Part 13

In 1858 the East India Company was swept out of existence, and the Crown took over all its forces and the entire business of administration in India. With a frontier conterminous with the highlands from which warlike tribes have from time immemorial descended to raid the plains, we have since been obliged to make endless expeditions to punish the raiders, all very difficult operations and some of them very costly. Umbeyla, Bhotan, Beluchistan, Tirah, Chitral, Tibet are names which recall some of these campaigns; and in 1878 the exclusion of a British mission from Afghanistan while a Russian mission was received at Kabul brought on a second and serious Afghan War. As in 1838, Kabul was reached with little difficulty; and the battle only began, after peace had been made, with an insurrection in the capital. There was no such disaster as in 1841, for we captured Kabul and Kandahar at once; yet we were absolutely powerless to subdue and pacify the whole country. We suffered one serious reverse; and our difficulties would have been endless had there not been at hand a strong man whom we installed as ruler of the country, and under whose iron hand the most refractory tribesmen trembled and were still. Lastly in 1885 the Burmese having again insulted us, an expedition was sent which made its way without difficulty to Mandalay. Upper Burma was annexed to the British dominions, and there followed two weary years spent in suppressing marauding bands and free-booters. The operations of these two years have been called the subalterns' war, for they were conducted mainly by very small parties under the leadership of subalterns, who made their way with indomitable perseverance through the jungle by native paths, and, being generally at the head of the column, were lamentably often picked off by the shot of an unseen enemy.

Altogether the exploits of the British in the conquest of India form a very remarkable story, though it is by no means unchequered by follies, failures and misconduct. We very early learned that we must never retreat before Orientals, but must always attack, no matter what the odds against us; and by following this rule we have under able commanders achieved most astonishing feats of war. In particular is the record of the British regiments remarkable. The East Indian European Army was enlisted for short service, though it contained many old soldiers in its ranks; but the British soldier of the King's regiments was enlisted for at least twenty-one years, if not for life, and his prowess is amazing. You know of course that it is rare for a battalion of any army to be fit for much, after suffering severe loss in action, until its ranks have been refilled. But the British battalions, led by Lake, Wellesley and Gough, though they rarely took the field more than six hundred strong, would lose one hundred and fifty men in a fight on Monday, two hundred more in another fight on Thursday, and over one hundred more in a third fight on Thursday fortnight. Nothing seemed to have power to stop them, at any rate in India. Time after time in the assault of hill-fortresses in the south the Sepoys failed, and a few companies of British were brought forward to show them how to do the work. No losses seemed to daunt them. Individual men served in storming party after storming party, and would not wait to be healed of wounds received in a first assault before they volunteered to risk almost certain death in a second.

Still, as I have said, there are records of many failures and we are too fond of passing over our weak points and dwelling on the strong. In the case of the Mutiny we recall with pride the deeds of Nicholson and Havelock, and are never weary of the old stories of the siege of Delhi and the relief of Lucknow. All honour to those who quitted themselves like men; but I am afraid there are many episodes of the Mutiny which are little creditable to the British, whether civilians or soldiers. A great many individuate were found unequal to the occasion; and this is true of every war and probably of the majority of actions. There was certainly one instance of misbehaviour at Trafalgar, one ship did not respond to Nelson's famous signal; and Collingwood spoke his mind about it at the time, though few people know it. We must therefore never be satisfied with the fame of our fore-runners, and suppose that it suffices for us. Let us by all means be kindled by their example to the utmost fulfilment of our duty; but let us know also when and where and why they failed. Let us study their defeats as well as their victories; let us ask ourselves whether some of the failings which brought about those defeats may not still be present among us. If we can truly and conscientiously say that they are not, then we may--but always with caution--presume to criticise and even to censure; always remembering that it is not enough for us to emulate the deeds of our ancestors. If we are not to fall below them, we must endeavour to surpass them, for there is no such thing as a stationary Empire.

INDEX

Abercromby, Sir Ralph, in the W. Indies, 126-7

Acre, mentioned, 43

Adams, Major Thos., in India, 164

Addington, Henry, mentioned, 86-8, 127

Afghanistan, mentioned, 163; campaigns in, 187-90, 197

Africa, South, early wars in, 131-5; Zulus in, 41; last war, 27, 45, 98, 112

Africa, West, fighting in, 143-4

Agra, capture of, 175

Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of, 76, 155

Akbar, the Emperor, 152

Albemarle, Lord, in the W. Indies, 123

Albuera, battle of, 39

Alexander the Great, mentioned, 40

Aligarh, capture of, 175

Aliwal, battle of, 193

Allahabad, capture of, 164

Alsace, mentioned, 43

America, War of Independence, 28, 80-2, 110-12, 135; the British in N., 55, 59, 76, 80, 102-5; character of settlers, 104-5, 107, 109-12; war of 1812, 113; and see under Canada

