of varying amounts of CO2 on plants.

Brown, R., accompanies Flinders on Australian voyage. -meets Darwin. -dilatoriness over King's collection. -illness. -on course of vessels in orchid flowers. -mentioned. -on pollen-tubes. -seldom indulged in theory.

Brulle, Gaspard-Auguste (1809-73): held a post in the Natural History Museum, Paris, from 1833 to 1839; on leaving Paris he occupied the chair of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at Dijon. ("Note sur la Vie et les Travaux Entomologiques d'Auguste Brulle" by E. Desmarest. "Ann. Soc. Entom." Volume II., page 513.) -reference to work by. -his pupils' eagerness to hear Darwin's views.

Brunonia, Hamilton on fertilisation mechanism.

Brunton, Sir T. Lauder, letters to. -letter to Darwin from.

Brydges and Anderson, collection of S. American plants.

Bryophyllum calycinum, Duval-Jouve and F. Muller on movements of leaves.

Bryozoa, specimens found during voyage of "Beagle."

Buch, von, on craters of Albermarle I. -Darwin's disbelief in his views. -mentioned. -"Travels in Norway."

Buckland, William (1784-1856): became a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, in 1801; in 1808 he was elected Fellow and ordained priest. Buckland travelled on horseback over a large part of the south-west of England, guided by the geological maps of William Smith. In 1813 he was appointed to the Chair of Mineralogy at Oxford, and soon afterwards to a newly created Readership in Geology. In 1823 the "Reliquiae Diluvianae" was published, a work which aimed at supporting the records of revelation by scientific investigations. In 1824 Buckland was President of the Geological Society, and in the following year he left Oxford for the living of Stoke Charity, near Whitchurch, Hampshire. "The Bridgewater Treatise" appeared in 1836. In 1845 Buckland was appointed Dean of Westminster; he was again elected president of the Geological Society in 1840, and in 1848 he received the Wollaston medal. An entertaining account of Buckland is given in Mr. Tuckwell's "Reminiscences of Oxford," London, 1900, page 35, with a reproduction of the portrait from Gordon's "Life of Buckland." -on Glen Roy. -mentioned.

Buckle, Darwin reads book by.

Buckley, Miss.

Buckman, on N. American plants.

Buckman, Prof., experiments at Cirencester.

Bud, propagation by. -Hooker's use of term. -fertilisation in.

Bud-variation.

Buenos-Ayres, fossils sent by Darwin from.

Bull-dog, as example of Design.

Bullfinch, experiment on colouring. -attracted by German singing-bird. -Weir on pairing.

Bunbury, Sir Charles James Fox, Bart. (1809-85): was born at Messina in 1809, and in 1829 entered Trinity College, Cambridge. At the end of 1837 he went with Sir George Napier to the Cape of Good Hope, and during a residence there of twelve months Bunbury devoted himself to botanical field-work, and afterwards (1848) published his "Journal of a Residence at the Cape of Good Hope." In 1844 Bunbury married the second daughter of Mr. Leonard Horner, Lady Lyell's sister. In addition to several papers dealing with systematic and geographical Botany Bunbury published numerous contributions on palaeobotanical subjects, a science with which his name will always be associated as one of those who materially assisted in raising the study of Fossil Plants to a higher scientific level. His papers on fossil plants were published in the "Journal of the Geological Society" between 1846 and 1861, and shortly before his death a collection of botanical observations made in South Africa and South America was issued in book form in a volume entitled "Botanical Fragments" (London, 1883). Bunbury was elected into the Royal Society in 1851, and from 1847 to 1853 he acted as Foreign Secretary to the Geological Society. "Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles J.F. Bunbury, Bart." edited by his wife Frances Joanna Bunbury, and privately printed. (Undated.) -Darwin's opinion of. -views on Evolution. -on Agassiz's statements on glaciation of Brazil. -on plants of Madeira. -illness. -mentioned.

Bunsen, Copley medal awarded to. -mentioned.

Burbidge, F.W., on Malaxis.

Burleigh, Lord.

Burnett.

Busk, G., visit to the Continent with Falconer. -on caves of Gibraltar.

Butler, A.G., identification of butterflies.

Butler, Dr., Darwin at Shrewsbury School under. -mentioned.

Butterflies, attracted by colours. -and mimicry. -tameness of. -colour and sexual selection. -description by Darwin of ticking.

Butterfly-orchis, (see also Habenaria.)

Cabbage, Darwin's work on. -effect of salt water on. -Pinguicula and seeds of. -sleep-movements of cotyledons. -waxy secretion on leaves.

Caddis-flies, F. Muller on abortion of hairs on legs of.

Caenonympha, breeding in confinement.

Caird, on Torbitt's potato experiments.

Calcutta, J. Scott's position in Botanic Garden.

Callidryas philea, and Hedychium.

Callithrix Sciureus, wrinkling of eyes during screaming.

Calluna vulgaris, in Azores.

Cambrian, piles of unconformable strata below.

Cambridge, Darwin and Henslow. -Honorary LL.D. given to Darwin. -mentioned. -Darwin's recollections of. -Owen's address. -Philosophical Society meeting. -Darwin visits. -specimens of Darwin's plants in Botanical Museum.

Camel, Cuvier's statement on teeth. -in N. America.

Cameroons, commingling of temperate and tropical plants. -Hooker on plants of. -plants of.

Campanula, fertilisation mechanism. -C. perfoliata, note by Scott on.

Campanulaceae, crossing in.

Campbell Island, flora.

Campodea, Lord Avebury on.

Canada, Sir William Dawson's work.

Canaries, fertility of hybrids. -plumage. -wildness of hybrids.

Canary Islands, flora. -Humboldt on. -insects of. -Madeira formerly connected with. -relation to Azores and Madeira. -d'Urville on. -African affinity of eastern. -elevation of. -Von Buch on. -Trunks of American trees washed on shores of.

Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus De (1806-93): was the son of Augustin Pyramus, and succeeded his father as Professor of Botany at Geneva in 1835. He resigned his Chair in 1850, and devoted himself to research for the rest of his life. At the time of his father's death, in 1841, seven volumes of the "Prodromus" had appeared: Alphonse completed the seventeenth volume in 1873. In 1855 appeared his "Geographie botanique raisonnee," "which was the most important work of his life," and if not a precursor, "yet one of the inevitable foundation-stones" of modern evolutionary principles. He also wrote "Histoire des Savants," 1873, and "Phytographie," 1880. He was lavish of assistance to workers in Botany, and was distinguished by a dignified and charming personality. (See Sir W. Thiselton-Dyer's obituary in "Nature," July 20th, 1893, page 269.) -on influence of climate. -on Cupuliferae. -on extinction of plants in cultivated land. -"Geographie botanique." -letters to. -on introduced plants. -on naturalised plants and variation. -review by Asa Gray of. -on relation of size of families to range of species. -on social plants. -mentioned.

