Military Architecture in England During the Middle Ages
Chapter I.).
[297] Description and plan in Blanchetière, _Le Donjon ... de Domfront_, pp. 59-63. The date there given is actually earlier than the probable epoch of construction.
[298] The progress of fire-arms in English warfare was slow. See the various articles by R. Coltman Clephan, F.S.A., in _Archæol. Journal_, lxvi., lxvii., and lxviii. The earliest picture of a cannon is in a MS. at Christ Church, Oxford, written in 1326 (lxviii. 49), while the earliest mention of a hand-gun in England appears to be in 1338 (lxvi. 153-4). The long-bow continued to be the popular weapon of the individual English soldier until long after this date.
[299] The ramparts of Saint-Paul-du-Var (Alpes Maritimes) are said to belong to the epoch of the wars between Francis I. and Charles V. To the same period belong the fortifications of Lucca, Verona, and Antwerp. The present walls of Berwick were begun somewhat later, in 1558, enclosing a space considerably smaller than the original _enceinte_ of the town, as fortified by Edward I.
[300] Holes with embrasures for cannon were in many cases pierced in the walls of fortresses during the fifteenth century, or were formed, as in the eastern tower at Warkworth, by blocking the ordinary cross-loops through most of their height.
[301] This is very clearly seen in the fortified towns of Italy, or in the towns founded by Edward I. and by the kings of France in the southern districts of France.
[302] _Pomerium_ = the space _pone muros_, _i.e._, at the back of the walls. The word was at first applied to the sacred boundary of Rome and other towns, which limited the _auspicia_ of the city.
[303] The re-erection of the rectangular wall-turrets at Newcastle, which are of very slight projection from the wall, appears to date from 1386: a writ of aid was granted to the mayor and bailiffs on 29th November in that year for the repair of the walls and bridge of the town (Pat. 10 Rich. II., pt. 1, m. 8).
[304] _I.e._, the lower gate. The north-western gateway is the upper gate, Porth Uchaf.
[305] Every monastery was, of course, surrounded by a wall; but it was only in certain cases and after a certain period that such walls were crenellated.
[306] Pat. 4 Edw. I., m. 12.
[307] _Ibid._, 13 Edw. I., m. 22.
[308] _Ibid._
[309] _Ibid._, m. 15.
[310] _Ibid._, 14 Edw. I., m. 24.
[311] _Ibid._, m. 19 (sched.).
[312] _Ibid._, 24 Edw. I., m. 8.
[313] _Ibid._, 27 Edw. I., m. 29.
[314] _Ibid._, 2 Edw. II., pt. 2, m. 25. The abbot and convent of St Mary’s, York, had licence to crenellate their wall, except on the side towards the city, 12th July 1318 (_Ibid._, 12 Edw. II., pt. I, m. 31).
[315] September 1315 (Pat. 9 Edw. II., pt. 1, m. 18), and 24th February 1315-6 (_Ibid._, pt. 2, m. 31).
[316] _Ibid._, 12 Edw. II., pt. 1, m. 7. No licence for crenellation had previously been given. The licences, here and elsewhere, explain that homicide and other crimes in the close by night made walling desirable. The gates were to be closed from twilight to sunrise.
[317] Burghersh also had licence to crenellate his manor-houses of Stow Park and Nettleham in Lincolnshire and Liddington in Rutland, 16th November 1336 (Pat. 10 Edw. III., pt. 2, m. 18). A comprehensive licence was granted, 20th July 1377 (_Ibid._, 1 Rich. II., pt. 1, m. 26) to Ralph Erghum, bishop of Salisbury, to wall and crenellate the city of Salisbury and his manor-houses at Salisbury, Bishop’s Woodford, Potterne, Bishops Cannings, and Ramsbury in Wilts, Sherborne in Dorset, Chardstock in Devon, Sonning in Berks, and his house in Fleet Street.
[318] There were four of these double gatehouses in the _enceinte_. The fifth gatehouse, Pottergate, was single.
[319] Bishop Wyvill had a grant, 1st March 1331-2, of the stones of the cathedral of Old Sarum and the old residential houses, for the repair of the cathedral and enclosure of the precinct (Pat. 5 Edw. III., pt. 1, m. 27).
[320] Licence to crenellate Whalley, “the church and close,” was granted 10th July 1348 (Pat. 22 Edw. III., pt. 2, m. 20).
[321] Pat. 6 Rich. II., pt. 1, m. 22: a further licence to crenellate the abbey precinct bears date 1389, 6th May (Pat. 12 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 13).
[322] Pat. 3 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 10.
[323] The beautiful rectangular gatehouse of Battle abbey is earlier than Thornton. Licence to crenellate was granted 9th June 1339 (Pat. 12 Edw. III., pt. 2, m. 28).
[324] One of these towers remains: the other, with the adjacent curtain, is gone.
[325] Pat. 19 Edw. I., m. 2.
[326] _Ibid._, 2 Edw. II., pt. 2, m. 19.
[327] Pat. 3 Edw. II., m. 18.
[328] 28th August 1315 (Pat. 9 Edw. II., pt. 1, m. 25).
[329] See a commission to Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, to survey and repair defects in Dover castle, 22nd May 1425 (Pat. 3 Hen. VI., pt. 2, m. 17).
[330] It will be remembered that the gatehouse of the quasi-concentric castle of Kidwelly, only a few miles distant from Llanstephan, is also situated upon the outer line of defence.
[331] Bishop Bek enfeoffed Henry Percy of the manor and town, 19th November 1309 (Pat. 3 Edw. II., m. 23).
[332] It has been already pointed out that this older house may have simply taken the form of a series of buildings against the encircling wall of a large shell-keep.
[333] John, Lord Neville, obtained licence from Bishop Hatfield of Durham to crenellate Raby in 1378 (O. S. Scott, _Raby, its Castle and its Lords_, 1906, P-47).
[334] At Middleham, where the plan of the fore-building is rather exceptional, there was a passage through the eastern part of the ground-floor of the forebuilding: this, however, was not the only way from the northern to the southern half of the castle. The first floor of the tower at Knaresborough, which formed a great guard-room, is in a very ruinous state; but there are clear indications of the main entrance near the north-east angle, and the inner entrance in the south wall, at right angles to the outer, still remains. There is also a vice in the south wall, by which the inner ward could be reached when the gates were closed. This tower, of course, never contained the domestic buildings of the castle; but the kitchen was in the basement, to which there were three doors of entry from the inner ward. The approach to each gateway from outside seems to have been a rising causeway built on arches.
[335] The tower of Belsay measures 51½ by 47½ feet. The tower of Knaresborough, which is of the same period, measures 62 by 54 feet; while that of Gilling measures 79½ by 72½ feet.
[336] This is said to have been the medieval vicarage of the church, which was appropriated to the cathedral priory of Carlisle. A pele-tower forms part of the rectories of Elsdon and Rothbury and of the vicarage of Embleton, Northumberland.
[337] The term “pele-yard” is applied to the base-court of the castle of Prudhoe in Pat. 1 Rich. II., pt. 1, m. 1; where there is a licence to Gilbert de Umfraville, earl of Angus, to apply a rent to the augmentation of a chaplain’s stipend in the “chantry of St Mary in le Peleyerde of Prodhowe.”
[338] Enlart (ii. 623-753) quotes 242 examples of French churches which show remains of fortification. Most of the midland and southern departments of France contain a few; but the thickest clusters occur near the northern frontier (15 in the Aisne, 10 in the Ardennes department), and on the coast of Languedoc and Roussillon, where inroads of pirates were common (Pyrénées-Orientales 22; Hérault, 12). Among the larger fortified churches were the cathedrals of Agde, Béziers, Lodève, and Saint-Pons (Hérault), Elne (Pyrénées-Orientales), Pamiers (Ariège), Viviers (Ardèche), and Saint-Claude (Jura), and the abbey churches of Saint-Denis (Seine), Saint-Victor at Marseilles (Bouches-du-Rhône), La Chaise-Dieu (Haute-Loire), Moissac (Tarn-et-Garonne), and Tournus (Saône-et-Loire). The example of Ewenny was followed in one or two churches of the same district, such as Newton Nottage, and in the peninsula of Gower.
[339] At Llanfihangel-cwm-Du, near Crickhowell, there was a fireplace upon the first floor of the tower until recently: the vent for the smoke remains in one of the corner turrets of the tower.
[340] The constant pressure of Scottish invasion upon the northern border is illustrated by the persistence of military architecture in the counties of Northumberland and Cumberland. Thus, as late as 1399, William Strickland undertook the building of Penrith castle “for fortifying that town and the whole adjacent country” (Pat. 22 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 16; _cf._ pt. 3, m. 37).
[341] Bishop Burnell was building this house in 1284. He left the king at Conway on 25th July, to look after the progress of the works (Pat. 12 Edw. I., m. 7).
[342] 4th July (Pat. 3 Rich. II., pt. 1, m. 43). A contract is still preserved, of 14th September 1378.
[343] 26th April (Pat. 5 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 21).
[344] The builder of Raby, John, Lord Neville (d. 1388), was also responsible for the fortification of Sheriff Hutton.
[345] This date is given in the 43rd Report of the Deputy-Keeper of the Public Records, p. 71. The licence, as the castle was within the palatinate, was granted by Bishop Skirlaw.
[346] The licence to Thomas de Heton to “make a castle or fortalice” of Chillingham bears date 27th January 1343-4 (Pat. 18 Edw. III., pt. 1, m. 46). Some of the masonry in the angle-towers is, however, of a much earlier date than this.
[347] The mount remains at the west end of the enclosure, but the shell-keep on its summit has been removed.
[348] The gatehouse and barbican in the east curtain, as well as the older portion of the dwelling-house, were the work of Thomas Beauchamp, earl of Warwick (d. 1369): Cæsar’s tower and Guy’s tower were the work of his son Thomas, who died in 1401.
[349] This-is the usual date given for the tower, which is entered from the first floor of the great donjon, and from the lower floor of the “lesser donjon” attached to one side of the keep. E. Lefèvre-Pontalis, _Le Château de Coucy_, p. 82, departs from the usual date to assign the tower to Philip Augustus, two centuries earlier. The details certainly appear to be of a period much earlier than the fifteenth century.
[350] The turrets attached to some of the towers at Conway and Harlech are at the side, not in the centre. Such raised turrets were useful as look-out posts, and a watcher posted upon them could inform the defenders on the rampart-walk below of movements which they might not be able to follow for themselves.
[351] Pat. 9 Rich. II., pt. 1, m. 22.
[352] Pat. 9 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 24.
[353] An interesting gatehouse, belonging to the later years of Edward I., is that of Denbigh, which was probably built by Henry de Lacy, the last earl of Lincoln (d. 1310). Here a noble archway, flanked by two octagonal towers, gives access through a passage to an octagonal central hall, beyond which is a smaller octagonal guard-room. The inner gateway to the enclosure is set in a side of the octagon, obliquely to the outer entrance. The plan is apparently unique. The upper portion of the gatehouse is badly ruined, and the walls have been much stripped; but there is a statue, probably of the founder, left above the entrance archway, which is set in a niche and panel treated with a considerable amount of ornamental detail.
[354] The barrel-vault of a basement chamber in one of the curtain-towers retains the marks of the wattled centering on which it was built. This is persistently asserted to be a mark of Roman origin. As a matter of fact, no part of the present castle can be proved to be earlier than the beginning of the twelfth century, when Roger of Poitou may have moved the head of his honour here from Penwortham, south of the Ribble. The castle, however, lies partly within, and partly outside the limits of a Roman military station.
[355] This is the date proposed by Bates, _Border Holds_: C. H. Hartshorne (_Archæol. Inst._, Newcastle, vol. ii.) proposed a later date, _c._ 1435-40. Mr Bates’ date is more likely than the other: for neither is there any direct evidence.
[356] New works were begun at Porchester in 1386, when Robert Bardolf, the constable, was appointed to impress masons, carpenters, etc., and to take materials at the king’s expense (Pat. 8 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 23). This probably applies to the building of the barbican, but the hall may also have been remodelled at this period. There are considerable remains of twelfth-century work in the substructure of the hall, as already noted.