Amherst, Gen. Jeffery, in Canada, 109

Amherst, Lord, in India, 183, 185

Amir Khan, mentioned, 179

Anne, Queen, mentioned, 109

Aracan, capture of, 184

Arcot, 156

Argaum, battle of, 175

Army, the British, foreign nomenclature in, 52; reductions in, 58, 61-2, 72, 96, 134; under Ch. II, 56-7; under Will. III, 59-63; under Anne, 65; under Geo. I, 72; under Geo. II, 74-9; under Geo. III, 80, 82-3; in the 19th cent., 97-8; confused organisation of, 61; ill-treatment of, 73, 83; introduction of short service, 134-5; weapons of, 48-50, 60; appreciation of officers, 144-9; early organisation of, 47-9, 54; the New Model, 54

Assam, capture of, 184

Assaye, battle of, 175

Assiento, Treaty, 117

Auckland, Lord, in India, 187

Aurungzib, the Emperor, 153-4

Austrian Succession, War of, 74, 106, 155

Ava, British at, 183-4

Badajoz, capture of, 25

Bahama Is., 80

Barbados, 116, 124

Barlow, Sir George, in India, 176, 178-9

Barrington, General, in W. Indies, 123

Bentinck, Lord Wm., in India, 186-7

Bermuda, 80, 130

Bhurtpore, assaults on, 175, 185

_Birkenhead_, the, mentioned, 36, 46

Bismarck, 43

Blenheim, battle of, 68

Blues, Regt. of, their origin, 56

Bombay, mentioned, 56, 153, 166, 168

Bonsla, mentioned, 181

Braddock, General, in N. America, 107-9

Burgoyne, General, in N. America, 110-11

Burke, Edmund, 80

Burma, campaigns in, 182-5, 194-5, 197; annexed, 197

Bussy, de, in India, 161

Buxar, battle of, 164

Caesar, Julius, 40

Calais, 47

Calcutta, 154, 160

Canada, French in, 102; fighting in, 104-5, 109; American invasion of, 110, 113, 137; and see America

Capetown, capture of, 131

Caribs, the, fighting with, 117-8

Carnot, mentioned, 40

Carthagena, expedition to, 121-2

Castlereagh, Lord, at the War Office, 88

Chaka, king of Zulus, 41

Chandernagore, 154

Charles II, mentioned, 56, 117

Charles of Bourbon, 24

Charles Ed. Stuart, in Scotland, 74-6

Chillianwalla, action at, 194

Chitu, 182

Clive, Robert, in India, 156, 159, 160-4

Coldstream Guards, origin of, 56

Colonies, character of campaigns in, 99-102

Commerce, in war, 1-3; its cruelty, 16-18

Condé, Prince of, 65

Continental System, the, 2

Coomassie, British at, 143

Coote, Sir Eyre, in India, 159, 162, 167-8

Cornwallis, Lord, in India, 169-172, 176

Cotton, Sir Stapleton, in India, 185

Crimea, war of, 97

Cromwell, O., mentioned, 3, 22, 58; reforms of, 53-4; expedition to the W. Indies, 119-20

Cuba, mentioned, 115-6, 123, 130

Cuddalore, action at, 168

Culloden, battle of, 75

Dalhousie, Lord, in India, 194-5

Danube R., campaign on, 67

David, king of Israel, 44

Deig, battle of, 175

Delhi, mentioned, 43, 151-2, 171, 175, 199

Dettingen, battle of, 74

Dost Mohammed, 187-8

Dubba, action at, 191

Dupleix, Joseph, in India, 155-7

East India Co., its troops, 57, 83, 154, 178, 186, 198; mentioned, 153, 171, 176, 196

Edward III, 48

Egypt, mentioned, 51, 86

Elizabeth, Queen, mentioned, 47, 52

Ellenborough, Lord, in India, 189-92

England, military backwardness, 48; growth of empire, 55-6, 58, 77; position in 1660, 55; projected invasion of, 86

Ferdinand of Brunswick, 77

Ferozeshah, battle of, 193

Flanders, wars in, 60, 63, 65, 75; and see Netherlands

Fontenoy, battle of, 74

Forde, Col., 162

France, the Revolutionary War, 23-4, 27, 38, 41-2, 83-4; her colonies, 56, 58, 76-7, 102-4, 107, 123-4, 128; French in India, 154-62; our connection with, 47, 55; as ally of America, 112-3; aids the Stuarts, 75

