Chapter 14

Section I.--Of the Monstrosities called Leviathan and Social Contract. Section II.--Of the theory that Civil Power is an aggregate formed by subscription of the powers of individuals. Section III.--Of the true state of Nature, which is the state of civil society, and consequently of the Divine origin of Power. Section IV.--Of the variety of Polities. Section V.--Of the Divine Right of Kings and the Inalienable Sovereignty of the People. Section VI.--Of the Elementary and Original Polity. Section VII.--Of Resistance to Civil Power. Section VIII.--Of the Right of the Sword. Section IX.--Of War. Section X.--Of the Scope and Aim of Civil Government. Section XI.--Of Law and Liberty. Section XII.--Of Liberty of Opinion.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA

p. 31. Aristotle calls the end [Greek: _to telos_]; the means, [Greek: ta pros to telos] (St. Thomas, _ea quae sunt ad finem_); the circumstances, [Greek: ta ein ois hae praxis].

Observe, both end and means are willed _directly_, but the circumstances _indirectly_.

The end is _intended_, [Greek: boulaeton]; the means are _chosen_, [Greek: proaireton]; the circumstances are simply _permitted_, [Greek: anekton], rightly or wrongly. The _intention_ of the end is called by English philosophers the _motive_; while the choice of means they call the _intention_, an unfortunate terminology.

p. 42, §. 3. "As the wax takes all shapes, and yet is wax still at the bottom; the [Greek: spokeimenon] still is wax; so the soul transported in so many several passions of joy, fear, hope, sorrow, anger, and the rest, has for its general groundwork of all this, Love." (Henry More, quoted in Carey's Dante, _Purgatorio_, c. xviii.) Hence, says Carey, Love does not figure in Collins's _Ode on the Passions_.

p. 43. For _daring_ read _recklessness_.

p. 44. Plato is a thorough Stoic when he says (_Phaedo_ 83) that every pleasure and pain comes with a nail to pin down the soul to the body and make it corporeal. His Stoicism appears in his denunciation of the drama (_Republic_, x. 604).

p. 47, §. 8. The first chapter of Mill's _Autobiography_, pp. 48-53, 133-149, supplies an instance.

p. 49, §. I, 1. 2, for _physical_ read _psychical_.

P. 52. §. 5. This _serving_, in [Greek: douleuein], St. Ignatius calls "inordinate attachment," the modern form of idolatry. Cf. Romans vi. 16-22.

p. 79. For _spoiled_ read _spoilt_.

p. 84, foot. For _ways_ read _way_.

p. 85, 1. 6 from foot. Substitute: ([Greek: b]) _to restrain the said appetite in its irascible part from shrinking from danger_.

p. 94, middle. For _others_ read _other_.

p. 95. For _Daring_ read _Recklessness_.

p. 103, middle. Substitute, _"neither evening star nor morning star is so wonderful."_

p. 106, §. 6. Aristotle speaks of "corrective," not of "commutative" justice. On the Aristotelian division of justice see Political and Moral Essays (P. M. E.), pp. 285-6.

p. 111, §. 4. The _static_ equivalent of the _dynamic_ idea, of orderly development is that the eternal harmonies and fitnesses of things, by observance or neglect whereof a man comes to be in or out of harmony with himself, with his fellows, with God.

p. 133. To the _Readings_ add Plato _Laws_, ix, 875, A, B, C, D.

p. 151. Rewrite the Note thus: _The author has seen reason somewhat to modify this view, as appears by the Appendix. See P.M.E._ pp. 185-9: _Fowler's Progressive Morality, or Fowler and Wilson's Principles of Morals_, pp. 227-248.

p. 181, 1. ii from top. Add, _This is "the law of our nature, that function is primary, and pleasure only attendant" (Stewart, Notes on Nicomathean Ethics,_ II. 418).

p. 218, lines 13-16 from top, cancel the sentence, _To this query_, etc., and substitute: _The reply is, that God is never willing that man should do an inordinate act; but suicide is an inordinate act, as has been shown; capital punishment is not _(c. viii. s. viii. n. 7, p. 349).

p. 237. For _The Month for March,_ 1883, read _P.M.E._, pp. 215-233.

p. 251. To the _Reading_ add P.M.E., pp. 267-283.

p. 297, l.6 from foot. After _simply evil_ add: _Hobbes allows that human reason lays down certain good rules, "laws of nature" which however it cannot get kept_. For Hobbes and Rousseau see further _P.M.E_., pp. 81-90.

p. 319, middle. Cancel the words: _but the sum total of civil power is a constant quantity, the same for all States_.

pp. 322-3. Cancel §. 7 for reasons alleged in _P.M.E_., pp. 50-72. Substitute: _States are living organizations and grow, and their powers vary with the stage of their development_.

p. 323, § 8. For _This seems at variance with_, read _This brings us to consider_.

p. 338. To the _Readings_ add _P.M.E_., pp. 102-113.

p. 347, middle. Cancel from _one of these prerogatives_ to the end of the sentence. Substitute: _of every polity even in the most infantine condition._

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MORAL PHILOSOPHY.