Candolle, C. de, on latent life in seeds.

Canestrini, on proportion of sexes in Bombyx.

Canna, fertilisation of.

Cape of Good Hope (see also Africa). -Australian flora compared with that of. -flora. -variable heaths of. -Darwin's geological observations on metamorphism at. -European element in flora. -Meyer and Doege on plants of.

Cape Tres Montes, the "Beagle's" southern limit.

Caprification, F. Muller in "Kosmos" on.

Capsella bursa-pastoris, cross-fertilisation of.

Carabus, origin of. -in Chili. -A. Murray on.

Carbon dioxide, percentage in atmosphere.

Carboniferous period, glacial action. -subsidence during.

Cardamine, quasi-bulbs on leaves.

Carduelis elegans, length of beak.

Carex.

Carices, of Greenland.

Carlisle, Sir A., on Megatherium.

Carlyle, Mrs., remark on Owen.

Carmichael, on Tristan d'Acunha.

Carmichaelia.

Carnarvonshire, Darwin on glaciers of.

Caroline Islands, want of knowledge on flora.

Carpenter, Dr., on influence of blood in crossing.

Carrier-pigeon (see Pigeon), preference for certain colours in pairing.

Carrot, flowers of.

Carruthers, W., on potato experiments.

Carter, H.J., on reproduction of lower animals and foreshadowing of Chemotaxis.

Carus, Professor Victor: translated several of Mr. Darwin's books into German (see "Life and Letters, III., page 48). -letters to.

Casarea, a snake peculiar to Round Island.

Case, G., Darwin at school of.

Cassia, Darwin's experiments on. -sleep-movements of leaves. -two kinds of stamens. -Todd on flowers of.

Cassini, observations on pollen. -on ovaries of Compositae.

Cassiope hypnoides.

Castes, Galton on.

Catalpa.

Catasetum, fertilisation of. -Huxley's scepticism as to mechanism of. -morphology of flower. -aerial roots. -sexual forms of. -C. saccatum, flower of. -C. tridentatum, three sexual forms.

Caterpillars, colour and protection. -experiments by Weir.

Cats, Belgian society to encourage homing of. -habits of.

Cattell, on crossing sweet peas.

Cattleya, Darwin suggests experiments on. -self-fertilisation.

Caucasus, wingless insects of.

Cauquenes, baths of.

Cave-fish, reference in the "Origin" to blind.

Cave-rat.

Caves, animals in Australian.

Cavia, specimens collected by Darwin.

Ceara Mountains, L. Agassiz on glaciers of.

Cebus, expression when astonished.

Cecidomyia, ancestor of.

Cedars, Hooker on.

Celebes, geographical distribution in.

Cellaria.

Celosia, experiment on.

Celts, Bree on.

Centipedes, luminosity of.

Centradenia, two sets of stamens in. -position of pistil.

Cephalanthera, flower. -single pollen-grains. -C. grandiflora, fertilisation mechanism.

Cephalopods, Hyatt on embryology of. -Hyatt on fossil.

Cephalotus.

Cervus campestris, of La Plata.

Cetacea, Lyell on.

Ceylon, Malayan types in. -plants. -former connection with Africa. -dimorphic plants of.

Chaffinch, courtship of.

Chalazal fertilisation, Miss Benson on. -foreshadowed by Darwin. -Treub on.

Chalk, occurrence of Angiosperms in. -as oceanic deposit.

"Challenger" (H.M.S.), reports reviewed by Huxley. -account of sedimentation in.

Challis, Prof.

Chambers, Robert (1802-71): began as a bookseller in Edinburgh in 1816, and from very modest beginnings he gradually increased his business till it became the flourishing publishing firm of W. & R. Chambers. After writing several books on biographical, historical and other subjects, Chambers published anonymously the "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" in 1844; in 1848 his work on "Ancient Sea Margins" appeared; and this was followed by the "Book of Days" and other volumes. ("Dict. Nat. Biog." 1887; see also Darwin's "Life and Letters," I., pages 355, 356, 362, 363.) -announced as author of "Vestiges of Creation." -on derivation of marine from land and fresh-water organisms. -Darwin visits. -on Glen Roy. -on land-glaciation of Scotland. -letters to. -letter to Milne-Home from. -on scepticism of scientific men. -mentioned.

Chance, use of term.

Chandler, S.E. (see Farmer, J.B.)

Changed conditions, Schmankewitsch's experiments on effect of.

Charles Island, Darwin's plants from.

Charlock, germination of old seeds.

Chatham Island, Darwin's collection of plants from. -Travers on.

Checks, use of artificial.

Chemotaxis, foreshadowed by Carter.

Chiasognathus Grantii.

Childhood, Charles Darwin's.

Children, Darwin on. -experiment on emotions of. -colour-sense. -coloured compared with white. -comparison between those of educated and uneducated parents. -expression. -development of mind. -intelligence of monkeys and.

Chili, elevation of coast. -geology of. -plants common to New Zealand and. -Carabus of. -Darwin on earthquakes and terraces in.

Chillingham cattle, Darwin and Hindmarsh on.

Chiloe, description of. -forests. -geology. -plants on mountains. -boulders.

China, expedition to.

Chinese, explanation of affinities with Mexicans.

"Chips from a German Workshop," Max Muller's.

Chloeon dimidiatum, Lord Avebury on.

Chlorite, segregation of.

Chlorophyll, Darwin's work on action of carbonate of ammonia on.

Chonos Islands, Darwin's collections of plants from. -Darwin's account of. -geology of. -potato.

Christy, H.

Christy, Miller, on oxlip.

Chrysosplenium oppositifolium.

Chthamalus, in the chalk.

Cicada, experiments on eggs. -Muller on rivalry of. -Walsh on. -C. septendecim, Sharp's account of.

Cinchona, Hooker on different rates of growth in seedlings.

Circumnutation, F. Muller's observations on.

Cirripedes, see Barnacles.

Cistus, hybridism of.

Citrus, unequal cotyledons. -polyembryonic seeds.

Civilisation, effect on savages.

Claparede, convert to Darwin's views. -and Mdlle. Royer.

Clapperton's "Scientific Meliorism," letter of Gaskell in.

Clark, on classification of sponges.

Clark, Sir James (1788-1870): was for some years a medical officer in the Navy; he afterwards practised in Rome till he moved to London in 1826. On the accession of Queen Victoria he was made Physician in Ordinary and received a baronetcy; he was elected into the Royal Society in 1832. ("Dict. Nat. Biog." 1857; article by Dr. Norman Moore.) -on Glen Roy.

