CHAPTER LI

PAROLING AND DISBANDING JOHNSTON'S ARMY--CLOSING SCENES OF THE WAR IN NORTH CAROLINA

General Schofield's policy when left in command--Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in force--Davis's line of flight from Charlotte, N.C.--Wade Hampton's course of conduct--Fate of the cabinet officers--Bragg, Wheeler, and Cooper--Issuing paroles to Johnston and his army--Greensborough in my district--Going there with Schofield--Hardee meets and accompanies us--Comparing memories--We reach Johnston's headquarters--Condition of his army--Our personal interview with him--The numbers of his troops--His opinion of Sherman's army--Of the murder of Lincoln--Governor Morehead's home--The men in gray march homeward--Incident of a flag--The Salisbury prison site--Treatment of prisoners of war--Local government in the interim--Union men--Elements of new strife--The negroes--Household service--Wise dealing with the labor question--No money--Death of manufactures--Necessity the mother of invention--Uses of adversity--Peace welcomed--Visit to Greene's battlefield at Guilford-Old-Court-House.

On Thursday, the 27th of April, the same day on which Sherman issued his order announcing the final agreement for the surrender of Johnston's army and the homeward march of most of his own forces, General Schofield issued his own order declaring "the duty of all to cultivate friendly relations with the same zeal which has characterized our conduct of the war, that the blessings of union, peace and material prosperity may be speedily restored to the entire country." [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. 330.] He invited all peaceably disposed persons to return to their homes and resume their industrial pursuits. He promised also the loan of captured horses, mules, and wagons to those who had been deprived of their own by the armies, and food for the needy during the period when all must be busy planting if the season were to be made of any avail for agriculture. His order concluded with these words: "It will be left to the judicial department of the government to punish those political leaders who are responsible for secession, rebellion, and civil war with all its horrors. Between the Government of the United States and the people of North Carolina there is peace." [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. p. 330.]

In a separate order of the same date, to remove all doubt as to the end of slavery, he declared that "by virtue of the proclamation of the President of the United States, dated January 1, 1863, all persons in this State heretofore held as slaves are now free, and it is the duty of the army to maintain the freedom of such persons." [Footnote: _Id_., p. 331.] He recommended immediate fair contracts of hiring and the resumption of profitable industry, so that disorganization of labor might be avoided. He told the freedmen that it was not well for them to congregate about towns or military camps, and that they could not be supported in idleness. All classes of people were thus put upon the footing Sherman had intended in his first convention with Johnston, and Schofield's orders issued whilst Sherman was still with us at Raleigh may be received as an authoritative interpretation of the latter's views.

The Confederate troops were mostly concentrated about Greensborough upon the railroad from Richmond through Danville and Charlotte to Columbia in South Carolina, and the line of railroad we had followed from Goldsborough to Raleigh continued westward to Greensborough. Outposts, Confederate as well as National, remained at stations between the two armies, but no collision had occurred since the truce established on the 19th. [Footnote: _Id_., p. 250.] Mr. Davis had remained at Charlotte in the interval between the two conventions, but when the separate surrender of Johnston's army was determined, he started southward with a vague purpose of joining some of the smaller organized armies released from the armistice by our administration's rejection of the terms of Sherman's first convention. He tells us that he still hoped that he might cross the Mississippi with such forces as could be concentrated, joining Kirby Smith, who commanded there, and in the last resort carrying a body of irreconcilables out of the country into Mexico. [Footnote: Davis, Rise and Fall, vol. ii. pp. 694, 696.] A line of retreat southward had been agreed upon in case Johnston should not surrender, and some accumulations of supplies had been made at Chester, S. C., and other points upon it. General Bragg had been placed in command there, reporting directly to Davis or the Confederate War Department, [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. p. 836.] and some cavalry in West Virginia under General Echols had been ordered to pass by mountain routes to the same region. [Footnote: _Id._, p. 795.] As soon as the truce was ended by the notice of the 24th, Davis started southward by the route indicated, which kept well to the westward of Columbia by way of Abbeville, aiming to cross the Savannah River above Augusta at the pontoon bridge near the junction of Broad River with the Savannah. [Footnote: _Id._, vol. xlix. pt. i. p. 548.] His party disintegrated before he entered Georgia, and he was nearly alone with his family when he was captured thirty or forty miles southeast of Macon.

General Wade Hampton was one of those who preferred any alternative rather than surrender, and had opposed even the terms of the first convention to which Davis had assented. [Footnote: _Id._, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. p. 813.] He promised that he would bring to Davis's support "many strong arms and brave hearts,--men who will fight to Texas, and who, if forced from that State, will seek refuge in Mexico rather than in the Union." [Footnote: _Id._, p. 814.] On the 25th, when Johnston's surrender was already resolved upon, Breckinridge sought to arrange that Hampton, with his cavalry, might join Davis, [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. p. 837.] but Sherman insisted on the capitulation of the army as a unit, and Hampton was included. The latter had visited Davis during the first armistice and obtained his permission to bring out the cavalry before the surrender, but on his return to his command, on April 26th, he found that the surrender had been made. Setting up the claim that the arrangement made with Davis had detached his troops from Johnston's army, although they were actually serving in it, he notified Johnston that they and he would not regard themselves as embraced in the capitulation, unless Breckinridge, the Secretary of War, should say they were within it. [Footnote: _Id._, p. 841.] He had given orders to Wheeler to move the command toward South Carolina, and Butler's division was moving in the same direction. [Footnote: _Id._, pp. 841,847.] Johnston, feeling that his honor as a commander was involved, sent peremptory orders to Hampton to march back to the position near Hillsborough which he had abandoned. He gave Wheeler similar orders. [Footnote: _Id._, pp. 844, 846. See also Johnston to Sherman, _Id._, p. 336.] Breckinridge gave Hampton the opinion that the troops were bound by the capitulation, though Hampton himself might not be. [Footnote: _Id._, p. 851.] The latter thereupon informed Butler and Wheeler that he could give them no orders, and asked leave of Johnston to withdraw his former letter, substituting one which only claimed personal exemption from the surrender. [Footnote: _Id._, pp. 845, 847.] In transmitting this, he sent a long letter of apology, explaining his embarrassment. He asserted that in his consultation with Mr. Davis a plan was agreed upon to enable the latter to leave the country. He must now either leave him to his fate or go with him under the ban of outlawry. He thought his personal duty was to go, but would leave his command to abide the terms of the convention, or if any joined him, he said, "they will be stragglers like myself." [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. p. 846.] Enough "straggled" to make up Davis's escort to about 3000 men, comprising six brigade organizations; but Hampton seems to have thought better of the determination to be an outlaw, and though he did not give his parole with the rest of Johnston's command, he did not join Davis. [Footnote: Davis, Rise and Fall, vol. ii. pp. 689, 690.] His explicit statement of the aim of Davis's flight warrants us in concluding that the dream of further military operations beyond the Mississippi was never a serious purpose. After the disbanding of the escort at the Savannah River, Breckinridge and Benjamin reached the coast of Florida and escaped to Cuba. Mallory and Attorney-General Davis seem to have reached their own homes; Reagan remained with his chief, and was captured; [Footnote: _Id_., pp. 694, 695.] Bragg and Wheeler were captured near Athens, in Georgia, using questionable ruses to escape. [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlix. pt. i. pp. 550, 551.] General Cooper, the adjutant and inspector-general of the Confederate army, remained at Charlotte, and received the benefit of Johnston's capitulation, while he did all in his power to preserve the Confederate archives, which were there in railway cars. [Footnote: _Id_., vol. xlvii. pt. iii. pp. 842, 848.] This digression to follow the fate of Mr. Davis and the group of civil and military notables who were with him in his southward flight, will help us understand some of the peculiar incidents attending the paroling of Johnston's army at Greensborough. I will now return to events of which I was a witness.

On Sunday, the 30th April, the printed blanks for the paroles were ready, and Brevet Brigadier-General Hartsuff, inspector-general on Schofield's staff, was put in charge of the details of their issue. He went up to Greensborough from Raleigh, accompanied by about a dozen officers detailed from the department and corps staff. It had been intended that he should take with him a guard of a regiment I had selected for the purpose, but at Johnston's request the troops were held back a few days. [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. pp. 349, 351, 483.] Schofield had arranged the general scheme of subdividing the State into military districts, of which I was to command the western, whilst Major-General Terry took the central, and Brigadier-Generals Palmer and Hawley retained the coast districts which they already had. In anticipation of the formal order, [Footnote: _Id._, p. 396.] the detachment to guard the arms and stores which should be received came from my command, and I detailed the One Hundred and Fourth Ohio, a regiment which had won high praise in the review at Raleigh for its splendid form and discipline, and which was an orderly, reliable body of men in battle as on parade. It was ordered to take along also its excellent brass band and drum corps, for I meant to have the duties of a garrison performed in the presence of the Confederates with all the honors.

Sherman had left Raleigh in the evening of Friday (28th), to make a brief tour to Charleston and Savannah, by sea, nominally to inspect that part of his command, but really to pass the time whilst the body of his army was marching to Washington, and to avoid visiting that city in the irritation he felt at his treatment by the Secretary of War. [Footnote: _Id._, pp. 337, 338.] Johnston had arranged, on the 1st of May, to send General Hardee down to Raleigh for personal consultation with Schofield in regard to details of the homeward march of his troops, but the satisfactory arrangement of the supplementary terms made this unnecessary. [Footnote: _Id._, pp. 366, 857.] Schofield determined to go to Greensborough himself, starting early on Tuesday morning (2d), and I was asked to accompany him. [Footnote: _Id._, p. 376.] We left Raleigh by train at seven o'clock, with the One Hundred and Fourth Ohio as a guard, and at Durham were met by a dispatch from General Hartsuff, saying that the whole Confederate army was "dissolving and raising the devil." I telegraphed for another regiment to follow us, and we went on to Hillsborough. There we met General Hardee, who joined our party, and we went on to Greensborough. [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. p. 376.]

As the train left Hillsborough, we passed through a body of Confederate cavalry, and were within the enemy's lines. I confess it was with a curious, half-uneasy sensation that I thus for the first time found myself on the wrong side of the Confederate outposts without having driven them in by a hostile advance. It was not easy to orient one's self at once with the new condition of things, and it would hardly have been a surprise to find that we had been entrapped by a ruse.

This soon wore off, however, and Hardee made the journey a very agreeable one to us. He had been commandant of cadets at West Point just before the war, and had from the first an "inside" view of the rebellion. His "Tactics," adapted to our army use from the French, had been the authoritative guide of our army drill, and by that means his name had been made very familiar to every officer and man among us. His military career had been among the most distinguished, and he had commanded a corps in front of us during the whole Atlanta campaign. There was therefore no lack of subjects for conversation, and the time ran rapidly away. Hardee was in person and bearing a good type of the brilliant soldier and gentleman. Tall and well formed, his uniform well fitting and almost dandyish, his manner genial and easy, his conversation at once gay and intelligent, it would be hard to find a more attractive companion, or one with whom you would be put more quickly at ease.

Our mission naturally led us into a review of the war, and we asked him what had been his own expectation as to the result, and when he had himself recognized the hopelessness of the contest. "I confess," said he, laughing, "that I was one of the hot Southerners who shared the notion that one man of the South could whip three Yankees; but the first year of the war pretty effectually knocked that nonsense out of us, and, to tell the truth, ever since that time we military men have generally seen that it was only a question how long it would take to wear our army out and destroy it. We have seen that there was no real hope of success, except by some extraordinary accident of fortune, and we have also seen that the politicians would never give up till the army was gone. So we have fought with the knowledge that we were to be sacrificed with the result we see to-day, and none of us could tell who would live to see it. We have continued to do our best, however, and have meant to fight as if we were sure of success."

Amongst many other things, our talk turned upon the Atlanta campaign, and he told some interesting facts in regard to Hood's obstinate holding on at Atlanta when Sherman was executing the movement around the place on the south. It happened that my own division held the pivot point close to the works of the city on the southeast, and Hardee's corps occupied the lines in front of us. He said an old woman had been brought to him who said she had gone to General Cox's headquarters to beg some provisions, and the general had told her she could have none, as the soldiers had not enough for themselves. I had no remembrance of such an incident, and such applications were hardly likely to reach a general officer unless he wished to catechise the person for information's sake; but a laugh was raised at my expense as Hardee in telling the story repeated some profane camp expletives as having added emphasis to the refusal, according to the old woman's account of it. Schofield merrily rallied me on a change of habits of speech when not with my usual associates, and refused to credit my protestation that the story only proved that she had seen some wicked commissary of subsistence. Hardee helped the fun by pretending to think of other proof that the woman was right; but he went on to give the matter real historical interest by telling how he had taken the woman to Hood that he might learn what she said she had seen and heard. On her repeating the expression about our not having rations enough for ourselves, Hood exclaimed, "There, Hardee! It proves that it is just as I told you. Wheeler [his cavalry commander who was on a raid] has broken Sherman's communications; he is short of provisions and is retreating north by the Sandtown road. The troops that have moved from the north of the city have gone that way."

The Sandtown road was a well-known road going northward from the Chattahoochee River at the place named, which was some miles west of the Chattanooga Railroad. It was a plausible explanation of Sherman's movements as far as they then knew them, but had no better foundation than Hood's own hopes and wishes. Yet, Hardee said, Hood stuck to this view till in our swinging movement to the south, we broke his railway communication with Jonesboro. Then came his hasty evacuation of Atlanta, the destruction of his stores, the explosion of his ammunition, and the night march to reassemble his army at Lovejoy's station. He confidently believed that the siege was raised till Sherman's army was astride of his principal line of retreat, and it was only by the most desperate exertion that he escaped from utter ruin.

On reaching Greensborough we were at once escorted to General Johnston's headquarters, the One Hundred and Fourth Ohio being ordered to remain near the station till more complete arrangements were made. Our object had been to have force enough to guard the arms and stores against petty pillage or destruction, but not enough to provoke a collision with the larger organizations of the Confederates. Johnston had declined the hospitality of citizens of Greensborough, partly from a motive of delicacy, as I suspect, fearing he might compromise those who would thus be indicated as his friends, though his usual custom was to live under canvas rather than in a house. His tents were pitched in a grove in the outskirts of the town, and he awaited us there. It seemed to us, as we approached, that the little encampment was not quite so regular and trim as our own custom required. The wall tents did not sit quite so squarely upon the ground, and the camp was not laid out with regularity. The general indirectly apologized for some of these things by saying that we could not expect the discipline in his army to be fully maintained when all knew that it was on the eve of being disbanded. Indeed our presence there with a detachment of our own troops was partly the consequence of the tendency to disintegration and the consequent breaking down of discipline which was rapidly going on, of which the dispatch which met us on the way was a warning. We learned that the officers of the staff had for several nights stood guard over their own horses, efforts to steal them having been successful in one or two instances. The general himself was the only one who had been exempt from guard-duty. The soldiers knew that the war was over and that there was in fact no superior power to enforce military subordination. They were anxious to make their way homeward, and fearful that they might be treated as prisoners of war if they remained. A horse or a mule was too valuable a prize not to be a great temptation; they naturally thought that as there was no longer a Confederate States government, the men to whom arrears of pay were due had a right to whatever they could seize, and they were not disposed to distinguish between public and private property. The guards set to protect the commissary stores would wink at the pillage of them or assist in it, and the men were inclined to defy any authority exercised in the name of the Confederacy. They remembered the relentless character of the conscription which put them in the ranks, and were kept together chiefly by the assurance that they should all be promptly paroled and helped on their homeward way. The strongest consideration was perhaps the announcement that the parole would be a necessary protection to them against subsequent arrest. It was a curious fact that the moment the blue-coated sentinels began to pace the "beats" around the warehouses, parks of artillery, etc., the submission of these men to the United States authority was most complete. They were scrupulously respectful in their bearing and language, and the groups of them who gathered about with an earnest sort of interest, would obey the slightest direction of the sentry with a cordiality and alacrity which was in singular contrast with the sort of ostentation of defiance they showed toward their own officers.

I have anticipated a little in order to give some idea of the condition of things in Johnston's army, and will return to our interview with the general himself. He welcomed us with dignity, though there was a little reserve in his courtesy that was naturally due to the gravity of the responsibility and the duty imposed upon him. Hardee, as a subordinate, free from this burden, could afford to give way to a natural _bonhommie_, and the difference of situation emphasized the distinctive traits of the men. Johnston was a smaller man than Hardee, his uniform showed less care for appearances, his manner was quieter, but no one would for a moment fail to see that he was the commander. His quiet tones were clear, his gravity was full of conscious power, and the deference shown him by his subordinates was earnest and respectful.

The preliminary details of our task were soon settled. General Schofield had already promised rations to the Confederate troops whilst awaiting the issue of the certificates of parole, and on their way home; to give them railway transportation as far as railroads were running, and to carry out Sherman's offer to let the Confederate horses and mules be distributed as far as they would go, to assist the men on their way, and in putting in a crop for their families' support as soon as possible. When the necessary business was disposed of, the conversation became more general.

General Schofield inquired what was the number of officers and men to be paroled. Johnston replied that he could hardly be definite as he would like to be: his morning report of "effectives" gave only the men answering to their names with arms in their hands in the line of battle. It would not include stragglers or men detached or on special duty. His last return of effectives showed, as he said, about 16,000 men. Wade Hampton, with much of his cavalry, had refused to come in to Greensborough to be paroled with the rest, and were supposed to be either disbanded or to be making their way southward. Johnston thought the place of these might be made up by the classes not enumerated in the return of effectives, and that there might therefore still be about 16,000 in camp who would present themselves to be paroled. He then added that in this campaign their reports and returns had not been kept up promptly, and that he had relied for practical use upon a summary of the morning reports of "effectives." [Footnote: See pp. 424, 425, _ante_.] There could be no question as to his complete frankness and sincerity in this. The inquiry was put to make sure that we had enough printed blanks for the paroles, and it was a matter of mutual interest to get their issue completed with as little delay as possible. The Official Records, moreover, confirm his statement as to the abbreviated returns and the numbers they gave, while making clear their loose inaccuracy. [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. ii. p. 1382; pt. i. p. 1059; pt. iii. p. 839.] The most important fallacy in the Confederate return of "effectives" was that by giving only the arms-bearing men answering to the roll-call, it omitted the growing large class of stragglers hanging about the camps many of whom might be in line when an engagement occurred.

The number of officers and men actually paroled by us in the Carolinas turned out to be 39,012, which included men in hospitals, some naval officers and sailors, the quartermaster's and other special duty, detachments, etc. [Footnote: _Id._, pt. i. p. 1066.] Johnston's inspector-general reported on 3d May the number of "final papers" issued to the army proper at 27,749, and the number of men who received their share of the silver distributed on April 28th was 32,174, [Footnote: _Id._, pt. iii. pp. 850, 867.] the difference being in the cavalry, where 5000 men disbanded or went off with Hampton before the paroles were issued. The report of the paroles shows also that the Carolina troops had nearly all vanished during the campaign, the Western troops of Hood's old army making the great bulk of those who stayed with the colors.

Johnston was very warm in his recognition of the soldierly qualities and the wonderful energy and persistence of our army, and the ability of Sherman. Referring to his own plans, he said he had hoped to have time enough to collect a larger force to oppose Sherman, and to give it a more complete and efficient organization. The Confederate government had reckoned upon the almost impassable character of the rivers and swamps to give a respite till spring,--at least they hoped for this. "Indeed," said he, with a smile, "Hardee here" (giving a friendly nod of his head toward his subordinate) "reported the Salkehatchie swamps as absolutely impassable; but when I heard that Sherman had not only started, but was marching through those very swamps at the rate of thirteen miles a day, making corduroy road every foot of the way, I made up my mind there had been no such army since the days of Julius Caesar." Hardee laughingly admitted his mistaken report from Charleston, but justified it by saying that all precedent was against such a march, and that he would still have believed it impossible if he had not seen it done.

All the Confederate officers from Johnston downward were very earnest in impressing upon us their confidence that the army gave up the struggle without bitterness, and that we could rely not only upon their keeping their parole in good faith, but in their anxiety to become again good citizens of the United States in every sense of the word. The assassination of Mr. Lincoln was spoken of, as both an odious crime and an extremely great misfortune to the South, tending to involve the future in gloomy doubt by reason of the probable effect upon Northern public sentiment and upon the policy of Congress and the new administration. Hardee said that for himself he thought he should go abroad for a time, till the heated and exasperated feeling at the North should subside, and then return to his home and his private affairs. I do not remember that Johnston opened his mind on this point, and think he was gravely reticent, scarcely choosing to share with strangers, in our relation to affairs, the deep anxiety he must have felt. Hardee's means were understood to be more ample than most of the Southern officers possessed, and a course that was feasible for him was not so for most of them. The task of winning a mere livelihood was by no means a promising one for men left without a profession and without property, in a country that seemed to be irretrievably ruined.

When we closed the interview, I am very sure that we of the National side had already formed a very high opinion of the personal character of the distinguished officers we had met, and had begun to feel a sincere sympathy with them in their manifest purpose to meet honorably and manfully the demands of the new situation. I recorded at the time my own feeling that I had rarely met a man who was personally more attractive to me than General Johnston. His mode of viewing things was a high one, his thoughts and his expression of them were refined, his conscientious anxiety to do exactly what was right in the circumstances appeared in every word and act, his ability and his natural gift of leadership showed without effort in his whole bearing and conduct.

An incident which occurred at the time General Johnston left Greensborough is striking proof of the scrupulous exactness he was determined to exercise in carrying out the terms of the surrender. He had gone southward as far as Charlotte to superintend the last movement of his forces as a body and the final disbanding, and before parting with the members of his staff learned that one of them had preserved as a relic a little cavalry guidon of silk in the form of a national flag scarce larger than a handkerchief. The general immediately reclaimed it, and afterward sent it back under the provision of the surrender which agreed that all captured flags in the hands of the Confederates should be restored. He apologized for the staff officer, saying that he knew no wrong had been meant and the little flag had been regarded as a trifling but interesting relic; yet he felt that there should be no limitation on their part in carrying out strictly the terms agreed upon. The manner in which all this was done, quite as much as the thing itself, showed the earnestness and sincerity of his purpose to do everything in his power to enforce the spirit as well as the letter of every promise he had made for himself and his army. He had returned to his home at Danville, Va., before he had been able to send to us this flag with another that had been omitted, and his solicitude in regard to it, even in the midst of anxiety in regard to his family, was shown by a note which accompanied the parcel. It ran as follows:--

"DANVILLE, June 5th, 1865.

GENERAL,--I have requested Major Shackford, Provost Marshal of this post, to forward to you a small box containing the color, standard, and guidon which I mentioned to you in Greensborough.

I beg you to explain to Major-General Schofield that they were not in my possession when we were in Greensborough, nor until I reached Charlotte, and that they were not sent to him from that place because I expected to visit Raleigh and there deliver them to him. This visit was prevented by the condition of my family. You may remember that the same cause, as I explained to you orally, prevented my delivering them to you in person.

Most respectfully,

Your ob't serv't,

J. E. JOHNSTON.

MAJOR-GENERAL Cox, U. S. Army."

General Schofield and myself passed the night at the house of ex-Governor Morehead, who had urged us to do so. Our host had been one of the leading Whigs of North Carolina in the _ante-bellum_ days, and with his friends and neighbors Gilmer and Graham had opposed secession at the beginning; but with the instinct of politicians, they had striven to lead the current they could not stop when once it had carried them away. The house was a comfortable villa in the Italian style, with a tower overlooking the rolling country for a long distance. The architecture was simple but effective, and the house had evidently been a home of comfort and ease in better times. We were frankly and cordially welcomed, and allowed to see the mixed feelings with which the reassembled family accepted the collapse of the Confederacy. Among the young people was a son of the governor who had been desperately wounded but had recovered. The rebellion had had their devoted support, but they said, "That is all past now," and seemed eagerly desirous to get into accord with the new order of things. The young man told of his army adventures, and compared notes with us as to camp life in the different armies. We were struck with the strong comparison he made in speaking of his wound. A bullet had entered his mouth and passed out at the back of his neck, and he said it felt, for all the world, as if a city lamppost with its cross-bar had been dragged through his head. I have no doubt this gave as good an idea of the sensation as possible, for I have often heard wounded men speak of the feeling of having received a terrible blow from some big and heavy thing, when hit with a musket-ball. The ladies entertained us with half-gay, half-pathetic stories of the way home-life had run on during the long campaigns, and of the ingenuity they were obliged to use to supply the place of tasteful articles of dress or adornment when the blockade had become stringent, and when each little community was thrown almost wholly upon its own resources. The head of the house discoursed more gravely of the situation of the country at large, and tried to forecast the future. Now that the surrender was made, he was anxious that the army should be disbanded and sent home as soon as possible, for the disposition of the Confederate soldiers to pay their arrears by pillage made him fear that his own farm would be stripped bare before they got away. There is no doubt that there was a good deal of cause for such anxiety, especially for leading men whom the private soldiers were disposed to hold largely responsible for all their woes. It was no slight test of character and good breeding, under such anxieties, for the family to pay delicate and courteous attention to the comfort of their guests, and to keep as far as possible in the background everything that might betray their own troubled feelings.