[357] The stone gatehouse of the Norman castle appears to be incorporated in the fourteenth-century work, the outer archway, which was covered by a barbican, being merely a facing added to earlier work. The inner walls of the gatehouse were also lengthened, as part of the fourteenth-century enlargement.
[358] John of Gaunt was duke of Lancaster 1362-99. The gatehouse of Lancaster castle, known as John of Gaunt’s gateway, was not built until after his death. See p. 327.
[359] This hall was probably built late in the thirteenth or early in the fourteenth century.
[360] Charles also seems to have rebuilt the chapel on the south side of the enclosure.
[361] See the drawing by Androuet du Cerceau and plans in W. H. Ward, _French Châteaux and Gardens in the XVIth Century_, Plates III., IV., and p. 11.
[362] See p. 285 above.
[363] The three principal features of the strong tower at Stokesay are (1) its isolation from the range of buildings adjoining it, its only entrances being from the outside, in the basement and on the first floor; (2) the division of its face towards the field into two small half-octagons; (3) the stairs carried from floor to floor in the thickness of the wall. The stair from the basement to the first and second floors crosses the entrance-lobby on the first floor; but, in order to reach the roof, the second-floor chamber has to be passed through, and a new stair entered in the embrasure of a window. This was planned partly, as at Richmond and Conisbrough, to give the defenders complete control of the stair, and partly to keep the stair within the wall of the tower which was least open to attack, and could therefore be lightened most safely.
[364] This was done towards the end of the twelfth century. The licence stated that the wall was to be without crenellations (_sine kernello_).
[365] The hall may be a little earlier than the fourteenth century: the windows seem to indicate the period 1290-1310. The great chimney and the heavy battlement were added when the porch to the hall was built.
[366] Such a position for a medieval stronghold was not unusual. Thus Richmond castle is commanded by much higher hills on the north and south-west. In medieval warfare, however, before fire-arms had received any full development, an enemy would have gained little advantage by occupying a commanding position at some distance from the place attacked. In 1644, the Parliamentary force which besieged Wingfield attempted to breach the walls from Pentrich common, on slightly higher ground to the south-east. This was found impossible, and the cannon had to be moved to a wood on the west side of the manor before any damage was done.
[367] The additions at this end were possibly the work of John Talbot, second earl of Shrewsbury (d. 1460), to whom Cromwell sold the manor shortly before his death. The earl certainly did some building at Wingfield: see the short, but carefully compiled _Guide to Wingfield Manor_, by W. H. Edmunds, p. 11.
[368] This can clearly be seen from the small open courtyard on the north-west side of the great chamber block. The kitchen block is there seen to have been built up against the west wall of the great chamber and its lower stage, without any bonding.
[369] At Conway, Porchester, etc., however, the large hall was probably intended for the use of the garrison. The great hall at Wingfield was essentially the hall of a dwelling-house, in which the inner court is kept quite separate from the base-court, where possibly a common hall was provided for the men-at-arms who might be lodged there.
[370] This tower, like that at Stokesay, can be entered only by an outer door. This is at the foot of a turret containing a broad vice. The doorway had no portcullis, but was commanded by a slit in the wall from the stair, which ascends on the left of the entrance lobby.
[371] The gateways of the outer and inner courtyards each had double doors. There was no provision for portcullises. Each gateway has a small postern entrance on one side of the main archway. This would be used after the great doors had been closed for the night.
[372] These have recently been removed, to the great detriment of this noble tower.
[373] The high tower at Wingfield is not machicolated, and affords a curious contrast in this respect to Tattershall.
[374] The late thirteenth-century hall at Little Wenham, near Hadleigh, is an early example of a brick house in this district.
[375] Other Lincolnshire examples of brick-work are the gatehouse of Thornton abbey (1382), already described, and the early sixteenth-century manor-house on the Trent above Gainsborough, known as Torksey castle.
[376] The ditch at Hurstmonceaux is now dry. That at Compton Wyniates has been partly filled up. The moat of Kentwell, an Elizabethan house, is still perfect.
[377] The upper stories of these towers only are semicircular. The two lower stages are half octagons. The towers have circular upper turrets like those at Warwick.
[378] The castle of Amberley was built about 1379 by Bishop Rede of Chichester, and is therefore nearly contemporary with Bodiam. It is rectangular in shape, with lofty curtains, and has a gatehouse flanked by round towers.
[379] _Lett. and Pap. Hen. VIII._, vol. IV., nos. 2,655, 2,656.
[380] _Lett. and Pap. Hen. VIII._, vol. IV., no. 1,089.
[381] Calendared _ibid._, vol. III., no. 1,186.
[382] Pat. 19 Edw. III., pt. 1, m. 25.
INDEX OF PERSONS AND PLACES
_N.B.—Illustrations are denoted by numbers followed by the name of the photographer, draughtsman, or source from which the picture is derived._
A
Acton Burnell (Salop), castle, 298, 317, 338
Adrianople, siege of, 73
Æthelflaed, lady of the Mercians, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 41, 101
Æthelwulf, king of Wessex, 28
Agde (Hérault), cathedral, 315
Aigues-Mortes (Gard), 77, A. Thompson; 242, 246, 250, 289
Aire river, 85
Aisne department, fortified churches in, 315
Alan of Brittany, earl of Richmond, 47, 94, 101, 104, 107
Albi (Tarn), fortified cathedral, 315
Alençon (Orne), castle, 289, A. Thompson
Alençonnais, the, 52
Alesia [Alise (Côte-d’Or)], siege of, 46, 59, 60, 61, 79
Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, 97, 99, 189
Alfred the Great, king, 26, 28, 64
Alne river, 86
Alnwick (Northumberland), castle, 115, G. T. Clark; 243, J. P. Gibson; 310, A. Thompson; 7, 42, 43, 86, 115, 116, 210, 235, 245, 247, 265, 309, 310, 327, 328
Amaury, count of Evreux, 165
Amberley (Sussex), castle, 360
Amboglanna (Cumberland), 15
Amboise (Indre-et-Loire), castle, 338
Amiens (Somme), 22
Ancaster (Lincoln), 355
Anderida (Sussex), 12, 22; _see_ Pevensey
Andover (Hants), 22
Angers (Maine-et-Loire), 27, 88, 118
Angevins, war of William I. with, 52
Anglesey, isle of, 278
Angus, earl of, _see_ Umfraville
Anjou, count of, _see_ Fulk
Anker river, 101
Antioch (Syria), siege of, 71, 164, 241
Antwerp, 290
Ardennes department, fortified churches in, 315
Ardres (Pas-de-Calais), castle, 54, 55
Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône), 315
Arnold, son of Robert, 52
Arras (Pas-de-Calais), 290
Arundel (Sussex), castle, 37, 115, 190, 360
Ashbourne (Derby), 318
Astures, Roman auxiliaries, 19
Auckland (Durham), castle, 197, 198, 200, 338
Autun (Sâone-et-Loire), 15
Avignon (Vaucluse), palace of the popes, 304; walls, 246, 250, 295
Avon river (Bristol), 2, 88; (Warwick), 29
Axholme, isle of, 56
Aydon (Northumberland), castle or fortified house, 189, 190, 312, 338
B
Badbury (Dorset), 25
Bakewell (Derby), 29
Bamburgh (Northumberland), castle, 91, J. P. Gibson, W. Maitland; 25, 62, 66, 86, 90, 120, 132, 133, 134, 137, 150, 155, 202, 230, 233
Bardolf, Robert, 335
Barking (Middlesex), 38
Barlborough (Derby), hall, 318
Barnard Castle (Durham), castle, 87, G. T. Clark; 85, 86, 163, 185
Baroche, la (Orne), 52
Barwick-in-Elmet (Yorks, W.R.), castle, 56
Basing house (Hants), 360
Bath (Somerset), 24, 25
Bath and Wells, bishop of, _see_ Burnell
Battle (Sussex), gatehouse of abbey, 304
Battlesbury (Wilts), 25
Bayeux (Calvados), castle, 45
—— bishop of, _see_ Odo
Beauchamp, house of, 109
—— Thomas, earl of Warwick (d. 1369), 321
—— Thomas, earl of Warwick (d. 1401), 321
Beaugency (Loiret), castle, 116, A. Thompson; 117, 118, 120
Beaumaris (Anglesey), castle, 277, G. T. Clark; 236, 278, A. Thompson; 7, 211, 225, 236, 251, 261, 265, 266, 268, 275, 276-9, 280, 282, 284
Beauvais (Oise), 22, 27
Bebbanburh, 25; _see_ Bamburgh
Bedale (Yorks, N. R.), church tower, 316
Bedburn river, 8
Bedford, 29, 30, 32; castle, 30, 32; John, duke of, 330
Bek, Antony, bishop of Durham, 188, 189, 198, 200, 202, 309
Bellême, house of, 51; Robert of, 55, 67, 85
Belsay (Northumberland), castle, 313, J. P. Gibson; 236, 312
Belvoir (Leicester), castle, 85, 360
Berkeley (Gloucester), castle, 142, 186, A. Thompson; 42, 43, 142, 186, 193, 194, 209, 210
Berkhampstead (Herts), castle, 42, A. Thompson; 42, 119, 263
Berry, John, duke of, 338
Berry Pomeroy (Devon), castle, 229, 358
Berwick-on-Tweed, town walls, 290, 291
Beverley (Yorks, E. R.), 295
Béziers (Hérault), cathedral, 315
Bignor (Sussex), Roman villa, 12
Birdoswald (Cumberland), 15
Bishop Auckland (Durham), 8; and _see_ Auckland
Bishops Cannings (Wilts), manor-house, 301
Bishop’s Castle (Salop), 2
Bishop’s Woodford (Wilts), manor-house, 301
Black mountains, 184
Blackbury castle (Devon), 7, A. H. Allcroft; 6
Blackfriars, _see_ London
Blackwater river, 22, 29
Blois (Loir-et-Cher), castle, 337
Blyth (Notts) castle, 85; and _see_ Tickhill; priory, 85
Bodiam (Sussex), castle, 323, E. A. and G. R. Reeve; 326, A. Thompson; 210, 322, 325, 326, 327, 330, 335, 360
Bokerley dyke, 24, 25
Bolton-in-Wensleydale (Yorks, N. R.), castle, 316, 317, 318, 330, 362, 367
Bolton-on-Swale (Yorks, N. R.), church tower, 316
Boothby Pagnell (Lincoln), manor-house, 190, 192
Borcovicus (Northumberland), 14, A. Thompson; 15, 18, A. Thompson (after Bruce); 15, 17, 18, 19
Bosham (Sussex), 36, A. Thompson (after Bayeux tapestry); 190
Boston (Lincoln), Hussey tower at, 355
Bothal (Northumberland), castle, 245, 327
Bourbourg, Louis de, 54