Clarke, W.B., "Wreck of the 'Favourite.'"

Clarkia, two kinds of stamens. -C. elegans.

Classification, Bentham on. -Cuvier on. -Dana on mammalian. -Darwin on. -Darwin and Huxley on. -genealogy and. -value of reproductive organs in.

Clay-slate, metamorphism of.

Cleavage and foliation. -Darwin on his work on. -history of work on. -parallelism of foliation and. -relation to stratification. -relation to rock-curves. -Rogers on. -Sedgwick on. -uniformity of foliation and. -result of chemical action. -metamorphic schists. -lines of incipient tearing form planes of. -Tyndall on Sorby's observations.

Cleistogamic flowers, fertilisation. -of grass. -of Oxalis and Viola. -pollen of. -comparison with Termites.

Clematis, Darwin's error in work on. -Darwin's experiments on. -irritability.

Clematis glandulosa, identified at Down by power of feeling.

Cleodora, specific differences in.

Clethra, absence in Azores. -remnant of Tertiary Flora.

Clianthus.

Clift, William (1775-1849): Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. -on fossil bones from Australia. -Owen assistant to.

Climate, changes in. -effect on species. -effect on species of birds. -migration of organisms and change in. -relation to distribution and structure of plants. -extinct mammals as evidence of change in. -and sexual differentiation. -variation and. -Lyell on former. -mild Miocene.

Climbing Plants, Darwin's work on. -circumnutation of. -F. Muller's work on.

Clivia, Scott's work on.

Clodd's memoir of Bates.

Close species, absence of intermediate forms between. -definition of. -Asa Gray on. -in warm temperate lands of N. and S. hemispheres. -relation to flora of N. America.

Clover, relation between bees and.

Club, dinner at Linnean. -Philosophical.

Coal, Darwin on origin of. -Lesquereux on the flora of. -marine marshes and plants of. -ash of.

Coal period, higher percentage of CO2 during.

Coast-lines, parallelism with lines of volcanoes.

Cobbe, Miss, article in "Theological Review" on "Descent of Man."

Cockburn Island, boulders from.

Cochin hen, experiments on.

Coelogyne, fertilisation mechanism.

Coffea arabica, seeds with two embryos.

Cohn, F., notice in "Cornhill" of his botanical work.

Coldstream, Dr.

Colenso, on Maori races of New Zealand.

Coleoptera, apterous form of Madeira. -colonisation of ants' nests by.

Colias edusa, wings of.

Collecting, Darwin's early taste for.

Collier, Hon. John: Royal Academician, son-in-law to Professor Huxley. -Art primer by. -letter to. -portrait of Darwin by.

Collingwood, Dr., on mimetic forms.

Colonies, Barrande's.

Colonisation, conditions of.

Coloration, Walsh on unity of.

Colour, butterflies attracted by. -mimicry in butterflies by means of. -of dioecious flowers. -and fertilisation of flowers. -in grouse, and Natural Selection. -in birds. -in male birds, not simply due to Natural Selection. -Darwin's work on. -Darwin differs from Wallace in views on. -evolution of. -experiments on birds. -Hackel on lower animals and. -Krause on. -Magnus on. -protection and. -relation to sex. -in seeds and fruits. -and Sexual Selection. -sense of, in children. -Wallace on.

Columba aenas, habits of. -C. livia, descent of pigeons from.

Combretum.

Combs, bees', (see also Bees).

Comparative anatomy, Huxley's book on.

Compensation, belief of botanists in.

Compiler, Darwin's opinion of a.

Compositae, Harvey on. -Masters' reference to. -monstrosities in. -morphological characters. -Schleiden on. -Darwin on crossing. -fertilisation mechanism. -Hildebrand on dispersal of seeds. -viscid threads of seeds.

Comte, Huxley on.

Concepcion Island, geology of. -Darwin's account of earthquake.

Conchoderma, in reference to nomenclature.

Concretions, origin of.

Conditions of life, effect on animals and plants. -effect on elephants. -effect on reproductive system. -hybrids and. -importance in maintaining number of species. -species and changes in. -and sterility. -variability depends more on nature of organisms than on.

Confervae and sexuality.

Coniferae, abundant in humid temperate regions.

Connecting links. -Gaudry on.

Conscience, Morley on Darwin's treatment of.

Conspectus crustaceorum, Dana's.

Constancy, in abnormally developed organs.

Contemporaneity, Darwin on.

Continental elevation, volcanic eruptions and.

Continental extension, Darwin on. -evidence in favour of. -Hooker on. -Lyell on. -and means of distribution. -New Zealand and.

Continental forms, versus insular.

Continents, inhabitants of islands and. -movements of. -Wallace on sinking imaginary.

Controversy, Darwin's hatred and avoidance of.

Convallaria majalis, in Virginia.

Convolvulus, supposed dimorphism of.

Cooling of crust, disagreement among physicists as to rate.

Cope, Edward Drinker (1840-97): was for a short time Professor at Haverford College; he was a member of certain United States Geological Survey expeditions, and at the time of his death he held a Professorship in the University of Pennsylvania. He wrote several important memoirs on "Vertebrate Paleontology," and in 1887 published "The Origin of the Fittest." -style of. -and Hyatt, theories of.

Copley medal, Darwin and the. -Falconer, and Darwin's. -Lindley considered for the. -awarded to Lyell. -awarded to Bunsen. -Darwin describes letter from Hooker as a.

Coquimbo, Darwin visits. -upraised shells.

Coral islands, and subsidence. -plants of.

Coral reefs, Darwin's work on. -Bonney's edition of Darwin's book on. -A. Agassiz on. -Dana on. -fossil. -Murray on. -conditions of life of polyps. -solution by CO2 of. -subsidence of.

Coral tree, (see Erythrina).

Corallines, nature of.

Cordiaceae, dimorphism in.

Cordilleras, glaciers of. -high-road for plants. -plants of. -birds of. -comparison between Glen Roy and terraces of. -Darwin on earth-movements of. -Forbes on. -submarine lava-streams. -volcanic activity and elevation.

Coronilla, Lord Farrer on. -C. emerus. -C. varia.

Coryanthes, "beats everything in orchids."

Corydalis, Hildebrand shows falsity of idea of self-fertilisation of. -C. cava, Hildebrand on self-sterility of. -C. claviculata, tendrils of. -C. tuberosa, possible case of reversion in floral structure.

"Cottage Gardener," Darwin offers reward for Hyacinth grafts.