On Wednesday (3d May) General Schofield returned to Raleigh, leaving me in responsible command of the district. [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. pp. 394, 407.] By administering the parole to the troops by companies and regiments, keeping a number of officers at work and using abundant clerical assistance in verifying the copies of rolls, the task had been completed in a couple of days, and General Johnston began to move his men southward. General Cheatham with the Tennessee troops marched across the Great Smoky Mountains, but the others were ordered to rendezvous at West Point in Georgia, which was a central place for all who lived in the Gulf States, from which they could most readily reach their homes. While they remained together they were fed by us, and we furnished rations sufficient to sustain them on the journey. Our ration, too, was quite a different thing from theirs, and the men seemed more affected by this bestowal of unwonted and abundant supplies than by any other incident in the surrender. They said it seemed hardly possible that men who were but yesterday arrayed in deadly hostility to them, could now be supplying their wants so liberally.

Whilst they stayed they seemed never to tire of watching our men on duty and on the various parades. Our guard-mounting was particularly a show affair. From the moment the music struck up on the parade ground, and the detachments for the guard from the different companies began to file out and march into place, there was always a large concourse of the men in gray making a most interested body of spectators. The smart appearance of the men, the rapid inspection of arms, of haversacks and knapsacks, the march in review, the assignment to posts, the final marching off the field, all seemed to give them great enjoyment. They said they had not paid much attention to the formalities which so greatly relieve the drag and labor of military life even in the field, and they were ready with cordial and appreciative praise of the discipline and finish in drill which they saw.

As the Confederate troops left Greensborough, I concentrated my own corps there, [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. pp. 376, 384, 396, 502.] sending one of the infantry divisions to Salisbury, and Kilpatrick's cavalry division to posts still farther toward the southwest. A visit of inspection which I made to Salisbury gave me the opportunity of examining the site of the recent prison camp there. The treatment of our prisoners by the Confederate authorities is a repellent subject, and I would gladly pass it by and say nothing discordant with the tone of high honor and respectful good-will which marked the conduct of the leading officers of the Confederate forces in the field. We may fairly admit that the resources of the Confederacy had been so taxed that food and clothing were hard to procure, and that their armies in the field were ill-fed and in rags. There is, however, a limit beyond which a government calling itself civilized may not go, and as the public opinion of the world, crystallized into what we call international law, will not permit the wholesale decapitation of prisoners, as might be done by a king of Ashantee or Dahomey, so it forbids the herding of captive men in a mere corral, leaving them utterly without shelter of any sort through the sleet and rain of winter, near the North Carolina mountains. It forbids starving them to death or leaving them to rot with scurvy because they are not supplied with wholesome food and medicines. It is the plain duty of a civilized government to parole and send home military prisoners who cannot be fed or sheltered. If controversies as to exchange existed, such conduct would have been the surest way to shame us out of any position that was wrong, and the public opinion of the world would have been powerful in making it the more profitable way, as it was the only one not utterly barbarous. I speak with a solemn sense of the obligation to avoid every railing accusation when I say that it would have been humane and civilized in the comparison, if the prisoners at Andersonville and Salisbury had been shot down by fusillades or quickly poisoned by wholesale (as Napoleon was accused of doing at Jaffa) instead of subjecting them to death by starvation and exposure which swept them away at a rate no plague ever rivalled or approached. I have seen too much of the Southern people, in arms in the field and in their homes, to believe for one moment that they would knowingly approve the treatment our prisoners received. But their own reputation before the world makes it their duty to fix the responsibility for a great crime upon those whose commands or whose criminal negligence caused horrors which are among the most odious things in the world's history.

I had seen at Wilmington and Goldsborough the condition of train-loads of these released captives. Their situation has been surgically and medically recorded in the surgeon-general's official reports. There is no room for dispute. They were men reduced to idiocy and to the verge of the grave by the direct effects of hunger and exposure and the diseases necessarily connected with such suffering. They were not of the dregs of humanity, who might be said to fall into animality when the restraints of society and of discipline were removed. They were many of them men who had respected positions and refined surroundings at home. These were the victims who looked vacantly with glazed eyes and could mumble no intelligent response when asked their names, where was their home, what was the name of the mother that bore them.

At Salisbury the pen in which part of the prisoners had been kept was still to be seen. There were, as I remember it, two levels or "benches" in it, and in the little bluff or slope from one to the other were still to be seen the holes the poor prisoners had dug to make a little cave in the earth that would drain itself and give some shelter from the winter weather. I talked to women of the place who with tears upon their faces told of the efforts some of them had made to have the worst of the treatment corrected, or to procure some mitigation of the want and hardship. The evidence seemed conclusive that any marks of common sympathy or Christian pity were repelled by the officials in charge of the prisoners and treated as indications of disloyalty to the Confederate government.

The Confederacy was full of places where the almost limitless forest afforded timber without end, and the labor of the prisoners themselves under the same guards that garrisoned the prison would have comfortably housed and warmed them, and then the scant and wretched rations would not so soon have been the cause of emaciation and disease. The risk of escape would not have been great, and I doubt if as many would have got away as in fact managed to do so in the actual circumstances. The almost certainty of sickness and death nerved many a man to incredible exertions to be free, who would have waited more patiently for an exchange if his condition had been less intolerable or less sure of a fatal result. But even if there had been some more escapes, it would be no argument in favor of the horrible system which was adopted. There is no resemblance between the situation of prisoners in a pen, and that of soldiers in bivouac. The latter build shelters of rails or of brushwood, if they have no shelter-tents, and they are very rarely stinted in firewood. Their active life helps to preserve their vigor. To liken these to men without shelter of any kind and without fire enough to cook by, herded inside a ring-fence in winter weather, is an abuse of words. Enough of the shocking subject!

As soon as headquarters baggage could be brought up I established my own camp in the northern edge of Greensborough, in a grove which was part of the grounds attached to the mansion of Mr. Dick, since that time judge of the United States District Court. The first impression of the people was that all government was now in the hands of the army, and we had no little difficulty in correcting it. The policy of the government was to recognize the ordinary courts and local magistrates, and to support their authority in preserving the peace, punishing crimes, and determining ordinary civil rights. The political organization of the State was left subject to such changes or conditions of reconstruction as might be prescribed by national statute. The army, however, was the present palpable fact. The muskets and the cannon were physical engines of power that everybody could see, and everybody knew that the commandants of department and district could use them if need be. There was, therefore, a national tendency, both in civil magistrates and in the people, to refer all sorts of questions to the military authorities. I tried in good faith to make it understood within my own district that we were averse to meddling with local affairs, and wished the ordinary current of civil administration to run on in its accustomed channels till it should be replaced by that which should have the new authority of a reconstructed state under Acts of Congress. I not only promulgated this through the military channels, but I accepted several invitations to address the people at different points and explain our attitude and purpose during the interregnum, and to give them serious advice as to their conduct in the very trying circumstances in which they were. It need hardly be said that the gist of this advice was to recognize the absolute death of the system of slavery, to deal with the freedmen with perfect sincerity as free laborers who were at liberty to make the best bargain they could for their labor, and to confine for the present their political activity to the duty of keeping alive such local magistracies as would prevent the community from falling into anarchy. There was a wistful solicitude noticeable in people of all classes to know what was to become of them. Their leaders had educated them to believe that the success of the National arms would mean the loss of every liberty and subjection to every form of hateful tyranny. Yet they almost universally showed a spirit of complete resignation to what might come, and a wish to conform obediently to everything enjoined by the officers of the occupying army. It was the rarest thing in the world to meet with anything like sullen resistance or hostile or unfriendly utterances. [Footnote: The same disposition in the people was noticed elsewhere in the South. Halleck said, in a dispatch of April 22d, "From all I can learn, Richmond is to-day more loyal than Washington or Baltimore." (Official Records, vol. xlvi. pt. iii. p. 888.) Sherman sent similar reports from Savannah. (_Id_., vol. xlvii. pt. iii. p. 371.)] My own stay in North Carolina did not extend into the period of the provisional governments authorized by Acts of Congress, and I was not personally witness to the varying phases of sentiment among the people at that time.

The political character of North Carolina during the war had been different from that of the Gulf States. We found very few indeed who were known as "original Secessionists." The "old Whigs" had given the tone to public sentiment, and the community as a whole had sincerely desired that the Union might be preserved. Yet a society based upon slavery had such community of interest with the States further south that it was soon dragged into the secession vortex. When once war had begun, the growth of hostility against what was regarded as their public enemy was rapid, and in every State a war party in time of war has a great advantage over the opposition. The charge of "giving aid and comfort to the enemy" is too powerful a weapon against the minority, and the outward appearance was soon that of almost complete unanimity in the desperate struggle to make secession a success. Party leaders were borne along upon the current, and vied with each other in extravagant professions of devotion to the Confederacy.

In such circumstances the men who were at heart opposed to the war thought they were doing all that was wise or prudent in making what they called a constitutional opposition to the Davis government, professing to acquiesce in the Confederate organization, but urging the negotiation of peace on the best attainable terms. In the fever of actual conflict the following of such men was small, although it seemed plain to me that a majority of the people of the State sympathized with them at heart.

The outspoken Union men were, almost as a matter of course, treated as traitors, and lived under a reign of terror. In the mountains, where their numbers were considerable, they were the victims of a relentless guerilla warfare, as the same class was upon the other slope of the Great Smokies in East Tennessee.

Out of these classes came the elements of new struggles for political power. The minority naturally felt that their time had now come, and were not altogether patient with the principles of our democratic Constitution, which require that a majority shall not be disfranchised, and which therefore make it practically impossible that a minority shall rule. At the time I am speaking of, these elements were quiet in the first stunning effect of the collapse of the Confederacy; but we could see the tendencies to antagonisms that were to agitate the State during the next decade.

The negroes were, of course, of none of these parties. Very few of the whites were in favor of emancipation on principle, though all accepted it as the inevitable result of the war. Tacitly or avowedly, they all admitted that the fate of the "system" had been the real issue at stake, and that the surrender meant universal freedom. But the colored people were ignorant, and had cherished strange illusions as to the change which was to come to them. It was a common belief among them that the whites were to be stripped of all property, and the land to be given to them. We had heard curious discussions among them around the camp-fires, in which they had apportioned the real and personal property among themselves. The faith that they were each to have "forty acres and a mule" was of a little later growth. The first noticeable thing among them after the surrender was the almost universal disposition to quit work. It would have been very natural that they should wish for a great holiday, and try to realize their freedom by extending it at their own will, and thus prove to themselves that no man was their master. But in addition to this, they seemed to fear that any continuance of the relation of laborers for their former masters would cover some waiver of their right to freedom. Yet, as they had hopes that the real estate would be given to them by the National government, they were disinclined to leave the old home. The outcome was that for a time they occupied their old quarters and asserted a kind of proprietorship in them, whilst they "struck" from labor.

When it is remembered that the kitchen of Southern houses is a detached building of which the servants have exclusive occupation, it will easily be understood that the situation was anything but comfortable for housekeepers. Oftentimes they could neither hire cooks nor get access to the open kitchen fire and the rude utensils which the colored people appropriated as their own. According to my observation, the Southern white women were very systematic and thorough in the supervision of household work, but were necessarily ignorant of the actual manipulation. They knew what flour and other ingredients to weigh out for a batch of bread, but they had never done the baking. Some of them tried their first experiments over the open fire with "Dutch ovens" and other primitive implements, whilst a group of colored women sat around commenting drolly but most exasperatingly upon the results. As a temporary compromise, we were obliged to "clear the kitchen" by military authority, making it known that that was part of the "house," and that if the mistresses of the mansion had to do their own work, it was not necessary that it should be done before such an "audience." Such a social crisis is always short, but it is very severe. No doubt those who have gone through it look back upon it as one does upon the day after a fire, when the wretchedness of dirt and destruction seems hopeless, but, like other mundane things, soon passes away and is spoken of as all "part of a lifetime."

A delicate and amiable lady, whose fortune at her marriage had been of that ample sort which was measured in Southern parlance as "a hundred negroes," herself told me, with a mixture of tearful pathos and recognition of the comic side of it, of her own first efforts to make a batch of soda biscuit for her husband and children after she got possession of her kitchen. She knew all about the rule, but in new practice the rule didn't work. The ingredients got wrongly mixed; the fire was too hot or not hot enough; some biscuits were burnt to a crisp, some were not cooked, and none were eatable, and her heart was ready to break at the prospect of her family's condition till something could be done to remedy the trouble. In more than one household our officers' messes helped tide over the painful interval by giving camp hospitality and friendly assistance to their new neighbors. We frequently heard housekeepers say that if they only had the snug ranges of Northern kitchens within the house they would have made light of the labor; but their outdoor kitchens and primitive methods, which produced appetizing results in the hands of colored cooks who had been brought up to them, were killing upon those who had been delicately reared.

We saw more of the domestic form of this social anarchy than of farm labor, for the outdoor work could wait, whereas the indoor work could not. The same difficulty was everywhere, however, and the intelligence of the community soon hit upon temporary expedients. Such men as Mr. Gilmer and Judge Dick took the lead in advising the colored people to avoid their apprehended risk of compromising their freedom, by hiring out temporarily to work for others than their old masters. By thus changing about, the consciousness of working under a voluntary contract was stronger, and the uneducated brain was less puzzled to tell whether any change of situation had really come. We did our best to dispel the notion that wealth and idleness were to follow emancipation, and to encourage the freedmen to resume industrious labor as the foundation of real freedom and independence. [Footnote: See General Schofield's Order No. 46; Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. p. 503.] The peaceful character of the colored people was shown even in what they supposed was a great revolution in their favor. There was no rioting or angry disturbance,--no effort to accomplish anything by force. They abandoned for the time their usual employments, and congregated in their quarters or in groups about the streets, waiting for some great thing to happen. There was, of course, plenty of talk and some excitement, but even this gradually diminished; and as they began to realize that without work there would be no food, they made such bargains as suited them, and the affairs of the plantation and of the house began to move on. The owners of property did not hope for profits; they expressed themselves earnestly as anxious only that such crops might be raised as would save the community, white and black alike, from absolute destitution. I know of prominent examples of well-known men offering the farm hands all that they could raise for that season if they would only go to work and plant something which could still ripen into food. The season was advancing, and a little delay was very dangerous. The last chance for a crop in that year would soon be gone. The influence and advice of sagacious and prudent men was never more useful, for society seemed to be resolved into its original elements when all authority but the military went for nothing. As soldiers, we refrained from meddling in civil affairs, but it was understood that we should preserve the peace and allow no force to be used by others. It was a time when everybody felt the need of being patient and conciliatory, and the natural authority of known character and wisdom asserted itself. Everybody soon went to work to make a living, and the burning problems of political and social importance were postponed.

A serious inconvenience was immediately felt in the lack of a circulating medium. The Confederate currency was at once made worthless by the failure of the rebellion, and there was nothing to take its place. The extent to which its depreciation had gone was amusingly shown by a printed notice and list of prices I found posted in a country tavern, already some months old. In it the price of a dinner was put at ten dollars, and other meals and accommodation in proportion. Still this currency had served for business purposes, and it being gone, the community had to go back for the time to primitive barter.

We had opportunity to notice to what great straits the people had been reduced for two years in the matter of manufactured goods of all kinds. Factories of every sort were scarce in the South when the war began, and resources of every kind were so absorbed in the war that there was no chance for new ones to spring up. Carriages, wagons, and farm implements went to decay, or could only be rudely patched up by the rough mechanics of the plantation. The stringent blockade shut out foreign goods, and the people were generally clothed in homespun. In many houses the floors were bare because the carpets had been cut up to make blankets for the soldiers. Ladies made their own shoes of such materials as they could find. They braided their own hats. They showed a wonderful ingenuity in supplying from native products the place of all the articles of use which had formerly been imported from foreign lands or from the North. Taste asserted itself, perhaps all the more in such discouraging circumstances, and feminine refinement and love of adornment worked marvels out of the slenderest materials. A home-made straw hat ornamented with feathers of barnyard fowls and domestic birds was often as jaunty and as pretty as any Parisian bonnet. Simple dyes were made to give to coarse cotton stuffs a lively contrast or harmony of pure colors as effective as the varied and elaborate fabrics from the European looms. In some respects this self-dependence heightened the personal advantages of those who excelled in ingenuity, in taste, and in skill; for the clothes indicated better the character of the wearer than those which are made on one pattern in the shop of a fashionable mantua-maker.

Adversity has such uses and such compensations that I should hardly reckon the poverty of the Southern States during 1864-65 as a burden greatly felt in private life. All such things are comparative, and where all the people undergo the same privations, the odious comparisons and jealousies between richer and poorer disappear in a measure. A simple life full of great enthusiasms is one a philosopher may find much satisfaction in, and has, many a time, been pictured as an ideal calculated to bring out the best qualities of men and women and therefore to make life more truly enjoyable. I greatly doubt if Southern people, in looking back on the war time, find anything to regret in the simple fare and plain dress of the enforced economy of that period. The real griefs and burdens, if I am not mistaken, came from other sources. Among thoughtful people there must have been from the summer of 1863 serious doubts of the possibility of a successful outcome of their struggle, and a growing and unhappy conviction that the fearful waste of life and treasure would be in vain. They must have had grave misgivings also as to the righteousness of a cause which championed an institution condemned by the whole world and in conflict with the general progress of Christendom. To see their best and bravest consumed in the fire of successive battles, and to be waiting only till the slaughter should make it impossible to keep armies in the field, must have been a grief and a suffering which made all physical deprivations seem small indeed.

I think I cannot be mistaken in the judgment I formed at the time, that to the great body of the Southern people it was a relief that the struggle was really over; that they breathed more freely and felt that a new lease of life came with peace. They had been half conscious for a good while that it must end so, and they were in the mood to be at least resigned, if not readily to profess the pious conviction that "it was all for the best." With the reactions and political exasperations that came later, I have here nothing to do. My purpose has been to reproduce, as far as my memory serves, the scenes and the surroundings of that last military duty of the great war. Why it was that the mellowness of spirit which seemed then so prevalent could not have ripened without interruption or check into a quicker and more complete fraternization, belongs to another field of inquiry. The military chronicler stops where he was mustered out.

A summer ride which a party of us took to the battlefield of "Guilford-Old-Court-House" may be worth noting as an encouragement to believe that our descriptions of the scenes of our own engagements need not become unintelligible even in the distant future. Among the combats of our Revolutionary War, Guilford Court House ranks high in importance; for the check there given to the invading British army under Lord Cornwallis by the Continental forces under General Greene was the turning-point in a campaign. Greensborough is the present county-seat of Guilford County, and the "Old Court House," a few miles distant, has disappeared as a village, a few buildings almost unused being the only mark of the old town. Natural topography, however, does not change its material features easily, and in this case a cleared field or two where the forest had formerly extended seemed to be the only change that had occurred in the past century. With General Greene's official report of the battle in our hands, we could trace with complete accuracy every movement of the advancing enemy and his own dispositions to receive the attack. We could see the reasons for the movements on both sides, and how the undulations of surface and the cover of woods and fences were taken advantage of by either commander. Military principles being the same in all times, we found ourselves criticising the movements as if they had occurred on one of our own recent battlefields. It brought the older and the later war into almost startling nearness, and made us realize, as perhaps nothing else could have done, how the future visitor will trace the movements in which we have had a part; and when we have been dust for centuries, will follow the path of our battalions from hill to hill, from stream to stream, from the border of a wood to the open ground where the bloody conflict was hand to hand, and will comment upon the history we have made. It pointed the lesson that what is accurate in our reports and narratives will be recognized by the intelligent critic, and that the face of the country itself will be an unalterable record which will go far to expose the true reasons of things,--to show what statements are consistent with the physical conditions under which a battle was fought, and what, if any, are warped to hide a repulse or to claim a false success. Nature herself will thus prove the strongest ally of truth.

NOTE.--General Cox was the spontaneous choice of the "Union Party" of Ohio for Governor, and was nominated at its Convention held in Columbus, June 21,1865, while he was still engaged in his military duties in North Carolina. At a ratification meeting, held in the evening after the Convention, Senator Sherman said, speaking of the ticket: "It is headed by a gentleman who is not only a soldier, but a statesman and scholar,--a man of the highest and purest character,--a man who, in all the walks of life, will be a model for us all. I thank you for that nomination,--although I believe the people made it before the Convention met." At a reception in honor of General Sherman given in Columbus, July 13, 1865, the general himself was called on to speak. After mentioning Grant, whose fame was secure, and McPherson, his beloved companion in arms, he said: "And here is General Cox, who is your candidate for Governor,--a man who did his whole duty from first to last and did it well and will do it to the end."

General Cox was elected by a handsome majority, served one term, returned to the practice of the law, and in 1869 was appointed Secretary of the Interior, by General Grant. Retiring to private life at the end of twenty months, he occupied many positions of trust and honor: President of the Toledo and Wabash Railroad, Member of Congress from the Toledo District, President of the Cincinnati University, Dean of the Cincinnati Law School, etc. His reading was extensive; his scholarship profound. In microscopic research he attained world-wide distinction and he received the Gold Medal of Honor at the Antwerp Exposition of 1891, for excellence in micro-photography.

He was thrice honored with the degree of LL.D., the last time by Yale College, in June, 1877. As an indication of the esteem in which he was held by those among whom he went as an armed invader, it should be mentioned that one of the degrees was conferred by the University of North Carolina, in June, 1870.

He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Royal Microscopical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, the Cobden Club, and a number of others.

His contributions to the magazines, historical, literary, and scientific, were numerous, and his series of critical and biographical reviews in "The Nation," from the beginning of its publication to the summer of 1900, constitutes a most valuable and interesting commentary on public men and affairs and military operations at home and abroad.

His public addresses, many of which were published in pamphlet form, were marked for their literary finish, their wealth of learning and suggestion, their deep philosophical insight, and their lofty patriotism.

He had little leisure for writing books, but has contributed to the literature of the war several articles in "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War"; the volumes on "Atlanta," and "The March to the Sea, Franklin and Nashville," in the Scribner War Series; "The Second Battle of Bull Run," in which he took issue with the findings of the Second Court of Inquiry in the Fitz-John Porter case; "Franklin," a detailed account of that battle, together with the events leading up to it and the controversies following it; the last half of Force's "Sherman" in the Great Commander Series; and the above "Military Reminiscences." However much men may differ with his conclusions, none who knew him personally ever questioned his candor and sincerity, and his disposition to be absolutely fair in his treatment of others.

W. C. C.

APPENDIX C

TESTIMONIALS OF COMMANDERS

_Rosecrans, in his Report of the Campaign of_ 1861, _Nov._ 25, 1861. _Official Records, vol. v.p._ 259.

"It is a great pleasure to say to the commanding general that I have found General Cox prudent, brave, and soldierly, and I specially commend his prudence and firmness in occupying Cotton Hill, details of which are given in his report in the appendix."

_Rosecrans, in Correspondence with McClellan_, _Nov._ 19, 1861, _asking for Changes in Officers, etc._ _Official Records, vol. v.p._ 657.

"General Cox is the only reliable man here;" _i. e._, of the brigadiers with him at Gauley, Schenck having gone home sick.

_McClellan, to Army Headquarters, after South Mountain and Antietam_, _Oct._ 5, 1862. _Official Records, vol. xix. pt. ii. p._ 383.

"MAJOR-GEN. HALLECK, General-in-Chief.

In compliance with your instructions, General Cox has been ordered to report to you for duty on the Kanawha. General Cox's gallant services in the battle of South Mountain and at Antietam, during which, after Reno's fall, he commanded an army corps, contributed greatly toward our success in those hard-fought engagements. He has been recommended by General Burnside, his immediate commander, for promotion. Although I am now to lose the services of this valuable officer with this army, it is no more than an act of justice to him that I should concur in the recommendation of General Burnside, which I do most cordially and earnestly, and request that the promotion be made at once. (Signed) GEORGE B. McCLELLAN, Maj.-Gen."

_Schofield to Sherman, after the Atlanta Campaign. Official Records, vol. xxxix. pt. ii. p_. 366.

"HEADQUARTERS, ARMY OF THE OHIO, DECATUR, GA., Sept. 12th, 1864.

MAJOR-GEN. W. T. SHERMAN, Commanding Military Division of the Mississippi.

GENERAL,--I have the honor to recommend for promotion the following named officers of my command for gallant and meritorious services during the campaign just ended:

Brigadier-General J. D. Cox is now the senior Brigadier-General of Volunteers in active service. He has held various important commands during the war and was appointed Major-General in 1862, but his name was withdrawn from the list sent to the Senate for confirmation, because of the limitation by law of the number of Major-Generals authorized to be appointed. General Cox commanded the 23d Army Corps for some time previous to the assignment of Major-General Stoneman to that command. During the summer's campaign he has commanded the third division of that corps under my immediate personal observation. I have no hesitation in saying that I have never seen a more able and efficient division commander. General Cox is possessed of a very high order of talent and superior education. As a commander he is discreet, energetic, and brave. As a just reward for long, faithful, and efficient service, and as an act of justice to the army and the country, I earnestly recommend that Brigadier-General J. D. Cox be appointed Major-General of Volunteers.