Bourges (Cher), 22
Boves (Somme), siege of, 70, 76
Bowes (Yorks, N. R.), tower, 131, 132, 133, 142, 145, 312
Bowness (Cumberland), 10
Bracieux, Pierre de, 73
Bradwell-juxta-Mare (Essex), 22
Brancaster (Norfolk), 12
Brancepeth (Durham), castle, 86
Brandenburg (Prussia), 26
Branodunum (Norfolk), 12
Brecon beacons, 274
—— castle, 44, 56, 87, 362, 365, 367
Breteuil, William of, 55
Bréval (Seine-et-Oise), 55, 67
Bridgnorth (Salop), 29; castle, 108, 109, 119, 133
Bridlington (Yorks, E. R.), gatehouse of priory, 301
Brionne (Eure), castle, 56
Bristol, castle, 88; walls and gateways, 292, 295, 296
—— channel, 24, 308
Brittany, mount-and-bailey castles in, 45; Alan of, _see_ Alan
Brixworth (Northants), church, 100
Bronllys (Brecknock), castle, 183, 184
Bruce, house of, 85
Brunanburh, battle of, 63
Brutus, Marcus, 62
Buckingham, 29, 30, 32
—— castle, 30, 32
—— duke of, _see_ Stafford
Builth (Brecknock), castle, 50, G. T. Clark; 50, 51
Burgh Castle (Suffolk), 12, 16, 22
Burghersh, Henry, bishop of Lincoln, 301
Burghwallis (Yorks, W. R.), 100
Burgundy, 59, 64, 198
Burnell, Robert, bishop of Bath and Wells, 298, 317
Bury ditches (Salop), 6, A. Thompson; 2, 6
Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk), 25; Moyses hall, 190
Busli, Roger de, 85
C
Cadbury (Somerset), 25
Caen (Calvados), 118; abbey churches, 93
Caer Caradoc (near Clun, Salop), 6
Caerlaverock (Dumfries), castle, 364, J. P. Gibson; 304, 307
Caerphilly (Glamorgan), castle, 270, 271, 272, A. Thompson; 7, 160, 189, 205, 236, 264, 265, 270-2, 274-5, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 284, 287, 309, 334, 352
Cahors (Lot), walled town, 65; Pont Valentré, 297, 355
Calder river, 85
Caldicot (Monmouth), castle, 182, 184
Calleva Atrebatum (Hants), 14; and _see_ Silchester
Cambridge, castle, 39, 40, 41
—— colleges, 193
Camulodunum (Essex), 12; and _see_ Colchester
Canterbury (Kent), 28, 198; archbishops of, _see_ Robert of Jumièges, Sudbury
—— castle, 46, 120, 128
—— west gate, 296, 304
Carcassonne (Aude), town and castle, 78, 239, 242, A. Thompson; 264, 283, Viollet-le-Duc; 79, 82, 236, 242, 246, 250, 264, 284, 286, 289
Cardiff (Glamorgan), 274; castle, 114, A. Thompson; 191, G. T. Clark; 115, 190, 193, 194, 209
Carew (Pembroke), castle, 248, 336, A. Thompson; 202, 239, 240, 247, 252, 269, 304, 330, 333, 337, 362
Carisbrooke (Isle of Wight), castle, 111, R. Keene; 115
Carlisle (Cumberland), castle, 87, 88, 120, 361, 362, 367
—— cathedral priory, 312
Carnarvon, castle, 245, 253, G. T. Clark; 258, A. Thompson; 259, F. Bond; 88, 189, 209, 224, 242, 245, 246, 248, 252, 255, 257, 261, 262, 265, 266, 269, 270, 279, 282, 284, 291
—— town walls, 251, A. Thompson; 88, 251, 291, 292, 295, 296
Carrickfergus (Antrim), castle, 194
Castles camp (Durham), 8
Castleton (Yorks, N. R.), castle, 85
Castrum Harundel (Sussex), 37; and _see_ Arundel
Caus castle (Salop), 362
Cawood (Yorks, W. R.), castle, 85, 338
Ceawlin, king of West Saxons, 25
Cedd, St, 22
Cérisy-la-Forêt (Calvados), abbey church, 100
Chaise-Dieu, la (Haute-Loire), abbey church, 315
Champlitte, Guillaume de, 73
Chardstock (Devon), manor-house, 301
Charles the Bald, king of Neustria, 27, 29, 32
—— the Fat, king of Neustria, 27, 64
—— the Simple, king of Neustria, 28
—— V., emperor, 290
—— Martel, 65
Chartres (Eure-et-Loir), 22
—— count of, _see_ Theobald
Château-Gaillard (Eure), 163, A. Thompson, after Enlart; 175, A. Thompson; 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 163, 172, 175, 176, 215, 216, 229, 257, 264
Château-sur-Epte (Eure), 165
Chauny (Aisne), 295
Chedworth (Gloucester), Roman villa, 12
Chepstow (Monmouth), 182; castle, 103, 249, 268, A. Thompson; 104, A. Thompson (after _Official Guide_); 56, 88, 104, 107, 175, 185, 189, 223, 249, 250, 268, 269, 280, 282, 359
—— town and walls, 88, 251, 295
Chester, castle, 39
—— city and walls, 14, 22, 23, 24, 119
Chesters (Northumberland), 15; and _see_ Cilurnum
Chichester (Sussex), 14, 22, 23, 198; bishop of, _see_ Rede
Chilham (Kent), castle, 120
Chillingham (Northumberland), castle, 318
China, great wall of, 79
Chipchase (Northumberland), castle, 156, 236, 312
Christchurch (Hants), castle, 123, P. M. Johnston; 128, 189, 192, 193
—— priory church, 93, 94
Cilurnum (Northumberland), 13, A. Thompson (after Bruce); 15, 17, 18, 19
Cirencester (Gloucester), 25
Cissbury (Sussex), 2, 25
Clare (Suffolk), castle, 188
—— Gilbert de, earl of Gloucester and Hertford, 270
Clark, G. T., 30
Clavering (Essex), castle, 37
Clement VI., pope, 250
Cleveland (Yorks, N. R.), 85
Clifford’s hill (Northampton), 84
Clifton (Bristol), promontory forts, 2, 8
Clinton, family of, 365
Clipsham (Rutland), 197
Clun (Salop), 2, 6
—— castle, 43, 127, A. Thompson; 43, 50, 119, 128, 129, 131, 145
Clwyd river, 275
Cnut, king, 33, 34
Colchester (Essex), 12, 19, 26, 29, 65; castle, 47, 101, A. Thompson; 47, 83, 100, 124, 125, 127, 128, 133, 134, 137, 146, 150, 154, 188, 317
Cole, John, 274, 275
Colne river (Essex), 29
Compton castle (Devon), 358
Compton Wyniates (Warwick), manor-house, 193, 210, 308, 359
Conisbrough (Yorks, W. R.), castle, 166, 167, 168, A. Thompson; 217, G. Hepworth; 42, 85, 86, 149, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 188, 212, 216, 342
Constantinople, siege of, 73, 77, 78, 81, 164, 262, 263
Conway (Carnarvon), 317; castle, 234, 256, G. T. Clark; 261, 262, 263, A. Thompson; 7, 88, 177, 205, 209, 210, 229, 233, 236, 242, 252, 255, 257, 258, 261, 262, 265, 268, 270, 275, 276, 279, 280, 282, 291, 322, 334, 352
—— town walls, 88, 177, 240, 250, 251, 291, 295, 296
Coquet river, 86, 219, 298
Corbridge-on-Tyne (Northumberland), 18; _see_ Corstopitum
—— pele-tower, 156, 312
Corfe (Dorset), castle, 102, 131, 132, 155
Corstopitum (Northumberland), 18, 22
Cosin, John, bishop of Durham, 198, 200
Coucy (Aisne), castle, 81, 177, A. Thompson; 80, 81, 82, 171, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 189, 216, 225, 241, 242, 248, 264, 269, 284, 285, 322, 338
—— town walls, 240, 250, 295, 297
—— Enguerrand III., seigneur de, 176
—— VII., 338
Courcy-sur-Dives (Calvados), 67
Coutances (Manche), 23
Coventry and Lichfield, bishop of, _see_ Langton
Cowdray castle (Sussex), 360
Cradyfargus tower at Warkworth, 194, 219, 247
Cranborne (Dorset), 25
Cromwell, Ralph, Lord, 345, 347, 352
Cynewulf, king, 36
D
Dacre, Lord, of Gillesland, 361
Dalyngrugge, Sir Edward, 322, 325
Danby Wiske (Yorks, N. R.), church-tower, 316
Danelaw, the, 28, 34
Dead sea (Palestine), 263
Dee river, 24
Delhi, 79
Denbigh, castle, 185, 224, 229, 255, 327, 360
Denmark, king of, _see_ Swegen
Derby, 29, 30
Derwent river (Derby), 345
—— (Durham and Northumberland), 316
—— (Yorks), 85
Despenser, Hugh, 274
Devizes (Wilts), 24
Devon river, 99
Didier, St, bishop of Cahors, 65
Dinan (Ille-et-Vilaine), castle, 46, A. Thompson, after Bayeux tapestry; 45
D’Oily, Robert, 104
Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine), castle, 45
Dolbadarn (Carnarvon), tower, 183, 184, A. Thompson; 87, 185
Dolebury (Somerset), 8, 25
Dolwyddelan (Carnarvon), castle, 185
Domfront (Orne), castle, 284, A. Thompson; 51, 52, 117, 118, 120, 142, 145, 284, 285
—— town walls, 250
Don river, 85
Doncaster (Yorks, W.R.), 85, 100
Dorchester (Dorset), 2, 19
Dove river, 42
Dover (Kent), 37; castle, 126, G. T. Clark; 37, 119, 120, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 141, 146, 149, 150, 154, 155, 159, 241, 265, 308
Drayton house (Northampton), 205
Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester, 337
Duffield (Derby), castle, 132
Dumfries, 304
Dunheved (Cornwall), 89
Dunstanburgh (Northumberland), castle, 219, 308, 309, 327
Durham, bishops of, _see_ Bek, Cosin, Flambard, Hatfield, Pudsey, Skirlaw, Tunstall
Durham, 24; castle, 199, _Archaeol. Journal_; 201, Billings; 203, J. P. Gibson; 44, 86, 107, 108, 189, 200, 202, 275
—— cathedral, 153
—— University college, 200
Dyrham (Gloucester), battle of, 25
E
Earls Barton (Northampton), castle and church, 45, 52, 109
Easingwold (Yorks, N.R.), 296
East Anglia, king of, _see_ Edmund
Échauffour (Orne), castle, 52
Eddisbury (Chester), 29
Eden river, 312
Edgar the Ætheling, 39
Edmund, king of East Anglia, 28
—— Ironside, king, 33, 34
Edward the Confessor, king, 37
—— the Elder, king, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 41
—— I., king, 241, 252, 275, 276, 290, 291, 292, 298, 304, 307, 317, 327
—— II., king, 185, 301, 307
—— III., king, 109, 266, 291, 301, 307
Egbert, king, 27
Elizabeth, queen, 337, 345, 361
Ellesmere (Salop), castle, 119
Elmham (Suffolk), 24
Elmley (Worcester), castle, 109
Elne (Pyrénèes-Orientales), cathedral, 315
Elsdon (Northumberland), fortified rectory, 312
Embleton (Northumberland), fortified vicarage, 312
Emperors, _see_ Charles V., Henry the Fowler, Vespasian
England, kings of, _see_ Cnut, Edward I., Edward II., Edward III., Henry I., Henry II., Henry III., Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VIII., John, Richard I., Richard II., Stephen, William I., William II.
England, queens of, _see_ Elizabeth, Isabel
Erghum, Ralph, bishop of Salisbury, 301
Ermine street, 21
Erve river, 90
Etampes (Seine-et-Oise), castle, 172, A. Thompson; 172, 186
Ethelred the Redeless, king, 28, 33
Eudes, count of Paris (Hugh Capet), 63, 64
Eustace, son of John, 116
Evreux (Eure), abbey of Saint-Taurin, 22; count of, _see_ Amaury
Ewenny (Glamorgan), priory church, 315
Ewias Harold (Hereford), castle, 37
Exeter (Devon), 21, 23, 39; castle, 39, 40, 83, 95, 96, 98, 113
—— cathedral close, 298
F
Falaise (Calvados), castle, 117, A. Thompson; 54, 100, 117, 118, 120, 322
Farnham (Hants), castle, 115
Ferrers (Walkelin de), 197
Fiennes, Sir Roger, 358, 359
Fitzwilliam, Sir William, 300
Flambard, Ranulf, bishop of Durham, 133
Flamborough head (Yorks, E.R.), 86
Flint, castle, 181, 182, 249
Foss river, 41
Fosseway, the, 21
Fougères (Ille-et-Vilaine), 250, A. Thompson; 250, 304
France, Capetian kings of, 34; and _see_ Hugh Capet, Louis VI., Louis IX., Philip I., Philip II., Philip III.
—— Carolingian kings of, 36; _see_ Neustria
—— Valois kings of, _see_ Francis I., Henry II., Louis XII.