Cotyledons, Darwin's experiments on.

Counterbalance, Watson on divergent variation and.

Cowslips, Primroses and. -Darwin's experiments on artificial fertilisation. -homomorphic seedlings. -loss of dimorphism.

Craig Dhu, shelves of.

Craters, in Galapagos Island. -of denudation, Lyell on. -of elevation. -Darwin on.

Crawford, John (1783-1868): Orientalist, Ethnologist, etc. Mr. Crawford wrote a review on the "Origin," which, though hostile, was free from bigotry (see "Life and Letters," II., page 237).)

Creation, acts of. -doctrine of. -of species as eggs. -Owen on. -Romanes on individual.

Creation-by-variation, doctrine of.

"Creed of Science," Graham's.

Cresy, E., letters to.

Cretaceous flora, Heer on Arctic.

Crick, W.D., letter to.

Crinum, crossing experiments on. -C. passiflora, fertility of.

Crocker, W., work on hollyhocks.

Croll, James (1821-90): was born at Little Whitefield, in Perthshire. After a short time passed in the village school, he was apprenticed as a wheelwright, but lack of strength compelled him to seek less arduous employment, and he became agent to an insurance company. In 1859 he was appointed keeper in the Andersonian University and Museum, Glasgow. His first contribution to science was published in the "Philosophical Magazine" for 1861, and this was followed in 1864 by the essay "On the Physical Cause of the Change of Climate during the Glacial Period." From 1867 to 1881 he held an appointment in the department of the Geological Survey in Edinburgh. In 1876 Croll was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. His last work, "The Philosophical Basis of Evolution," was published in the year of his death. ("Nature," Volume XLIII., page 180, 1891.) -Darwin on his theory. -on icebergs as grinding agents. -letters to. -Lyell on his theory. -on sub-aerial denudation. -on time.

Crookes, Sir W., on spiritualism.

"Cross and Self-fertilisation," Darwin's book on.

Cross-fertilisation, Darwin's experiments on self- and. -check to endless variability. -Darwin states that as a rule flowers described as adapted to self- fertilisation are really adapted to. -of inconspicuous flowers. -all plants require occasional. -small advantages when confined to same plant.

Crosses, fertility and sterility of.

Crossing, agreement between Darwin's and breeders' views. -counterbalance of. -Darwin's views on. -effects of. -experiments on. -Hooker's views. -in animals and plants. -influence of blood in. -intermediate character of results. -Natural Selection and disinclination towards. -offspring of. -of primroses and cowslips. -and sterility. -Westphalian pig and English boar. -botanists' work on. -importance of. -pains taken by Nature to ensure. -in Pisum. -in Primula. -in individuals of same species. -F. Muller compliments Darwin on his chapter on. -and separate sexes in trees.

Crotalaria.

Crotalus.

Cruciferae, action of fungus on roots.

Cruciferous flower, morphology.

Cruger, Dr., on cleistogamic fertilisation of Epidendrum. -death of. -on fertilisation of figs. -on pollinia of Acropera. -on Melastomaceae. -on fertilisation of orchids.

Crustacea, comparison of classification of mammals and. -Darwin on. -F. Muller on. -sex in.

Crying, action of children in. -physiology of. -wrinkling of eyes in.

Crystal Palace, Darwin's visit to.

Crystals, separation in lava-magmas.

Cucurbita, seeds and seedlings of.

Cucurbitaceae, Dr. Wight on.

Cudham Wood.

Cultivated plants, Darwin's work on.

Cultivation and self-sterility.

Cuming, on Galapagos Islands.

Cupuliferae, A. de Candolle on.

Curculionidae, Schoenherr's catalogue.

Currents, as means of dispersal.

Cuvier, on camels' teeth. -on classification. -mentioned.

Cybele, H.C. Watson's.

Cycadaceae, supposed power to withstand excess of CO2.

Cyclas cornea.

Cyclops (H.M.S.) dredging by.

Cynips, dimorphism in. -Walsh on.

Cypripedium, fertilisation mechanism. -C. hirsutissimum.

Cyrena, range and variability.

Cytisus Adami, Darwin on. -note on. -C. alpinus. -C. laburnum, graft-hybrids between C. purpureus and. -J.J. Weir on.

Cyttarogenesis, suggested substitute for pangenesis.

Dallas, W.S., translator of F. Muller's "Fur Darwin."

Dampiera, Hamilton on fertilisation mechanism.

Dana, James Dwight (1813-95): published numerous works on Geology, Mineralogy, and Zoology. He was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society in 1877, and elected a foreign member in 1884. -Darwin's opinion of. -health. -letters to. -mentioned. -on classification of mammalia. -Darwin's criticism of. -on Kilauea. -Lyell on his claims for Royal Society foreign list. -volume on geology in Wilkes' Reports.

Dareste, C., letter to.

Darwin, Annie: Charles Darwin's daughter.

Darwin, Bernard: Charles Darwin's grandson, observations on, as a child.

Darwin, Caroline (1800-99): Charles Darwin's sister. -Charles Darwin's early recollections of. -letter to.

Darwin, Catherine (1810-66): Charles Darwin's sister. -death. -letter to.

Darwin, Charles, boyhood. -went to Mr. Case's school. -went to Shrewsbury School. -abused as an atheist. -Collier's picture of. -complains of little time for reading. -contribution to Henslow's biography. -Copley medal awarded to. -engagement to Miss Emma Wedgwood. -Falconer's list of scientific labours of. -first meeting with Hooker. -friendship with Huxley. -on Gray's work on distribution. -growth of his evolutionary views. -health. -honorary degree at Cambridge. -intimacy with Hooker. -Judd's recollections of. -Lamarck and. -letters to "Nature." -marriage. -friendship with F. Muller. -prefatory note to Meldola's translation of Weismann. -recollections of Cambridge. -relation between J. Scott and. -review on Bates. -attends meeting of Royal Society. -slowness in giving up old beliefs. -tendency to restrict interest to Natural History. -and the "Vestiges." -visits London. -Wallace and. -and Weismann. -working hours. -book on S. American Geology. -pleasure in angling. -on making blunders. -slight knowledge of Botany. -visits Cambridge. -love of children. -on cleavage and foliation. -on origin of coal. -his theory of Coral reefs supported by Funafuti boring. -large correspondence. -on danger of trusting in science to principle of exclusion. -death of his child from scarlet fever. -on difficulty of writing good English. -feels need of stimulus in work. -subscribes to Dr. Ferrier's defence. -on flaws in his reasoning. -follows golden rule of putting adverse facts in strongest light. -"Geological Instructions." -geological work on Lochaber. -visit to Glen Roy. -bad handwriting. -idleness a misery. -on immortality and death. -on lavas. -letter to "Scotsman" on Glen Roy. -indebtedness to Lyell. -on Lyell as a geologist. -on Lyell's "Second Visit to the U.S.A." -work on Man and Sexual Selection. -on mountain-chains. -offer of help to F. Muller. -never afraid of his facts. -an honorary member of the Physiological Society. -pleasure in discussing Geology with Lyell. -reads paper before Linnean Society. -A. Rich leaves his fortune to. -on satisfaction of aiding fellow-workers in Science. -reminiscences of school-days. -visits Sedgwick. -sits to an artist. -on speculation. -style in writing. -gives testimonial in support of Hooker's candidature for Botanical Chair in Edinburgh. -theological abuse in the "Three Barriers." -visits to Abinger. -visit to Patterdale. -on vitality of seeds. -on volcanic phenomena. -on Welsh glaciers. -work on action of carbonate of ammonia on plants.