I earnestly hope all the appointments above recommended may be made. Should the number of vacancies in the grades of Major-General and Brigadier-General not justify the appointment of so large a number from this army, I respectfully request that the officers who may not be appointed may receive the Brevet of the rank for which they are recommended. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, (Signed) J. M. SCHOFIELD, Major-General Commanding."

_Sherman to Halleck, after the Atlanta Campaign. Official Records, vol. xxxix. pt. iii. p._ 413.

"HEADQUARTERS, MIL. DIV. OF THE MISS. IN THE FIELD, GAYLESVILLE, ALA., Oct. 24,1864.

GENERAL H. W. HALLECK, Chief of Staff, etc.

GENERAL,--I always designed to canvass the claims to promotion of all aspirants in the army, so as to save the President the invidious task of judging among so many worthy men, all of whom can only be known to him by the record. But events and movements have followed each other so rapidly that my army commanders have not been able to attend to the matter, but have sent into my office the detached papers of each. These I herewith inclose, indorsed with my own individual opinion. I have not General Thomas' list, but will instruct him to send it direct from Nashville, where he now is. If necessary [_sic_] to promote to divisions and brigades the officers now exercising the rank of major-general and brigadier-general, it be necessary to create vacancies, I do think the exigencies of the country would warrant the muster out of the same number of generals now on the list that have not done service in the past year.

The following persons should be promoted to the rank of major-general: . . .

Army of the Ohio: Brig.-Gen. J. D. Cox to be major-general....

All these are actual division commanders, men of marked courage, capacity, and merit, who are qualified to separate commands....

I am, with respect, your obedient servant, (Signed) W. T. SHERMAN, Major-General."

_Schofield to Thomas, after the Battles of Franklin and Nashville. Official Records, vol. xlv. pt. ii._ p. 273.

"HEAD QUARTERS, ARMY OF THE OHIO, FRANKLIN, TENN., Dec. 19, 1864.

MAJ.-GEN. GEORGE H. THOMAS, Commanding Dep't of the Cumberland.

GENERAL,--I have the honor to enclose herewith a letter to Maj.-Gen. Halleck, Chief of Staff, urging the promotion of Brig.-Gen. Cox, and to urge that it may be forwarded with your indorsement. Unless General Cox can obtain the promotion which he has so often earned, he will soon quit the service, which would be an irreparable loss to my command. I am, general, Very Respectfully, Your obed't serv't, (Signed) J. M. SCHOFIELD, Maj.-Gen."

_Schofield to Halleck, after the Battles of Franklin and Nashville. Official Records, vol. xlv. pt. ii. p. 273._

"HEADQUARTERS, ARMY OF THE OHIO, FRANKLIN, TENN., Dec. 19, 1864.

MAJOR-GENERAL H. W. HALLECK, Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, D. C. GENERAL,--I desire earnestly to ask your attention, and, through you, that of the President and Secretary of War, to the claims of Brigadier-General J. D. Cox to promotion. It is unnecessary to recite, in detail, the services of so distinguished an officer. He has merited promotion scores of times by skilful and heroic conduct in as many battles. He is one of the very best division commanders I have ever seen, and has often shown himself qualified for a higher command.

Permit me to say that in overlooking the merits of such an officer as General Cox, the Government has, unintentionally of course, committed an act of great injustice, and one which must soon deprive the country of his services. An officer cannot exercise for three years a command which he is universally admitted to be eminently qualified for, and yet be denied the corresponding rank, while his juniors, notoriously less deserving, are promoted, without feeling such mortification and chagrin as must drive him from the army.

Excuse, General, the earnestness with which I refer to this matter. I do not exaggerate the merits of the case; on the contrary, I do not half state it. I am, General, very respectfully, Your obedient servant, J. M. SCHOFIELD, Major-General."

_Thomas to Halleck, after the Battles of Franklin and Nashville. Official Records, vol. xlv. pt. ii. p. 274._

[Indorsement] "HEAD Q'RS, DEP'T OF THE CUMBERLAND. IN THE FIELD, TENNESSEE, Dec. 20, 1864.

Respectfully forwarded, earnestly recommending the promotion of Brig.-Gen. J. D. Cox to the grade of Major-General. His services on the Atlanta campaign entitle him to the promotion asked for, and at the battle of Franklin he was eminently distinguished for personal courage as well as for the skilful management of his command.

(Signed) GEORGE H. THOMAS, Maj.-Gen. Com'g."

_Thomas to Halleck, Dec. 23, 1864, again recommending General Cox for Promotion. Official Records, vol. xlv. pt. ii. pp. 234, 235._

"HEADQUARTERS THIRD DIVISION, 23D ARMY CORPS. ON GRANNY WHITE PIKE, December 17, 1864.

MAJ. J. A. CAMPBELL, Ass't Adj't-Gen., Army of the Ohio.

MAJOR,--I have the honor to claim for my command the capture of eight pieces of the enemy's artillery, in the charge made by the first brigade last evening. The four pieces captured by the Eighth Tennessee Infantry, as stated by Colonel Doolittle in the accompanying dispatch, were not put under guard at the moment, and a guard was subsequently put over them and the pieces claimed by McArthur's division, Sixteenth Corps.

J. D. Cox, Brigadier-General Commanding."

[Inclosure] "H'DQ'RS, 1ST BRIGADE, 30 Div., 23d ARMY CORPS. IN THE FIELD, December 17, 1864.

CAPT. THEODORE Cox, Ass't Adj't-General.

SIR,--I have the honor to report that in the charge on the enemy's works yesterday, my brigade captured eight pieces of artillery, light twelves, instead of four as reported verbally. The four pieces claimed by McArthur's division, Sixteenth Corps, were taken by the 8th Tennessee, who drove the enemy from them. The 12th Kentucky took the other four pieces. CHAS. C. DOOLITTLE, Col. 18th Michigan Inft'y, Commanding."

[First Indorsement] "HEAD Q'RS, ARMY OF THE OHIO, FRANKLIN, TENN., Dec. 19th, 1864.

Respectfully forwarded to Head Quarters Department of the Cumberland.

(Signed) J. M. SCHOFIELD, Major-General."

[Second Indorsement] "H'DQ'RS DEP'T OF THE CUMBERLAND, DUCK RIVER, TENN., Dec. 23, 1864.

Respectfully forwarded to Maj.-Gen. H. W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, recommending that Brig.-Gen. J. D. Cox be promoted to the grade of Major-General.

(Signed) GEO. H. THOMAS, Maj.-Gen. U. S. Vols., Commanding."

RECOMMENDATION FOR CORPS COMMAND

"HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA, WILMINGTON, N. C., February 24, 1865.

LIEUT.-GEN. U. S. GRANT, Commanding Armies of the United States. City Point, Va.

GENERAL,--I respectfully request that the troops in this department which do not belong to the Twenty-third Army Corps may be organized into an army corps, and that Maj.-Gen. Alfred H. Terry be assigned to its command. Also that Maj.-Gen. J. D. Cox may be assigned to the command of the Twenty-third Army Corps.

I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. M. SCHOFIELD, Major-General." [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. ii. p. 559.]

[_Letter of same date_.]

"... I have asked for the assignment of General Cox and General Terry to corps commands, both because the strength of my command renders it desirable, and because it will enable me to leave either the one or the other in command of the column which I may not be with at any time." [Footnote: _Ibid_.]

"HEADQUARTERS, ARMY OF THE OHIO, GOLDSBOROUGH, N. C., March 22, 1865. LIEUTENANT-GENERAL GRANT, City Point, Va.

Near a month ago I wrote you a letter requesting that Maj.-Gen. J. D. Cox be assigned to the command of the Twenty-third Army Corps, and that the remaining troops in this department be organized into a corps in command of Maj.-Gen. A. H. Terry. Having received no reply, I presume that my letter did not reach you; therefore I beg leave to renew the request. But if it be not deemed advisable to organize a corps for General Terry, I nevertheless respectfully request that Major-General Cox may be assigned to the command of the Twenty-third Corps. J. M. SCHOFIELD, Major-General."

[Indorsement] "GOLDSBOROUGH, N. C., March 23, 1865.

I approve this. I know that General Cox is a good officer, and General Terry has the best possible reputation. General Schofield will want two corps organizations as soon as possible. W. T. SHERMAN, Major-General, Commanding." [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. ii. pp. 960, 961.]

"CITY POINT, VA., March 25, 1865.

HON. E. M. STANTON, Secretary of War, Washington.

General Schofield recommends and I approve the appointment of General Cox to the command of the Twenty-third Corps. He also asks the organization of the balance of the troops in his department into a corps under General Terry. This will be of great advantage to his command. I would suggest that Terry's corps be called the Tenth.

U. S. GRANT, Lieutenant-General." [Footnote: _Id._, pt. iii. p 18.]

"GENERAL ORDERS No. 49.

WAR DEP'T, ADJ'T-GENERAL'S OFFICE, WASHINGTON, March 27, 1865.

By direction of the President, the following assignments are hereby made:

I. Maj.-Gen. A. A. Humphreys, to the command of the Second Army Corps.

II. Maj.-Gen. J. G. Parke to the command of the Ninth Army Corps.

III. Maj.-Gen. J. D. Cox to the command of the Twenty-third Army Corps.

IV. All other troops in North Carolina not belonging to corps in General Sherman's army will constitute the Tenth Army Corps, of which Maj.-Gen. A. H. Terry is assigned to the command.

By command of the Secretary of War, E. D. TOWNSEND, Assistant Adjutant-General." [Footnote: Official Records, vol. xlvii. pt. iii. p. 34.]

INDEX

NOTE. For economy of space the usual abbreviations for proper and geographical names are employed. Other abbreviations are:

A., army; a. a. g., assistant adjutant-general; a. d. c., aide-de-camp; adm., admiral; adm'n, administration; A. C., army corps; art., artillery; bat., battery; br., brevet; brig., brigade, brigadier; capt., captain; cav., cavalry; ch., church; ch'f, chief; C. H., courthouse; co., company; col., colonel; com., commodore; com'd'g, commanding; com'r, commander; conf., confederate; cr., creek; C. S. A., Confederate States Army; dep't, department; dist., district; div., division; gen., general; Gov., Governor; h'dqu'r's, headquarters; inf., infantry; insp., inspector; l't, lieutenant; maj., major; mt., mountain; pos., position; reg., regular; reg't, regiment; R., river; R. R., railroad; Sec'y, secretary; sta., station; U. S. A., United States Army; U. S. V., United States Volunteers.

The rank of officers is given as of the date when the events described in the text occurred.

ABBOTT, Jos. C., colonel 7th New Hampshire, commanding brigade, at Federal Point, North Carolina.

Aides-de-camp, intimate association with commanding officer; how appointed; duties of,

Ames, Adelbert, brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding division at Federal Point and Ft. Fisher, North Carolina; with General Cox's column on Cape Fear River.

Amnesty, approved by Lincoln; discussed by Sherman and Johnston; extended to all in arms at Lee's surrender; sustained by popular feeling.

Anderson, Adna, operates Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad.

Anderson, Chas., colonel 93rd Ohio; wounded at Stone's River; elected Lieutenant Governor of Ohio.

Anderson, Edw. L., captain 52nd Ohio, wounded at Jonesboro.

Anderson, Fred. Pope, lieutenant 181st Ohio.

Anderson, Geo. B., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at South Mountain.

Anderson, Geo. T., brigadier general Confederate States Army, assaults Ft. Sanders.

Anderson, Henry R., captain 6th U. S. Infantry

Anderson, Larz, brother of General Robt. Anderson, had five sons in Union army.

Anderson, Larz, Jr., aide-de-camp on staff of General North Carolina McLean.

Anderson, Latham, colonel 8th Cal.

Anderson, Nicholas L., colonel 6th Ohio, wounded at Stone's River and Chickamauga.

Anderson, Richard H., major general Confederate States Army, at Maryland Heights; at Antietam.

Anderson, Robt., lieutenant colonel 9th Pennsylvania, commanding brig, at Antietam.

Anderson, Thos. McA., captain 14th U. S. Infantry, later colonel same.

Anderson, Wm. M., brother of General Robt. Anderson, had two sons in Union army.

Anderson, Wm. P., captain and assistant adjutant-general at Cincinnati.

Andersonville, confederate treatment of prisoners at.

Ankele, Chas., major 37th Ohio, at Princeton, West Virginia

Andrews, Lorin, President Kenyon College, colonel 4th Ohio.

Anthony, Sister, hospital work at Camp Dennison.

Antietam, battlefield described; map of; fords of; battle on the right; battle on the left; conduct of, criticised; losses at.

Appointments, general officers U. S. A., laws regulating; practice concerning.

Army of the Potomac, shares in McClellan's errors as to enemy's strength and supports his views; its failures contrasted with success of western armies.

Army Corps, 1st, at South Mountain and Antietam; losses at Antietam; 2nd, at South Mountain and Antietam; 4th, marches to relief of Knoxville; at Blain's Cross-roads; privations in E. Tennessee; withdrawn to Knoxville; winter quarters between Kingston and Loudon; Wood's div in pursuit of Longstreet; returns to Army of the Cumberland; concentrates at Cleveland; connects Army of Cumberland with Army of the Ohio; at Tunnel Hill; Newton's division at Rocky Face; during Hood's Tennessee campaign; General Couch assigned to; dissatisfaction in corps; at battle of Nashville; in pursuit of Hood. 5th, at Antietam. 6th, at Alexandria; in reserve at Crampton's Gap; not at Antietam when fight began. 9th, Kanawha division attached to; at Fox's Gap, South Mountain; extreme left at Antietam; waiting for orders to advance; difficulties in carrying bridge and fords over the Antietam; overcomes them all and drives enemy into Sharpsburg; attacked in left and rear by A. P. Hill's division; maintains its position; losses at Antietam; moved by sea from North Carolina to Ft. Monroe; sent to Falmouth, Virginia, and Warrenton to join Pope; Kanawha division detached and sent to West Virginia; sent to Kentucky much weakened by malarial disease; recuperates in Kentucky; moves into E. Tennessee; movements in E. Tenn; at siege of Knoxville; at Blain's Cross-roads; Strawberry Plains; in winter quarters; ordered East again with Burnside in command. 12th, covers trains of Pope's army; at Antietam; losses at Antietam; in support of Sedgwick. 14th, at Tunnel Hill; at Resaca; deprived of Davis' division; reunited at New Hope Church; at Peachtree Creek; at Averasborough and Bentonville. 15th, at Villanow; at Dallas; at Roswell; at Atlanta; at Ezra Church; at Bentonville; on march to Raleigh. 16th, same as last. 17th moves from Decatur, Alabama, via Rome to Allatoona; and Ackworth; in North Carolina 20th, at Bridgeport and Wauhatchie, Tennessee; at Dug Gap; through Snake Creek Gap; at Resaca; off its beat; again, at crossing of the Etowah; assaults confederate lines at New Hope Church and is repulsed; in reserve; flanking movement near Ackworth; at Kolb's farm; at Peachtree Creek; holds Atlanta; at Averasborough and Bentonville; on march to Raleigh; marches through Raleigh. 23d, organized; pursuit and capture of Morgan raiders; scattered and fatigued by the chase; ordered back to Kentucky; advance into E. Tennessee; service in E. Tennessee; at Loudon; in battle of Campbell's Station; at siege of Knoxville; at Blain's Cross-roads; privations; unanimous re-enlistment; at Strawberry Plains; sufferings from intense cold; marches to Dandridge; back to Strawberry Plains; winter quarters at Knoxville; march to Morristown; good soldiers; at Rocky Face; at Resaca; reinforced by nine new regiments at the Etowah; at Burnt Hickory; swings to the left; forces crossing of Noyes's Creek; advances to Cheney's; at battle of Kolb's farm; forces crossing of Olley's Creek and gains threatening position beyond enemy's left flank; holds position while Sherman's army passes to rear and right; forces crossing of Chattahoochee at Soap Creek; extreme right flank of army southwest of Atlanta; Cox's division covers itself by field intrenchments in fifteen minutes; October campaign, 1864, General Cox in command; ordered to report to Thomas; march to Dalton; cars to Nashville; at Columbia, Tennessee; at Pulaski; race back to Columbia; at Columbia; at battle of Franklin; at battle of Nashville; follows Smith's corps in pursuit of Hood; recruited to 15,000; hard winter march from Columbia to Clifton, Tennessee; transported from Clifton to Washington: shipped to North Carolina; ascends right bank of Cape Fear River, captures Ft. Anderson, Town Creek, and compels evacuation of Wilmington; at battle of Kinston; losses at Kinston; dress parade at Goldsborough in honor of Sherman's arrival; march to Raleigh; at Raleigh; at Greensborough.

Army Headquarters, business centre for a large military population.

Army Pets.

Army Regulations, necessity for careful study of.

Atlanta Campaign; decisive importance of, recognized by Southern leaders.

Atlanta, Battle of.

"Atlantic," Collins line steamship used in transporting part of 23d army corps to North Carolina.

Audenreid, Jos. C., captain, and aide-de-camp on Sherman's staff, rides around enemy's lines into Knoxville.

Augur, Christopher C., appointed major general

Averasborough, North Carolina, battle of.

Badger, George E., ex-senator from North Carolina, joins Graham's peace delegation; mentioned.

Baker, Lawrence S., brigadier general Confederate States Army, in command of North Carolina militia at Kinston.

Ball, Hon. Flamen, attorny for Burnside in Vallandigham _habeas corpus_ case.

Ballot, extension of, to soldiers in the field.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, importance of; Union forces collected on line of.

Banks, N. P., major general United States Volunteers, commanding forces in Shenandoah Valley; defeated by "Stonewall" Jackson; in charge of defences of Washington.

Barbarism, tendency of war to make men relapse into; efforts of officers to curb tendency; of Union armies exaggerated to keep up war spirit of Southern people.

Barker, C. W., major 12th Ill. cavalry, in West Virginia

Barlow, Francis C., colonel 61st New York, desperately wounded at Antietam.

Barnett, James, colonel 1st Ohio Artillery, in West Virginia

Barriger, John W., captain and commissary on General Cox's staff; good qualities.

Barter, Richard F., colonel commanding brigadier, in 23d army corps, at Olley's Creek

Bascom, Gustavus M., aide-de-camp on General Cox's staff; promoted to major; accompanies General Cox to E. Tennessee; transferred to Stoneman's staff.

Bates, Joshua H., brigadier-general Ohio Vol. Infantry, at Camp Dennison.

Batteaux, used for transportation of supplies from head of navigation to Kanawha Falls; more economical than wagon transportation.

Baxter, John, loyalist, lawyer at Knoxville, afterwards U. S. Circuit Judge for 6th Circuit.

Beauregard, P. G. T., lieutenant general Confederate States Army, suggested by Lee to succeed Bragg; Davis takes no notice of suggestion; ordered to reinforce Polk with 10,000 men; replies, impracticable; in command Western Department; confers with Hood; says latter departed from plans agreed on; criticised by Sherman; hears of Thomas' expected reinforcements and orders Hood to take aggressive immediately; commands forces in the Carolinas; orders Hardee to evacuate Charleston; confesses inability to resist Sherman's march; startles Davis; retreats into North Carolina; superseded by Johnston; estimates of forces contradicted by official returns; at Greensborough; declares further prosecution of war hopeless.

Becker, Gottfried, lieutenant colonel 28th Ohio, at South Mountain.

Beecher, Henry Ward, meeting with General Cox; correspondence with Stanton about photographs of Lincoln cortege.

Bell, T. S., Pt colonel 51st Pennsylvania, killed at Burnside bridge.

Benham, H. W., captain of engineers; consults about fortifying Gauley Bridge; appointed brigadier general; at Carnifex Ferry; Cross Lanes; near Gauley Bridge; ordered to move to rear of Floyd's position on Cotton Hill and intercept retreat; fails to do so; Rosecrans orders court-martial, but McClellan suppresses it; transferred to another department.

Benjamin, Judah P., attorny-general Confederate States Army, at Davis' last cabinet meeting; decides States alone can dissolve confederacy and return to their allegiance; escapes to Cuba.

Benjamin, Samuel N., lieutenant 2nd U. S. Artillery, at Antietam; at Ft. Sanders; reports cowardice of commanding officer.

Bennett, residence of, near Durham, North Carolina, where Sherman and Johnston discussed terms of surrender.

Bentonville, North Carolina, battle of; sound of battle heard fifty miles away.

Beverly, West Virginia, concentration of confederate troops at; importance of situation; abandoned after battle of Rich Mountain

Big Creek Gap, fine view through.

Big Sandy River, as transportation route to E. Tennessee

Big Sewell Mountain, reached by Cox's advance; occupied by General Cox; difficulty of hauling supplies to; compels retirement.

Birkhimer's "Military Government and Martial Law" cited.

Blair, Frank P., major general United States Volunteers, prefers command in Sherman's Army to seat in Congress; commands 17th army corps; marches from Decatur, Alabama, to Rome, Kingston, and Ackworth; his corps makes good Sherman's losses in Atlanta campaign; sent to Missouri to stump; wants to stop foraging in North Carolina

Blenker, Louis, brigadier general United States Volunteers, ordered to join Fremont; does not arrive in time to participate in advance.

Blizzard, fearful in E. Tennessee, Jan. 1864.

Blockhouses, construction and use in railroad defence.

Bloodgood, Edw., lieutenant colonel 22nd Wisc., captured with his command by Forrest.

Bloody Lane, at Antietam.

Bluestone River, West Virginia, operations on.

Bondurant, J. W., captain Alabama artillery, at South Mountain

Bonticou, Jos. C., lieutenant 2nd Kentucky, scout, mistakes McCook's tents for enemy's camp.

Boone courthouse, West Virginia, confederate militia routed at.

Boone, Thos. C., lieutenant colonel 115th Ohio, commanding Kemper Barracks, Cincinnati.

Border States, slavery question most troublesome in; military administration in; distasteful.

Boughton, Horace, colonel 143rd New York, commanding brig, at battle of Kinston.

Bounty Jumping, evils and extent of; arrest of deserters and efforts to prevent frauds.

Boyle, Jere. T., brigadier-general United States Volunteers, in Morgan raid; commanding 1st division 23d army corps

Bradley, D. C., lieutenant 65th Ill., aide-de-camp on General Cox's staff.

Bragg, Braxton, general Confederate States Army, invades Kentucky; sends large forces to Johnston's assistance in Mississippi; reinforced by Longstreet's corps before Chickamauga; forces of, opposing Rosecrans; weakened by absence of Morgan; losses at Chickamauga; unable to break line of supplies for Chattanooga; orders Longstreet to E. Tennessee; intends crushing Burnside and quick return; defeated at Chattanooga; Longstreet's return cut off; evil consequences; asks for investigation; want of confidence in; directed to turn command over to Hardee; quoted by Davis; correspondence with Johnston; with Hood; goes to Atlanta to examine condition of affairs and reports; exposes habitual underestimate of their forces by confederate generals; commanding department of North Carolina; headquarters at Wilmington; forced to evacuate by General Cox; forces of, Feb. 10th; serves under Johnston; concentrates all forces and attacks General Cox at Kinston; mistaken order; waits for reinforcements; final attack at Kinston; repulsed; forces of, at Kinston; at Chester, South Carolina; captured near Athens, Georgia

Brannan, John M., brigadier-general United States Volunteers; at Chickamauga.

Breckinridge, John C., Secretary of War Confederate States Army, admits slavery to be dead; takes part in Sherman-Johnston conference; at Davis' last cabinet meeting; decides Hampton's troops bound by capitulation but H. himself free to ignore; escapes to Cuba.

British Army, weak points revealed; not so apt in learning new lessons as our own.

Brough, John, Union Democrat, defeats Vallandigham.

Brown, Rev. Fred. T., chaplain 7th Ohio, trip from Sutton to Gauley through enemy's lines to bring Cox information.

Brown, Jos. E., Governor of Georgia, tenders 5000 militia for defence of Atlanta; urges reinforcements to prevent fall of Atlanta; exasperation with confederate government; bitter correspondence with confederate war department; mentioned.

Brownlow, James P., colonel 1st E. Tennessee Cav.

Brownlow, Wm. E., "Parson," leading loyalist at Knoxville.

Buckner, Simon B., major general Confederate States Army, commanding in E. Tennessee; joins Longstreet in siege of Knoxville.

Buell, Don Carlos, major general United States Volunteers, General Cox ordered to join; order countermanded on Rosecrans' protest; objects to invasion of E. Tennessee; sends Garfield to Big Sandy, and Morgan to Cumberland Gap; retreats before Bragg; ordered before military commission; why Rosecrans chosen to succeed.

Buford, Abram, brigadier-general Confederate States Army, commanding division Forrest's cavalry

Buford, N. B., appointed major-general United States Volunteers; not confirmed.

Bull Run, second battle of, guns heard at Washington; news of Pope's defeat reaches Washington.

Bull Run bridge, stout defence by Scammon.

Burbank, Sidney, major, mustering officer at Camp Jackson.

Burdsall, Henry W., commanding ind. Co. Ohio Cavalry.