Franklin, Benjamin, 109

Frederick the Great, mentioned, 41-2, 77

Frederick, Duke of York, 85

Gawilghur, capture of, 175

Geete R., 68

George I, 72

Germany, mercenaries in British pay, 75-7, 81-2; mentioned, 25, 32, 74, 77

Ghurkha war, 180

Ghazni, 188-9

Gibraltar, mentioned, 65, 72-3, 80-1

Gideon, his tactics, 44-5

Gillespie, Col. Rollo, in India, 177, 180

Goliath, 44

Goree, 82

Gough, Sir Hugh, in India 192-4, 198

Grenada, 126

Grey, General W., in the W. Indies, 125-6; General H., in India, 192

Guadeloupe, mentioned, 123, 126, 128

Guiana, Dutch, capture of, 127

Gujerat, action at, 194

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, his military reforms, 53

Haiti, mentioned, 120, 124, 126

Halifax, British at, 107

Hannibal, 38

Hardinge, Sir Henry, in India, 192-3

Harris, General, in India, 173

Hastings, Warren, in India, 161, 165-9

Hastings, Marquis of, in India, 180-1

Havana, siege of, 123; mentioned, 77

Henry V, mentioned, 48, 54

History, Military, definition of, 1-14, 45; use of, 19-22, 29, 39, 43

Holkar, mentioned, 174-5, 181

Holland, soldiers of, 52, 60; commerce of, 18, 55; wars in, 64, 67, 84, 86; colonies of, 102-3, 162

Howe, General, 111

Hyder Ali, mentioned, 164-5, 167-8

India, mentioned, 43, 57, 77; military history of, 150-200; adventurers in, 154, 171, 179, 196; campaigning in, 157-8; the presidencies, 160; administrative reforms in, 165, 169, 176, 196; the Mutiny, 195-6, 199

Indies, the West, British in, 55, 72, 77, 80, 84-5; character of country, 114-6, 118; ruin of, 128-9; Cromwell's expedition to, 119-20; later expeditions, 120-2, 124-8; the French in, 116, 123, 128

Inkermann, 51

Ireland, mentioned, 54, 59, 61, 64-5, 72

Italy, the French in, 86

Jamaica, mentioned, 115-6; capture of, 120

James II, mentioned, 57-59, 64-5

Japan, mentioned, 28, 52

Jelalabad, mentioned, 189

Jesuits, the, as colonists, 35, 103

Kabul, British at, 188-9, 197

Kaffir wars, 133-4

Kandahar, British at, 188-9, 197

Karachi, 190

Katharine of Bragança, mentioned, 56, 154

Katwa, battle of, 164

Kirkee, battle of, 181

Korigaon, battle of, 182

La Bassée, 68

Lake, General Gerard, in India, 174-5, 185, 198

Lally Tollendal, count, in India, 161-2

Laswari, battle of, 175

Latimer, Hugh, 48

Lawrence, Major Stringer, in India, 155-6, 162

Lee, Robert, 4

Lisbon, Wellesley at, 90-1

Lorraine, mentioned, 43

Louis XIV, mentioned, 63-5, 71, 104

Louisburg, French at, 106-7; capture of, 109, 155

Lucknow, 164, 199

Luther, Martin, 40

Luxemburg, Francis Henry, Duke of, 65

Lycurgus, 41

Madras, French at, 155; mutiny in, 176-8; bad administration, 164-5, 167-8; mentioned, 107, 130, 153

Maharajpore, battle of, 192

Mahidpur, battle of, 181

Mandalay, British at, 197

Manila, 77

Maoris, the, wars with, 101, 138-43

Marathas, the, their origin, 153; their growth, 163, 171; British wars with, 166, 174-5, 181, 191-2; mentioned, 195

Marengo, battle of, 86

Maria Theresa, the Empress, 74

Marlborough, John, Duke of, appreciation of, 65-71; mentioned, 94-5

Martinique, mentioned, 116, 123-5, 128

Miani, battle of, 190-1

Militia, the, Pitt's Bill, 78; as recruiting-ground, 85, 88; under Addington, 87; the Local, 89; mentioned, 72, 83, 85, 89