Darwin, Mrs. Charles, impressions of Down. -letter to. -passage from Darwin's autobiography on. -mentioned. -illness.

Darwin, Emma, see Mrs. Charles Darwin.

Darwin, Erasmus Alvey (1804-81): elder brother of Charles Darwin. -death of. -letters to. -mentioned. -visit to.

Darwin, Dr. Erasmus: Charles Darwin's grandfather. -Charles Darwin's preliminary notice to Krause's memoir of. -Charles Darwin and evolutionary views of.

Darwin, Francis: Charles Darwin's son. -on bloom and stomata. -on Dipsacus. -on Huxley's speech at Cambridge. -on the Knight-Darwin law. -on lobing of leaves. -experiments on nutrition. -experiments on plant-movements. -lecture at Glasgow (British Association, 1901) on perceptions of plants. -suggestion for Romanes' experiments on intelligence. -on vivisection. -on Vochting's work. -on Wiesner's work.

Darwin, George: Charles Darwin's son. -success at Cambridge. -criticism of Wallace. -elected Plumian Professor at Cambridge. -suggested experiments with magnetic needles and insects. -on Galton's work on heredity. -article in "Contemporary Review" on origin of language.

Darwin, Henrietta (Mrs. Litchfield): Charles Darwin's daughter. -criticism of Huxley.

Darwin, Horace: Charles Darwin's son. -remark as a boy on Natural Selection. -mentioned.

Darwin, Leonard: Charles Darwin's son.

Darwin, Robert W.: Charles Darwin's father. -letter to.

Darwin, Susan: Charles Darwin's sister. -alluded to in early recollections of Charles Darwin. -illness. -sends Wedgwood ware to Hooker.

Darwin, William Erasmus: Charles Darwin's eldest son. -on fertilisation of Epipactis palustris. -letter to.

"Darwin and after Darwin," Romanes'.

"Darwiniana," Asa Gray's. -extract from Huxley's.

"Darwinsche Theorie," Wagner's book.

"Darwinism," Wallace's.

Darwinismus, at the British Association meeting at Norwich (1868).

Daubeny, Prof. Charles Giles Bridle, F.R.S. (1795-1867): Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford; elected Professor of Chemistry in the University 1822; in 1834 he became Professor of Botany, and in 1840 Professor of Rural Economy. -invites Darwin to attend British Association at Oxford. -mentioned.

David, Prof. Edgeworth, and the Funafuti boring.

Dawn of life, oldest fossils do not mark the.

Dawson, Sir J. William, C.M.G., F.R.S. (1820-99), was born at Pictou, Nova Scotia, and studied at Edinburgh University in 1841-42. He was appointed Principal of the McGill University, Montreal, in 1855,--a post which he held thirty-eight years. See "Fifty Years of Work in Canada, Scientific and Educational," by Sir William Dawson, 1901. -antagonism to Darwinism. -criticism of "Origin" by. -criticism of Hooker's arctic paper. -Hooker on.

Dayman, Captain, on soundings.

De la Beche, Sir Henry Thomas (1796-1855): was appointed Director of the Ordnance Geological Survey in 1832; his private undertaking to make a geological survey of the mining districts of Devon and Cornwall led the Government to found the National Survey. He was also instrumental in forming the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street.

Death, Darwin on immortality and.

Decaisne.

Decapods, Zoea stage of.

Dedication of Hackel's "Generelle Morphologie" to Darwin.

Dedoublement, theory of.

Deep-sea soundings, Huxley's work on.

Degeneration, in ammonites. -of culinary plants. -and parasitism.

Degradation.

Deification of Natural Selection.

Deinosaurus, and free-will.

Delboeuf's "La Psychologie," etc.

Delpino, F., on Asclepiadeae and Apocyneae. -on crossing. -on dichogamy. -on fertilisation mechanism. -letter to. -praises Axell's book. -mentioned.

Demosthenes, quoted by Darwin.

Denudation, Dana on. -Darwin on marine. -comparison of subaerial and marine. -Ramsay and Jukes overestimate subaerial.

Deodar, Hooker on the.

Deposition and denudation as measure of time.

Derby, Lady, letter to.

Descent, Falconer on intermediate forms. -from single pair. -Owen's belief in doctrine of. -resemblance due to.

Descent of Man.

"Descent of Man," reference in, to effect of climate on species. -reviewed by John Morley. -transmission of characters dealt with in. -Darwin's work on. -Sir W. Turner supplies facts for. -Wallace on.

Descent with modification, Wallace on.

Desert animals, and protective colouring.

Design, Darwin on. -examples of. -Lord Kelvin on.

Deslongchamps, L., on fertilisation of closed flowers.

Desmodium gyrans, Darwin's experiments on. -leaf movements.

Development, acceleration and retardation in. -floral. -importance of, in classification. -rate of. -sudden changes during.

Devonshire Commission, report on physiological investigation at Kew.

Devonshire, flora of.

Dewar, Prof., and Sir Wm. Thiselton-Dyer, on vitality of seeds in liquid hydrogen.

Diaheliotropism, F. Muller's observations.

Dialogue, title of paper by Asa Gray.

Diatomaceae, beauty of. -conjugation in.

Dicentra thalictriformis, morphology of tendrils.

Dichaea, fertilisation mechanism.

Dichogamy, Delpino on. -ignorance of botanists of, prior to publication of "Fertilisation of Orchids."

Dick, Sir T. Lauder, Survey of Glen Roy by.

Dickens, quotation from.

Dickson, Dr.

Dickson, W.K.

Dicotyledons, Heer on oldest known. -sudden appearance.

Didelphys.

Digestion, beneficial effect on plants.

Dillwyn, paper in "Gardeners' Chronicle."