Burnside, Ambrose E., twice declines command of Army of Potomac and urges McClellan's retention; commanding right wing; first impressions of; at South Mountain; sharp reply to Hooker's report; relations with McClellan; command divided at Antietam; leaves Cox in command of 9th army corps; understanding of McClellan's plans; practically without command; order to attack, when received; efforts to hurry advance; McClellan's true friend; heartily advocates emancipation and advises McC. on subject; forwards Porter's dispatches about Pope to Washington; held responsible by Porter for his court-martial; grieved by division of his command, and McC.'s withdrawal of confidence; and unjust reprimand; explains delay; fine appearance on field; cordial manners, popularity with his troops; sincerity and unselfishness; appointed to succeed McC. in spite of his protests; dispiriting effect of his defeat at Fredericksburg; ordered to Department of the Ohio; plans for occupying E. Tennessee; headquarters at Cincinnati; character and habits of; General Order No. 38; warns Cincinatti papers against publishing military information; causes arrest and trial of Vallandigham; suppresses "Chicago Times"; overruled by the President; plans campaign into E. Tennessee; efforts to agree with Rosecrans on plan of advance; directed to send 9th army corps to Vicksburg; departure with staff for E. Tennessee; recall; organizes raids into West Virginia, E. Tennessee, and S. W. Kentucky; efforts to catch Morgan; declares martial law in southern Ohio, during Morgan raid; imprisons Morgan and his officers in Ohio penitentiary; dramatic announcement of fall of Vicksburg; rejoices in return of 9th army corps; Halleck's unjust treatment of; concentrates forces and advances into E. Tennessee; captures General Frazer and 2500 men at Cumberland Gap; impossibility of co-operating with Rosecrans; congratulated by President and Halleck; asks to be relieved; organizes and arms E. Tennessee volunteers; directed to move toward Chattanooga and support Rosecrans; inability to reach River before battle of Chickamauga; explains to War Department; concentrates near Loudon; attacks confederate General Jones and drives him into Virginia; relations with Rosecrans; informs Grant of his situation and necessities of troops; opposes Longstreet; well-conducted retreat to Knoxville; relieved of command; habitual unfriendliness of Halleck; Congress passes resolutions of thanks; at his best in such commands; lack of system and other faults; offers General Cox corps command in E. Tennessee; recommends him for such appointment to General Foster; plans another expedition to North Carolina; not allowed to carry it out.

Burnside's Bridge, across the Antietam; least promising point of attack; carried by Cox's command; losses at.

Butler, Benj. F., major general United States Volunteers, relieved of command; criticises Grant in farewell order; further assignment to command opposed by Grant.

Butler, M. C., major general Confederate States Army, sent to assist Johnston in driving back Sherman; included in Johnston's capitulation.

Butterfield, Daniel, major general United States Volunteers, interferes with Schofield's advance; declines to act on his request; claims to outrank S. and disputes his authority.

Buzzard Roost, strong defensive position at Dalton, Georgia; attacks on, by Newton, and Geary.

Byrd, Robt. K., colonel E. Tennessee volunteers; commanding cavalry in E. Tennessee; at crossing of Olley's Creek

Cameron, Daniel, commanding brig, in Cox's division 23d army corps, carries bridge over Noyes' Creek; supports Byrd beyond Olley's Creek; intrenches between Byrd and Reilly.

Camp Dennison, Ohio camp of instruction; laid out by General Cox; huts built; floors laid; drilling of militia; water works; routine at; measles at; re-enlisting of three months men at.

Camp Jackson, near Columbus, Ohio, first depot of recruits.

Camp Lookout, West Virginia; amusing incident.

Campbell, John A., ex-justice U. S. Supreme Court, confederate peace commander.

Campbell, John A., major and assistant adjutant-general on Schofield's staff.

Canby, Edw. R., major general United States Volunteers, Grant plans movement by.

Cantey, James, brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Resaca.

Carnifex Ferry, West Virginia, map of; battle of.

Carrington, Henry B., brigadier general United States Volunteers, superseded by Hascall at Indianapolis; restored at Morton's request; active in prosecuting Knights of Golden Circle.

Carter, John C., captain U. S. steamer "Michigan"; aids in defeating plot to release rebel prisoners.

Carter, Samuel P., assists in re-occupation of Kanawha valley; commanding division of mounted troops; advance into E. Tennessee; joins 23d army corps; succeeds Meagher in command of division at Beaufort, North Carolina; in advance on Kinston; good conduct in first day's battle; again, on final assault; commanding division composed of Palmer's and his own; transferred to third (Cox's) division of 23d army corps, when latter assumes corps command.

Casement, John S., major 7th Ohio, brings 400 to Charleston after surprise at Cross Lanes; colonel of 103rd Ohio; recruits new brass band for his brigade; at battle of Nashville; on expedition to North Carolina; on advance up right bank Cape Fear River

Cavalry, activity of confederate; raids usually costly affairs; difficulties of mounting; enormous waste of horses; outpost and patrol duties more important than showy raids.

Cave Spring, Georgia, description of; rendezvous for Hood and Beauregard.

Chalmers, James R., brigadier general Confederate States Army, commanding division in Forrest's cavalry, at battle of Nashville.

Chantilly, battle of.

Chaplains, army.

Charleston, South Carolina, fall of, has depressing effect on Confederacy.

Charleston, West Virginia, strategic position; taken by General Cox; inundated; headquarters of General Cox winter of 1861-2; remissness of city officials; reoccupied by General Cox.

Chase, Salmon P., Secretary of Treasury; differences with President Lincoln: corresponds with Garfield; chief justice, entertains General Cox.

Chattanooga, Tennessee, siege by Bragg; line of supplies opened; lines of communication with Nashville and North; fortified and garrisoned.

Cheatham, Benj. F., major general Confederate States Army, controversy with Hood; at battle of Atlanta; succeeds to command of Hardee's corps; at battle of Nashville; joins Bragg's army in North Carolina; after capitulation, moves across Great Smoky Mountains with Tennessee troops.

Chickamauga, battle of.

Chief Command, strain of, as compared with subordinate position.

Chief of Staff, importance of position

Christ, B. C., colonel 50th Pennsylvania, commanding brigade at South Mountain; at Antietam.

Christian, Wm. A., colonel 26th New York, commanding brig, at Antietam.

Christie, S. L., captain and aide-de-camp on General Cox's staff; resigns on account of ill health.

Cincinnati, headquarters Department of the Ohio; in 1863 a centre for rebel sympathizers; refuge for Southern women; defended against Morgan raiders; enthusiasm over surrender of Vicksburg.

Claassen, Peter J., colonel 132nd New York, commanding brig at battle of Kinston.

Clarke, Melvin, lieutenant colonel 36th Ohio, at South Mountain

Clay, Cassius M., major general United States Volunteers, not assigned to duty; resigns and is appointed min. to Russia.

Clayton, H. D., major general Confederate States Army, at Kinston; falls on Upham's flank.

Cluseret, Gustave, colonel and aide-de-camp on Frémont's staff; amusing controversy with General Milroy; military chief of Paris commune in 1870.

Cobb, Howell, brigadier general Confederate States Army, at South Mountain

Coburn, John, colonel 33rd Indiana commanding brigade, captured by Van Dorn.

Cochrane, John, brigadier general United States Volunteers, war Democrat, consults McClellan about Emancipation Proclamation; publishes recollections of interview; attempts to bring McClellan and Chase into harmony.

Cockerill, Giles J., commanding battery D 1st Ohio artillery, at Kolb's farm.

Coffee, value of, in army rations; improvised coffee-mills.

Colburn, A. V., colonel and assistant adjutant-general on McClellan's staff, accompanies him on rides about Washington.

Coleman, Aug. H., lieutenant colonel 11th Ohio, leads charge up Cotton Mountain, West Virginia; at South Mountain; killed at Burnside bridge.

Coleman, D., colonel Confederate States Army, commanding brigade at battle of Nashville.

Colored Troops, excellent conduct in skirmish at Federal Point.

Colquitt, Alfred H., colonel Confederate States Army commanding brigade at Antietam.

Comly, James M., major 23d Ohio; repulses attack at Pack's Ferry, West Virginia

Comstock, C. B., lieutenant colonel engineers on Grant's staff; gets key to cipher dispatches; reprimanded by Stanton; accompanies Terry's expedition against Ft. Fisher; suggests flanking Hoke's position at Federal Point; plan adopted by Schofield, but fails on account of heavy gales and deep sands; explains Schofield's use of hospital steamer "Spaulding".

Confederate Army, dwindles as hopes of success vanish; disorders threatened on capitulation; complete submission to U. S. authority; paroled and sent home; manifest interest in drill and discipline of U. S. troops.

Confederate Currency, enormous depreciation of. 195.

Conine, Jas. W., lieutenant and aide-de-camp on General Cox's staff; appointed colonel of 5th U. S. Colored troops.

Connecticut Troops, 8th Infantry at Antietam; 11th Infantry at Antietam; 15th Infantry at Kinston.

"Contrabands," slaves of confederate officers coming into Union lines; term gradually applied to all escaped slaves; difficulties in treatment of.

Cook, Asa M., captain 8th Massachusetts Artillery, at South Mountain

Coon, Datus E., colonel United States Volunteers, commanding 2nd brigade Wilson's cavalry at Nashville; captures enemy's cavalry baggage train.

Cooper, Jos. A., colonel 6th E. Tennessee, promoted brigadier general and assigned to command 2nd division 23d army corps; at Johnsonville, Tennessee; ordered to Beard's Ferry; masterly retreat from.

Cooper, Samuel, adjutant and inspector general Confederate States Army, capitulates with Johnston's army; tries to preserve confederate archives.

Corps Commander, takes precedence over ranking major generals not assigned to corps command.

Corse, John M., brigadier general United States Volunteers, successfully defends Allatoona.

Cotton Mountain, West Virginia, overlooking Gauley, seized by Floyd; annoying fire from; Floyd's position on, carried by Cox and Schenck.

Couch, Darius N., major general United States Volunteers, at Yorktown; ordered to observe A. P. Hill at Harper's Ferry; should have come on field of Antietam not later than Hill; but did not appear; reports to General Thomas for duty, assigned to 4th army corps; owing to dissatisfaction in that corps assigned to 23d army corps; outranks General Cox and displaces him as second in command; at battle of Nashville; on march from Columbia to Clifton; commands 23d army corps _en route_ from Clifton to Washington; sails with his division to Beaufort, North Carolina; commands two divisions 23d army corps left at Wilmington; ordered to support of Cox at Kinston; commands 2nd division 23d army corps under General Cox.

Coughlan, James, lieutenant 24th Kentucky and aide-de-camp on General Cox's staff; daring ride at Olley's Creek; captured near Atlanta, exchanged, and killed at Franklin.

Councils of War, why they never fight.

Cox, Jacob D., in Ohio Senate; assists Governor Dennison in enrolling and organizing State militia; appointed brigadier general O. S. V. April 23d, 1861; inspects State arsenal with McClellan; in command of Camp Jackson; inspects site with McClellan and lays out Camp Dennison; first lessons in camping out and brigade drill; extensive reading of military works; all but one of his regiments ordered away; ill effects of repeated change of command; appointed brigadier general United States Volunteers; confirmed; ordered to Kanawha valley with raw regiments not yet equipped; begins operations on a base 100 miles broad; with 3400 men ordered to drive out Wise, who had 4000; begins advance July 11th; wild rumors; affair at Scary Creek; turns enemy's flank at Tyler Mountain; captures Charleston; presuming colonels; quiet manner often led to similar difficulties; experience with newspaper correspondents; captures Gauley Bridge with 1500 stands of arms and munitions of war; congratulated by McClellan and Rosecrans; establishes post at Gauley, scouts in all directions, sends out detachments to deceive enemy; left with only 1800 men to oppose Wise and Floyd with 8000; suppresses mutinous excitement; meets Rosecrans at Cross Lanes; joined by McCook's brigade; at Camp Lookout; at Big Sewell Mountain; skirmish with Wise's legion; difficulty of obtaining supplies forces retirement to Camp Lookout; holds post at Gauley during occupation of Cotton Mountain by Floyd; carries Cotton Mountain by front attack up river face; commands District of Kanawha, headquarters at Charleston; ordered to report to Buell in Kentucky, countermanded on Rosecrans' protest; first military execution ordered; weeding out incompetents and improving drill and discipline of Kanawha division; scrutiny of correspondence between confederates and residents within the lines; dealing with non-combatants; disapproves of test oaths; policy with regard to escaped slaves; controversies with owners; prefers seasoned volunteers to regulars; rapid improvement of volunteer officers; rebuilds bridge at Gauley; uses batteaux for transportation on upper Kanawha; reports to Frémont 8500 seasoned troops under his command; pursuant to Frémont's plan of campaign moves to Princeton, West Virginia; affair at Princeton; retires to Flat Top Mountain, on advices that Jackson's defeat of Banks upsets campaign; ordered to Washington with his command; Kanawha division marches 90 miles in 3-1/2 days fully equipped, over mountain roads; impressions of Secretary Stanton; in defences of Washington under McClellan; meets Pope and McDowell retreating to Washington; commends general scheme of Pope's campaign; learns through his scouts of Lee's invasion of Maryland; methods of collecting and sifting information; condemns McClellan's spy system; ordered to report to Burnside; first impressions; attached to 9th Corps and takes advance; shocked at straggling in Army of Potomac; meets General Reno; good impression made by Kanawha division; at the Monocacy; at Frederick, Maryland; supports Pleasanton; commands in action at Fox's Gap, South Mountain; Reno arrives late in day, is killed almost immediately, and Cox succeeds to command of the corps; expresses his pride in the conduct of the Kanawha division; meets McClellan and principal officers of Army of Potomac at headquarters; retained in command of 9th Corps; part it was to take in the battle; carries Burnside bridge and fords in front and drives confederate right wing back to Sharpsburg; movement arrested by arrival of A. P. Hill's division from Harper's Ferry and flank attack; holds his position and sleeps on battlefield; gets hints of a project to make McClellan dictator; consulted by McC. as to how he should treat Emancipation Proclamation; warns him against putting himself in opposition to administration; accompanies Lincoln in ride over battlefield of Antietam; promoted to major general and command of 9th Corps; ordered to return to Kanawha valley, overrun by confederate forces in his absence; commands District of West Virginia; takes leave of 9th Corps; Stanton; and Chase; reports to General H. G. Wright at Cincinnati; impressions of; inspects commands of Morgan and Lightburn; contracts for wagons and transportation; reoccupies Kanawha valley, driving out Loring, Echols, and Jenkins; administration of affairs in West Virginia; headquarters at Marietta; staff reorganized; appointment as major general not confirmed; severe disappointment; evils of subjecting military appointments to political action; reports to General Schenck at Baltimore; ordered to Columbus to assist Governor in enrolling and organizing conscripts; commands Military District of Ohio, headquarters at Cincinnati; relations to Burnside; disinclined to arrest Vallandigham followers; District of Mich, added to his command; acting chief of staff for Burnside; transacts business of the Department of the Ohio, in Burnside's name; firm dealing with extreme Democratic partisans; nomination fails because it had support of neither regular army officers nor politicians; secures approval of immediate commanders; urgent to obtain field command; reads Kinglake's "Crimean War" and derives comfort from record of experiments and blunders in English Army; defeats plot to free prisoners on Johnson's Island; offered corps command in E. Tennessee by Burnside; investigates treatment of prisoners at Johnson's Island; ordered to report to commanding general in E. Tennessee; winter ride over Mountains; meets Burnside and staff coming out; assigned to command District of Kentucky; distaste for such commands; assigned to command 23d army corps; at Strawberry Plains; first meeting with Grant; reports to Sheridan at Dandridge, in; retreat to Strawberry Plains; drives back rebel advance toward Knoxville; threatened with pneumonia; winter quarters at Knoxville; yields command of 23d army corps to Major General Stoneman; asks for command of Sheridan's division 4th army corps; Major General Newton gets it; meets Schofield; acts as chief of staff for Schofield; amusing occurrence on grand rounds; at Newmarket, E. Tennessee; at Morristown; offers plan of campaign for Army of the Ohio; approved by Schofield; offered permanent position as chief of staff, or division in 23d army corps; takes latter; second in command to Schofield; ordered to join Sherman, drives enemy out of E. Tennessee and destroys railroad back to Knoxville; march to Dalton; first meeting with Sherman and Thomas; commands extreme left at Dalton; retires left wing in presence of enemy; movement praised by Sherman and Schofield; protects exposed flank by fallen timber; beginning of field intrenchments; marches through Snake Creek Gap and takes position on left of army; carries intrenchments on confederate right at Resaca; commands advance and extreme left on march from Resaca to Cassville; outflanks confederate army and forces abandonment of position before Cassville; follows confederate rearguard to crossing of Etowah River; privations when marching without baggage; on march to New Hope Church lines; assumes command of 23d army corps on Schofield's becoming disabled; turns confederate position at New Hope Church; closer relations with Sherman; unseen perils, narrow escape; heavy rains and discomfort; gloomy thoughts; occupies position on extreme right, separated a mile from rest of army; forces crossing of Noyes' Creek; supports Hascall at Kolb's farm, against Hood's attack; forces crossing of Olley's Creek, intrenches in commanding position beyond enemy's left flank; holds position gained, three miles from continuous lines of Sherman's army, for several days; effects crossing of Chattahoochee at Soap Creek; extreme right flank southwest of Atlanta; his division covers its front with intrenchments in fifteen minutes; at Decatur, Georgia; in command of Army of the Ohio during October campaign; mild reproof of brig, commander who prefers a cursing; in pursuit of Hood; Sherman plans to take 23d army corps on march to the sea with Cox in command; Schofield protests, Cox yields; resumes command of his own division; recommended for promotion by Schofield and Sherman, App. C; farewell to Sherman; march to Dalton; visits Chattanooga; and Nashville; votes for Lincoln, on train; pet lizard; at Franklin, Tennessee; at Columbia; at Pulaski; race back to Columbia; writes book on "Battle of Franklin;" at Nashville, after retreat from Franklin; position as second in command, reduced by appointment of Major General Couch to a division; at battle of Nashville; exposure on night after battle; pursuit of Hood; revisits Franklin and studies battlefield; also Spring Hill and Columbia; rebuilds bridges and improves roads; suffers from malarial poisoning; obtains sick leave; does not use it, as active campaigning is proposed; earnestly recommended for promotion by Schofield and Thomas, App. C; appointed major general as of Dec. 7, to fill vacancy caused by McClernand's resignation; hard march from Columbia to Clifton; still suffering from malaria; goes home while 23d Corps is transported from Clifton to Washington; rapid improvement in health, and new zeal; rejoins corps at Washington; interviews with Stanton, Chase, Garfield, Dennison, Schenck, Henry Ward Beecher, Henry Winter Davis, and others; sails with his division to Cape Fear River, North Carolina; at Federal Point; commands column ascending right bank of Cape Fear River, capturing Ft. Anderson and Town Creek, with two cannon and 400 prisoners, and compelling evacuation of Wilmington; uses discretion in not strictly obeying Schofield's orders; permanent assignment to command 23d army corps urged by Schofield, App. C; takes command of troops at New Berne, North Carolina, and advances on Kinston; two battles at Kinston; losses at Kinston, chiefly in Upham's brigade, which was surprised; hears sound of battle of Bentonville, fifty miles away; occupies Goldsborough; permanently assigned to command 23d army corps, App. C; march to Raleigh; vigorous measures to stop pillage and arson; precautions against soldiers wreaking vengeance for assassination of Lincoln; commands western district of North Carolina, with headquarters at Greensborough; interview with General Hardee; with Johnston; visit to Salisbury, confederate treatment of prisoners denounced; recognizes local courts and magistrates; notes complete submission on part of North Carolina people to results of the war; limits authority to preserving the peace; visits Guilford-Old-Court-House, and battlefield; sentiments inspired thereby.

Cox, Theodore, brother of above, vol. aide-de-camp, at South Mountain and Antietam; lieutenant in 11th Ohio and aide-de-camp by appointmentt; at skirmish before Knoxville; at Knoxville; adjutant general on General Cox's staff; accuracy and business system of; issues orders for good conduct of troops on shipboard.

Crane, Orrin J., major 7th Ohio, at Antietam.

Cranor, Jonathan, colonel 40th Ohio, in West Virginia

Crawford, Samuel W., brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Antietam.

Creighton, Wm. R., lieutenant colonel 7th Ohio, comes in with Tyler after surprise at Cross Lanes; reproaches himself with cowardice; record of gallantry, until killed at Ringgold, Georgia

Crittenden, Eugene W., colonel commanding cavalry brigade in 23d army corps, reports to General Cox at Olley's Creek

Crittenden, Thos. L., major general United States Volunteers, in E. Tennessee.

Crome, G. L., lieutenant McMullin's battery; killed at South Mountain

Crook, Geo., captain 4th U. S. Infantry, colonel 36th Ohio, at Cross Lanes; Summersville; personal description of; captured at Cumberland; first vote; at Lewisburg, West Virginia; defeats Heth; attached to Kanawha division; reports to Pope at Warrenton, Virginia; commanding brig, in Kanawha division; supports Scammon; at South Mt; attached to Sturgis' division at Antietam; carries ford of Antietam above Burnside bridge; promoted brig, general; ordered to Clarksburg, West Virginia; commands Kanawha division; marches from Clarksburg to Gauley Bridge; at Gauley Bridge; transferred to Rosecrans' command in Tennessee; commends discipline of Kanawha division,

Cross Lanes, West Virginia, 7th Ohio surprised at and routed; consultation of Rosecrans and Cox at.

Cutler, Hon. Wm. P., M. C. from Marietta, Ohio, expresses popular distrust of Lincoln's ability.

DALTON, Georgia, geography of vicinity; impregnable to attack from north or west; operations about; strong character of defensive works.

Dana, Chas. A., Assistant Secretary of War; cipher dispatches to Stanton about Rosecrans and his officers; visits Burnside at Knoxville; reports to Grant; judgment of army officers at Chattanooga; advises Stanton concerning interview between Lincoln and confederate peace commanders; concerning prayers for the President in Episcopal churches at Richmond.

Dandridge, E. Tennessee, affair at; a surprise all around; both armies retreat.

Davis, David, Justice of U. S. Supreme Court, change in views regarding trial by military commissions in Indiana;

Davis, Henry Winter, M. C. from Maryland, dines with General Cox in Washington; opposes re-election of Lincoln; witty and scathing denunciation of L.

Davis, Jefferson, President Confederate States Army, advises with Lee about successor to Bragg; differences with Beauregard and Johnston; finally appoints Johnston; urges aggressive action; correspondence with Johnston; plans thwarted by long discussion; begs Johnston to retreat no further; receives no encouragement from him; sends Bragg to Atlanta to examine and report on condition of affairs; relieves Johnston and appoints Hood; convinced Hood needs intellectual guidance; urges Hardee to hold Charleston, and stop Sherman on line of Combahee River; startled by Beauregard's confession of inability to stop Sherman; notes difference between B.'s estimate of forces available and official returns; goes to Danville on fall of Richmond; thence to Greensborough, North Carolina; orders arrest of Governor Vance's peace commanders; advised by all his generals and cabinet that further prosecution of war was hopeless; authorizes Johnston to negotiate with Sherman; holds last cabinet meeting at Charlotte; unanimous decision that confederacy is conquered; assents to Johnston's surrender; reputed "plunder" nearly all paid out to Johnston's troops and his personal escort; tries to escape beyond Mississippi; captured S. E. of Macon.

Davis, Jeff. C., brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding division in Army of the Cumberland; movement on Rome; occupies Rome; attached to McPherson's command temporarily; assault on Kennesaw.

Dawes, Ephraim C., major 53rd Ohio, analysis of opposing forces in Atlanta campaign.

Dawes, Rufus R., lieutenant colonel 6th Wisc., at Antietam; "Service with the Sixth Wisconsin," cited.

Day, D. W. H., captain and assistant quartermaster, accompanies General Cox on winter ride to E. Tennessee; selects wagons and teams; marks fords; keeps teams moving; secures tents and flies for army headquarters; in charge of horses and mules sent from E. Tennessee to Kentucky for pasture; energy commended.

Dayton, Ohio, assaults on soldiers at, not punished by local courts; how punished.

DeCourcey, John F., colonel 16th Ohio, in West Virginia campaign fall of '62; moves on Cumberland Gap.

Defensive Tactics, generally better in rough country.

Dennison, Wm., Governor of Ohio, prepares State for war; appoints McClellan major general; sends two regiments to Washington; incessant work; urges McClellan to occupy West Virginia in force; at Washington; mediates between Lincoln and McClellan; supported by Cox in Ohio senatorial contest; postmaster general; entertains General Cox.

De Trobriand, P. R., colonel 55th New York, says New York 7th furnished 300 officers for Union army.

De Villiers, Chas. A., brigadier major on General Cox's staff; captured outside of lines at Scary Creek; escapes and reports for duty at Gauley; hazardous ride to report occupation of Cotton Mountain by Floyd; crosses New River, scales cliffs and assaults enemy on Cotton Mountain.

Devin, Thos. C., colonel 6th New York Cavalry, ordered to report to General Cox.

Dick, Robt. P., resident of Greensborough, North Carolina, in whose grove army headquarters were established, since appointed U. S. District Judge; advises colored people to hire out to others than their old masters.

Dickson, Wm. M., cited as to Key's influence over McClellan.

Discretion, to be exercised by subordinate on detached service in obeying orders issued without full knowledge of his position.

Doddridge, cashier of a Charleston, West Virginia bank, Union man; paymaster in Union army.