Francis I., king of France, 290, 337, 338
Freeman, Professor E. A., 30
Frome river (Bristol), 88, 296; (Dorset), 2, 19
Fulk the Black, count of Anjou, 116
G
Gainsborough (Lincoln), 100, 101, 358
—— old hall, 355, 356, 358
Galmanho (York), 33
Galtres forest (Yorks, N.R.), 55, 85
Gannock’s castle, _see_ Tempsford
Gariannonum (Suffolk), 12; and _see_ Burgh castle
Garonne river, 27
Gaunt, John of, _see_ Lancaster, John, duke of,
Gête-aux-Lièvres, 66
Gilbert, family of, 358
Gilling, East (Yorks), castle, 312
Gisors (Eure), castle, 166, 176
Gloucester, 14, 22, 25, 37
—— castle, 119
—— duke of, Humphrey, 308
—— earl of, _see_ Clare
Godwin, earl, 37
Goël, Ascelin, 55
Goodmanham (Yorks, E.R.), 23
Goodrich (Hereford), castle, 174, C. Gethen, G. W. Saunders; 175, 185
Gower (Glamorgan), fortified churches in, 315
Gower, Henry, bishop of St David’s, 338, 341
Goxhill (Lincoln), “priory,” 190
Gravesend (Kent), 119
Guildford (Surrey), castle, 128, A. Thompson; 100, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 138, 145, 149, 153, 154, 156, 189
Gundulf, bishop of Rochester, 120
Gwendraeth Fach river, 279
H
Haddon, Nether (Derby), 342; hall, 340, H. Baker; 343, G. J. Gillham; 193, 206, 315, 342, 345
Hadleigh (Suffolk), rectory, 355
Hallaton (Leicester), castle, 51, A. Thompson
Halton (Northumberland), pele-tower, 312
Hambleton hills (Yorks, N.R.), 85
Hamelin Plantagenet, 167
Hardwick hall (Derby), 318
Harewood (Yorks, W.R.), castle, 85
Harlech (Merioneth), castle, 273, G. T. Clark; 274, A. Thompson; 160, 189, 209, 210, 211, 225, 236, 249, 261, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 284, 289, 309, 322, 325
Harold, king, 36, 38, 190, 192
Hastings (Sussex), 37; castle, 38, A. Thompson (after Bayeux tapestry); 38, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 102, 108, 109, 119, 128, 209, 360
Hatfield, Thomas, bishop of Durham, 202, 310
Haughmond abbey (Salop), 192
Haughton (Northumberland), castle, 317, 338
Haverfordwest (Pembroke), castle, 341
Hawarden (Flint), castle, 184
Hedingham (Essex), castle, 135, 147, F. R. Taylor; 44, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 145, 146, 155, 156, 159
Helmsley (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 85, 131
Henry I., king, 66, 71, 85, 117, 118, 133, 189, 193
—— II., king, 56, 57, 83, 89, 118, 120, 133, 159, 160, 165, 166, 167, 176, 188, 202, 212
—— III., king, 55, 162, 185, 188, 202, 205, 265, 270
—— IV., king, 279, 330, 336
—— V., king, 327
—— VIII., king, 337, 361
—— II., king of France, 337
—— the Fowler, emperor, 26
Hérault department, fortified churches in, 315
Hereford, 37; castle, 119; earl of, _see_ William, son of Osbern
Herefordshire, Norman castle in, 37
Hertford, 29, 30, 32; castle, 30, 32, 119; earl of, _see_ Clare
Hestengaceaster (Sussex), 45
Heton, Thomas de, 318
Hexham (Northumberland), 317; fortified manor-house, 312
Higham Ferrers (Northampton), castle and church, 109
Hingston down (Cornwall), battle of, 27
Holderness (Yorks, E.R.), 86
Holy Island (Northumberland), castle, 86
Horkstow (Lincoln), Roman villa, 12
Horncastle (Lincoln), 355
Houdan (Seine-et-Oise), donjon, 165
Housesteads (Northumberland), 15; and _see_ Borcovicus
Hubert, count of Maine, 66, 90
Hugh Capet, king of France; _see_ Eudes
Hull (Yorks, E.R.), 296
Humber estuary, 28, 85
Huntingdon, 29, 30
—— castle, 39, 40, 362
Hurstmonceaux (Sussex), castle, 323, E. A. and G. R. Reeve; 359, A. Thompson; 330, 358, 359, 360
I
Ida, king of Northumbria, 25
Ireland, passage from England to, 179
Isabel, queen of England, 274
Issoudun (Indre), donjon, 175
Ivry (Eure), castle, 55
J
Jerusalem, kingdom of, 263
—— siege of, 67, 70
Jervaulx abbey (Yorks, N.R.), 192
Jeufosse (Seine-et-Oise), 27
John, king, 162, 194
Jublains (Mayenne), 23
K
Kala’at-el-Hosn; _see_ Krak des Chevaliers
Kenilworth (Warwick), castle, 132, 337, A. Thompson; 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 138, 146, 149, 154, 156, 209, 210, 233, 234, 247, 270, 271, 279, 297, 317, 322, 336, 337
Kentwell hall (Suffolk), 359
Kerak in Moab, castle, 240, 241, 263
Kidwelly (Carmarthen), castle, 225, 281, A. Thompson; 267, G. T. Clark; 211, 224, 269, 275, 279-82, 304, 309
Kimbolton (Hunts), castle, 365, 366
Kinnard’s Ferry (Lincoln), castle, 56, 57, 83
Kirkby Malzeard (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 56, 57, 83
Knaresborough (Yorks, W.R.) castle, 85, 86, 216, 279, 310, 312, 327
Knighton (Radnor), 6
Krak, le, des Chevaliers, 176, A. Thompson (after G. Rey); 176, 263
Kyme (Lincoln), tower, 355
L
Labienus, Titus, 61
Lacy, Henry de, earl of Lincoln, 327
—— Ilbert de, 56
—— Roger de, 102
Laigle (Orne), castle, 193
Lamotte, significance of place-name, 46
Lamphey (Pembroke), manor-house, 341, A. Thompson; 338, 341, 342
Lancaster castle, 104, 145, 246, 279, 327, 328, 336, 337
—— duchy of, castles of, 279, 327, 336
—— —— records of, 186, 336, 361
—— John, duke of, 336, 337
—— Thomas, earl of, 308
Langeais (Indre-et-Loire), castle, 116
Langley (Northumberland), castle, 156, 317
Langton, Walter, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 298
Languedoc, fortified churches in, 315
Laon (Aisne), 295
Launceston (Cornwall), castle, 89, 182, 188, 264, 362
Laval (Mayenne), castle, 80, A. Thompson; 81, 88
—— town walls, 88
Lea river, 29, 120
Leconfield (Yorks, E.R.), manor-house, 307
Leeds (Kent), castle, 326
—— (Yorks, W.R.), 56
Leicester, 22, 29, 30
—— castle, 88, 109, 197
—— earl of, _see_ Dudley
Le Roy, Pierre, abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel, 236
Lewes (Sussex), castle, 50, 98, A. Thompson; 49, 96, 97, 98, 99, 115, 220, 235, 236, 360
Lichfield (Stafford), 24; bishop of, _see_ Coventry
—— cathedral close, 298
Liddington (Rutland), manor-house, 190, 301
Lilbourne (Northampton), castle, 43, 51
Lille (Nord), 290
Lillebonne (Seine-Inférieure), edict of, 89, 90, 102
Lincoln, 12, 18, 19, 20, 23, 30, 301, 355
—— bishops of, 85; and _see_ Alexander, Burghersh
—— bishop’s palace, 198, 301, 338, 348, 351
—— castle, 40, W. G. Watkins; 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 85, 86, 87, 100, 102, 114, 115, 188, 236, 279, 301
—— cathedral, 23, 94
—— cathedral close, 298, 301; gatehouses, 301, 303
—— city walls, 20, 296
—— earl of, _see_ Lacy
Lindsey, parts of (Lincoln), 28
Llanberis (Carnarvon), 87, 185
Llandovery (Carmarthen), castle, 87, 229
Llanfihangel-cwm-Du (Brecon), church tower, 316
Llanstephan (Carmarthen), castle, 249, 308, 309
Llawhaden (Pembroke), castle, 342
Loches (Indre-et-Loire), castle, 82
Lodève (Hérault), cathedral, 315
Loire river, 27
Lois Weedon (Northampton), church, 100
London, 21, 26, 27, 28, 37, 38, 64, 65, 295
—— Baynard’s castle, 38, 39
—— Blackfriars, 39
—— Fleet Street, house of bishops of Salisbury, 301
—— St Paul’s cathedral close, 298
—— Tower of, 121, 122, A. Thompson; 123, P. M. Johnston; 38, 39, 40, 47, 88, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 134, 137, 146, 150, 154, 188, 202, 210, 223, 225, 226, 234, 265, 266, 268, 277
Longchamp, William, bishop of Ely, 265
Louis VI., king of France, 66, 67, 68, 93, 165
—— IX., king of France, 68, 74, 264
—— XII, king of France, 337, 338
Lucca (Tuscany), 290
Lucé (Orne), castle, 52
Ludlow (Salop), castle, 94, 95, 96, 108, A. Thompson; 106, R. Keene; 195, C. Gethen; 87, 95, 96, 97, 98, 102, 103, 104, 107, 109, 110, 113, 137, 149, 153, 156, 159, 161, 189, 194, 206, 207, 209, 210, 212, 215, 219, 229, 252, 304, 330, 334, 335
—— town walls, 87
Ludlow, Lawrence of, 307
Lumley (Durham), castle, 318
Lundenburh, 26
M
Magdeburg (Prussian Saxony), 26
Maiden Castle (Dorset), 2, 3, A. Thompson; 2, 3, 5, 19, 26, 230, 282
Maine, count of, _see_ Hubert
Malassis, 66
Malcolm IV., king of Scots, 120
Maldon (Essex), 29; battle of, 63
Malet, William, 39
Mailing, West (Kent), St Leonard’s church, 120
Malton (Yorks, N. R.), castle, 85
Manorbier (Pembroke), castle, 208, A. Thompson; 217, C. Gethen; 189, 192, 207, 208, 209, 211, 215, 229, 304, 316, 334, 335
Mans, le (Sarthe), 22, 23
Mansurah (Lower Egypt), 68, 74
Mantes (Seine-et-Oise), 27
Markenfield (Yorks, W.R.), manor-house, 307, 308, 338
Marlborough (Wilts.), 24
Marmion, Robert, 101
Marne river, 27
Marrah (Syria), siege of, 71
Marseilles (Bouches-du-Rhône), abbey church of Saint-Victor, 315
—— siege of, 61, 62, 70, 73, 78
Marshal, William, earl of Pembroke and Striguil, 179
Marton (Lincoln), church, 100, 101
Massilia, _see_ Marseilles
Mâte-Putain, 66
Maule, siege of, 90
Maxstoke (Warwick), castle, 364, H. Baker; 365, 366, 367
Medway river, 365
Méhun-sur-Yèvre (Cher), castle, 338
Melbourne (Derby), castle, 336
Melsonby (Yorks, N.R.), church-tower, 315
Melun (Seine-et-Marne), 27
Merchem, castle of, 53, 54
Mercia, kingdom of, 28; kings of, _see_ Offa, Penda
Mercians, lady of the, _see_ Æthelflaed
Merseburg (Prussian Saxony), 26
Mersey river, 28, 29
Merton (Surrey), 36
Mexborough (Yorks, W. R.), castle, 42, 51