Diluvium, tails of.

Dimorphism, in Cynips. -Darwin on. -difficult to explain. -and mimicry. -in parasitic plants. -Wallace on. -Walsh on. -Weismann on Sexual. -in Cicadas. -flowers illustrating. -Darwin knows no case in very irregular flowers. -in Melastomaceae. -in Linum. -in eight Natural Orders. -in Primula. -apparent cases due to mere variability. -explanation of.

Dingo.

Diodia.

Dioeciousness, origin of.

Dionoea, experiments on. response to stimuli. Curtis' observations on.

Dipsacus, F. Darwin on.

Dipterocarpus, survival during glacial period.

Direct action, arguments against. -Darwin led to believe more in. -Darwin's desire not to underestimate. -Darwin's underestimates. -facts proving. -Falconer on. -and hybridity. -importance of. -of pollen. -variation and.

Direction, sense of, in animals.

Disease, Dobell on "Germs and Vestiges" of.

Dispersal, (see also Distribution), of seeds. -of shells.

Distribution, Forbes on. -Hooker on Arctic plants. -of land and sea in former times. -of plants. -factors governing. -of shells. -Thiselton-Dyer on plant-. -Wallace on. -Blytt's work on.

Disuse, Darwin on. -effect of. -Owen on.

Divergence, Hooker on. -principle of.

Diversification, Darwin's doctrine of the good of.

Dobell, H., letter to.

Dogs, descent of. -experiment in painting. -expression. -habits. -rudimentary tail inherited in certain sheep-.

Dohrn, Dr., visits Darwin. -serves in Franco-Prussian war. -extract from letter to.

"Dolomit Riffe," Darwin on Mojsisovics'.

Domestic animals, crossing in. -Darwin's work on. -Settegast on. -variability of. -treatment in "Variation of Animals and Plants."

Domestication, effects of. -and loss of sterility.

Domeyko, on Chili.

Dominant forms.

Don, D., on variation. -mentioned.

Donders, F.C., on action of eyelids. -letters to.

Dorkings, power of flight.

Down, description of house and country. -Darwin's satisfaction with his house. -instances of vitality of seeds recorded from. -method of determining plants at. -Darwin on geology of. -observations on regular lines of flight of bees at.

Down (lanugo), on human body.

Dropmore.

Drosera, F. Darwin's experiments. -"a disguised animal." -Darwin's observations on. -Darwin's pleasure on proving digestion in. -effect of inorganic substance on. -experiments on absorption of poison. -Pfeffer on. -J. Scott's paper on. -response to stimuli. -D. filiformis, experiments on. -D. rotundifolia, experiments on.

Drosophyllum, vernation of. -Darwin's work on. -Drosophyllum lusitanicum, sent by Tait to Darwin. -used in Portugal to hang up as fly-paper.

Druidical mounds, seeds from.

Drummond, J., on fertilisation in Leschenaultia formosa.

Duchesne, on atavism.

Ducks, period of hatching. -skeletons. -hybrids between fowls and.

Dufrenoy, Pierre Armand: published "Memoires pour servir a une Description Geologique de la France," as well as numerous papers in the "Annales des Mines, Comptes Rendus, Bulletin Soc. Geol. France," and elsewhere on mineralogical and geological subjects. -geological work of.

Duncan, Rev. J., encourages J. Scott's love for plants.

Dung, plants germinated from locust-.

Dutrochet, on climbing plants.

Duval-Jouve, on leaf-movement in Bryophyllum.

Dyer, see Thiselton-Dyer.

Dytiscus, as means of dispersal of bivalves.

Ears, loss of voluntary movement. -in man and monkeys. -rudimentary muscles. -Wallis's work on.

Earth, age of the.

Earth-movements, cause of. -in England. -relation to sedimentation. -subordinate part played by heat in.

Earthquakes, coincidence of shocks in S. America and elsewhere. -connection with elevation. -connection with state of weather. -Darwin on. -in England. -frequency of. -Hopkins on. -in Scotland.

Earthworms, Darwin's book on. -geological action of. -influence of sea-water on. -F. Muller gives Darwin facts on. -Typhlops and true.

Echidna, anomalous character of.

Edentata, migration into N. America.

Edgeworth, mentioned.

Edinburgh, Darwin's student-days in. -Hooker's candidature for Chair of Botany.

"Edinburgh Review," article on Lyell's "Antiquity of Man." -reference to Huxley's Royal Institution Lectures. -Owen's article.

Education, effect of. -influence on children of parents'.

Edwardsia, seeds possibly floated from Chili to New Zealand. -in Sandwich Is. and India.

Egerton, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey- (1806-81): devoted himself to the study of fossil fishes, and published several memoirs on his collection, which was acquired by the British Museum.

Eggs, creation of species as. -means of dispersal of molluscan.

Ehrenberg, Ascension I. plants sent to. -on rock-building by infusoria. -Darwin's wish that he should examine underclays.

Eichler, A.W., on morphology of cruciferous flower. -on course of vessels as guide to floral morphology. -reference to his Bluthendiagramme.

Eildon Hills, need of examination of.

Elateridae, luminous thorax of.

Elective affinity.

Electric organs of fishes, the result of external conditions.

Electricity, and plant-movements.

"Elements of Geology," Wallace's review of Lyell's.

Elephants, Falconer's work on. -rate of increase of. -and variation. -found in gravel at Down. -manner of carrying tail. -shedding tears.

Elephas Columbi, Falconer on. -Owen's conduct in regard to Falconer's work on. -E. primigenius, as index of climate. -woolly covering of. -E. texianus, Owen and nomenclature of.

Elevation, in Chili. -lines of. -New Zealand and. -continental extension, subsidence and. -connection with earthquakes. -equable nature of movements of subsidence and. -evidence in Scandinavia and Pampas of equable. -Hopkins on. -large areas simultaneously affected by. -d'Orbigny on sudden. -rate of. -Rogers on parallelism of cleavage and axes of. -sedimentary deposits exceptionally preserved during. -subsidence and. -vulcanicity and.

Elodea canadensis, successful American immigrant.

Emberiza longicauda, long tail-feathers and Sexual Selection.

Embryology, argument for. -succession of changes in animal-. -Darwin's explanation of. -of flowers. -of Peneus. -Balfour's work on comparative.

Embryonic stages, obliteration of.

Endlicher's "Genera Plantarum."

Engelmann, on variability of introduced plants in N. America.

England, former union with Continent. -men of science of Continent and.

Entada scandens, dispersal of seeds.

Entomologists, evolutionary views of.

"Entstehung und Begriff der naturhistorischen Art," Nageli's Essay. -Darwin on.