Dodge, Grenville M., major general United States Volunteers, commands 16th Corps; builds bridge over Chattahoochee at Roswell.

Donaldson, James L., colonel United States Volunteers, chief quartermaster at Nashville, describes Thomas's feelings after Nashville campaign.

Doolittle, Chas. C., colonel 18th Michigan, commanding post at Decatur, repulses Hood; joins General Cox at Stevenson; chief of staff for General Cox; takes command of Reilly's division 23d army corps; carries enemy's intrenchments and captures eight guns at battle of Nashville; and returns to his own regiment when 23d Corps goes to Washington.

Doubleday, Abner, brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding division, at Antietam.

Douglas, Stephen A., speech at Columbus after fall of Ft. Sumter; pledges support of Dem. party to Lincoln's administration.

Dow, Tristram T., major 112th Ill., appointed inspector general on Cox's staff; reconnoitres fords before Kinston; carries message from Schofield to Hoke.

Draft, preferred to system of raising new regiments and letting old ones die out; Sherman cited; act providing for; weakened by commutation clause; insignificant numbers drafted in Ohio.

Drayton, Thos. F., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at South Mountain

Duke, Basil W., brigadier general Confederate States Army, history of Morgan raid cited.

Dunham, Robert T., captain and assistant adjutant-general on General Geo. W. Taylor's staff at Bull Run bridge,

Dunker Church, on battlefield of Antietam,

Durell, Geo. W., captain battery D Pennsylvania Artillery, at South Mountain; at Antietam.

Duryea, Abram, brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Antietam.

Early, Jubal A., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Antietam.

East Tennessee, plans for Union advance into, Rosecrans'; approved by McClellan; Frémont's; ignorance of topography: combination of the two adopted; fails because separate columns defeated and driven back by Jackson before concentration effected; occupation of E. Tennessee urged by Lincoln on all general officers in the West; Burnside's plan; proposes railroad from Danville to; Chattanooga best base for supplies; confederate forces in; map of; rejoicing of people at Burnside's coming; terror and indignation when he was ordered to leave and join Rosecrans; military operations in; Sherman's horror of; importance of holding; impossibility of supplying army in, by mountain roads; terrible destruction of draft animals; privations of army in, during winter of; almost unanimous re-enlistment, in spite of hardships; absence of forage; fearful blizzard; sufferings of troops; bitterness of feeling between loyalists and secessionists.

East Tennessee troops, unwillingness to serve away from home; discipline lax, courage and devotion unexcelled; 1st Cavalry; 1st Infantry; 6th Infantry; East Tennessee University, at Knoxville, fortified;

Echols, John C., brigadier general Confederate States Army, pursues Lightburn down the Kanawha; supersedes Loring in command of West Virginia forces; resumes positions abandoned by Loring; retreats before General Cox; ordered to make his way from West Virginia into N. W. part of South Carolina,

Effective Total, meaning of, in confederate reports; leads to habitual underestimate of their forces by confederate commanders.

Elliott, Washington L., colonel 47th Ohio, in West Virginia; in E. Tennessee; at Mossy Creek

Ellsworth Zouaves, equal in drill to West Point cadets,

Emancipation Proclamation, how received in McClellan's army.

Enyart, David A., lieutenant colonel 1st Kentucky, routs confederate militia at Boone courthouse, West Virginia; crosses Kanawha, scales cliffs and helps capture Cotton Mountain

Episcopal Clergy, at Richmond, ordered by Stanton to pray for the President of the U. S.

Evans, N. G., brigadier general Confederate States Army, in Maryland campaign; at Antietam.

Ewell, Benj. S., colonel Confederate States Army, on Johnston's staff; sent to Richmond to explain Johnston's position; reports to Johnston.

Ewell, R. S., brigadier general Confederate States Army, division of, at Antietam,

Ewing, Hugh, colonel 30th Ohio, in Kanawha Division; reports to Pope at Warrenton, Virginia; at South Mountain

Executive Power, exercised in spite of adverse judicial decisions,

Ezra Church, battle of,

Fairchild, Harrison S., colonel 89th New York, at South Mountain; at Antietam.

Fayette courthouse, West Virginia, advanced post; Union troops.

Ferrero, Edw., colonel 51st New York, at South Mountain; at Antietam; in E. Tennessee; at Ft. Sanders.

Field Intrenchments, development of; facility in making; costliness of assaulting; at New Hope Church; at Cold Harbor; at Ezra Church; confederate troops refuse to assault breastworks; at Kinston.

Fitch, E. P., quartermaster on General Cox's staff; arrives at Alexandria with trains and baggage of Kanawha Division; at Antietam; chief quartermaster District of West Virginia

Flat-top Mountain, West Virginia, barrier to approach from S. W. Virginia; advance of Kanawha Division to; key point for movement to S. West Virginia; description of; abandoned by U. S. troops.

Floyd, John B., unites with Wise to drive Union forces out of Kanawha valley; surprises and routs 7th Ohio at Cross Lanes; mysterious inaction thereafter; defeated at Carnifex Ferry; differences with Wise; marches to Fayette courthouse; and occupies Cotton Mountain, from which he shells Gauley Bridge; driven off the Mountain by General Cox; escapes capture by reason of Benham's inactivity; indirectly commends General Cox's administration of Kanawha District.

Foraging, easily degenerates into pillaging and arson; Blair and Howard recommend its prohibition; Sherman promises to stop it after reaching North Carolina; vigorous measures of General Cox to repress; country near Raleigh stripped bare by Slocum's "bummers".

Force, Manning F., lieutenant colonel 20th Ohio; brig, general, married sister of General Pope's wife.

Foreign Intervention, threatened. 485.

Forrest, Nathan B., brigadier general cavalry Confederate States Army, captures Col. Bloodgood's command near Nashville; compared with Morgan; successful handling of mounted troops; Mower promoted for reputed defeat of; ordered to join Hood, captures Athens, repulsed at Pulaski; ordered to raid Western Tennessee; causes panic and destruction of three steamboats and stores at Johnsonville; joins Hood at Florence; covers Hood's turning movement east of Columbia; attacks at Spring Hill; absence seriously felt by Hood at battle of Nashville; commands rearguard on Hood's retreat; at Okolona.

Forts, masonry and earthworks discussed.

Ft. Anderson, Cape Fear River, attacked by "Montauk" and gunboats; captured by General Cox.

Ft. Fisher, captured by General Terry; where described.

Ft. Sanders, Knoxville, E. Tennessee, named after General W. P. Sanders; described; assault on, by Longstreet's forces, repulsed.

Ft. Sumter, bombardment announced in Ohio Senate; occasions popular uprising, without distinction of party; flag raised again by Anderson.

Foster, Abby Kelley, shouts "Glory to God" when bombardment of Sumter announced.

Foster, John G., appointed major general United States Volunteers; succeeds Burnside in E. Tennessee; assigns General Cox to command 23d army corps; Sturgis to cavalry corps; demonstrates to Grant impossibility of winter campaign; disabled by fall of horse; gives veteran furlough to several regiments; concentrates at Knoxville; sends horses and mules to pasture in Kentucky; permanent winter quarters; retires from command on account of ill health; again explains to Grant, at Nashville, impossibility of winter campaign in E. Tennessee.

Foster, John W. colonel United States Volunteers, operations in E. Tennessee; at Mossy Creek

Fourth U. S. Artillery, battery B, at Antietam.

Fox's Gap, in South Mountain, captured by Kanawha Division under General Cox.

Franklin, battle of, undeceives Thomas as to Hood's intentions; where described.

Franklin, F. E., major 37th Ohio, at Princeton, West Virginia

Franklin, Wm. B., major general United States Volunteers, ordered to join Pope; slow in moving; assigned position near Alexandria; relieved on charges preferred by Pope; reinstated at McClellan's request; with 6th army corps, held in reserve, at Antietam.

Frazer, John W., brigadier general Confederate States Army, captured with 2500 men by Burnside at Cumberland Gap.

Frederick, Maryland, confederate army concentrates near; evacuated by; a loyal city; demonstration on arrival of Union troops; grand army encamped near.

Frémont, John C., major general United States Volunteers, commands Mountain Department; appointment on political grounds; plan for advance on E. Tennessee; modifies it on Rosecrans' suggestion; separate columns defeated before concentration effected; relieved of command; not again assigned to duty.

French, Samuel G., major general Confederate States Army, joins Johnston's army at Kingston, Georgia

French, W. H., captain and commissary on Burnside's staff.

French, Wm. H., brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Antietam.

French's Mill, West Virginia, operations near.

Frietchie, Barbara, a fictitious character.

Frink, Chas. S., surgeon major, General Cox's division; treats General Cox for illness due to exposure after battle of Nashville.

Frizell, Jos. W., lieutenant colonel 11th Ohio; traps confederate cavalry near Hawk's Nest, West Virginia

Fry, Jas. B., colonel and assistant adjutant-general U. S. A., on Lincoln's reasons for certain military appointments; provost-marshal-general at Washington; ably administers draft laws.

Furnace, for tent, field construction.

Gallup, Geo. W., lieutenant colonel 14th Kentucky commanding brigade in 23d army corps, at Johnsonville, Tennessee

Garfield, Jas. A., in Ohio Senate; resolves to enter army; defeated in election for colonel of 7th Ohio; appointed colonel of 42nd Ohio; in Big Sandy valley; Rosecrans' chief of staff; sums up answers of general officers and urges Rosecrans to advance; influence of his report; sent to Washington with Rosecrans' report after battle of Chickamauga; questioned by Stanton; tells General Cox the story of Chickamauga; leaves army to enter Congress; chairman of commission on military affairs; regard for Rosecrans; letter to Chase about R.'s inaction at Murfreesborough; defended; entertains General Cox in Washington; draws out his guests.

Garland, Samuel, Jr., brigadier general Confederate States Army, killed at South Mountain

Garnett, Robt. S., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Beverly, West Virginia; retreats after battle of Rich Mountain; killed near Carrick's Ford; lacking in enterprise.

Garrard, Israel, colonel cavalry United States Volunteers, in East Tennessee; at Decatur and Stone Mountain, Georgia

Garrard, Kenner, brig, general, commanding cavalry division in McPherson's army; movement on Rome; reports confederate cavalry at Kennesaw superior in numbers; destroys Georgia RAILROAD east of Atlanta; in pursuit of Hood.

Garrett, John W., President B. and Official Records R. Co., suggests dictatorship of McClellan.

Gauley Bridge, West Virginia, key point of Kanawha valley; captured by General Cox with 1500 stand of arms and munitions of war; importance of position; map of; how fortified; Rosecrans' headquarters; cannonaded from Cotton Mountain by Floyd; bridge reconstructed; burned on Lightburn's retreat; supplies forwarded to, by batteaux on upper Kanawha; Lightburn's abandonment of, criticised; reoccupied by General Cox.

Geary, John W., brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Wauhatchie; assaults Rocky Face, at Dug Gap, repulsed with loss.

Georgia, map of northern.

Gibbon, John, brigadier general United States Volunteers, high opinion of volunteers; deficient knowledge of military history; at South Mountain; at Antietam.

Gibbs, Ira B., lieutenant and com's'y on General Cox's staff; shoots Serg. Joyce of 2nd Kentucky for refusing to obey orders; courtmartialed and acquitted; excused from attending execution of a mutineer.

Gibson, Horatio G., captain 2nd Ohio Artillery, at South Mountain

Giddings, Hon. Joshua R., consul general at Montreal, makes light of plot to releases confederate prisoners.

Gilbert, Samuel A., colonel 44th Ohio, in second Kanawha campaign; marches his brigade 60 miles in 52 hours, in E. Tennessee

Gillmore, Quincy A., brigadier general commanding District of Kentucky; resists Pegram's raid and drives him out of Kentucky

Gilmer, Jeremy F., major general Confederate States Army, Davis' Chief of Engineers, sent to advise with Beauregard.

Gilmer, John A., one of Governor Vance's peace commanders.

Goldsborough, North Carolina, place of meeting of Sherman's and Schofield's armies.

Goodrich, E. R., lieutenant colonel, and chief comm's'y on Burnside's staff.

Goodrich, Wm. B., colonel commanding brigade in Greene's division at battle of Antietam; killed at Antietam.

Gordon, Geo. H., brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Antietam.

Graham, Milton, lieutenant colonel 11th Kentucky Cavalry

Graham, Wm. A., ex-Governor of North Carolina, heads Vance's peace delegation; candidate for Vice President on ticket with Scott; mentioned.

Granger, Gordon, captain and mustering officer at Camp Dennison; states reasons why theoretical knowledge of regular army officers so small; appointed major general United States Volunteers; at Chickamauga; sent to relief of Knoxville; dissatisfaction of Grant and Sherman; in E. Tennessee; at Dandridge.

Granger, Robt. S., brigadier general United States Volunteers, sent to reinforce Col. Doolittle at Decatur; posted at Stevenson; suffers pontoon bridge to fall into hands of Hood; ordered to Decatur again.

Grant, U. S., major general United States Volunteers, high opinion of volunteers; accepts emancipation policy as best; policy of attrition; captures Vicksburg; "copious worker and fighter, but a very meagre writer"; growing faith of administration in; in command of Division of the Mississippi; approves substitution of Thomas for Rosecrans; reticent and averse to controversy; hears in silence and decides; good story about Washington; at Chattanooga; culmination of good fortune; sends Granger and Sherman to relief of Knoxville; characteristics; visits army in E. Tennessee; reticence; riding-school story; sees for himself condition of troops and mountain roads; reports destitution and impracticability of supplying army by mountain roads; correspondence with General Foster; asks promotion of Sherman, McPherson, and W. F. Smith; embarrassments about cipher dispatches; objects to Stoneman; correspondence with Schofield; appointed lieutenant general and goes to Washington; scatters army at Chattanooga, to secure supplies and forage; puts Sherman in charge of Western armies and assumes command in Virginia; plans simultaneous advance of eastern and western armies; slow to learn unprofitableness of assaulting intrenched positions; on appointments of brigadiers in Sherman's army; confidence in McPherson; secures his rapid promotion; dissatisfied with Thomas; reasons for his feeling; favors winter campaigns by Sherman and Thomas; plans advance on Selma and Mobile; orders Schofield and 23d corps sent to Washington; praises Sherman's readiness for further operations; sends Schofield to carry out new plan of campaign in North Carolina; unselfish attitude toward Sherman; relieves Butler and opposes his further assignment to command; receives confederate peace commanders at his headquarters; congratulates Sherman; outlines his own plans; prevents Lee's union with Johnston; recommends Schofield's appointment as brigadier in regular army and permanent assignment of Cox and Terry to corps commands; brings administration's disapproval of Sherman-Johnston convention to Sherman; considerate treatment of Sherman; returns to Washington; condemns injustice to Sherman; smooths away causes of Sherman's irritation.

"Grape Vine Telegraph,"

Great Smoky Mountains, picturesque character of.

Greene, Geo. S., brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Antietam; in 20th Corps and on court-martial at Washington; goes to North Carolina, with General Cox and volunteers as staff officer at Kinston; commands provisional division of returning officers and men belonging to Sherman's army.

Grigsby, A. J., colonel commanding Winder's brigade, Jackson's division, at Antietam.

Guerillas, in West Virginia, annoyance by and suppression of.

Guilford-Old-Court-House, North Carolina, and battlefield visited.

Gunn, W. A., locates line for railway from Danville to E. Tennessee

Guthrie, J. V., colonel 1st Kentucky, correspondence with General Cox, App. Army; in West Virginia

Guyandotte, West Virginia, taken by 2nd Kentucky; occupied.

Habeas Corpus, writ of, used to release minors enlisting without parents' consent; U. S. officers directed not to recognize, unless issued by U. S. Courts.

Hagood, Johnson, brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Ft. Anderson, N. C; routed at Town Creek by General Cox, losing two cannon and 400 prisoners; repulsed at Kinston.

Halleck, Henry W., commands Western Department; authorizes Pope to send for General Cox's Kanawha Division; commits defence of Washington to McClellan; sacrifices Pope; owed his appointment as commander in chief largely to Pope; expected to take command in the field; but does not, and remains bureau officer until close of war; responsible in part for McClellan's slow pursuit of Lee in Maryland; sends McClellan peremptory orders to advance after Antietam; persistently favors regular army officers over volunteers; directs Burnside to advance into E. Tennessee; correspondence with Burnside shows forgetfulness and lack of appreciation; inconsistency between official and private letters to Rosecrans; fails to understand distances and difficulties of transportation in E. Tennessee; indecision of character; wrong interpretation of Burnside's reports and action; thinks personal presence of Grant with Army of Potomac indispensable; criticises Meade; friendly relations with Sherman; correspondence with; on enormous waste of cavalry horses; tells Sherman he is accused of hostility to the blacks; assigned to command Department of Virginia; orders Meade to pay no attention to Sherman's truce; forfeits Sherman's life-long friendship by his orders and dispatches after Sherman-Johnston convention; goes to Pacific coast at close of war and dies soon after; disclaims personal hostility to Sherman; explanation of his attitude; notes complete submission to U. S. authority at Richmond.

Hamilton, Schuyler, appointed major general United States Volunteers; resigns.

Hammond, John W., lieutenant colonel 65th Indiana at battle of Nashville.

Hampton, Wade, brigadier general Confederate States Army, at the Monocacy; at South Mountain; appointed lieutenant general to outrank Wheeler; opposed to Vance's peace negotiations; retires from Raleigh; arranges for interview bet. Johnston and Sherman; refuses to be included in Johnston's capitulation.

Hancock, Winfield S., brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Antietam; sent from 6th Corps to command Richardson's division 2nd Corps; classmate of McClellan.

Hanson, Chas. S., lieutenant colonel 20th Kentucky, captured at Lebanon, Kentucky

Hardee, Wm. J., lieutenant general Confederate States Army; succeeds Bragg in temporary command Army of Georgia; declines permanent command; quoted by Davis; sent to reinforce Polk; forces increased; at Dallas; at battle of Atlanta; controversy with Hood; at Jonesboro; impeaches Hood's statement of his losses; transferred to Savannah; evacuates Charleston; rumored junction with Bragg; fails to reach Wilmington; forces of; low estimate contradicted by official reports; reports to Bragg at Goldsborough; at Averasborough; commands army in absence of Johnston; arranges details of capitulation with Schofield; reputation and character of; end of war only a question of time after first year; humorous report of General Cox's treatment of old woman asking for provisions; reported Salkehatchie swamps impassable when Sherman was marching through them at rate of 13 miles a day; determines to go abroad for a time.

Hardie, Jas. A., colonel United States Volunteers and inspector general

Harker, Chas. G., commanding brig, in Newton's division 4th army corps, at Rocky Face; relieves Hanson's brigade at Resaca; wounded at Resaca.

Harland, Edw., colonel 8th Conn., at South Mountain; at Antietam; commanding brigade in Palmer's division at Kinston.

Harper's Ferry, attacked by Jackson; and taken; A. P. Hill left in charge of.

Harrison, Benj., colonel 70th Indiana, detailed to stump State of Indiana in 1864.

Hartranft, John F., colonel 51st Pennsylvania, at Antietam; in E. Tennessee; repulses McLaws at Campbell's Station

Hartsuff, Geo. L., captain and assistant adjutant-general on Rosecrans' staff; appointed brigadier general, wounded at Antietam and appointed major general; assigned to command 23d army corps; sent to arrange plans with Rosecrans for simultaneous advance; commands District of Kentucky; directed to capture Morgan raiders; disabled by old wounds; attends to office business at Knoxville; decides to retire; inspector general on Schofield's staff, in charge of paroling Johnston's army; telegraphs "Johnston's army dissolving and raising the devil".

Harvie, Edwin J., inspector general on General Johnston's staff.

Hascall, Milo S., commands District of Indiana; removed on Governor Morton's application; commands 3rd division 23d army corps; in E. Tennessee; transferred to 2nd division same; near New Hope Church; distinguished services throughout campaign, never recognized; not favored by Governor Morton; at Kolb's farm; moves to Cox's position south of Olley's Creek; at Decatur, Georgia; resigns on account of Governor Morton's hostility and Hovey's promotion over him.

Hatch, John P., brigadier general United States Volunteers, calls for three cheers from Pope's army on learning that McClellan was in command again; Pope's dissatisfaction with; takes position on Cox's left in defences of Washington.

Haupt, Herman, colonel and military superintendent of railways, at Alexandria, Virginia,

Hawley, Jos. R., brigadier general United States Volunteers, commands coast District of North Carolina

Hayes, Rutherford B., lieutenant colonel 23d Ohio, Judge Adv. at trial of Gibbs; at Princeton, West Virginia; criticised by General Reno; charge of pillaging brought out in Presidential campaign; wounded at South Mountain; letter in regard to discipline of Kanawaha Division

Hazen, Wm. B., brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Chattanooga; ordered in arrest by Sheridan at Dandridge; good qualities and faults of; released on mediation of General Cox.

Heintzelman, Samuel P., major general United States Volunteers, temporarily commanding Franklin's corps.

Henderson, Thos. J., colonel 112th Ill., commanding brig, in Cox's division 23d army corps, absence on account of illness; brevet brigadier general; in advance up right bank Cape Fear River

Heth, Henry, brigadier general Confederate States Army, in West Virginia; at Pearisburg; at narrows of New River; French's; defeated by Crook at Lewisburg, West Virginia

Hill, Ambrose P., major general Confederate States Army, at Bull Run bridge; at Harper's Ferry; at Antietam.

Hill, Benj. H., goes to Richmond to ask that Johnston be reinforced; correspondence with Seddon; visits Union army to obtain body of son and confer with Sherman.

Hill, Chas. W., brigadier general Ohio Valley Infantry, in West Virginia

Hill, Daniel H., major general Confederate States Army, left to guard Richmond; rearguard in Maryland; at South Mountain; at Antietam; commanding at Augusta, Georgia, ordered to join Johnston in North Carolina; reports to Bragg at Kinston; captures many prisoners from Upham's brigade; attack on hastily intrenched line repulsed; forces of, at Kinston.

Hines, Jonathan D., major 12th Ohio, in charge of scouts in W, Virginia; on reconnoitring expeditions; in charge of sentinels in rear on retreat from Big Sewell Mountain

Hines, Thos. H., captain cavalry in Morgan's raid.

Hitchcock, Ethan A., major general United States Volunteers, chairman committee to revise Articles of War, and army regulations.

Hitchcock, Henry, major and assistant adjutant-general on General Sherman's staff, carries "Memorandum" between Sherman and Johnston to Washington; brings back disapproval--and Grant.

Hobson, Edw. H., brigadier general United States Volunteers, in Morgan raid.

Hoffman, Wm., colonel and comm's'y of prisoners at Washington.

Hofmann, J. Wm., lieutenant colonel 56th Pennsylvania, succeeds to command of brigade, at Antietam.

Hoke, Robt. F., major general Confederate States Army, at Federal Point, North Carolina; retreats when General Cox threatens Wilmington; opposes advance of General Cox at Kinston; routs Upham's brigade of new troops; repulsed by Carter; repulsed again with heavy loss; offer to exchange prisoners declined.

Holden, Wm. W., leader of Union element in North Carolina, joins Graham's peace delegation, mentioned.

Holmes, Wm. W., major, surgeon 12th Ohio, brigadier surgeon on General Cox's staff; dies of consumption.

Holmes Co., Ohio, armed resistance to draft.

Hood, John B., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at South Mountain; at Antietam; mentioned; rosy picture of condition of Johnston's army; corps increased; at Resaca; at New Hope Church; repulses Hooker's assault; attacks advanced brigades of Hooker's and Schofield's corps at Kolb's farm; succeeds Johnston, and assumes aggressive; criticism of Johnston; involved in disputes with Hardee and Cheatham as well as Johnston; reputation for accuracy and candor damaged; appointment gives satisfaction to Union army; unsuccessful attacks on Union forces at Peachtree Creek; Atlanta; Ezra Church; at Jonesboro; evacuates Atlanta; reports refusal of his army to attack intrenched positions; forces of, Aug. 1st; Sept. 20th; absurd minimizing of his losses in battle; depression in his army; changes his subordinate officers; plans to renew struggle; recrosses Chattahoochee; fails to injure Sherman's communications; futile October campaign; plans for invasion of Tennessee; repulsed at Decatur, Alabama; delays crossing the Tennessee River; ordered by Beauregard to resume offensive at once; adopts tactics of skirmishing advance while looking for ways to turn Schofield's position; terrible repulse at Franklin, where described; takes position at Nashville; at battle of Nashville; escapes owing to cold rainstorms and impassable roads; severe losses at Franklin, Nashville, and on retreat; forces of Jan. 20, 1864; part of his army present at battle of Kinston, North Carolina; constitutes bulk of those who capitulated with Johnston.

Hooker, Jos., major general United States Volunteers, assigned to command Porter's corps; afterwards, McDowell's; in pursuit of Lee; at South Mountain; Burnside's stinging reply to untrue report of, note; ordered to extreme right at Antietam; his march; at battle of Antietam; wounded and retires; sent with two corps to reinforce Rosecrans at Chattanooga; at Tunnel Hill; assault on Rocky Face, fails; at Snake Creek Gap; at Resaca; ordered to cross Oostanaula at Newtown; instead, takes route assigned to Schofield and delays latter; does same at crossing of Etowah; assaults confederate lines at New Hope Church repulsed; movements near; repulses attack by Hood's corps at Kolb's farm; reports whole of Johnston's army in his immediate front; reinforced; at Peachtree Creek; offended at Howard's promotion to command Army of Tennessee; unacceptable to Halleck, retires from active service.