Middleham (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 85, 87, 132, 133, 134, 142, 150, 310, 312
Midhurst (Sussex), 360
Milford haven, 179
Mitford (Northumberland), castle, 86, 166, 167
Moel Siabod (Carnarvon), 185
Moissac (Tarn-et-Garonne), abbey, 315
Monkchester, _see_ Muncanceaster
Monkton (Pembroke), priory church, 316
Monmouth, fortified bridge, 297, A. Thompson; 298
Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne), Pont des Consuls, 297
Montgomery castle, 43
Montmajour (Bouches-du-Rhône), fortified abbey, 315
Montmartre (Seine), 64
Mont-Saint-Michel (Manche), abbey, 235, A. Thompson; 236; abbots of, _see_ Le Roy, Tustin
—— town walls, 291, A. Thompson; 250, 289
Morpeth (Northumberland), 166
Mortham (Yorks, N. R.), manor-house, 338
Mount Bures (Essex), 44, 46
Mowbray, Robert, 66, 90
—— vale of (Yorks, N.R.), 83
Mowbrays, revolt of the, 56, 83
Muncanceaster (Northumberland), 21
N
Naeodunum Diablintum (Mayenne), 23
Nantes (Loire-Inférieure), 27
Narbonne (Aude), 65
Naworth (Cumberland), castle, 189
Nettleham (Lincoln), manor-house, 301
Neufmarché, Bernard de, _see_ Newmarch
Neustria, kingdom of, 34; kings of, _see_ Charles
Neville, John, Lord, 310, 317
Newark-on-Trent (Nottingham), castle, 99, A. Thompson; 157, F. Bond; 85, 86, 97, 98, 99, 189, 202, 360
Newcastle-on-Tyne (Northumberland), 21, 22
—— castle, 139, 152, J. P. Gibson; 227, A. Thompson; 22, 47, 48, 51, 86, 88, 120, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 141, 146, 149, 153, 154, 155, 156, 166, 169, 188, 202, 210, 227, 265
—— town walls, 293, W. Maitland; 88, 292
Newmarch, Bernard of, 56
Newport (Monmouth), castle, 362
Newton Nottage (Glamorgan), fortified church, 315
Nidd river, 85
Nile river, 68
Niort (Deux-Sèvres), castle, 175
Noirmoutier (Vendée), 27, 28
Norham (Northumberland), castle, 157, J. P. Gibson; 86, 129, 131, 132, 133, 149, 160, 163
Normandy, duchy of, 28, 34; dukes of, _see_ Robert, Rollo; mount-and-bailey castles in, 45, 51, 52
Northallerton (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 56, 57, 83
Northampton, 44
—— town wall, 295
Northumberland, earls of, 211; _see_ Percy
Northumbria, kingdom of, 28; king of, _see_ Ida
Norwich (Norfolk), castle, 88, 128, 134, 137, 141, 155
—— cathedral close, 298
—— town wall, 88, 89, 301
Nottingham, 28, 29, 30, 32
—— castle, 30, 32, 39, 41, 85, 88, 120
Nunney (Somerset), castle, 325
Nuremberg (Middle Franconia), town walls, 82
O
Oakham (Rutland), castle, 107, 197, 198, 362
Ockley (Surrey), battle of, 28
Odiham (Hants), castle, 185
Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 66
Offa, king of Mercia, 24, 32
Offa’s dyke, 24
Oise river, 27
Oissel (Seine-Inférieure), 27
Old Sarum (Wilts), camp and castle, 4, A. H. Allcroft; 3, 5, 6, 19, 24, 25, 153, 154, 210, 301
Orford (Suffolk), castle, 119, 165, 166, 168, 170
Orléans, Charles, duke of, 337
—— Louis, duke of, 338
Orontes river, 164
Osbern, _see_ William
Oswestry (Salop), 24; castle, 119
Othona (Essex), 22
Otley (Yorks, W.R.), 85
Ouse river, Great, 29, 30, 33, 63; (Yorkshire), 41, 85
Oxburgh (Norfolk), hall, 355
Oxford castle, 88, 104, 108, 119, 188
—— Christ Church, 190
—— New college, 190
P
Pamiers (Ariège), cathedral, 315
Paris (Seine), 22, 27; count of, _see_ Eudes; Louvre, donjon of, 178; siege of, by Danes, 27, 63, 64, 65, 67, 70, 81
Peak castle (Derby), 35, 156, 315
Pembroke, castle, 180, 224, A. Thompson; 181, _Archaeol. Journal_; 213, C. Gethen; 179, 180, 182, 202, 212, 215, 223, 224, 225, 236, 239, 240, 248, 251, 316
—— St Mary’s church, 316
Pembroke, earl of, _see_ Marshal, William
Pembrokeshire, churches of, 316
Penda, king of Mercia, 25
Penmaenmawr (Carnarvon), 8
Penrith (Cumberland), castle, 316
Penshurst (Kent), manor-house, 206
Pentecost’s castle (Hereford), 37
Pentrich (Derby), 345
Penwortham (Lancaster), castle, 327
Percy, Sir Henry, 307, 309
—— Henry, earl of Northumberland, 328, 330
—— house of, 348
Périers (Calvados), church, 100
Perrott, Sir John, 333
Peterborough (Northants), 25
—— abbey precinct, 298
Petworth (Sussex), manor-house, 307
Pevensey (Sussex), Roman station and castle, 16, 246, A. Thompson; 12, 16, 22, 247, 360
Philip I., king of France, 55
—— II. (Augustus), king of France, 62, 70, 71, 73, 76, 175, 176, 178, 215, 216, 322
—— III., king of France, 264
Pickering (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 43, 85, 86, 115, 279
Pierrefonds (Oise), castle, 338
Pistes, edict of, 32, 35, 55
Pitt-Rivers, General A. H. L. F., 25
Poitiers (Vienne), 27
Poitou, Roger of, 327
Pons Aelii (Northumberland), 21
Pontaudemer (Eure), 71
Pontefract (Yorks, W.R.), castle, 49, 56, 85, 86, 185, 186, 187, 236, 279, 336, 360
Porchester (Hants), Roman station and castle, 97, 131, A. Thompson; 12, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 122, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 141, 142, 145, 146, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 189, 235, 247, 335, 352
Portishead (Somerset), 24
Portsmouth harbour, 99, 335
Portus Adurni, 12
—— Magnus (Hants), 12
Potterne (Wilts), manor-house, 301
Poundbury (Dorset), 2, 19, 25
Prague (Bohemia), bridge, 297, 298
Provins (Seine-et-Marne), castle, 172, 182
Prudentius, bishop of Troves, 27
Prudhoe (Northumberland), castle, 86, 315
Pudsey, Hugh, bishop of Durham, 56, 107, 133, 198, 200, 202
Puiset, le (Eure-et-Loir), siege of, 67, 68
Pyrénées-Orientales department, fortified churches in, 315
R
Raby (Durham), castle, 311, _Archaeol. Journal_; 310, 317, 318, 322
Raglan (Monmouth), castle, 331, G. W. Saunders; 269, 330
Ramsbury (Wilts), manor-house, 301
Raymond, count of Toulouse, 70, 71
Reading (Berks), 28
Rede, William, bishop of Chichester, 360
Reims (Marne), 22
Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), castle, 45, A. Thompson (after Bayeux tapestry)
Restormel (Cornwall), castle, 52, 230, 335
Rhiangol river, 183
Rhône river, 304
Rhuddlan (Flint), castle, 229, 249, 275, 276, 280
Rhymney river, 274
Rhys ap Thomas, 330
Ribble river, 327
Richard I., king, 172, 176, 265
—— II., king, 307
Richborough (Kent), 12, 22
Richmond (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 93, A. Thompson; 47, 51, 56, 85, 87, 90, 93, 94, 97, 98, 101, 104, 107, 131, 133, 134, 137, 146, 149, 153, 159, 163, 178, 189, 202, 212, 215, 252, 304, 308, 342, 345; earl of, _see_ Alan
Ripon (Yorks, W.R.), 24
Rising (Norfolk), castle, 143, G. H. Widdows; 131, 132, 133, 134, 141, 142, 143, 146, 150, 154, 156, 188, 194
Robert, duke of Normandy, 55, 67, 117, 193
—— of Jumièges, archbishop of Canterbury, 37
—— son of Giroie, 52, 90
—— son of Roger, 194
Robert’s castle, 37
Roche-Guyon, la (Seine-et-Oise), castle, 172, 175
Roche-sur-Igé, la (Orne), castle, 52
Rochester (Kent), Boley hill, 128; bishop of, _see_ Gundulf; castle, frontispiece, J. Bailey; 145, A. Thompson; 66, 120, 125, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 141, 142, 145, 149, 150, 154, 155, 156, 159, 162, 163, 177
—— cathedral, 120
Rockingham (Northants), castle, 205, 226, A. Thompson; 202, 205, 226, 227, 266, 360
Roger, bishop of Salisbury, 98
—— of Newburgh, earl of Warwick, 109
Rollo, duke of Normandy, 28
Rome, 292
Rothbury (Northumberland), fortified rectory, 312
Rother river, 325
Rouen (Seine-Inférieure), 22, 27, 66, 176; abbey of Saint-Ouen, 22; castle, 23, 82, 117, 176, 178; priory of Ste-Trinité-du-Mont, 85
Roussillon, fortified churches in, 315
Royat (Puy-de-Dôme), fortified church, 315
Runcorn (Chester), 29
Ruthin (Denbigh), castle, 119
Rutupiae (Kent), 12; _see_ Richborough
Rye (Sussex), 325
Ryedale (Yorks, N.R.), 85
S
Saint-Cénéri-le-Gérei (Orne), castle, 52, 90
Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (Eure), treaty of, 28
Saint-Claude (Jura), cathedral, 315
St David’s (Pembroke), bishop’s palace, 338 341, 342
—— bishops of, _see_ Gower, Vaughan
Saint-Denis (Seine), abbey, 32, 315
Saint-Malo (Ille-et-Vilaine), town walls, 290, A. Thompson; 250, 289
Saint-Paul-du-Var (Alpes-Maritimes), 290
Saint-Pol, count of, 216
Saint-Pons (Hérault), cathedral, 315
Sainte-Suzanne (Mayenne), castle, 66, 90
Saintes-Maries-sur-la-Mer, les (Bouches-du-Rhône), fortified church, 315
Salisbury (Wilts), 25; and _see_ Old Sarum
—— bishop’s palace, 301
—— bishops of, _see_ Erghum, Roger, Wyvill
—— cathedral close, 301
—— city walls, 301
Sandal (Yorks, W.R.), castle, 86, _Yorks. Archæol. Journal_; 85, 86, 230
Sandwich (Kent), 22
Sarthe river, 23
Savernake park (Wilts), 24
Saracens in southern France, 65
Scarborough (Yorks, N. R.), 296; castle, 129, A. Thompson; 85, 119, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 142, 145, 149, 160, 175, 202, 216, 230, 233, 236, 360
Scots, kings of, _see_ Malcolm IV., William the Lion
Scratchbury (Wilts), 25
Searobyrig (Wilts), 25; _see_ Old Sarum
Segedunum (Northumberland), 10
Seine river, 27, 63, 64, 172, 175
Sens (Yonne), 22
Sept-Forges (Orne), castle, 52
Severn river, 29, 119
Sheffield (Yorks, W.R.), 318
Sherborne (Dorset), 24
—— castle, 98, 301