Environment, and colour protection.

Eocene, Anoplotherium in S. America. -monkeys. -mammals. -co-existence with recent shells.

Eozoon, illustrating difficulty of distinguishing organic and inorganic bodies.

Ephemera dimidiatum, Lord Avebury on.

Epidendreae, closely related to Malaxeae.

Epidendrum, Cruger on fertilisation of. -self-fertilisation of.

Epiontology, De Candolle's term.

Epipactis, fertilisation mechanism. -F. Muller on. -pollinia of. -E. palustris, fertilisation mechanism.

Epithecia, fertilisation mechanism.

Equatorial refrigeration.

Equus, Marsh's work on. -geographical distribution. -in N. and S. America.

Erica tetralix, Darwin on.

Erigeron canadense, successful immigrant from America.

Erodium cicutarium, introduced from Spain to America. -range in U.S.A.

Erratic blocks, in Azores. -in S. America. -Darwin on transport. -of Jura. -Mackintosh on. -on Moel Tryfan.

Errera, Prof. L., letter to. -and S. Gevaert, on cross and self-fertilisation.

Eruptions, parallelism of lines of, with coast-lines.

Eryngium maritimum, bloom on.

Erythrina, MacArthur on. -of New S. Wales. -sleep movements of.

Erythroxylon, dimorphism of sub-genus of.

Eschscholtzia, crossing and self-fertility. -Darwin's experiments on self-sterility. -F. Muller's experiments in crossing.

Eschricht, on lanugo on human embryo.

Escombe, F., on vitality of seeds. -see Brown, H.T.

Esquimaux, Natural Selection and.

"Essays and Reviews," attitude of laymen towards.

Eternity, Gapitche on.

Etheridge, Robert, F.R.S.: President of Geological Society in 1880-81.

Etna, Sir Charles Lyell's work on. -map of.

Eucalyptus, species setting seed. -mentioned.

Euonymus europaeus, dispersal of seeds.

Euphorbia, Darwin on roots of. -E. peplis, bloom on.

Euphrasia, parasitism of.

Europe, movement of.

Eurybia argophylla, musk-tree of Tasmania, an arborescent Composite.

Evergreen vegetation, connection with humid and equable climate.

Evolution, Darwin's early views. -Fossil Cephalopods used by Hyatt as test of. -Huxley's lectures on. -of mental traits. -F. Muller's contributions to. -Nageli's Essay, "Entstehung und Begriff der Naturhistorischen Art." -Palaeontology as illustrating. -Romanes' lecture on. -Saporta's belief in. -unknown law of. -of Angiosperms. -of colour. -and death. -Heer opposed to. -of language. -Lyell's views (see also Lyell). -Turner on man and. -Wallace on.

Ewart, Prof. C., on Telegony.

Exacum, dimorphism of.

Experiments, botanical. -Tegetmeier's on pigeons. -time expended on.

Expression, queries on. -Bell on anatomy of. -Darwin at work on.

"Expression of the Emotions," Wallace's review.

External conditions, Natural Selection and. -See also Direct Action.

Extinction, behaviour of species verging towards. -contingencies concerned in. -Hooker on. -races of man and. -Proboscidea verging towards. -St. Helena and examples of.

Eyebrows, use of.

Eyes, behaviour during meditation. -contraction in blind people of muscles of. -children's habit of rubbing with knuckles. -gorged with blood during screaming. -contraction of iris. -wrinkling of children's.

Fabre, J.H.: is best known for his "Souvenirs Entomologiques," in No. VI. of which he gives a wonderfully vivid account of his hardy and primitive life as a boy, and of his early struggles after a life of culture. -letters to.

"Facts and Arguments for Darwin," translation of F. Muller's "Fur Darwin." -delay in publication. -sale. -unfavourable review in "Athenaeum."

Fairy rings, Darwin compares with fungoid diseases in man and animals.

Falconer, Hugh (1809-65): was a student at the Universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and went out to India in 1830 as Assistant-Surgeon on the Bengal Establishment. In 1832 he succeeded Dr. Royle as the Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens at Saharunpur; and in 1848, after spending some years in England, he was appointed Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden and Professor of Botany in the Medical College. Although Falconer held an important botanical post for many years, he is chiefly known as a Palaeozoologist. He seems, however, to have had a share in introducing Cinchona into India. His discovery, in company with Colonel Sir Proby T. Cautley, of Miocene Mammalia in the Siwalik Hills, was at the time perhaps the greatest "find" which had been made. The fossils of the Siwalik Hills formed the subject of Falconer's most important book, "Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis," which, however, remained unfinished at the time of his death. Falconer also devoted himself to the investigation of the cave-fauna of England, and contributed important papers on fossils found in Sicily, Malta, and elsewhere. Dr. Falconer was a Vice-President of the Royal Society and Foreign Secretary of the Geological Society. "Falconer did enough during his lifetime to render his name as a palaeontologist immortal in science; but the work which he published was only a fraction of what he accomplished...He was cautious to a fault; he always feared to commit himself to an opinion until he was sure he was right, and he died in the prime of his life and in the fulness of his power." (Biographical sketch contributed by Charles Murchison to his edition of Hugh Falconer's "Palaeontological Memoirs and Notes," London, 1868; "Proc. R. Soc." Volume XV., page xiv., 1867: "Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc." Volume XXI., page xlv, 1865.) Hugh Falconer was among those who did not fully accept the views expressed in the "Origin of Species," but he could differ from Darwin without any bitterness. Two years before the book was published, Darwin wrote to Asa Gray: "The last time I saw my dear old friend Falconer he attacked me most vigorously, but quite kindly, and told me, 'You will do more harm than any ten naturalists will do good. I can see that you have already corrupted and half spoiled Hooker.'" ("Life and Letters," II., page 121.) The affectionate regard which Darwin felt for Falconer was shared by their common friend Hooker. The following extract of a letter from Hooker to Darwin (February 3rd, 1865) shows clearly the strong friendships which Falconer inspired: "Poor old Falconer! how my mind runs back to those happiest of all our days that I used to spend at Down twenty years ago--when I left your home with my heart in my mouth like a schoolboy. We last heard he was ill on Wednesday or Thursday, and sent daily to enquire, but the report was so good on Saturday that we sent no more, and on Monday night he died...What a mountainous mass of admirable and accurate information dies with our dear old friend! I shall miss him greatly, not only personally, but as a scientific man of unflinching and uncompromising integrity--and of great weight in Murchisonian and other counsels where ballast is sadly needed." -article in "Natural History Review." -Darwin's Copley medal and. -Darwin's criticism of his elephant work. -Darwin's regard for. -Forbes attacked by. -his opinion of Forbes. -goes to India. -Hooker's regard for. -letter to Darwin. -letter to Sharpey. -letters to. -letter to "Athenaeum." -Lyell and. -on Mastodon andium. -on Mastodon of Australia. -on elephants. -Owen and. -on phyllotaxis. -on Plagiaulax. -speech at Cambridge. -"Memoirs."