Minden, battle of, 77

Minorca, mentioned, 72, 76, 80-2

Minto, Gilbert, 1st Earl of, in India, 178-81

Mir Jaffier, 160-1

Mogul Empire, 152-4

Moltke, General, 43

Monk, George, 56, 100

Monmouth, James, Duke of, 57

Monson, Colonel, in India, 175

Montecuculi, Raimondo, Conte de, 65

Moodkee, battle of, 193

Mornington, Lord, see under Wellesley, Marquis of

Moses, mentioned, 40

Munro, Major Hector, in India, 164, 167

Mutiny Act, 60

Mysore, fighting in, 165, 167, 169, 173

Napier, Sir Charles, in Scinde, 190-1

Napoleon, mentioned, 1, 12, 24, 41-2, 86, 89, 94, 187

Navy, the British, mutiny in, 85; in war of 1812, 113-4

Nepal, fighting in, 180-1

Netherlands, the Austrian, fighting in, 66, 74

Newfoundland, 72-3

New York, settlers of, 104-5; mentioned, 57, 102-3, 110

New Zealand, war in, 137-43

Nizam, the, mentioned, 165, 167, 172

Nova Scotia, mentioned, 72-3, 106

Ochterlony, Sir David, in India, 180-1, 185

Omdurman, battle of, 22

Oudenarde, battle of, 68

Oudh, annexation of, 195

Panipat, battle of, 163

Pegu, annexation of, 195

Peninsular War, the, mentioned, 42; summary of, 89-95

Pennsylvania, Quakers in, 11-12

Persia, 187

Peshwa, 181-2

Philadelphia, capture of, 111

Pindaris, the, fighting with, 179-82

Pitt, Earl of Chatham, William, war policy, 76-80; mentioned, 108, 122

Pitt, William, military policy, 83-8; W. Indian policy, 125-8

Plassey, battle of, 160

Police, the, connection with Army, 9, 54, 56, 72

Pompadour, Mme de, 4

Pondicherry, French at, 154-5, 160-1

Porto Novo, battle of, 167

Porto Rico, mentioned, 115-6, 127

Portugal, British in, 90-1; mentioned, 42

Prome, capture of, 184

Punjab, the, annexation of, 194

Punniar, battle of, 192

Quebec, mentioned, 102, 105, 109

Ramillies, battle of, 68

Ramnuggar, action at, 194

Rangoon, British at, 183, 195

Ranjit Singh, mentioned, 182, 192

Reunion, Is. of, 36

Roberts, F.M., Earl, mentioned, 159

Rohilla War, 166

Rome, sack of, 24-5

Russia, mentioned, 28, 51-2, 187

St Domingo, mentioned, 115-6; expedition to, 119-20

St Kitts, 57

St Lawrence R., French colonies on, 102-3; expedition to, 106

St Lucia, mentioned, 82, 123, 126-7

St Thomas, 115

St Vincent, fighting in, 117, 126

St Vincent, John Jervis, Earl, in the W. Indies, 125

Saratoga, defeat at, 112

Saul, King of Israel, 25

Schellenberg, battle of the, 68

Scinde, operations in, 188, 190-1

Scindia, mentioned, 171, 174-5, 191

Scotland, rebellion in, 72, 74-6

Senegal, 82

Seringapatam, sieges of, 26, 169-71, 173

Shah Shuja, 187-8

Shakespeare, William, 52

Shelley, P. B., mentioned, 33

Shore, Sir John, in India, 172

Sikhs, the, their growth, 171, 182, 188; war with, 191-4

Simonstown, 131

Siraj-ud-Daula, 160

Sitabaldi, battle of, 181

Sivaji Bonsla, mentioned, 153-4

Smith, Sir Harry, in S. Africa, 133; in India, 193

Smith, Col. Joseph, in India, 165

Smollett, Tobias, 122

Sobraon, battle of, 193

Spain, her wars, 8, 23, 25, 52, 82; colonies, 116, 120; mentioned, 63, 73, 89, 102

Spanish Succession, War of the, 64-8

Sparta, 41

Stirling, mentioned, 43, 75

Strategy, definition of, 42-3

Stuart, General James, 168

Suffren, Admiral, 168

Suti, battle of, 164

Swiss, the, as soldiers, 50

Tactics, definition of, 43-4; changes in, 47-50, 60

Talents, Ministry of All the, 88

Tangier, mentioned, 56-7, 65

Tennasserim, capture of, 184

Tippoo Sahib, mentioned, 168-73

Tobago, mentioned, 82, 127

Tournay, fighting at, 68

Trafalgar, 199

Trichinopoly, fighting at, 156, 161

Trinidad, 115, 127

Tugela R., fighting on the, 134

Undwa Nala, battle of, 164

Utrecht, Peace of, 71, 106

Vellore, mutiny at, 176-7

Vendôme, Louis Joseph, Duke of, mentioned, 68

Vienna, mentioned, 67

Virginia, 57

Volunteers, the, under Addington, 87-8

Walpole, Sir Robert, 72

Wandewash, battle of, 162

Warburg, battle of, 77

_Warren Hastings_, the troop-ship, 36-7

Washington, George, 4, 107

Waterloo, battle of, 79, 95

Wellesley, Richard, Marquis, in India, 172, 174, 176, 179

Wellington, Arthur, Duke of, character of, 95-6; in India, 173-5; his scheme for the Peninsular War, 90-5; mentioned, 25, 41-2, 68, 159, 182, 186, 198

William III, the army under, 59; W. Indian expedition, 120

William, Duke of Cumberland, mentioned, 74-5

Wolfe, General James, mentioned, 109

Xavier, François, mentioned, 40

York, Frederick, Duke of, 85

Zizka, John, mentioned, 52

Zulus, the, wars with, 134-5

Cambridge:

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