Sheriff Hutton (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 317, 362, 367
Shirburn (Oxford), castle, 325
Shrawardine (Salop), castle, 119
Shrewsbury, 29
—— castle, 39, 40, 88, 109, 119
—— church of St Julian, 109
—— earl of, _see_ Talbot
Shropshire, free chapels in, 109
Silchester (Hants), 14, 22
Skelton (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 85
Skenfrith (Monmouth), castle, 184
Skipsea (Yorks, E.R.), castle, 85, 86
Skirlaw, Walter, bishop of Durham, 318
Sleaford (Lincoln), 355
Soar river, 28
Soissons (Aisne), 295
Solway firth, 10, 304
Sonning (Berks), manor-house, 301
Southampton (Hants), castle, 88, 119
—— town walls, 293, C. Gethen; 88, 223, 241, 247, 292, 296
Spennithorne (Yorks, N.R.), church-tower, 316
Spofforth (Yorks, W.R.), manor-house, 307, 358
Spurn head (Yorks, E.R.), 86
Stafford, 29
—— castle, 365, 367
Stafford, Edward, duke of Buckingham, 362, 365, 366
—— Anne, duchess, 365, 366
Stainmoor, 312
Stamford (Lincoln and Northampton), 29, 30, 32; castle, 30, 32
Stephen, king, 56, 57
Stokesay (Salop), castle, 207, A. Thompson; 306, R. Keene, C. Gethen; 193, 206, 281, 307, 342, 352
Stour river (Kent), 28
Stow Park (Lincoln), manor-house, 301
Strickland, William, 316
Sudbury, Simon, archbishop of Canterbury, 304
Surrey, earl of, _see_ Warenne
Swale river, 90
Swaledale, 85
Swansea (Glamorgan), castle, 338, 341
Swegen, king of Denmark, 64
Sweyn Godwinsson, 37
Syria, castles and churches in, 176
T
Tadcaster (Yorks, W.R.), 295; castle, 85
Talbot, John, earl of Shrewsbury, 347
Talvas, Guillaume, 51
Tamar river, 27
Tame river, 101
Tamworth (Stafford), 28, 29, 30
—— castle, 48, A. Thompson; 32, 47, 101, 242
Tattershall (Lincoln), castle, 356, A. Thompson; 297, _Archaeol. Journal_; 318, 352, 355, 356, 357
Tavistock (Devon), 27
Tees river, 85, 86, 312
Tempsford (Beds), _burh_ and earthwork, 32, A. Thompson; 29, 30, 33
Tenby (Pembroke), town walls, 240, A. Thompson; 239, 240, 297
Tewkesbury (Gloucestershire), gatehouse of abbey, 301
Thames river, 28, 63, 64, 119
Thanet, isle of (Kent), 28
Thelwall (Chester), 26, 29
Theobald, count of Chartres, 67, 68
Thérouanne, bishop of, _see_ Warneton
Thetford (Norfolk), 24; castle, 44
Thirsk (Yorks, N.R.), castle, 56, 57, 83
Thornbury (Gloucester), castle, 366, 367
Thornton (Lincoln), gatehouse of abbey, 302, A. Thompson; 303, _Archaeol. Journal_; 331, F. Bond; 303, 304, 358
Thurkill, 64
Tickhill (Yorks, W.R.), castle, 67, 85, 96, 98, 99, 220, 235
Tinchebray (Orne), battle of, 117
Toledo (New Castile), bridge of Alcantarà, 297
Tolleshunt Major (Essex), manor-house, 308
Tonbridge (Kent), castle, 115, 365, 367
Tor Bay, 358
Torksey (Lincoln), castle, 358
Torquay (Devon), 358
Totnes (Devon), castle, 115
Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), 27
—— count of, _see_ Raymond
Tournai (Hainault), fortified bridge, 297
Tournus (Saône-et-Loire), abbey church, 315
Tours (Indre-et-Loire), 22
Towcester (Northampton), 26, 29, 65
Tower on the Moor (Lincoln), 355
Towy river, 308
Trebonius, Gaius, 61, 62
Trecastle (Brecknock), castle, 44, A. Thompson; 44, 56, 87
Trent river, 28, 29, 50, 83, 85, 99, 120, 355, 358, 360
Tre’r Ceiri (Carnarvon), 8
Tretower (Brecknock), castle, 183, 184
Tripoli (Syria), county of, 263
Troyes (Aube), 22; bishop of, _see_ Prudentius
Tungri, first cohort of, 18
Tunstall, Cuthbert, bishop of Durham, 200
Tustin, abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel, 236
Tutbury (Stafford), castle, 237, R. Keene; 41, 42, 44, 327, 335, 336, 359
Tweed river, 86
Tyne river, 10, 86, 88, 316
Tynemouth priory (Northumberland), 298
U
Umfraville, Gilbert de, earl of Angus, 315
Upton (Lincoln), church, 100
Ure river, 83, 85
Usk river, 183
V
Vaughan, Edward, bishop of St David’s, 342
Vercingetorix, 59, 60, 61
Vernon (Eure), 27
Verona (Venetia), 290
Vespasian, emperor, 14
Villandraut (Gironde), castle, 325
Villeneuve-d’Avignon (Gard), Château-Saint-André, 307, A. Thompson; 304
Vitré (Ille-et-Vilaine), 49
Viviers (Ardèche), cathedral, 315
W
Wakefield (Yorks, W.R.), 85
Wallsend (Northumberland), 10
Wansbeck river, 86, 166
Wansdyke, the, 24, 25
Warburton, 29
Warenne, Isabel de, 167
—— William de, earl of Surrey, 167
Wark (Northumberland), castle, 86, 119
Warkworth (Northumberland), castle, 49, A. Thompson; 221, J. P. Gibson; 44, 48, 86, 107, 190, 194, 197, 206, 209, 210, 211, 219, 220, 223, 247, 248, 251, 290, 328, 329, 330, 356, 357
—— fortified bridge, 298
Warneton, John of, bishop of Thérouanne, 53
Warrington (Lancaster), 26
Warwick, _burh_, 29, 32
—— castle, 231, 319, H. Baker; 234, 321, A. Thompson; 32, 39, 40, 109, 189, 190, 194, 206, 223, 235, 246, 318, 321, 322, 327, 328, 330, 359
—— church of St Mary, 109
—— earls of, _see_ Beauchamp, Roger
—— town walls, 296
Wat’s dyke, 24
Wear river, 86, 202
Wedmore (Somerset), peace of, 28
Welland river, 28, 29
Wells (Somerset), 24
—— bishop’s palace, 300, Mrs Jessie Lloyd; 301, 338
—— cathedral close, 298, 301
Welshmen, 37
Wenham, Little (Suffolk), hall, 355
Wensleydale (Yorks, N.R.), 85
Wessex, kingdom of, 28, 34
—— kings of, _see_ Æthelwulf, Alfred, Ceawlin, Cynewulf, Edmund, Edward the Confessor, Edward the Elder, Egbert, Ethelred, Harold
Westminster palace, 124
Weston-super-Mare (Somerset), 8
Whickham (Durham), church-tower, 316
Whalley (Lancashire), gatehouse of abbey, 303
Wharfe river, 85
William I., king, 22, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 52, 56, 66, 67, 85, 88, 90, 118, 120, 265
—— II., king, 25, 62, 66, 90, 120, 124, 193
William the Lion, king of Scots, 83
William, son of Osbern, earl of Hereford, 104
Winchelsea (Sussex), 296, 325
Winchester (Hants), castle, 39, 40, 197, 202
Windsor (Berks), castle, 109, 119, 282;
St George’s chapel, 109
Wingfield (Derby), manor, 346, W. H. Edmunds’ _Guide_; 348, A. Thompson; 349, 353, G. J. Gillham; 229, 269, 336, 345, 347, 348, 351, 352, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359
Witham (Essex), 29
Witham river, 12, 20
Wiverton (Notts), manor-house, 360
Wollaton hall (Notts), 318
Wootton lodge (Derby), 318
Worcester, 119
Worlebury (Somerset), 9, A. H. Allcroft; 8, 25
Worthing (Sussex), 2
Wressell (Yorks, E.R.), castle, 358
Wrexham (Denbigh), 24
Writtle (Essex), manor-house, 366
Würzburg (Lower Franconia), 26
Wye river, 24, 268
Wyvill, Robert, bishop of Salisbury, 301
Y
Yanwath (Westmorland), manor-house, 338
York, 17, A. Thompson; 14, 16, 18, 23, 28, 33, 41; archbishops of, 85; bars, 229, A. Thompson; 237, W. Maitland; 7, 229, 230, 233, 236, 241, 245, 295, 296, 297; castles, 185, A. Thompson; 32, 39, 40, 41, 42, 52, 55, 85, 86, 88, 89, 115, 120, 185, 186
—— cathedral, 100; cathedral close, 298
—— St Mary’s abbey, 33, 107, 298
—— St Mary Bishophill Junior, 100
Yorkshire, sheriff of, 55
Ythanceaster (Essex), 22
Z
Zara (Dalmatia), siege of, 70
INDEX RERUM
A
Adulterine castles, 56, 57, 89
_Adulterinus_, 56
_Agger_, 11, 60
_Alatorium_, 89
Allure, 89
Angle, dead, in fortification, 162
Angles, reduction of, in fortification, 165
Arbalast, 73; _see_ Cross-bow
_Arx_, 22, 32, 53, 65; _arcem condere_, etc., 38
Attack, science and methods of, 66-79
_Aula_, hall or manor-house, 197, 198
_Aula principalis_, 56; _see_ Hall
B
Bailey, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 55, 56; _see_ Castles, plan of
_Ballista_, 16, 63, 67, 73, 74
_Ballium_, 40
Barbican, 215, 229, 230, 233-6, 239-41
Barmkin, 189, 229, 312, 347
Bartizan, 187, 235, 236
Base-court, 40, 96
_Basse-cour_, 40
_Bastille_, 236
Bastion, 289, 290
Battering ram, _see_ Ram
Bayeux tapestry, 36, 38, 45, 46, A. Thompson; 36, 38, 44, 45, 46, 52, 66, 190, 192
Belfry, 72, Viollet-le-Duc; 67, 70, 71, 78
_Berfredum_, 67
Berm, 5, 11, 60
Bishop’s palaces, fortified, 301, 338, 341, 342
Bore, 70, Viollet-le-Duc; 61, 64, 68
Borough, 30
_Bourg_, 26
Bower, 192, 193
Brattice, 79, 187
_Bretèche_, 79, 187
Brick-work in eastern counties, 355, 358
—— tower of, at siege of Marseilles, 62
Bridges, fortified, 297, 298; London bridge, 64; bridges at Paris, 63
_Burg_, 25, 26
_Burgus_ or _burgum_, 30, 41
_Burh_, 25; _burhs_ in Saxon England, map of, 31, A. Thompson; 25-27, 28-33, 35, 38, 41, 42
Byzantine military science, 59, 61, 67, 73
C
_Cabulus_, 76
Carfax, 22
_Castel_, 35, 37, 42
_Castellum_, 35, 55, 60, 66; _castellum construere_, etc., 38; _castellis, vastata in_, 42
Castles, dwelling-houses in, 188-211
—— in England, Norman, earthworks, 26, 30, 32, 33, 35-57; mount-and-bailey plan, 42-47, 48-52, 55-56, 110, 113, 160, 161; relative date of, 56, 57; importance in warfare, 65, 66, 83-7; stone fortifications, 47, 89-107
—— in relation to plan of walled towns, 87-89
—— plan of, with successive baileys, 162, 163, 164; concentric, 7, 164, 264, 264-82, 304; mount-and-bailey, _see_ Castles in England, Norman
—— strategic position in North of England, map illustrating, 84, A. Thompson; 83-87
—— Syrian, _see_ Crusaders
_Castrum_, 35, 53
Cat, 68
Catapult, 73, Viollet-le-Duc; 16, 17, 51, 67, 70, 71, 73-6; _see_ _Ballista_, _Mangana_, etc.