Falkland Islands, Darwin visits. -Polyborus sp. in. -brightly coloured female hawk. -effect of subsidence. -streams of stones.

Fanciers, use made of Selection by.

Fantails, see Pigeons.

Faraday, memorial to.

Faramea, dimorphism.

Farmer, Prof. J.B., and S.E. Chandler, on influence of excess of CO2 on anatomy of plants.

Faroe Islands, Polygala vulgaris of.

Farrer, Canon, lecture on defects in Public School Education. -letter to.

Farrer, Lady.

Farrer, Thomas Henry, Lord (1819-99): was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. He was called to the Bar, but gave up practice for the public service, where he became Permanent Secretary of the Board of Trade. According to the "Times," October 13th, 1899, "for nearly forty years he was synonymous with the Board in the opinion of all who were brought into close relation with it." He was made a baronet in 1883; he retired from his post a few years later, and was raised to the peerage in 1893. His friendship with Mr. Darwin was of many years' standing, and opportunities of meeting were more frequent in the last ten years of Mr. Darwin's life, owing to Lord Farrer's marriage with Miss Wedgwood, a niece of Mrs. Darwin's, and the subsequent marriage of his son Horace with Miss Farrer. His keen love of science is attested by the letters given in the present volume. He published several excellent papers on the fertilisation of flowers in the "Ann. and Mag. of Natural History," and in "Nature," between 1868 and 1874. In Politics he was a Radical--a strong supporter of free trade: on this last subject, as well as on bimetallism, he was frequently engaged in public controversy. He loyally carried out many changes in the legislature which, as an individualist, he would in his private capacity have strenuously opposed. In the "Speaker," October 21st, 1899, Lord Welby heads his article on Lord Farrer with a few words of personal appreciation:-- "In Lord Farrer has passed away a most interesting personality. A great civil servant; in his later years a public man of courage and lofty ideal; in private life a staunch friend, abounding as a companion in humour and ripe knowledge. Age had not dimmed the geniality of his disposition, or an intellect lively and eager as that of a boy--lovable above all in the transparent simplicity of his character." -interest in Torbitt's potato experiment. -letters to. -on earthworms. -observations on fertilisation of Passiflora. -recollections of Darwin. -seeds sent to.

Fawcett, Henry (1833-84): Professor of Political Economy at Cambridge, 1863, Postmaster-General 1880-84. See Leslie Stephen's well-known "Life." -defends Darwin's arguments. -letter to. -letter to Darwin.

Fear, expression of.

Felis, range.

Fellowships, discussion on abolition of Prize-.

Felspar, segregation of.

Females, modification for protection.

"Fenland, Past and Present," by Miller and Skertchley.

Fergusson on Darwinism.

Fernando Po, plants of.

Ferns, Scott on spores. -Darwin's ignorance of. -variability "passes all bounds."

Ferrier, Dr., groundless charge brought against, for infringement of Vivisection Act.

Fertilisation, articles in "Gardeners' Chronicle." -of flowers. -H. Muller's work on. -and sterility. -Darwin fascinated by study of. -different mechanisms in same genus. -travelling of reproductive cells in.

Fertilisation of orchids, Darwin's work on. -paper by Darwin in "Gardeners' Chronicle" on.

"Fertilisation of Orchids," Asa Gray's review. -Hooker's review. -description of Acropera and Catasetum in. -H. Muller's "Befruchtung der Blumen," the outcome of Darwin's.

Fertility, Natural Selection and. -and sterility. -Primula. -Scott on varieties and relative.

Festuca.

Figs, F. Muller on fertilisation of.

Finmark, Bravais on sea-beaches of.

Fir (Silver), Witches' brooms of.

"First Principles," Spencer's.

Fish, Pictet and Humbert on fossil.

Fiske, J., letter to.

Fissure-eruptions.

Fitton, reference to his work.

FitzRoy (Fitz-Roy), Captain, and the "Beagle" voyage. -writes preface to account of the voyage. -Darwin nearly rejected by. -letter to "Times."

Flagellaria, as a climber.

Flahault, on the peg in Cucurbita.

Fleeming Jenkin, review of "Origin" by, see Jenkin.

Flinders, M., voyage to Terra Australis by.

Flint implements found near Bedford.

Flints, abundance and derivation of, at Down. -Darwin on their upright position in gravel.

Floating ice, Darwin on agency of. -J. Geikie underestimates its importance. -transporting power of.

Flora, Darwin's idea of an Utopian. -Hooker's scheme for a. -Hooker's work on Tasmanian.

"Flora antarctica," Hooker's.

"Flora fossilis arctica," Heer's.

Floras: N. American. Arctic. British. Colonial. European. French. Greenland. Holland. India. Japan. New Zealand. -distribution of. -of islands. -local. -tabulation of.

Florida, A. Agassiz on Coral reefs. -Coral reefs.

Flourens, experiments on pigeons.

Flower, Sir William H., Letter to. -on muscles of the os coccyx.

Flowering plants, possible origin on a Southern Continent. -sudden appearance of.

Flowers, at Down. -Darwin's work on forms of. -monstrous. -morphological characters. -regular and irregular. -cross-fertilisation in inconspicuous. -ignorance of botanists on mechanism of.

"Flowers and their unbidden Guests," Dr. Ogle's translation of Kerner's "Schutzmittel des Pollens."

Flying machine, Darwin on Popper's proposed.

Folding of strata.

Foliation and cleavage, reference by A. Harker to work on.

Foliation, aqueous deposition and. -Darwin considers his observations on cleavage less deserving of confidence than those on. -Darwin on. -parallelism with cleavage. -relation to rock-curvature.

Food, as determining number of species.

Foraminifera.

Forbes, D., on the Cordilleras. -on elevation in Chili. -on nitrate of soda beds in S. America.

Forbes, Edward, F.R.S. (1815-1854): filled the office of Palaeontologist to the Ordnance Geological Survey, and afterwards became President of the Geological Society; in 1854--the last year of his life--he was appointed to the chair of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. Forbes published many papers on geological, zoological, and botanical subjects, one of his most remarkable contributions being the well-known essay "On the Connexion between the Distribution of the Existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles and the Geological Changes which have affected their area" ("Mem. Geol. Surv." Volume I., page 336, 1846). (See "Proc. Roy. Soc."