CHAPTER V.
MILITARY STRATAGEMS.
Grotius’ theory of fair stratagems 126
The teaching of international law 127
Ancient and modern naval stratagems 127
Early Roman dislike of such stratagems 132
As ambuscades, feigned retreats, or night attacks 132
The degenerate standard of Frontinus and Polyænus 135
The Conference stratagem of modern Europe 136
The distinction between perfidy and stratagem 139
The perfidy of Francis I. 140
Vattel’s theory about spies 141
Frederick the Great’s military instructions about spies 142
Lord Wolseley on spies and truth in war 144
The custom of hanging or shooting spies 145
Better to keep them as prisoners of war 146
Balloonists regarded as spies 147
The practice of military surprises 148
Death formerly the penalty for capture in a surprise 150
Stratagems of uncertain character 151
Such as forged despatches or false intelligence 151
The use of the telegraph in deceiving the enemy 151
May prisoners of war be compelled to propagate lies? 152
General character of the military code of fraud 153