Centering of vault at Lancaster castle, 327
_Cervi_, 60
Chamber, great, 54, 205, 206, 207
Chapels in castles, 107-9, 209-11; _see_ also Keep
_Châtelet_, 236
_Chats-châteaux_, 68
_Chemise_, 90, 177
Churches, fortified, 315, 316
_Cippi_, 60, 61
Closes of cathedrals, fortified, 298, 301
“Contour” forts, 1, 2
_Cortina_, 89
Countervallation, wall of, 62
_Coursière_, 80, 82, 178
_Courtine_, 89
Crenellate, licences to, 298, 301, 303, 304, 307, 308, 309
Crenellations, 79
Cross-bow, 67, 73, 74, 78
Crusade, first, 66, 74; fourth, 70
Crusaders, castles of, in Syria, 175, 176, 240, 241, 262, 263
Crusades, influence of, on military science, 59, 66, 67, 160, 163, 164, 175, 176, 262, 263
D
Danegeld, 33
Danes, invasions of England and France by, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 39, 63, 64, 65
Defence, science and progress of, 79-82, 161-5
Demi-lune, 215
Domesday Book, evidence with regard to early castles, 30, 37, 41, 42, 83
_Domgio_, 46
Donjon or dungeon, 43, 46, 47, 361, 365
Drainage of roofs, 156, 179
Drawbridge, 55
Dungeon, _see_ Donjon
_Dunio_, 46
E
Earthworks in Britain, early, 1-10, 19; defence of entrances, 3, 5-7; dry-built walls, 8; in Saxon England, 24, 25
Embrasure, 169
F
Fire-arms, introduction of, 58, 59, 287-90
_Firmamentum_, 38
_Firmitas_, 55
Flanking, 102, 161, 162, 164, 216-20
Fore-building, _see_ Keep
_Forum_, 14, 18, 19, 22, 23
France, Gallo-Roman cities in, 22, 23
—— early castles in, 36
—— mount-and-bailey castles in, 46, 52, 53, 55
—— progress of military art in, 65
—— walled towns in, 64, 65, 250, 290, 292
Free chapels, 109
G
Galleries in walls of castles, 284, 285
Garde-robes, 247; _see_ also Keep, Mural chambers
Gatehouses of castle, early, 95-9; later, 220-9
Gateways of Roman stations, 14, 15, 19
_Geweorc_, 30, 33, 63
Great chamber, _see_ Chamber
H
_Haia_, 55
Hall of castle, 54, 55, 56, 104, 107, 190-3, 195, 197, 198, 200, 202, 205, 206
“Herring-bone” masonry, 93, 99-102
Herse, 70
Hides, raw, used to protect palisades, 62, 64, 68
Hoarding, 79, Viollet-le-Duc; 79, 80, 81, 82, 187
Hooks, grappling, 61, 71
Horn-work, 215
_Hourd_; _see_ Hoarding
Hurdles, use of, in attack, 61
I
Italy, fortified towns in, 290, 292
K
Keep, gradual disappearance of, 164, 212, 215
—— cylindrical tower, 165-85; internal arrangements, 168-72, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184
—— octagonal tower, 185
—— quatrefoil tower, 172, 185-7
—— rectangular tower, map of towers, 130, A. Thompson; in France and Normandy, 116-8; in England, 118-59; evidence for date, 118-20; early Norman towers, 120-5; comparative measurements of towers, 125, 127-8, 131-3; position in plan, 128-31; external treatment, 133, 134, 137; entrance and forebuilding, 137-8, 141-2; internal arrangement and cross-wall, 142, 145-6; basement, 146, 149-50; stairs, 146, 149; chapels, 150, 153-4; kitchens, 154; wells, 154; mural chambers and galleries, 155-6; roof and rampart, 157, 159; drawbacks of shape, 161-2
—— , residential use of, 53-5, 179, 188
—— shell, 113-6; combination with rectangular tower, 129
—— wooden tower on mount, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 51, 52-5, 56, 113, 160
Kitchen in castles, 54, 193, 194, 209; _see also_ Keep
L
_Lilium_, 60, 61
Lists, 264
Limestone, Yorkshire, 355
_Logium_, 54
M
Machicolations, 82, 175, 223, 246
_Malvoisin_, 66
_Mangana_, mangon, mangonel, 64, 73
Mantlets, 61, 64, 68, 70, 79; of rope, 62
_Merlon_, 169, 242, 245, 246
Mile-castles on Roman wall, 11, 17, 60
Mines, use of, in siege, 58, 62, 63, 68, 70, 71
Monasteries, fortified, 298, 301, 303, 304, 315
_Motte_, 41, 46, 54
Mount, 41, 43, 44-47, 48-53, 54
Mouse, 62, 68
_Municipium_, 35, 53
_Munitio_, 35, 53; _munitionem firmare_, etc., 38
_Musculus_, 62
N
Norman conquest, castle-building after, 38, 39
Normans at court of Edward the Confessor, 37
O
_Oppidum_, 21
P
_Palicium_, 55
Palisade and stockade, use of, 5, 25, 26, 29, 32, 36, 40, 45, 46, 52, 53, 55, 58, 59, 61, 65, 66, 67, 68, 73, 89
Pantry, 54
Parapets, 79, 80, 82, 102, 242, 245, 246
Parvise, 192
Pele, 229, 312
Pele-towers, 185, 219, 220, 312, 315, 316
Pele-yard, 315
Pent-houses, 62, 64, 79
_Petraria_, 73
_Pierrière_, 73
_Pomerium_, 292, 295
_Porta decumana_, 19; _praetoria_, 19; _principalis_, 19
Portcullis, 70, 96, 227, 229
_Porte-coulis_, 70
Postern, 247, 251
_Praetorium_, 14, 18
Promontories, early camps on, 1, 2
_Propugnaculum_, 89
Q
_Quincunx_, 60
R
Ram, 69, Viollet-le-Duc; 63, 64, 68, 78, 79; devices against, 79
Rampart-walk, 241, Viollet-le-Duc; 79, 80, 89, 102; _see_ also Keep
Ravelin, 215
Revetment, walls of, 186
Roman military science, 59-62, 73
—— occupation of Britain, 10-20
—— roads in Britain, 11, 12, 25
—— stations, 10, 12-20
—— wall in Northumberland and Cumberland, 11, A. Thompson (after Bruce); 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 25
S
Saxon invasions of Britain, 21, 22
—— shore, fortresses of, 12, 22
—— towns and villages, 23, 24
Scaling, 58; scaling-ladders, 61, 70, 71
_Scorpio_, 73
Shutter in embrasure, 245, Viollet-le-Duc; 242
Siegecraft, engines used in, 68-77; _see_ Catapult
Sieges— of Alesia, 59-61 of Antioch, 164, 241 of Château-Gaillard, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 163, 215, 216 of Constantinople, 164 of London by Danes, 64, 65 of Marseilles, 61, 62 of Paris, 63, 64 of Le Puiset, 67, 68
Slingers, 58
Solar, _solarium_, 192, 193
Sow, 68
Spur at base of towers, 175, 185
Stakes used as missiles, 61
_Stimuli_, 61
Stockade, _see_ Palisade
T
_Terebra_, 68
_Testudo_, 62, 68
_Tête-du-pont_, 63, 234, 326
Teutonic origin of mount-and-bailey castle, conjectural, 51
_Timbrian_, 29
Tortoise, 68; _see_ _Testudo_
Tower at siege of Marseilles, 62
Tower, great, _see_ Keep
Towers on ramparts, 60, 61, 161, 162, 164; in early Norman castles, 102-4; _see_ Flanking
—— on walls of Roman stations, 15-17
—— strong, survivals of keep, 269, 281, 282
Towns; Saxon settlements, 23, 24
—— walled, 228, 288, Viollet-le-Duc; early, 64, 65; in relation to castles, 87-89
_Trebuchet_, 75, 76, Viollet-le-Duc; 76
Turrets on Roman wall, 11
U
_Urbs_, 21
V
_Vallum_, 2, 5, 11, 53, 60, 61
_Via praetoria_, 18; _principalis_, 18, 19, 23
_Villa_, 53
Villas in Roman Britain, 12, 21
_Vinea_, 62
W
Ward, 40
Wells in castles, 119, 124, 125, 141, 145, 146, 154, 155, 179
_Printed at_ THE DARIEN PRESS, _Edinburgh_
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN ENGLAND
An Analysis of the Origin and Development of English Church Architecture from the Norman Conquest to the Dissolution of the Monasteries
BY FRANCIS BOND, M.A., F.G.S.
With 1254 Illustrations, comprising 785 Photographs, Sketches, and Measured Drawings, and 469 Plans, Sections, Diagrams, and Moldings. Imperial 8vo, 800 pp., handsomely bound in art canvas, gilt. Price 31s. 6d. net
Published by B. T. BATSFORD, 94 High Holborn, London
SOME PRESS NOTICES
_The Times._—“Mr Bond has given us a truly monumental work on English Gothic Architecture in his profusely illustrated and very fully indexed volume of some 800 pages.... As a mine of erudition, of detailed analysis and information, and of criticism on English Mediæval Church Architecture the book is worthy of all praise. For students it must be of lasting value; for authentic reference it will be long before it is likely to be in any way seriously superseded; while the lavish illustrations, many of them unpublished photographs, must be of permanent interest to all.”
_The Athenæum._—“This is, in every sense of the word, a great book. It at once steps to the front as authoritative.”
_The Building News._—“A remarkable book.... Perfectly orderly, and most complete and thorough, this great book leaves nothing to be desired.”
_The Reliquary._—“The more expert a man is as a Church Architect or as an intelligent ecclesiologist, the more grateful will he be to Mr Bond for the production of a noble volume like that now under notice.”
_The Spectator._—“The whole book is extraordinarily full, extraordinarily minute, and enriched by a wealth of illustrations, and must stand for many years to come as _the_ book of reference on the subject of Ecclesiastical Gothic in England for all architects and archaeologists.”
_The Westminster Gazette._—“Mr Bond gives us an immense quantity of material—the result of the most painstaking and laborious research; he has illustrated every chapter, not only with photographs, but with the most admirable diagrams of mouldings and details; he has scarcely missed a church of any importance in his search for examples. In all these respects he places the architect and the architectural student under an immense obligation.”
_The Pall Mall Gazette._—“Archæologist, scholar, and geologist, he is something more than a mere enthusiast, for to the ardour of his argument he brings deep technical mastery, much wide research, and scientific knowledge.... The book is one of the most absorbing that we have read for a long time in any field.”
_Bulletin Monumental._—“Le grand travail sur l’architecture gothique anglaise.”
SCREENS AND GALLERIES IN ENGLISH CHURCHES
BY FRANCIS BOND, M.A., F.G.S.
A handsome volume, containing 204 pp., with 152 Illustrations, reproduced from Photographs and Measured Drawings. Octavo, strongly bound in cloth. Price 6s. net
LONDON: HENRY FROWDE, Oxford University Press
SOME PRESS NOTICES
_Builder._—“When we look at the detailed photographs we realise the richness of the field which Mr Bond has traversed, and congratulate him on the choice of his subject. His method is one of singular thoroughness from the ecclesiological standpoint.”
_Journal of the Architectural Association._—“As a record of the screens remaining in our churches it cannot be valued too highly. No book till now has brought such a number together, or traced their development in so full and interesting a manner.... A most delightful book.”
_Builders’ Journal._—“The author may be congratulated on the production of a book which, in text as well as in illustrations, is of striking and inexhaustible interest; it is the kind of book to which one returns again and again, in the assurance of renewed and increased pleasure at each reperusal.”
_Tablet._—“The numerous excellent illustrations are of the greatest interest, and form a veritable surprise as to the beauty and variety of the treatment which our forefathers lavished upon the rood screen.”
_British Weekly._—“The book abounds with admirable illustrations of these beautiful works of art, so perfect even in the minute details that any one interested in the art of woodcarving could reproduce the designs with ease from the excellent photographs which occur on almost every page. There is also a series of ‘measured drawings’ of great beauty and interest.”
_New York Nation._—“It is not easy to praise too highly the simple and effective presentation of the subject and the interest of the book to all persons who care for ecclesiology or for decorative art.”
_Bibliophile._—“This excellent book is a sign of the times; of the reawakened interest in the beautiful and historic.... A model of scholarly compression. Of the finely produced illustrations it is difficult to speak in too high terms of praise.”
_Daily Graphic._—“Mr Bond has produced a work on our ecclesiastical screens and galleries which, like his larger work on the ‘Gothic Architecture of England,’ is in the first degree masterly. His knowledge of his subject, exact and comprehensive, is compressed into a minimum amount of space, and illustrated by a series of photographs and measured drawings which render the work of permanent value.”
_Bulletin Monumental._—“Après avoir analysé, aussi exactement que possible, l’intéressant étude de M. Bond, nous devons le féliciter de nous avoir donné ce complément si utile à son grand ouvrage.”
FONTS & FONT COVERS
BY FRANCIS BOND. M.A., F.G.S.
A handsome volume containing 364 pages, with 426 Illustrations reproduced from Photographs and Measured Drawings. Octavo, strongly bound in cloth. Price 12s. net
LONDON: HENRY FROWDE, Oxford University Press
SOME PRESS NOTICES
_Guardian._—“Mr Bond is so well known by his monumental work on ‘Gothic Architecture in England,’ and by his beautiful book on ‘Screens and Galleries,’ that his name alone is a sufficient guarantee for this new volume on ‘Fonts and Font Covers,’ the most complete and thorough that has yet appeared.”
_Church Times._—“The finest collection of illustrations of fonts and font covers yet attempted.... A real delight to the ecclesiologist.”
_Commonwealth._—“A sumptuous monograph on a very interesting subject; complete and thorough.”
_Church Quarterly Review._—“It is most delightful, not only to indulge in a serious perusal of this volume, but to turn over its pages again and again, always sure to find within half a minute some beautiful illustration or some illuminating remark.”
_Irish Builder._—“This book on ‘Fonts and Font Covers’ is a most valuable contribution to mediæval study, put together in masterly fashion, with deep knowledge and love of the subject.”
_Westminster Gazette._—“Every one interested in church architecture and sculpture will feel almost as much surprise as delight in Mr Bond’s attractive volume on ‘Fonts and Font Covers.’ The wealth of illustrations and variety of interest are truly astonishing.”