Hopkins, Henry H., notorious secessionist in Kanawha valley; controversy with General Cox over escaped slave.

Hosea, Lewis M., captain on General Wilson's staff, adventurous ride through Georgia and back to carry dispatches to Sherman.

Hovey, Alvin P., brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Dalton; at Rocky Face; handling of division not satisfactory to Schofield; who asks his removal; Sherman declines to remove; at Snake Creek Gap; at Resaca; hindered by Hooker on march to Cassville; movements near New Hope Church; tenders resignation as division commander; its acceptance recommended by Sherman; promoted to be major general by brevet, on political grounds; Sherman's indignation; honored above other brigadiers in same corps who outranked him and were rendering distinguished service.

Howard, Oliver O., major general United States Volunteers, commands 4th army corps; at Tunnel Hill; at Rocky Face; at Dalton; at Resaca; comes to support of Cox; holds position captured by Cox; crosses at Resaca; turns confederate right at Pickett's Mill; at Olley's Creek; at Peachtree Creek; commands Army of the Tennessee; at battle of Ezra Church; at Jonesboro; accompanies Sherman's march to the sea; turns Johnston's left at Bentonville; on march to Raleigh.

Howe, Albion P., captain 4th U. S. artillery, in West Virginia

Humes, Rev. Thos. W., S. T. D., loyalty and learning; President of E. Tennessee University; author of "The Loyal Mountaineers of Tennessee".

Humphreys, Benj. G., brigadier general Confederate States Army, assaults Ft. Sanders.

Hunter, David, major general United States Volunteers, sent to inspect army at Chattanooga; report concerning Grant.

Hurlbut, Stephen A., appointed major general

Illinois Troops, 19th Infantry; 65th Infantry; 112th Infantry; 5th Cavalry; Barker's Cavalry; Schambeck's Indiana Cavalry

Inactivity in field, evil results of.

Indiana Troops, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 13th, 14th, and 15th Infantry; 33rd Infantry; 51st Infantry; 63rd Infantry; 65th Infantry; 70th Infantry; 23d Cavalry

Information of enemy's strength, how gained.

Inspector General, important duties of.

Intemperance in army officers, evils of.

Interference with lines of march of other columns condemned; illustrations.

Irvine, James, colonel 16th Ohio, fails to intercept remnant of Garnett's force.

Irwin, Wm. H., colonel 49th Pennsylvania, commanding brigade at Antietam.

Jackson, Thos. J. ("Stonewall"), defeated at Kernstown; defeats Milroy at McDowell; Banks in Shenandoah valley; captures Manassas Junction, burns Bull Run bridge; at Antietam.

Jackson, Wm. H., brigadier general Confederate States Army, commanding division in Forrest's cavalry

Jenifer, W. H., colonel at Princeton, West Virginia

Jenkins, A. G., colonel of cavalry under Floyd; trapped by Frizell at Hawk's Nest; cavalry raid in West Virginia; opposed by Cranor; covers Loring's retreat; and Echols'; abandons Tyler Mountain; forces of.

Jenkins, Micah, brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Wauhatchie; in E. Tennessee

Johnson, Andrew, Mil. Governor of Tennessee, asks to have E. Tennessee troops returned to their homes; Governor of Tennessee

Johnson's Island, Sandusky Bay, military prison; plot to release confederate prisoners at, defeated; description of, and surroundings; treatment of prisoners.

Johnson, Richard W., brigadier general United States Volunteers, in Tennessee; at Battle of Nashville.

Johnston, Jos. E., lieutenant general Confederate States Army, resigns commission in U. S. army; McClellan's principal opponent; urged by Longstreet to unite with him near Knoxville; ordered to assist Polk near Meridian; prevented from doing either by demonstration of Thomas; appointed as successor to Bragg; expected to assume aggressive; objects; prolonged discussion; lack of enterprise; bent on defensive campaign; demands reinforcements; unsatisfactory relations with Davis; forces opposed to Sherman; skilful avoidance of battle in the open; fails to anticipate McPherson's move; fortifies Resaca, abandons Dalton; evacuates Resaca; careful defensive; decides to give battle near Adairsville; concludes not to; retreats to Kingston and Cassville; issues orders to join battle at Cassville; revokes them on statements of Hood and Polk that Union left (General Cox) enfiladed their position; retreats across the Etowah; abandons New Hope lines; lets go Pine Mountain; withdraws left flank behind Mud Creek; abandons lines about Marietta; retires behind Chattahoochee; relations with confederate administration reach a crisis; gives Davis no encouragement that he will hold Atlanta or attack enemy; had he revealed his plans would have been retained; demands that Hood be courtmartialed; removal equivalent to a Union victory; attacks at Peachtree Creek and Atlanta made in accordance with his plans; underestimate of his forces; assumes command in the Carolinas; forces at his disposal; foresees importance of checking Schofield's advance; orders Bragg to strike at General Cox; attacks Slocum at Bentonville; repulsed; losses at Averasborough and Bentonville; at Raleigh; requests armistice; confers with Davis; declares further prosecution of war hopeless; sends dispatch to Sherman requesting conference; distress when advised of Lincoln's assassination; admits slavery is dead; will surrender all armies east of Mississippi; notified of termination of truce; signs capitulation on terms granted to Lee; form of parole; asks for loan of confederate animals and enough arms to enforce discipline; capitulation includes all east of Chattahoochee River; reply to Sherman's farewell letter; orders to Hampton; sends Hardee to confer with Schofield about details; meets Schofield and Cox; unable to approximate number of troops to be paroled; praises Sherman and his army; "no such army since days of Julius Cassar"; gives up struggle without bitterness; denounces assassination of Lincoln; scrupulous integrity illustrated; moves southward with his troops.

Jomini, importance of his books to theoretical training of an officer.

Jones, David R., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at South Mountain; at Antietam.

Jones, John R., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Antietam.

Jones, Samuel, major general Confederate States Army, commanding in E. Tennessee; forces of; retreats and burns bridges; resumes the aggressive; driven out of E. Tennessee

Judah, Henry M., brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding division in 23d army corps; on Morgan raid; at Dalton; at Rocky Face; near Resaca; on march to Cassville; hindered by Hooker; relieved.

Kanawha Division, training of; marching powers; hardiness and self-reliance; composition of; marches 90 miles over rough mountain roads in 3-1/2 days; transferred to Washington; train of, supplies 9th army corps with rations; two regiments report to Pope at Warrenton; two resist Jackson at Bull Run bridge; rest occupy defences about Washington; united again; temporarily attached to 9th Corps; takes advance from Washington to South Mountain; reviewed and praised by General Reno; wrongly accused of straggling and pillaging; at the Monocacy; captures Fox's Gap and turns confederate position at South Mountain; opposed to more than double its number; fine conduct of; losses at South Mountain; captures 600 prisoners; on march to Antietam; divided just before battle of Antietam; at Antietam; ordered to Clarksburg, West Virginia; leaves Army of the Potomac.

Kanawha River, course and character of; advance of General Cox up; impracticability of invading E. Virginia by this line; unpublished letters and dispatches relating to campaign in; abandoned by Lightburn; annexed to Department of the Ohio; recovered and occupied by General Cox.

Kautz, August V., brigadier general United States Volunteers, pursues Morgan raiders.

Kearney, Philip, brigadier general United States Volunteers, killed at Chantilly.

Keith, F. M., major 117th Ohio, defends Hamilton, Ohio, against Morgan raiders.

Kelley, B. F., colonel 1st West Virginia; takes Philippi, West Virginia; character and services of; under McClellan; commands upper Potomac; guards B. & Official Records R.

Kelley, Wm., jailer at Charleston, West Virginia, denounced.

Kennedy, Robt. P., lieutenant and assistant adjutant-general on Scammon's staff.

Kentucky Troops, 1st Infantry; 2nd Infantry; threatened mutiny; mentioned; 14th Infantry; 16th Infantry; 20th Infantry; 24th Infantry; 5th Cavalry; 9th Cavalry; 11th Cavalry; Simmonds' battery in West Virginia; attached to Kanawha division; at South Mountain; at Antietam.

Ketchum, Edgar, lieutenant signal corps U. S. A., at Cape Fear River

Key, Thos. M., Democratic leader in Ohio Senate; thought people gone stark mad; supports war measures; aide-de-camp on McClellan's staff; satisfied slavery ought to be abolished; influence over McClellan.

Kilpatrick, Judson, brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding cavalry at Resaca; covers Union left at Bentonville; on march to Raleigh; clatters through Raleigh; thinks Johnston not to be trusted; furnishes escort for Sherman on way to meet Johnston; attached to Schofield's command.

Kimball, Nathan, brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding division in 4th army corps; displaced by assignment of Couch to the corps.

Kinglake's Crimean War, published in 1863; read with interest by General Cox; inspires him with hope and confidence in Union army.

Kingsbury, Henry W., colonel 11th Conn., at Antietam; killed at Burnside bridge.

Kinston, North Carolina, situation of; field works before; battles of; confederate ironclad in Neuse River destroyed; map of vicinity; occupied by Union forces; base of supplies.

Knights of the Golden Circle.

Knoxville, E. Tennessee, situation and fortifications; invested by Longstreet.

Kolb's (Culp's) Farm, battle of.

Kountz, W. J., captain in charge of water transportation on Kanawha.

La Grange, Oscar H., colonel 1st Wisc. Cavalry, at Sevierville, E. Tennessee; captured by Wheeler at Dalton.

Lane, P. P., captain in 11th Ohio, bridges Elk River at Charleston, West Virginia; manages ferries across Kanawha, improvises ferryboats, etc.; later colonel of regiment.

Laurel Mountain, fortified and held by Garnett.

Lawton, Alex. R., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Antietam; wounded.

Leavitt, Humphrey H., Judge U. S. District Court. Cincinnati, hears Vallandigham _habeas corpus_ case and refuses writ; good effects of his decision; issues writs of _habeas corpus_ for release of minors enlisting without parents' consent.

Lee, FitzHugh, brigadier general Confederate States Army, at South Mountain

Lee, Robt. E., resigns commission in U. S. Army; appointed major general and commander in chief of Virginia forces; plans invasion of West Virginia; arrives at Lewisburg, West Virginia, and takes command of army; at Big Sewell Mountain; retires to Meadow Bluff; admits quieting effect of Cox's administration in Kanawha valley; moves into Maryland; accurate information as to Cox's transfer to Washington; unites with Jackson; concentrates near Frederick, Maryland; copy of orders for Maryland campaign falls into McClellan's hands; escapes disaster by McClellan's slowness; withdraws to Sharpsburg; plans with reference to McClellan's lack of aggressiveness; force greatly inferior to McClellan's for two days before battle; enabled to concentrate whole army except one division; left wing almost destroyed at Antietam; had no better success than western generals when opposed to Grant; orders Loring to clear Kanawha valley; learned that General Cox was ordered to return to Kanawha valley within three days after order was issued; defeated at Gettysburg; suggests Beauregard as successor to Bragg; declines to assume command of Bragg's army; deference and cordiality in dealings with confederate administration; urges union of Johnston and Longstreet and aggressive campaign; becomes as cautiously defensive as Johnston; general in chief of Confederate States Army; sees net closing around him; too weak to extend lines at Petersburg; unable to unite with Johnston; surrender reported to Davis and Johnston.

Lee, S. D., lieutenant general Confederate States Army, in Department of the Mississippi; at Jonesboro; ordered to Atlanta; commands Hood's old corps; at Flint River; at Columbia; wounded at Nashville, turns command over to D. H. Hill.

Lee, Samuel P., rear admiral U. S. N., in command of river fleets co-operating with Thomas; transports A. J. Smith's corps to Eastport.

Letcher, John, Governor of Virginia, proclaims secession of State, transfers Virginia troops to Confederate States Army.

Liberty of speech, abused by Vallandigham and followers.

Lightburn, Jos. A. J., colonel 4th West Virginia; character of; protects line of supplies, Kanawha division; suppresses guerillas; left in command of Kanawha district, when General Cox was transferred to Washington; Lee learns forces of; destroys stores and bridges, and retreats down valley; retreat panicky and unnecessary; advances up valley under General Cox; relieved of command of division.

Lincoln, Abraham, President of U. S., restores McClellan to command; embarrassed by dissensions of officers; grants all of McClellan's requests; distrusted by his party; Emancipation Proclamation; visits battlefield of Antietam; urges McClellan to follow up his success; military sagacity; exceeds authority in appointing major and brig, generals; proclamation against treasonable practices; commutes Vallandigham's sentence; practically revokes his own proclamation and Burnside's order No. 38; ardent wish to relieve loyal E. Tenneseeans; quaint description of Grant; congratulates Burnside; authorizes him to hold E. Tennessee; anxious about B.'s safety; approves B.'s conduct in E. Tennessee; makes promotions on political grounds; congratulates Sherman; popular estimate of, better than politicians'; policy as to confederate States on submission announced to and followed by Sherman; authorizes Virginia legislature to assemble; recalls permission; policy opposed and criticised by Stanton; funeral cortége photographed, in New York City Hall; in Richmond, when Stanton orders prayers for the President of the U. S. to be read in churches.

Logan, John A., major general United States Volunteers, at Huntsville, Alabama; commands 15th army corps; sent to Illinois to stump State; why not promoted to command Army of the Tennessee; praised by Sherman for his handling of that army at battle of Atlanta.

Long, Eli, colonel 4th Ohio Cavalry, on relief expedition to Knoxville,

Longstreet, James, major general Confederate States Army, unites with Jackson against Pope; at Boonsboro, Maryland; at South Mountain; withdraws to Sharpsburg; at Antietam; no more successful than western generals when transferred to the West; sent to reinforce Bragg; at Chickamauga; moves on Knoxville; invests city; assaults Ft. Sanders; repulsed; raises siege and retires toward Virginia; at Rutledge, E. Tennessee; at Morristown; lack of clothing and supplies; attacks Union forces at Dandridge; admits defeat at Sevierville; plans of campaign; forces, opposed to Schofield; ordered to rejoin Lee's army; later to join Johnston; again to report to Lee.

Loomis, Cyrus O., colonel 1st Mich, Artillery in West Virginia

Loring, Wm. W., brigadier general Confederate States Army, in West Virginia; reinforces Lee; sent to Stanton; commanding all West Virginia forces; ordered to push things in West Virginia; attacks Siber, and is repulsed; drives Lightburn out of Kanawha valley; retreats on arrival of General Cox; relieved from command; forces of.

Love, John, brigadier general United States Volunteers, defends Vernon, Indiana, against Morgan raiders.

Lowe, John W., colonel 12th Ohio, at Scary Creek, West Virginia; killed at Carnifex Ferry.

Lowe, Wm. W., colonel 5th Indiana commanding 3rd Cavalry Division, protects railway in rear of Sherman's advance.

Lyons, Lord, British Ambassador, reports plot to release confederate prisoners;

Lytle, Wm. H., colonel 10th Ohio; wounded at Carnifex Ferry.

McArthur, John, brigadier general United States Volunteers, at battle of Nashville.

McCallum, Dan'l C., superintendent of transportation, inspects Nashville and Chattanooga railroad; suggests needed improvements.

McClellan, Geo. B., consulted by Governor Dennison; personal appearance; appointed major general Ohio Valley Infantry; inspects Ohio State arsenal; selects site for Camp Dennison; takes General Cox's regiments to West Virginia; appointed major general in regular army; victory at Philippi credited to; moves against Garnett; Pegram surrenders to; appointed commander Army of the Potomac; rhetorical dispatches contrasted with personal demeanor; characteristic faults shown in first campaign; relieved from command of all other forces except Army of Potomac; at Alexandria, Virginia; greets General Cox cordially, explains importance of his duties; discusses Peninsular campaign; dress and popular bearing; in command again; cheered by Pope's army; habitual overestimate of Lee's army; victim or accomplice of secret service; false estimates fatal to success; predicted Pope's defeat; responsible for delay in Franklin's movement; Porter and Franklin reassigned to their commands and McDowell relieved at his request; plenary powers; slow advance in pursuit of Lee; secures copy of Lee's orders; loses his advantage by delay; at South Mountain; breaks up organization of his army on eve of battle; examines battlefield under fire; does not appreciate importance of time; personally selects positions for different divisions; plan of battle at Antietam; dilatory habits and orders responsible for failure to crush Lee; no co-ordination of corps movements; orders Burnside to attack; unjust criticism of 9th Corps advance; fails to support 9th Corps when attacked by fresh troops from Harper's Ferry; talks with General Cox; politics; consults his officers about emancipation proclamation; issues General Order No. 163; tempted to assume dictatorship; chafes at Lincoln's suggestion to follow up victory; defeats Lincoln's plans without openly antagonizing; compared to Marshal Daun; weakened morale of army; removed from command; "Own Story" exposes his weakness; confidential relations with Burnside; favoritism toward Porter; jealous of Burnside; unjust reprimand of B. in unsigned dispatch; effect of reprimand on their relations; not assigned to duty again; superior to any other commander of Army of Potomac until Grant came.

McCook, Alex. McD., inspector and mustering officer at Camp Jackson; colonel 1st Ohio Inf; opinion on expediency of Rosecrans' advance.

McCook, Daniel, major and paymaster U. S. A., mortally wounded in fight with Morgan raiders.

McCook, Edw. M., brigadier general U. S. Cavalry, at Sevierville, E. Tennessee; rejoins Thomas; covers left flank at Varnell's; defeated by Wheeler; useful scouting in Atlanta campaign.

McCook, Robt., colonel 9th Ohio; at Carnifex Ferry; Cross Lanes; character of; brigade attached to Cox's command; "Battle of Bonticou"; at Gauley Bridge; advance on Fayette courthouse

McCoy, James C., major and aide-de-camp on Sherman's staff, opens communication with Johnston.

McDowell, Irvin, major general United States Volunteers, maps country about Washington; disliked by McClellan; under McC.'s orders at Washington; absence from his command before second battle of Bull Run, disarranges Pope's plans; relieved at McClellan's request; requests Court of Inquiry; unscrupulously maligned; ordered before a courtmartial.

McElroy, Jas. N., captain and assistant adjutant-general on General Cox's staff; appointed major 20th Ohio; lieutenant colonel, returns to duty on General Cox's staff as inspector general.

McLaws, Lafayette, major general Confederate States Army; at Antietam; in E. Tennessee; commands troops on evacuation of Charleston.

McLean, N. H., major and assistant adjutant-general at Cincinnati; accused of disloyalty and sent to Pacific coast; Burnside's protest.

McMullin, Jas. R., captain 1st Ohio Battalion; attached to Kanawha division; at South Mountain

McPherson, Jas. B., appointed major general United States Volunteers; assigned to command Army of the Tennessee; Sherman's right before Dalton; goes through Snake Creek Gap, without opposition; fails to take Resaca, or break railroad; captures position commanding railroad bridge at Resaca, and compels its evacuation; march to Kingston; crosses the Etowah; moves on Dallas; repels fierce assault; swings over to Ackworth; seeks to interpose between Marietta and the Chattahoochee; moves to Roswell and crosses Chattahoochee; attacked on front and left flank at Atlanta; death of, a great loss to army and personal loss to Sherman; affability and high character.

McQuiston, John C., colonel 50th Ohio, commanding brig, in Ruger's div, 23d army corps at Kinston; captures 300 prisoners.

McRae, D. K., colonel 5th North Carolina, at South Mountain; at Antietam.

Mackall, W. W., brigadier general Confederate States Army, chief of staff to Bragg and Johnston; removed from that position by Hood.

Magilton, Albert L., colonel 4th Pennsylvania res. commanding brigade at Antietam.

Magrath, A. G., Governor of South Carolina, says fate of confederate involved in Sherman's march from Savannah; mentioned.

Mahone, Wm., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at South Mountain

Mallory, S. R., Secretary of Navy in Davis' cabinet, writes letter sent by Johnston to Sherman inviting conference; at last cabinet meeting; reaches his home after capitulation.

Malloy, A. G., colonel 17th Wisc, commanding brigade in Carter's division at Kinston.

Mansfield, Jos. K. F., major general United States Volunteers, assigned to command Banks' (12th) corps; at Antietam; mortally wounded; movements and losses of his corps.

Manson, Mahlon D., brigadier general United States Volunteers, pursues Morgan raiders; commands 2nd division 23d army corps; relieved by White; in temporary command of corps; turns command over to General Cox; at Resaca; severely injured.

Marcy, Randolph B., father-in-law of General McClellan and chief of staff; responsibility for Burnside's reprimand.

Marietta, Georgia, military operations near; map of vicinity.

Marshall, Humphrey, brigadier general Confederate States Army

Martial Law, when proper, outside field of military operations; declared in S. Ohio counties during Morgan raid.

Martin, Wm. T., major general Confederate States Army, in E. Tennessee; defeated at Sevierville; ordered to join Johnston with cavalry; at Calhoun and Resaca.

Mason, John S., brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding camps at Columbus; ordered to suppress draft riots; precautions against plots to release confederate prisoners.

Massachusetts Troops, 21st; 27th; 8th Artillery,

Matthews, Stanley, lieutenant colonel 23d Ohio,

Maury, Dabney H., brigadier general Confederate States Army, in E. Tennessee; at Mobile.

Maynard, Horace, M. C. from E. Tennessee; asks to have E. Tennessee regiments returned to their homes; influential representative,

Meade, George G., brigadier general, at Antietam; succeeds to command of 1st Corps; appointed major general; inactivity after Gettysburg and consequences; excessive caution.

Meagher, Thos. F., brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding provisional division of Sherman's convalescents and new recruits; leaves his command without authority; relieved; spicy correspondence concerning; command turned over to General Carter.

Measles, a dangerous camp disease,

Meigs, Montgomery C., quartermaster general, nearly correct estimate of Lee's forces; at Chattanooga; never saw such roads; reports strength of position and confidence of army; approves seizure of railroads by Sherman.

Merrill, W. E., colonel and eng., in charge of railroad defences; on construction and use of blockhouses.

Michigan Troops, 18th; 25th; 1st Artillery

Military Executions,

Militia, contained more well-drilled regiments than regular army at outbreak of war.

Militia, Ohio, lack of uniforms and equipment; elect their own officers; should have been officered by young regular army officers; re-enlistment of; high character of; called out during Morgan raid; and to resist attempt to release confederate prisoners.

Miller, D. R., house and barn at Antietam,

Milligan, Lambdin P., condemned to death for treasonable practices by military commission; discharged by U. S. Supreme Court.

Milroy, Robt. H., brigadier general in West Virginia; defeated by Stonewall Jackson; ordered to Kanawha valley; character of; promotion urged by Governor Morton; lack of transportation; at Beverly; controversy with Col. Cluseret; lacked judgment.

Minors, enlisting without parents' consent, how released,

Missionary Ridge, depressing effect of loss on confederacy; natural strength of; no commander would have ordered front attack.

Monocacy River, skirmish at.

"Montauk," monitor, excellent practice in bombardment of Ft. Anderson, North Carolina,

Moor, August, colonel 28th Ohio, in West Virginia; at Raleigh courthouse; at Princeton; at Wolf Creek; French's; commanding 2nd brigade Kanawha division; at the Monocacy, captured; paroled; valuable hint.

Moore, Orlando H., colonel 25th Michigan, repulses Morgan's attack on Green River bridge; commanding brigade in 23d army corps; at Columbia; in movement up right bank, Cape Fear River

Morehead, John M., ex-Governor of North Carolina, entertains Schofield and Cox at Greensborough; war experiences of family.

Morell, Geo. W., brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Antietam,

Morgan, Edwin D., major general United States Volunteers, resigns.

Morgan, Geo. W., brigadier general United States Volunteers, Cumberland Gap expedition; bad condition of command; E. Tennessee and Kentucky troops discontented; in Kanawha valley; ordered to Cincinnati.

Morgan, John H., brigadier general Confederate States Army, raid into Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio; captured and imprisoned in Ohio penitentiary; escapes; futility of raid from military standpoint; wholly unauthorized.

Morris, Thos. A., brigadier general commanding Indiana brigade; takes Philippi, West Virginia; pursues Garnett; captures cannon and wagons.

Morton, Oliver P., war Governor of Indiana, favors Milroy's promotion; urges appointment of Rosecrans to succeed Buell; dominant influence in Indiana appointments and promotions; asks for detail of army officers to stump State.

Mott, Samuel R., colonel 118th Ohio, in E. Tennessee; at Mossy Creek

Mountain Department, constituted, and Frémont placed in command; abolished when Frémont relieved.

Mountain Howitzers, use of.

Mower, Jos. A., brigadier general U. S. A., recommended by Sherman to succeed Sooy Smith in cavalry command; promoted major general on mistaken report that he had defeated and killed Forrest.

Mumma House, at Antietam.

Myers, Jas. H., captain 23d Indiana Bat., at Cheney's.