_Journal of the Society of Architects._—“The book is a monument of painstaking labour and monumental research; its classification is most admirable. The whole subject is treated in a masterly way with perfect sequence and a thorough appreciation of the many sources of development; the illustrations, too, are thoroughly representative. To many the book will come as a revelation. We all recognise that the fonts are essential, and in many cases beautiful and interesting features in our ancient churches, but few can have anticipated the extraordinary wealth of detail which they exhibit when the photographs of all the best of them are collected together in a single volume.”
_Outlook._—“Mr Francis Bond’s book carefully included in one’s luggage enables one, with no specialist’s knowledge postulated, to pursue to a most profitable end one of the most interesting, almost, we could say, romantic, branches of ecclesiastical architecture.... This book, owing to its scholarship and thoroughness in letterpress and illustrations, will doubtless be classic; in all its methods it strikes us as admirable. The bibliography and the indexes are beyond praise.”
VISITORS’ GUIDE TO WESTMINSTER ABBEY
BY FRANCIS BOND, M.A., F.G.S.
93 pages of text, abridged from the eighteenth and nineteenth chapters of the author’s larger work on “Westminster Abbey,” consisting chiefly of description of the Tombs, Monuments, and Cloisters, with 15 Plans and Drawings and 32 Photographic Illustrations. Price 1s. net
LONDON: HENRY FROWDE, Oxford University Press
SOME PRESS NOTICES
_Guardian._—“There is probably no better brief handbook. Mr Bond’s qualifications for the task are beyond question. By the use of varied type, ingenious arrangement, and excellent tone-blocks and plans, the book attains a high standard of lucidity as well as of accuracy.”
_Building News._—“This little work is characterised by its terseness, directness, and practical treatment. A carefully compiled and scholarly guide-book.”
_Architect._—“This book will excellently and admirably fulfil its purpose.... A splendid itinerary, in which almost every inch of the way is made to speak of its historical connections.”
_Birmingham Daily Post._—“Concise, informative, reliable, and admirably illustrated.”
_Western Morning News._—“By his key plan and very clear directions as to where to find the numerous side chapels, historic monuments, and other objects of interest, Mr Bond makes it possible for a visitor to find his way round the building at his leisure. It refreshes one’s knowledge of English history, and is supplemented by thirty-two excellent plates, which by themselves are worth the shilling charged for it.”
_Scotsman._—“A more complete and dependable guide to the National Pantheon could not be desired.”
_Architectural Review._—“This is an excellent little text-book. Mr Bond is to be congratulated in having introduced into it an interesting element of history. The notes in small print should make the visit to the Abbey both more profitable and more interesting. The key plan and the numerous small plans are extremely clear and easily read. The information given is concise and to the point, and a word of special praise must be given to the plates at the end; the subjects of these are well chosen and are illustrated by very good photographs.”
_Antiquary._—“This little book, strongly bound in linen boards, gives concisely and clearly all the information the ordinary visitor is likely to require. Cheap, well arranged, well printed, abundantly illustrated and well indexed, this handy book, which is light and ‘pocketable,’ is the best possible companion for which a visitor to our noble Abbey can wish; it is an ideal guide.”
WESTMINSTER ABBEY
BY FRANCIS BOND, M.A., F.G.S.
A handsome volume, containing 348 pages, with 270 Photographs, Plans, Sections, Sketches, and Measured Drawings. Octavo, strongly bound in cloth. Price 10s. net
LONDON: HENRY FROWDE, Oxford University Press
SOME PRESS NOTICES
_Oxford Magazine._—“All who love the Abbey will be grateful for the skill and affection bestowed on this admirable work.”
_Birmingham Post._—“With the history of the Abbey the author interweaves the life of the Benedictines, peopling the building with its occupants in the centuries when England was a Catholic country, and does it with such skill than one can almost imagine oneself at the services.”
_Englishman._—“The writer handles his subject with consummate skill, and his reward will lie in the unmeasured praise of his many readers.”
_Guardian._—“A book which brings fresh enthusiasm, and will impart a new impetus to the study of the Abbey and its history.”
_Scotsman._—“At once instructive and delightful, it more than justifies its existence by its historical and architectural learning.”
_Liverpool Daily Courier._—“We found the earlier parts of the book most fascinating, and have read them over and over again.”
_Architectural Association Journal._—“Bright and interesting; evincing the author’s invariable enthusiasm and characteristic industry.”
_Western Morning News._—“To say that the book is interesting is to say little; it is a monument of patient and loving industry and extreme thoroughness, an inexhaustible mine of delight to the reader, general or technical.”
_Outlook._—“The author discusses the architecture with a minuteness that might terrify the inexpert if it were not for the sustained ease and interest of his style; great is the fascination of the expert hand when its touch is light.”
_Saturday Review._—“Mr Bond leaves us more than ever proud of what is left to us of the stately Benedictine house of God, which is to the entire English-speaking world a common bond and home.”
_Antiquary._—“It has a wealth of capital illustrations, is preceded by a bibliography, and is supplied with good indexes to both illustrations and text.”
_Journal des Savants._—“Certains clichés, comme ceux des voûtes, des tombeaux et de quelques détails de sculpture sont de véritables tours de force. Le choix des illustrations est très heureux, comme d’ailleurs dans les autres ouvrages de M. Bond.”
Wood Carvings in English Churches
I. MISERICORDS
BY FRANCIS BOND. M.A., F.G.S.
A Handsome Volume, containing 257 pages, with 241 Illustrations Octavo, strongly bound in cloth. Price 7s. 6d. net
LONDON: HENRY FROWDE, Oxford University Press
SOME PRESS NOTICES
_Morning Post._—“The subject is one of the first importance to mediæval popular history, and we welcome this very admirable and thorough monograph with special gratitude.”
_Athenæum._—“Mr Bond has put his rare industry in all that pertains to ecclesiology to excellent service in his latest book on Misericords.”
_Antiquary._—“An authoritative and, at the same time, delightful and instructive volume. Really the first attempt to deal comprehensively with the great variety of carvings on misericords.”
_New York Herald._—“One of the quaintest, most fascinating, and at the same time most learned volumes that a reader would happen upon in a lifetime.”
_Church Times._—“An indispensable guide to the subject. The illustrations are worthy of all praise.”
_Architectural Association Journal._—“The blocks, taken from photographs, are of an excellence really amazing, when the difficulties such subjects present to the camera are considered. A most delightful book.”
_Yorkshire Post._—“Another of the valuable series of monographs on Church Art in England, and the most entertaining of all.”
_Architects’ and Builders’ Journal._—“An exceedingly interesting volume both in illustrations and subject-matter, and full of curious information.”
_Glasgow Herald._—“Mr Bond’s scholarly and most interesting book brings us very near to popular life in the Middle Ages.”
_Liverpool Courier._—“Another of the admirably written and illustrated art handbooks for which the author is famous.”
_Birmingham Post._—“This well illustrated volume is not only a valuable technical monograph, but also an important contribution to the history of social life and thought in the Middle Ages. Mr Bond’s treatment of the subject is exceptionally charming and successful. The general excellence of the book is great.”
_Outlook._—“Many there must be to whom Mr Bond’s new book will be welcome. Into all the details of this varied and most puzzling subject he goes with thoroughness and a pleasant humour. The bibliography and indexes, as usual in Mr Bond’s work, are admirable.”
STALLS AND TABERNACLE WORK IN ENGLISH CHURCHES
BY FRANCIS BOND, M.A., F.G.S.
Illustrated by 123 Photographs and Drawings. Price 6s. net
LONDON; HENRY FROWDE, Oxford University Press
SOME PRESS NOTICES
_Birmingham Post._—“Valuable for lucid description and enlightened criticism of architectural and technical details combined with suggestive treatment of historical facts. A certain charm of manner contributes to the interest.”
_La Chronique des Arts et de la Curiosité._—“Une illustration copieuse établie avec des soins tout documentaires; des index; une table par ordre chronologique, une autre par noms de lieux, viennent faciliter les recherches et permettre au lecteur de tirer bénéfice des vastes resources d’une érudition informée et sure.”
_Revue de l’Art Chrétien._—“M. Bond est le premier qui ait traité ce sujet; il l’a fait avec une grande compétence, et son intéressant ouvrage nous fait regretter que chez nous pareil travail ne tente un de nos érudits.”
_The Builder._—“The illustrations are admirable, and we cordially recommend our readers to undertake their examination with the help of so accomplished and genial a cicerone as Mr Bond.”
_The Antiquary._—“The volume abounds with fine illustrations, which even more than the text make us realise the extraordinary beauty and variety of the craftsmanship.”
_The Architect._—“A most delightful and valuable account of the marvellous fertility of design, the exquisite craftsmanship, and the pious generosity of mediæval England.”
_Cambridge Review._—“The fourth of a series of handbooks of which it is difficult to speak too highly.”
_Building News._—“A monument of industry and erudition.”
_The Cabinet Maker._—“Every lover of woodwork should possess this series, which contains beautiful illustrations and most interesting descriptions of the noble heritage of magnificent work handed down to us by the mediæval Church.”
_IN THE PRESS._
ENGLISH MILITARY ARCHITECTURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
By A. HAMILTON THOMPSON, M.A., F.S.A.
Author of “THE GROUND PLAN OF THE ENGLISH PARISH CHURCH”; “THE HISTORICAL GROWTH OF THE ENGLISH PARISH CHURCH”; &c.
Copiously illustrated with Plans, Drawings, and Photographs. Octavo, strongly bound in cloth. Price 7s. 6d. net
LONDON: HENRY FROWDE
CHURCH BELLS IN ENGLAND
By H. B. WALTERS, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
Joint-Author of “BELLS OF ESSEX” and “BELLS OF WARWICKSHIRE.”
Copiously illustrated with Photographs of Bells, Bell Stamps, Founders’ Marks, &c.
Octavo, strongly bound in cloth. Price 7s. 6d. net
LONDON: HENRY FROWDE
CATHEDRALS OF ENGLAND AND WALES
By FRANCIS BOND, M.A., F.G.S.
A Short History of their Architecture; being a remodelled, re-illustrated, and enlarged edition of “English Cathedrals Illustrated.” Containing over 270 Illustrations from photographs and a complete set of plans specially drawn to a uniform scale. Octavo, cloth gilt. Price 7s. 6d. net
LONDON: B. T. BATSFORD
INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH CHURCH ARCHITECTURE FOR GENERAL READERS
By FRANCIS BOND, M.A., F.G.S.
This book has been specially prepared for those who have not had an architectural training and desire an account of English Ecclesiastical Architecture not overlaid with archæological and technical detail. It will be a quarto volume of large size and handsome type, illustrated with many hundred Plans, Drawings, and large size Photographs, and will probably be published at a Guinea.
LONDON: HENRY FROWDE
Transcriber’s Notes:—
Numbers in parentheses eg., (106) refer to the illustration page numbers.
In the Bibliography:— Viollet-de-Duc corrected to read Viollet-le-Duc
In the Index:—
Aigues-Mortes (Gard), 7, A. Thompson; Corrected thus:— Aigues-Mortes (Gard), 77, A. Thompson;
Tattershall (Lincoln), castle, 296, A. Thompson; Corrected thus:— Tattershall (Lincoln), castle, 356, A. Thompson;
mount-and-bailey plan, 42-47, 48-52, 55-56, 112, 113, 160, 161; Corrected thus:— mount-and-bailey plan, 42-47, 48-52, 55-56, 110, 113, 160, 161;
Hall of castle, 54, 55, 56, 104, 107, 190-3, 196, 197, 198, 200, Corrected thus:— Hall of castle, 54, 55, 56, 104, 107, 190-3, 195, 197, 198, 200,
Keep, gradual disappearance of, 164, 214, 215 Corrected thus:— Keep, gradual disappearance of, 164, 212, 215
Footnotes:—
[135] Other important shell keeps of the normal type are at Arundel, Cardiff (114), Carisbrooke (171), Farnham, Lewes, Pickering, Totnes, Corrected thus:— [135] Other important shell keeps of the normal type are at Arundel, Cardiff (114), Carisbrooke (111), Farnham, Lewes, Pickering, Totnes,