Nagle, James, brigadier general United States Volunteers, at South Mountain; at Antietam.

Nashville, situation and lines of communication; fortified and garrisoned; conditions before battle of; map of part of battlefield; Schofield and Wilson's attack at.

Neff, Geo. W., lieutenant colonel 2nd Kentucky, captures Guyandotte, West Virginia; taken prisoner at Scary Creek; defends Camp Dennison against Morgan raiders.

New Berne, North Carolina, base of supply for Sherman's army.

New Hope Church, fighting at; formidable character of works. New Jersey, Taylor's brigade, disorderly retreat from Bull Run bridge; honorable exceptions; 13th Infantry at Antietam.

Newspaper Correspondents, difficulties of officers in field with; "write down" some; and make fictitious reputations for others.

Newton, John, major general United States Volunteers, assigned to command Sheridan's division, 4th army corps; at Rocky Face, Georgia

New York Seventh Regiment, equal in drill to West Point cadets; furnished 300 officers for other volunteer regiments.

New York Troops, 51st; 6th Cavalry, attached to Kanawha division temporarily; 12th Cavalry, at Kinston; 4th Heavy Artillery, reports to General Cox.

Night retreats, not to be commended, panicky conditions.

Noble County, Ohio, resists the draft.

Non-Combatants, usual treatment of; losses and perils of, in field of operations; straits of.

Officers, qualifications of good; business training helpful to; Union, usually serving in grades above their rank; unfit, retained upon roster, deprived capable, of their just reward; best qualities not learned at school; good subordinates not always fit for high command.

Official Returns, preferable to general estimates of commanding generals; of confederate forces in North Carolina confessedly defective.

Ohio Democrats, at first opposed to putting down secession; revulsion of feeling after bombardment of Sumter; nominate Vallandigham for Governor.

Ohio Senate, when bombardment of Sumter announced; members drill on State House terrace.

Ohio State Election, fall of '63, excitement attending; soldiers vote in; overwhelming defeat of Vallandigham; good effect of, felt throughout North.

Ohio Troops, in general; 1st; 3rd; 4th; 5th; 7th; 8th; 9th; 10th; 11th; 12th; 13th; 14th and 15th; 16th; 17th; 18th; 19th; 20th; 21st; 22nd; 23d; 26th; 28th; 30th; 34th; 37th; 40th; 42nd; 44th and 47th; 50th; 52nd; 61st; 89th, 91st, and 92nd; 93rd; 100th; 103rd; 104th; 115th; 118th; 125th; Cavalry, see BURDSALL, LONG, and PFAU; Artillery, see BARNETT, COCKERILL, and McMULLIN.

Osterhaus, Peter J., brig, general, promoted major general on political grounds; returns to 15th army corps, and serves throughout war.

Paine, Chas. J., brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding div of colored troops at Federal Ft., N C..

Palmer, Innes N., brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Beaufort, North Carolina; Batchelder's Creek; Gum Swamp; in front of British Road; ordered to support Carter; and demonstrate toward Southwest Creek; exaggerated impression of enemy's strength; at second battle of Kinston; division incorporated with Carter's under command of latter; commands District of Beaufort.

Palmer, John M., major general United States Volunteers; at Tunnel Hill; in Snake Creek Gap; at Resaca; crosses river at Resaca, following Howard; deprived of Davis' division; complains; corps reunited; at Peachtree Creek

Parke, John G., Burnside's chief of staff; character and services; appointed major general; assigned to command 9th army corps; sent to Vicksburg with corps; returns and goes on sick leave; leads 9th army corps to Cumberland Gap; chief of staff in E. Tennessee; in command 9th army corps; meeting with Grant; at Dandridge; resists Longstreet's advance toward Knoxville; health impaired; resumes staff position.

Paroles, for Johnston's army prepared by Schofield; General Hartsuff takes charge of their issue; difficulty of ascertaining number required; number actually paroled; speedy accomplishment of.

Parsons, L. B., colonel quartermaster's department, supervises transfer of 23d army corps from Clifton, Tennessee, to Washington.

Partisan Rangers, organized under confederate auspices, little better than guerillas, methods of, condemned by Stuart; Lee; and Rosser

Patrick, Marsena B., brig, general, reports to General Cox in lines about Washington; appointed provost marshal with extended powers to prevent straggling at Antietam

Peachtree Creek, battle of; planned by Johnston, fought by Hood

Pearisburg, Virginia, operations near

Pegram, John, lieutenant colonel, held position at Rich Mountain; attacked in rear by Rosecrans; surrenders to McClellan.

Peirpoint, F. H., Governor of West Virginia; holds rebel sympathizers as hostages for safety of Union men; courts established by, ignored; calls for help in West Virginia

Pemberton, John C., lieutenant general Confederate States Army, surrenders Vicksburg.

Peninsular Campaign, discussed by McClellan.

Pennsylvania Troops, 10th res. infantry; 51st; 8th Cavalry; Bat. D.

Perry, Hon. Aaron F., attorny for Burnside in Vallandigham _habeas corpus_ case.

Pfan, Philip, captain 3rd Ohio ind. cavalry, at Princeton, West Virginia

Phelps, Walter, Jr., colonel 22nd New York, at Antietam.

Philippi, West Virginia, captured by Morris.

Pickett's Mill, Georgia, operations at.

Pine Mountain, E. Tennessee, difficulties of ascent.

Piper's house, at Antietam.

Pleasanton, Alfred, brigadier general commanding cavalry division Army of Potomac; at South Mountain; classmate of McClellan.

Poe, Orlando M., lieutenant of topographical engineers on coast survey. assists Governor Dennison in organizing regiments; engineer on Burnside's staff, E. Tennessee; removes heavy pontoon bridge from Loudon to Knoxville; fortifies Knoxville; describes privations during siege; praises Cox's movement retiring left wing at Dalton; fortifies Allatoona; examines Cox's position south of Olley's Creek

Poffenberger, J., house and barn at Antietam.

Political Appointments, mostly lawyers; political leaders naturally foremost in enlisting men; President selected from these officers for 3 months service; not bad, if method adopted to get rid of known incompetents; evils in actual practice; condemned by Governor Tod;

Polk, Leonidas, lieutenant general C. S, A., opposes Sherman in Mississippi; urges Johnston's appointment as successor to Bragg; commands Army of the Mississippi; reinforced; urges reconciliation of Johnston with Davis; ordered to reinforce Johnston; concentrates at Rome; at Resaca; position between Dallas and New Hope Church; killed at Pine Mountain; underestimate of his own forces.

Pontoons, canvas, unequalled for field use, but unfit for permanent bridges.

Pope, John, captain, consulted by Governor Dennison; commands Army of Virginia; orders ridiculed; drafted under direction of Stanton; admits bad taste of; hostility of Army of the Potomac; General Cox ordered to join, with Kanawha division; disliked by McClellan; retires within defences of Washington after second Battle of Bull Run; army affronts him by cheering McClellan; character and mistakes of; unfair treatment of; general conduct of campaign skilful; plans disarranged by McDowell's absence from his command and Porter's inactivity; slow movement of Peninsular Army to his relief; prefers charges against Porter and Franklin; permanently retired from active service; orders on assuming command disapproved by Lincoln and McClellan; sarcastically criticised by Fitz-John Porter;

Porter, David D., rear admiral with fleet off Cape Fear; visited by Schofield and Cox; transports Sherman from City Point to New Berne.

Porter, Fitz-John, major general United States Volunteers, inaction before second battle of Bull Run; relieved from duty and corps assigned to Hooker; reinstated at McClellan's request; on march, South Mountain to Antietam; classmate and intimate friend of McClellan; in reserve at Antietam; with John W. Garret at McClellan's headquarters; letters to Burnside forwarded to Washington; sarcastic comments in, most damaging evidence against Porter; becomes unfriendly to Burnside; notoriously favored by McClellan; extraordinary effort to make a record against Burnside; erroneous report in regard to withdrawal of Burnside's corps at Antietam; ordered before a court-martial; cashiered.

Porterfield, G. A., colonel commanding confederate forces at Philippi, West Virginia

Potter, Robt. B., colonel 51st N.Y., at Antietam; president military commission to try Vallandigham; commanding division in 9th army corps, returns from Vicksburg ill and unfit for service; commands 9th army corps temporarily.

"Present for Duty," only fair basis of comparison between Union and Confederate armies; See EFFECTIVE TOTAL.

Presstman, Stephen W., major and church engineer on Johnston's staff, marks out defences at Resaca.

Prices in Confederacy in 1864.

Princeton, West Virginia, battle of.

Privations of officers, when marching without baggage.

Probate Court, Hamilton Co., Ohio, tries to arrest U. S. officers for contempt of court.

Promotions, affected by politics; should be based on merit alone; evil tendency of opposite policy; those recommended by Sherman for promotion on account of distinguished services in Atlanta campaign could not be advanced because vacancies had already been filled by appointments made on political grounds.

Pugh, Geo. E., counsel for Vallandigham; visits V. in Canada.

Raglan, L'd, dependence on what Wellington would have done.

Railroads, in Kentucky and Tennessee seized and administered by Sherman in interests of his army; system of defences for.

Raleigh, North Carolina, occupied by Union troops; abject terror of inhabitants; guarded by General Cox; measures taken to prevent outbreak on news of Lincoln's assassination.

Raleigh courthouse, West Virginia

Ransom, Robt., major general Confederate States Army, in E. Tennessee; transferred to cavalry command.

Rawlins, John A., brigadier general United States Volunteers, chief of staff for General Grant, sent to St. Louis to hurry reinforcements to Thomas.

Raymond, H. J., correspondence with Stanton about photograph of Lincoln cortège in City Hall, New York.

Reagan, John H., p. m. general in Davis' cabinet, excluded from conference between Sherman and Johnston; draft of agreement presented by Johnston and rejected by Sherman; at last cabinet meeting; captured with Davis.

Rear-guard, place of honor on retreat.

Regimental Histories, value to the historian limited to actual experience of regiment, camp gossip about other commands and generals usually worthless.

Regular Army officers, should have officered volunteer regiments at the start; professionals usually more likely to succeed than amateurs; lacked, however, experience in high command or large operations; few above rank of captain fit for field service; theoretical knowledge comparatively small; contempt for books; study of strategy and grand tactics, begun after war broke out; familiar with post and garrison duty and army regulations; slavish adherence to French precedents; marked conservatism prevented adoption of new and improved weapons; indifference and lack of patriotism; unwillingness to go beyond orders; spontaneity drilled out of; superiority to volunteer officers limited to knowledge of company and battalion drill, army regulations and administration; keeping up separate organization with its grades, belittled actual command in military operations, and resulted in grading regular officers who had done little or nothing, above volunteers who had worthily commanded divisions and corps.

Reilly, Jas. W., colonel 104th Ohio, commanding brigade in 23d army corps, at siege of Knoxville; at Resaca; at Cheney's; forces crossing of Olley's Creek at Cheney's; intrenches three miles from continuous line of Union intrenchments; in temporary command 3rd division 23d army corps; promoted on recommendation of General Cox; at Spring Hill, Tennessee; gets leave of absence, after Franklin; rejoins corps in North Carolina; commands Cox's division when latter assumes command of corps; resigns on account of ill health.

Reno, Jesse L., major general United States Volunteers, commands 9th army corps; praises marching of Kanawha division; observes affair at the Monocacy; approves Cox's advance on Fox's Gap; comes to Cox's position just before sunset; killed a few minutes afterward; succeeded by General Cox in command of corps; classmate of McClellan.

Resaca, fortified and occupied by Johnston; map of; natural strength of position; battles around; evacuated by Johnston.

Reynolds, D. H., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Resaca.

Reynolds, Jos. J., in command of Cheat Mountain district; repulses attack by Loring; at Romney; opinion as to expediency of Rosecrans' advance.

Rhind, Alex. C., commander U. S. N., at Kinston.

Rice, Henry M., senator from Minnesota, questions power of President to appointment additional major and brig, generals.

Rich Mountain, West Virginia, fortified by Garnett; held by Pegram; battle of.

Richardson, Israel B., major general United States Volunteers, supports cavalry advance toward Antietam; at Antietam; mortally wounded.

Richmond, Lewis, lieutenant colonel and assistant adjutant-general on Burnside's staff, leaves E. Tennessee.

Ricketts, Jas. B., brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Antietam.

Ricks, Augustus J., lieutenant on staff of General Cox, since Judge of U. S. District Court N. District of Ohio, vivid account of celebration of Lee's surrender in Sherman's army.

Rifled Guns, superiority over smooth-bores.

"Rigors of Climate," laughable excuse for going South in August.

Ripley, Roswell S., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Antietam.

Rockcastle River, Kentucky, picturesque character of.

Rocky Face, Georgia, description of; natural defence of Dalton; northern extremity carried by Newton; sharp and rugged character of ridge.

Rodman, Isaac P., brigadier general United States Volunteers, in Maryland campaign; at South Mountain; first position at Antietam; ordered to cross at ford below Burnside's bridge; killed at Antietam; on left at Antietam.

Rosecrans, Wm. S., captain and engineer on McClellan's staff; appointed brigadier general in regular army; at Rich Mountain, West Virginia; succeeds McClellan in Department of West Virginia; comes to Gauley and assumes chief command; defeats Floyd at Carnifex Ferry; characteristics of; at Big Sewell Mountain; on the retreat; in camp near Gauley; mode of dealing with privates; strong excitement when Floyd seized Cotton Mountain; plan for capturing Floyd's army; foiled by Benham's inactivity; plans expedition into E. Tennessee; physical obstacles; winter quarters at Wheeling; sends reinforcements to Buell; attitude in regard to escaped slaves; new plan for advance into E. Tennessee; turns over command to Fremont; sent to conduct Blenker's division to Fremont; regards Porter as McClellan's confidential adviser; appointed major general; directed to move on Chattanooga; inability to agree with Burnside; unwillingness and inaction; secures opinions of division commanders; Garfield's summing up; dissatisfaction of administration; forces of, opposed to Bragg; inactivity enables Bragg to send reinforcements to Johnston; on promotion as a reward for merit; again urged by Stanton and Halleck to advance; querulous disposition; drives Bragg out of Tennessee; plans, after reaching Chattanooga; demoralized by defeat at Chickamauga; relations with Burnside; relieved from command; sends Garfield to Washington with his report; conduct at Chickamauga; described by Dana; House resolution of thanks fails in Senate; resents Garfield's letter to Chase; plans for supplying army at Chattanooga; sent to Missouri; sends A. J. Smith with two divisions to Thomas.

Ross, L. S., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Olley's Creek; driven off by Reilly and Cameron.

Rosser, Thos. L., colonel 5th Virginia Confederate States Army; condemns "Partisan Rangers" in Virginia

Rousseau, Lovell H., appointed major general; repulses Forrest at Pulaski; at Murfreesborough.

Rucker, E. W., colonel Confederate States Army, commanding brigade in Chalmers' cavalry division at battle of Nashville; wounded and captured.

Rue, Geo. W., major 9th Kentucky Cavalry, in Morgan raid.

Ruffin, Thos. Jr., colonel 13th North Carolina

Ruffner, Lewis, prominent Union man in West Virginia

Ruger, Thos. H., brigadier general United States Volunteers, transferred from 20th army corps to 2nd division 23d army corps; joins at Johnsonville, Tennessee; at Columbia; Franklin; assigned to command new division 23d army corps; on march from Columbia to Clifton; brevet major general; reports to General Cox at Beaufort, North Carolina with new division; at Gum Swamp; at battle of Kinston; repulses Hoke's attack; mentioned.

Rullett and Clipp houses, at Antietam.

Sale, John B., military secretary of General Bragg, takes special message to Johnston.

Salisbury, North Carolina, confederate treatment of prisoners at; prison pen described.

Sanders, Wm. P., colonel 5th Kentucky cavalry, raid into E. Tennessee; pursuit of Morgan raiders; defeated at Richmond; turns tables on Scott at Lancaster; made brigadier general; resists Wheeler in E. Tennessee; splendid conduct before Knoxville; mortally wounded.

Sanitary Commission reaches E. Tennessee with needed supplies.

Saunders, E. D., assistant adjutant-general on Gen Cox's staff; killed while riding at his side; loss severely felt.

Savage, Jas. W., colonel 12th New York Cavalry, at Kinston.

Scammon, E. P., colonel 23d Ohio, at Canfex Ferry; history and characteristics; succeeds to command of Schenck's brigade; at Fayette courthouse; at Flat Top Mountain; at Princeton; at French's; commands 1st brigade Kanawha division; at Bull Run bridge; at the Monocacy; supports Pleasanton; attached to Rodman's division; at Antietam; promoted; commands division in Kanawha valley; at Fayette courthouse; heads off Morgan at Pomeroy, Ohio

Scary Creek, West Virginia, skirmish at.

Schenck, Robt. C., brigadier general United States Volunteers, in West Virginia; movements near Gauley; efforts to intercept Floyd; leaves West Virginia on account of ill health; under Fremont in Mountain Department; appointed major general; political acquaintance and influence secures confirmation; commands District of Maryland with West Virginia annexed; attitude toward Lincoln.

Schleich, Newton, brigadier general Ohio Valley Infantry.

Schofield, John M., appointed major general in 1862, not confirmed; reappointed as of first date; opposition to confirmation; appointed to command Army of the Ohio; arrives at Knoxville; instructed to drive Longstreet out of E. Tennessee; impossibility of making campaign explained; remains on defensive; reports to Sherman; instructed to join him; even temper; permanently assigned to command 23d army corps; unites with Sherman's army; left wing of army before Dalton; manoeuvres at Dalton; dissatisfied with Hovey; asks to have him removed; praises Cox's movement, retiring left wing; orders advance at Resaca; advances on extreme left from Resaca to Cassville; hindered by Hooker's getting on his line of march; concentrates at Cartersville; appoints Hascall commander 2nd division in place of Judah; again hindered by Hooker; movements south of the Etowah; disabled by fall of horse; turns command over to General Cox; resumes command; question of rank with Butterfield; outflanks confederate army and compels abandonment of New Hope lines; at Kolb's farm; demonstrates on extreme right; says importance of position gained by General Cox, south of Olley's Creek, cannot be overestimated; at Smyrna; across the Chattahoochee; builds wooden bridge; wide circuit east of Atlanta; attacked by Cheatham at Atlanta; at Rough and Ready; at Decatur, Georgia; turns command of corps over to General Cox during October; classmate and roommate of McPherson; commands all troops in Chattanooga and vicinity; objects to being relegated to Department command; resumes command of Army of the Ohio; wants corps filled up to its quota; reports to Thomas; commands all forces assembling at Pulaski; at Columbia; limited to careful defensive; holds on at Columbia under orders from Thomas; deprived of benefit of cavalry; earnestly demands General Cox's promotion; at battle of Nashville; in pursuit of Hood; asks to have 23d corps transferred to eastern army; corps filled up; at Clifton, Tennessee; transferred with corps to Washington; appointed to command Department of North Carolina; headquarters on steamer "Spaulding," controversy over; efforts to flank Hoke out of position on Federal Point; approves General Cox's discretion in not obeying orders; asks permanent assignment of General Cox to 23d Corps command, and General Terry to new corps in advance on Kinston; in temporary command of Sherman's army; promoted to brigadier general in regular army; on march to Raleigh; commands District of North Carolina; prepares paroles and arranges details of capitulation of Johnston's army; loans horses to the needy and issues rations to Johnston's troops; proclaims an end of slavery; confers with Hardee at Greensborough.

Schurz, Carl, appointed major general United States Volunteers

Scofield, Levi T., lieutenant 103rd Ohio, topographer on General Cox's staff.

Scott, Thos. M., brig, gen, Confederate States Army, raid into southern Kentucky; defeated by Sanders at Lancaster.

Scott, Winfield, General U. S. A., mistake in discouraging service of regular army officers with volunteer regiments.

Seddon, Jas. A., Secretary of War, Confederate States Army, correspondence with Johnston; correspondence with B. H. Hill.

Sedgwick, John, major general United States Volunteers, at Antietam; severely wounded.

Separate Commands, evils of, in same field of operations; ridiculed by Napoleon.

Sevierville, E. Tennessee, cavalry combat at.

Seward, Wm. H., Secretary of State, goes with Lincoln to meet confederate peace commander's.

Seymour, Truman, brigadier general United States Volunteers, at Antietam.

Shackelford, Jas. M., brigadier general United States Volunteers, in Morgan raid; captures Morgan and most of his command; operations in E. Tennessee

Shelter Tent, substituted for all other kinds; advantages of.

Sheridan, P. H., first vote; appointed major general United States Volunteers; reasons for opposing Rosecrans' advance in Tennessee; at Chickamauga; at Missionary Ridge; in E. Tennessee; at Dandridge; personal appearance; slow development as a commander; builds bridge which lands on an island; retreats to Strawberry Plains; transferred to eastern army; part assigned in final round-up of Lee's army.

Sheriff of Hamilton Co., Ohio, directed to arrest U. S. officers for contempt of court; comical perplexity.

Sherman, Hon. John, senator from Ohio; correspondence with Wm. T.

Sherman, Wm. T., appointed colonel of regulars; high opinion of volunteers studies evolutions of the line after Bull Run; acquiesces in Emancipation policy; urges draft to fill up regiments in the field; commands Department of the Tennessee; hastens to Chattanooga; marches to relief of Burnside; horror of E. Tennessee; dissatisfied with Granger; good dinner at Burnside's headquarters, explanation of; Meridian expedition; promoted to command Mil. Division of the Mississippi; visits Schofield at Knoxville; urges confirmation of his appointment as major general; correspondence with Halleck; modest estimate of his own powers; studies problem of supplying his army in the field; takes possession of railroads from Louisville to Nashville and Nashville to Chattanooga; cuts down personal and headquarters baggage to bare necessities and sets example himself; accurate judgment of opposing forces; concentrates for Atlanta campaign; forces of; personal appearance and characteristics; cordial relations with Thomas; orders for operations about Dalton; satisfied Johnston's position could not be carried by assault; orders demonstrations to cover McPherson's movement; congratulates Schofield on Cox's movement retiring left wing; declines to relieve Hovey; presses after Johnston when he evacuates Resaca; unwilling to give up hope of general engagement; compelled by results to avoid assaults on intrenched positions; losses on campaign compensated by arrival of Blair's (17th) corps; recommends acceptance of Hovey's resignation; indignation at promotion of Hovey and Osterhaus; foresees probable necessity for attack at Kennesaw; uneasy at stretching of lines; hopes to break through enemy's lines; orders demonstrations on both flanks and assaults by two columns in middle both assaults fail; might have succeeded if followed up; recognizes importance of position gained by General Cox on right flank forces confederates to give up Atlanta or assume desperate aggressive; closes in on Jonesboro; occupies Atlanta; steady diminution in forces of; offers promotion to any one who will capture or kill Forrest; odd mistake, resulting in promotion of General Mower; orders citizens to leave Atlanta; leaves of absence and furloughs freely granted; orders certain officers to report to governors of Indiana and Mo. for duty--on the stump; courteous treatment of subordinates; would have given Logan command of Army of Tennessee but for Thomas' opposition; praises L.'s handling of that army at battle of Atlanta; sends back troops to protect railroads against Hood's raid; leaves 20th army corps to garrison Atlanta; plans March to the Sea; pursuit of Hood; tires of countermarching to protect his communications; praises Cox's management of 23d army corps; recommends his promotion to be major general; urges Halleck to send reinforcements to Thomas; orders Schofield to report to Thomas with 23d Corps; cuts communications and starts on March to the Sea; plans campaign from Savannah, north; inspiring quality of his leadership; unselfish relations to Grant; opposes bill providing for another lieutenant general; knows Carolina campaign involves great risks; where described; general outline; captures Columbia; effects junction with Schofield and Terry, confident he can whip Lee and Johnston combined; battles of Averasborough and Bentonville; losses at; leaves Schofield in command, goes to City Point to consult Lincoln and Grant; endorses Schofield's request that Cox be assigned to permanent command of 23d Corps and Terry, of new corps; prohibits foraging after reaching Goldsborough; moves upon Raleigh; extravagant demonstrations of army, on learning of Lee's surrender; receives Governor Vance's peace delegation; negotiates informally for withdrawal of North Carolina from confederacy; on Johnston's request agrees to an armistice; stringent orders against pillage and arson; fears outbreak of army on hearing news of Lincoln's assassination; measures to prevent; announces first step toward disbandment of confederate armies; attitude before war on slavery question; emphatic statements that if the South loses the war it loses slavery; freedom for the blacks to be secured, but they are unfit to assume political rule; set no limits on their following the army, except military necessity; representative colored men had confidence in him; allots Sea-island lands to freedmen for cultivation with Stanton's approval; wrath against men chiefly responsible for secession and war; conference with Lincoln only three weeks before he met Johnston; understood his policy to involve guaranty of rights as citizens, as soon as rebels laid down their arms, and recognition of existing State governments as _de facto_ to prevent anarchy; aware that Weitzel had authorized Virginia legislature to assemble with Lincoln's consent; not aware that permission was revoked; meets Johnston with heavy burden of Lincoln's assassination on his mind; expresses full confidence in Johnston's sincerity; sends full copies of Johnston's overture and his reply to Grant and Stanton; no notice taken of them; witnesses Johnston's distress when advised of Lincoln's assassination; declines to deal with confederate government; will recognize _de facto_ State governments only; gives Johnston Lincoln's views; regards slavery as utterly dead, but does not insist on irritating acknowledgments; reasons for depositing arms at State capitals; loses nothing by delay, while negotiations in progress; drafts memo or basis of agreement to be submitted to respective principals; sends it to Grant; urges on Johnston a public declaration that slavery is dead and predicts an era of good feeling to follow; says war to perpetuate slavery was an insult to the intelligence of the age; warns Johnston of intense feeling at the North over Lincoln's assassination; changes the situation; notifies Johnston of termination of truce and demands surrender of his army on terms given to Lee; resents Stanton's distrust as evidenced in orders to Grant to direct operations against the enemy; supposed the memo reflected Lincoln's ideas and purposes; asks Grant to remain until capitulation finally signed; farewell letter to Johnston; field order No. 65; deeply wounded by Stanton's press dispatches condemning his conduct; first heard of Davis' "plunder" through Grant; takes immediate steps to prevent his escape with it; imputation of Stanton that he could be bribed; strikes back at Stanton in letter to Grant and in his report; popular regard for, soon asserts itself; life-long friendship for Halleck destroyed by latter's "plunder" dispatch, and orders to disregard his truce; refuses H.'s proffered hospitality, and denounces "diabolical plot" to ruin him; says he will defend his truce at all hazards; theoretic discussion of his right and ability to do so; sympathy of his subordinates; leaves Raleigh, visits Charleston and Savannah; notes complete submission to U. S. authority in Savannah.

Siber, Edward, colonel 37th Ohio, at Raleigh courthouse; retreats before Loring; operates on south bank of Kanawha.

Sigel, Franz, major general United States Volunteers, commands 11th Corps; Pope's proposal to consolidate Kanawha division with, and put all under Hooker.

Sill, Joshua W., ordnance officer at Camp Dennison; character and heroic death at Stone's River

Simmonds, Seth J., captain Kentucky battery, attached to Kanawha division; at South Mountain; at Antietam.

Simonton, Chas. H., colonel commanding brigade Confederate States Army, captured at Town Creek by General Cox.

Sisters of Charity, in hospitals at Camp Dennison.

Skirmishing Advance, described.

Slack, John Jr., deputy U. S. Marshal at Charleston, West Virginia

Slavery, question, most troublesome in all border States; admitted to be dead as result of war; Sherman urges upon Johnston frank acknowledgment of fact, as likely to usher in era of good feeling; end of, in North Carolina, proclaimed by Schofield.

Slaves, common belief among, that property of whites was to be taken away and divided among them; difficulties in getting them to work; embarrassments of housekeepers.

Slemmer, Adam J., major 16th U. S., at Ft. Pickens; inspector general on Rosecrans' staff; good qualities.

Slocum, Henry W., major general United States Volunteers, at Antietam; succeeds Hooker in command of 20th Corps; left to garrison Atlanta; commands Army of Georgia, composed of 14th and 20th Corps; march past 23d Corps at Goldsborough; chaffing between soldiers; at battles of Averasborough and Bentonville; on march to Raleigh; "bummers" of, forage country bare near Raleigh; marches through Raleigh.

Smith, Andrew J., major general United States Volunteers, ordered to reinforce Thomas at Nashville; delayed in starting; at Nashville; at battle of Nashville; supports cavalry in pursuit of Hood; ordered to Eastport; at Clifton awaiting transportation.

Smith, Benj. F., leading lawyer and "new state man," in West Virginia; U. S. District Atty., father of Major Smith of Confederate States Army; demands return of son's escaped slave, refused by General Cox; acts as advocate for return of others' slaves.

Smith, E. Kirby, major general Confederate States Army, threatens Cincinnati; commanding in trans-Miss, department.

Smith, Gustavus W., major general Confederate States Army, commands Georgia militia and prepares line of defence on Nickajack Creek, and Chattahoochee.

Smith, Wm. F., major general United States Volunteers, at Antietam; consulted by McClellan as to what he should do about Emancipation Proclamation; chief engineer, Army of the Cumberland; opens new line of supply for Chattanooga; transferred to Eastern Army; on the James.

Smith, W. P., master of transportation on Kanawha River

Smith, Wm. Sooy, brigadier general United States Volunteers, selected by Grant to command cavalry of Western army; ordered to co-operate with Sherman's column; fails to do so.

Soldier Vote, in Ohio State election, 1863; in 1864.

Southern People, complete submission immediately after the war; reaction and political exasperation.

South Mountain, passes of; battle of.

Spears, Jas. G., brigadier general United States Volunteers, in Morgan's command; at Blain's Cross-roads; assigned to 23d army corps

Spies, army, false reports of Lee's strength; worse than useless to McClellan; conscious, or unconscious, purveyors of false news.

Splaine, Henry, colonel 17th Massachusetts, commanding brigade in Carter's division at battle of Kinston, North Carolina.

Sprague, Wm., Governor of R. I., on McClellan's favoritism for Porter.

Staff Officers, services hidden from view, chances for promotion less than those of line officers; qualifications and appointment of.

Stafford, Leroy A., colonel 9th La., commanding brigade at Antietam.

Stager, Anson, colonel, suerintendent of military telegraphs at Washington.

Stahel, Julius, appointed major general United States Volunteers.

Stanley, David S., appointed major general United States Volunteers.

Stanley, Timothy R., colonel 18th Ohio, at Chattanooga; in Ohio Senate at outbreak of war.

Stanton, Edwin M., Secretary of War, first meeting with; disapproves of restoring McClellan to command; pleasant leavetaking; maintains right of President to appoint additional major and brigadier generals; reports six major generals at home with no assignments to duty; informs himself about conditions of things in Rosecrans' army; dismisses telegraph operator for revealing cipher to Grant's engineer; adopts new cipher known only to operators; this system criticised; asks Sherman to detail certain officers to stump northern States; impatience with Thomas before battle of Nashville; cordial manner with General Cox; petulance about Schofield's use of hospital steamer for headquarters; inquires about Sherman's treatment of the negro; approves his allotment of sea-island lands to the freedmen; dispatch to Dix, reflecting on Sherman; false implications of; refutation; nine criticisms of Sherman-Johnston Convention considered; objections, really to Lincoln's policy; position against amnesty not sustained by the people; orders Sherman's subordinates not to obey his orders; ignores capitulation, while paroles were being issued; _suppressio veri_; mutilates Grant's dispatch for publication; constitutional inability to admit that he was in the wrong; publishes Halleck's "plunder" dispatch in garbled form; evident purpose to humiliate Sherman; makes no public explanation; tells Howard that Sherman had put administration on the defensive; regarded Sherman's convention and dispatch as acts of vanity to be put down.

Starke, Wm. E., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Harper's Ferry; killed at Antietam.

Steedman, James B., brig, gen, United States Volunteers, questioned by Stanton about Rosecrans and Thomas; at Chickamauga; ordered to Tuscumbia to destroy Hood's bridge of boats; later ordered to Cowan and Nashville; at Nashville; at battle of Nashville; ordered to Decatur, Alabama

Sterl, Oscar W., colonel 104th Ohio, commanding Reilly's old brigade in 23d army corps, in movement up right bank of Cape Fear River.

Sterling, Jas. T., lieutenant colonel 103rd Ohio, accompanies General Cox on winter ride to E. Tennessee; at Dandridge; at skirmish before Knoxville; inspector general on General Cox's staff, resigns for business reasons.

Stevens, Isaac J., major general United States Volunteers, killed at Chantilly.

Stevens, Thaddeus, radical leader in Congress.

Stevenson, Carter L., brigadier general Confederate States Army, in E. Tennessee

Stewart, Alex. P., major general Confederate States Army, at Tunnel Hill; on way to join Bragg at Kinston, North Carolina; arrives in time for second battle.

Stiles, Israel N., colonel 63rd Indiana, succeeds Henderson in command of brigade in 23d army corps; at battle of Nashville; volunteers as staff officer at battle of Kinston; commands brigade in Rugers division; commands post at Raleigh; garrison under, strengthened to prevent outbreak after news of Lincoln's assassination.

Stone's River, battle of, resemblance to Antietam.

Stoneman, Geo, major general United States Volunteers, reports to Grant for duty; assigned to command 23d army corps; why relieved from command in Army of Potomac; arrives at Knoxville; personal appearance; disliked by Grant; in pursuit of Longstreet; at Mossy Creek; placed in command of cavalry; on march, Resaca to Cassville; movements near the Etowah; enters Allatoona and reports ability to hold it; aids General Cox in holding position south of Olley's Creek; crosses Chattahoochee; good work from Chattanooga to Chattahoochee; raid from E. Tennessee into North Carolina

Straggling, in Army of Potomac; in confederate army; measures to prevent; in Kanawha division

Strategy, principles of, easily learned; same in all times.

Strawberry Plains, E. Tennessee, strategic importance of; railroad bridge at, alternately destroyed and rebuilt; hardships of troops at; threatened by Longstreet.

Streight, Abel D., colonel 51st Indiana commanding cavalry brigade, captured with his brigade near Rome, Georgia

Strickland, Silas A., colonel 50th Ohio, commanding brigade in Cooper's division 23d A.C., at Columbia.

Strong, Jas. H., lieutenant colonel on Foster's staff, accompanies General Cox on winter ride to E. Tennessee; advocates General Cox's appointment to field command.

Stuart, J. E. B., major general Confederate States Army, praises fighting of 11th and 12th Ohio, at Bull Run bridge; learns of Cox's transfer from West Virginia to Washington on day he left Parkersburg; at the Monocacy; covers movements of Lee's army in Maryland; at South Mountain; at Antietam; ride around McClellan's army arouses false ambition in cavalry commanders.

Sturgis, Samuel D., brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding division in 9th army corps; at South Mountain; first position at Antietam; carries Burnside bridge; on the left before Sharpsburg; in pursuit of Morgan raiders; commands cavalry, corps in E. Tennessee; skirmish at Mossy Creek; "takes a toddy"; at Sevierville; reports hopeless condition of roads; sent to Memphis to operate against Forrest.

Summers, Geo., ex-M. C. and prominent citizen of West Virginia; compelled by force and imprisonment to take oath of allegiance to Confederacy; offers to take oath of allegiance to U. S.

Sumner, Edwin V., major general United States Volunteers, commands left wing (2nd and 12th Corps) in Antietam campaign; none of his command in 2nd battle of Bull Run; placed in centre at Antietam; his corps ordered to support Hooker; left practically without command; misconception of Hooker's position; died March 21, 1863.

Supplies for army in Chattanooga, how forwarded; for Sherman's army, arrangements for forwarding.

Susini, famous basso, helps celebrate fall of Vicksburg.

Swain, David L., ex-Governor of North Carolina, in Vance's peace delegation to Sherman; mentioned.

Swinton, Wm., newspaper correspondent, threatens and proceeds to "write Cox down"; inconsistency exposed.

Taylor, Geo. W., brigadier general United States Volunteers, fatally wounded at Bull Run bridge.

Taylor, Richard, lieutenant general Confederate States Army, orders Forrest to raid Western Tennessee; informs Beauregard of reinforcements moving to Thomas; offers to send all of Hood's army, except French's division, to Beauregard.

Temple, O. P., Chancellor, Knoxville, Tennessee, author of "East Tennessee and the Civil War".

Tents, preferable to houses for army officers.

Terry, Alfred H., brigadier general United States Volunteers, captures Ft. Fisher; at Federal Point; unable to force Hoke's position opposite Town Creek; enters Wilmington after Cox's flanking movement compels evacuation; follows Bragg northward; assigned to command new corps designated as the 10th; on march to Raleigh; commands central district of North Carolina

Test Oaths, little value of; illustrated by case of Summers.

Thirteenth Amendment to U.S. Constitution, abolishing slavery, ratified by requisite number of States.

Thomas, Geo. H., major general United States Volunteers, reasons for opposing Rosecrans' advance in Tennessee; saves day at Chickamauga; succeeds Rosecrans in command of Army of the Cumberland; House resolution of thanks; at Chattanooga; sends part of his own supplies to army in E. Tennessee; commands centre of Sherman's army in Atlanta campaign; personal appearance and characteristics; cordial relations with Sherman; at Tunnel Hill and Dalton; at Resaca; from Resaca to Kingston; changes Hooker's line of march so as to interfere with Schofield; supports Hooker at New Hope Church; suggests necessity of contracting and strengthening lines about Marietta; visits Cox's position south of Olley's Creek; follows up Johnston's retreat from Marietta vigorously; at Peachtree Creek; at Jonesboro; warned to protect Chattanooga and Bridgeport; advises Sherman to turn Wilson loose; reinforced and put in command of all forces not taken by Sherman; cheerful over prospects; disturbed by Forrest's raid; does not concentrate rapidly; reinforcements delayed; wrong impression as to Hood's intentions; at battle of Nashville; prizes in battle and in pursuit of Hood; proposes going into winter quarters; ordered to send 23d army corps to Grant; urges promotion of General Cox; personal movements in Tennessee; mental suffering under unjust criticism.

Thomas, Minor T., colonel 8th Minn., commanding brig, in Ruger's division at battle of Kinston.

Thompson, M. Jeff., brigadier general Confederate States Army, prisoner at Johnson's Island.

Tillson, Davis, brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding post at Covington, Kentucky; commanding heavy artillery at Knoxville.

Tod, David, Governor of Ohio; bewails system of military appointments; warns persons resisting the draft to desist; calls out militia to oppose Morgan; advised of Hamilton Co. sheriff's attempt to arrest U. S. officers; calls out militia to defeat plots to release confederate prisoners.

Toland, J. P., lieutenant colonel 34th Ohio.

Tompkins, C. Q., colonel Confederate States Army, ex-U. S. officer; home near Gauley; courteous treatment of family; residence of, used as headquarters by Rosecrans.

Toombs, Robt., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Antietam.

Tourtelotte, John E., colonel 4th Minn., commanding brig, at Allatoona.

Town Creek, North Carolina, confederate position at, captured by General Cox with two guns and 400 prisoners.

Townsend, E. D., adjutant general U. S. A., anecdotes of Stanton; in charge of funeral escort of Lincoln's body.

Tracy, Edw. E., lieutenant 104th Ohio, aide-de-camp on General Cox's staff; wounded at Utoy Creek; appointed Governor of Dayton Soldiers' Home; personal appearance and characteristics; anecdote; reconnoissance with Claassen's brigade at Kinston.

Transfers of officers from one army to another not generally good administration.

Treasonable practices, President's proclamation against; Burnside's order No. 38; Burbridge's order No. 42; practically annulled.

Treat, Richard B., brigadier quartermaster on General Cox's staff; adjutant general; transferred to Stoneman's staff.

Trimble, Isaac R., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Antietam.

Tunnel Hill, Georgia; view of confederate position at Dalton, from.

Turchin, John B., colonel 19th Ill., court-martialed; sentenced to be dismissed Aug. 6, 1862; appointed brigadier general Aug. 5, 1862, and confirmed; opinion as to expediency of Rosecrans' advance; at Chattanooga.

Twining, Wm. J., captain eng. and aide-de-camp on Schofield's staff, takes message to Sherman.

Tyler, Erastus B., colonel 7th Ohio; surprised at Cross Lanes.

Upham, Chas. L., colonel 15th Conn., commanding brig, in Carter's division at battle of Kinston; cut off from rest of division and routed by Hoke; losses at Kinston.

Upton's Hill, fortified for defence of Washington; occupied by General Cox.

Upton's Manual, an improvement on the book previously studied at West Point.

Vallandigham, Clement L., sensational case of; character and views; speech at Mountain Vernon, Ohio; arrested by Burnside; tried before military commission; convicted and sentenced to confinement in Ft. Warren; application for _habeas corpus_ refused; sentence commuted by Lincoln to expulsion beyond our lines; incites Holmes Co. to resist the draft; application to U. S. Supreme Court to annul sentence denied; nominated for Governor of Ohio and overwhelmingly defeated.

Van Buren, James L., major and aide-de-camp on Burnside's staff, leaves E. Tennessee

Vance, John L., captain 4th West Virginia

Vance, Zebulon, Governor of North Carolina, issues proclamation calling for final rally to repel invaders; makes overtures to Sherman to end war; loses confidence and leaves Raleigh; Davis orders arrest of his peace commanders; invited by Sherman to return to Raleigh; mentioned.

Van Cleve, Horatio P., brigadier general United States Volunteers, opinion against expediency of Rosecrans' advance; at Chickamauga.

Van Dorn, Earl, major general Confederate States Army, captures Coburn's brigade near Franklin, Tennessee

Vicksburg, news of surrender, how received in Cincinnati.

Virginia, passes ordinance of secession; admitted to confederacy; topography of.

Virginia Troops, 22nd, largely composed of young men from Charleston West Virginia; 44th, at Beverly, West Virginia; 8th Cavalry

Volunteers, high character and spirit of; superior to recruits for regular army; many volunteer regiments not excelled in drill by regulars; methods of discipline necessarily milder; after a year's service, superior in everything that gives assurance of victory in battle; in 1862 as well fitted for their work as any army in the world; so said Grant and Sherman; many need not have shunned competitive examination with regulars in studies pursued at West Point.

Volunteer Officers, at first elected by militia; afterwards appointed by Governor; necessity for sifting; military aptitude often wanting in men brave and intelligent; fitness in subordinate position not always proof of capacity for high command; ignorance of tactics and regulations seldom overcome by men of advanced age; business training helpful to; rapid advance of many young volunteers; peers of any officers of their grade in regular army or any other; value of West Point training before the war exaggerated; comparative merits and defects of regular army officers; costly conservatism of regular officers and prejudice against improved weapons; distinction between volunteers and regulars should have been abolished, and officers promoted on their merits.

Von Blessingh, Louis, lieutenant colonel 37th Ohio.

Von Borke, Heros, major on staff of J. E. B. Stuart, amusing report of.

Von Moltke favors giving largest discretion to subordinates on detached service.

Wade, Hon. Benj. F., Sen. from Ohio, opposes re-election of Lincoln; "Wade-Davis Manifesto."

Wagner, Geo. D., brigadier general commanding division in 4th army corps, reports to General Cox.

Wagner, O. G., lieutenant of eng., superintends fortifications at Gauley; modest young man of great promise, killed at Yorktown.

Walker, Henry H., brigadier general Confederate States Army, protects Davis and cabinet at Danville, Virginia

Walker, John G., brigadier general Confederate States Army, at Harper's Ferry; at Antietam.

Walthall, E. C., major general Confederate States Army, commands rear-guard on Hood's retreat from Nashville; destroys bridges and obstructs roads; commands Stewart's corps at battle of Kinston; forces of, at Kinston.

Washington, at time of General Cox's arrival with Kanawha division; defences of; country about; McClellan in charge of defence; necessity for covering and defending prevented full adoption of McClellan's plans.

Watson, P. H., Assistant Secretary of War.

Way, Wm. B., major 9th Michigan Cavalry, in Morgan raid.

Webb, Alex. S., brigadier general United States Volunteers, estimate of Lee's forces in seven days' battles.

Weitzel, Godfrey, brigadier general United States Volunteers, mentioned; major general at Richmond, Virginia

Welker, Hon. Martin, M. C. from Wayne Co., Ohio, urges arrest of Vallandigham followers; appointed judge of U. S. District Court N. District of Ohio.

Wells, Henry W., major and chief of artillery on General Cox's staff; rough march over mountain road to carry information to Sherman.

Welsh, Thos., colonel 45th Pennsylvania, commanding brigade at South Mountain; at Antietam; returns from Vicksburg with 9th army corps, and dies of malarial fever.

West Point Academy, course limited before the war; requirements for admission, common country school education; graduates of, equal to sophomores in leading colleges; no instruction in strategy or grand tactics; little French; mental furnishing for field work not superior to that of any well-educated man; physical training and drill, good; but no opportunity for most to exercise command; battalion evolutions the highest known; graduates of, not fitted--by their course alone--for high command.

West Virginia, importance of occupying; map of; loyalty to Union; mountain regions impracticable for military operations on large scale; sentiment of leading families divided; bitter feeling between Union men and secessionists; intensified by Loring's invasion; attached to District of Maryland See KANAWHA VALLEY.

West Virginia Troops, in general; 1st and 2nd; 4th; 5th; 8th; 9th; 13th; and Cavalry; Daum's battery

Wharton, Gabriel C., colonel commanding brigadier Confederate States Army, in West Virginia; repulsed at Pack's Ferry; in pursuit of Lightburn.

Wheeler, Jos., major general Confederate States Army, authorizes Morgan's raid into Kentucky; in E. Tennessee; at Tunnel Hill and Dug Gap; defeats McCook and captures Col. La Grange; forces of, reduced from 8000 to 1000 after raid in rear of Sherman's army; relied on to cover Hood's movement into Tennessee; informs Hood of Sherman's rumored march to the sea; complaints of his inefficiency; included in Johnston's capitulation; captured when trying to escape.

Wherry, Wm. M., colonel and aide-de-camp on Schofield's staff; brigadier general in war with Spain.

White, Carr B., lieutenant colonel 12th Ohio, in Kanawha valley; in Kanawha division; at South Mountain

White, Julius, brig, general, expedition into West Virginia; pursues Morgan raiders; succeeds Manson in command and division 23d army corps; in E. Tennessee

Whitford, John N., colonel commanding brigade Confederate States Army, at Kinston.

Whiting, W. H. C., major general Confederate States Army, at South Mountain

Whittier, John G., his poem "The River Path," recalled at Gauley.

Whittlesey, Chas., colonel and eng. on Cox's staff; appointed colonel of 20th Ohio.

Willcox, Orlando B., brigadier general United States Volunteers, reports to General Cox at South Mountain; first position at Antietam; at Burnside bridge; on heights near Sharpsburg; commands District of Indiana, returns to 9th army corps, with new division of Indiana troops; goes to Cumberland Gap; to Morristown; posted at Greeneville; at Cumberland Gap and vicinity.

Williams, Alpheus S., brigadier general United States Volunteers, succeeds to command of 12th army corps on death of Mansfield; at Antietam.

Williams, John S., colonel 5th Kentucky, commanding brigadier Confederate States Army, at Princeton, West Virginia; pursues Lightburn down the Kanawha.

Williams, Seth, brigadier general United States Volunteers, assistant adjutant-general on McClellan's staff; afterwards served on Burnside's staff.

Willich, August, adjutant 9th Ohio; commands Wood's division on march to Dandridge; commands rear-guard on retreat from D.

Wilmington, North Carolina, importance of, as base of supplies for Sherman's army; General Cox compels evacuation of.

Wilson, Hon. Henry, Sen. from Massachusetts, chairman committee on Military Affairs, offers resolution questioning power of President to appoint additional major and brigadier generals.

Wilson, Jas. H., colonel on Grant's staff, sent to Knoxville to consult with Burnside; reports to Grant; sent to be chief of cavalry for Sherman; deceived as to Hood's intentions; at battle of Nashville; operating in Georgia; captures Jeff. Davis.

Winter Quarters, in E. Tennessee

Wisconsin Troops, 6th Infantry; 22nd Infantry; 1st Cavalry

Wise, Henry A., ex-Governor of Virginia, invades Kanawha valley; forces of, opposing General Cox; retreats beyond Gauley; forces of, not well handled; ludicrous contrast between promise and performance; joined by General Floyd; fails to co-operate with Floyd; repulsed at Pig Creek; retreats beyond Hawk's Nest; and Big Sewell Mountain; quarrels with Floyd, ordered to report to Richmond.

Wofford, Wm. T., brigadier general Confederate States Army, assaults Ft. Sanders.

Wolf Creek, West Virginia, affair at.

Wolford, Frank, colonel 1st Kentucky Cavalry, famous command "Huddle on the hill, boys"; pursues Morgan raiders; commands ind. cavalry brigade; defeated near Loudon.

Wood, Thos. J., brigadier general United States Volunteers, advises against Rosecrans' advance in Tennessee; at Chickamauga; at Missionary Ridge; in pursuit of Longstreet; at Rutledge; character of; explanation of error at Chickamanga; returns to Army of the Cumberland; dissatisfied with Couch's assignment to 4th army corps; at battle of Nashville; supports cavalry in pursuit of Hood; to winter at Huntsville, Alabama

Woodruff, W. E., colonel 2nd Kentucky, captured outside the lines at Scary Creek

Woodward, E. W., suerintendent Little Miami railroad

Woodworth, Dr. M. C., surgeon at Johnson's Island.

Worthington, Thos., publishes abridgment of Hardee's Tactics; furnishes waterworks for Camp Dennison; irascible temper.

Wound, sensation produced by bullet.

Wright, Elias, lieutenant 4th N. J., reports ten men to Scammon at Bull Run bridge.

Wright, Horatio G., brigadier general United States Volunteers, commanding Department of the Ohio; description of; plan of West Virginia campaign; appointed major general, and fails of confirmation; suppresses disloyal newspapers.

Wright, W. W., constructing engineer Nash. and Chatt. railroad; ordered east with view to joining Sherman at Savannah; sent to North Carolina, to rebuild New Berne and Goldsborough railroad; rapid work; bridging Neuse River; completes railroad to Goldsborough.