Chapter 2

Nor are the other three so perfect, but that _diligence_, _attention_, and many _mechanical contrivances_, may also highly improve them. For since the sense of _smelling_ seems to be made by the _swift passage_ of the _Air_ (_impregnated_ with the steams and _effluvia_ of several odorous Bodies) through the grisly _meanders_ of the Nose whose surfaces are _cover’d_ with a very sensible _nerve_, and _moistned_ by a _transudation_ from the _processus mamillares_ of the Brain, and some adjoyning _glandules_, and by the moist _steam_ of the _Lungs_, with a Liquor convenient for the reception of those _effluvia_ and by the adhesion and mixing of those steams with that liquor, and thereby affecting the nerve, or perhaps by insinuating themselves into the juices of the brain, after the same manner, as I have in the following Observations intimated, the parts of Salt to pass through the skins of Effs, and Frogs. Since, I say, smelling seems to be made by some such way, ’tis not improbable, but that some contrivance, for making a great quantity of Air pass quick through the Nose, might as much promote the sense of smelling, as the any wayes hindring that passage does dull and destroy it. Several tryals I have made, both of hindring and promoting this sense, and have succeeded in some according to expectation; and indeed to me it seems capable of being improv’d, for the judging of the constitutions of many Bodies. Perhaps we may thereby also judge (as other Creatures seem to do) what is wholsome, what poyson; and in a word, what are the specifick properties of Bodies.

There may be also some other mechanical wayes found out, of sensibly perceiving the _effluvia_ of Bodies; several Instances of which, were it here proper, I could give of Mineral steams and exhalations; and it seems not impossible, but that by some such wayes improved, may be discovered, what Minerals lye buried under the Earth, without the trouble to dig for them; some things to confirm this Conjecture may be found in _Agricola_, and other Writers of Minerals, speaking of the Vegetables that are apt to thrive, or pine, in those steams.

Whether also those steams, which seem to issue out of the Earth, and mix with the Air (and so to precipitate some _aqueous_ Exhalations, wherewith ’tis impregnated) may not be by some way detected before they produce the effect, seems hard to determine; yet something of this kind I am able to discover, by an Instrument I contriv’d to shew all the minute variations in the pressure of the Air; by which I constantly find, that before, and during the time of rainy weather, the pressure of the Air is less, and in _dry weather_, but especially when an _Eastern Wind_ (which having past over vast tracts of Land is heavy with Earthy Particles) blows, it is much more, though these changes are varied according to very odd Laws.

The Instrument is this. I prepare a pretty capacious Bolt-head AB, with a small stem about two foot and a half long DC; upon the end of this D I put on a small bended Glass, or brazen _syphon_ DEF (open at D, E and F, but to be closed with cement at F and E, as occasion serves) whose stem F should be about six or eight inches long, but the bore of it not above half an inch diameter, and very even; these I fix very strongly together by the help of very hard Cement, and then fit the whole Glass ABCDEF into a long Board, or Frame, in such manner, that almost half the head AB may lye buried in a concave Hemisphere cut into the Board RS; then I place it so on the Board RS, as is exprest in the first figure of the first Scheme; and fix it very firm and steady in that posture, so as that the weight of the _Mercury_ that is afterwards to be put into it, may not in the least shake or stir it; then drawing a line XY on the Frame RT, so that it may divide the ball into two equal parts, or that it may pass, as ’twere, through the center of the ball. I begin from that, and divide all the rest of the Board towards UT into inches, and the inches between the 25 and the end E (which need not be above two or three and thirty inches distant from the line XY) I subdivide into Decimals; then stopping the end F with soft Cement, or soft Wax, I invert the Frame, placing the head downwards, and the Orifice E upwards; and by it, with a small Funnel, I fill the whole Glass with Quicksilver; then by stopping the small Orifice E with my finger, I oftentimes erect and invert the whole Glass and Frame, and thereby free the Quicksilver and Glass from all the bubbles or parcels of lurking Air; then inverting it as before, I fill it top full with clear and well strain’d Quicksilver, and having made ready a small ball of pretty hard Cement, by heat made very soft, I press it into the hole E, and thereby stop it very fast; and to secure this Cement from flying out afterward, I bind over it a piece of Leather, that is spread over in the inside with Cement, and wound about it while the Cement is hot: Having thus fastned it, I gently erect again the Glass after this manner: I first let the Frame down edge-wayes, till the edge RV touch the Floor, or ly horizontal; and then in that edging posture raise the end RS; this I do, that if there chance to be any Air hidden in the small Pipe E, it may ascend into the Pipe F, and not into the Pipe DC: Having thus erected it, and hung it by the hole Q, or fixt it perpendicularly by any other means, I open the end F, and by a small _Syphon_ I draw out the _Mercury_ so long, till I find the surface of it AB in the head to touch exactly the line XY; at which time I immediately take away the _Syphon_, and if by chance it be run somewhat below the line XY, by pouring in gently a little _Mercury_ at F, I raise it again to its desired height, by this contrivance I make all the sensible rising and falling of the _Mercury_ to be visible in the surface of the _Mercury_ in the Pipe F, and scarce any in the head AB. But because there really is some small change of the upper surface also, I find by several Observations how much it rises in the Ball, and falls in the Pipe F, to make the distance between the two surfaces an inch greater then it was before; and the measure that it falls in the Pipe is the length of the inch by which I am to mark the parts of the Tube F, or the Board on which it lyes, into inches and Decimals: Having thus justned and divided it, I have a large Wheel MNOP, whose outmost limb is divided into two hundred equal parts; this by certain small Pillars is fixt on the Frame RT, in the manner exprest in the Figure. In the middle of this, on the back side, in a convenient frame, is placed a small Cylinder, whose circumference is equal to twice the length of one of those divisions, which I find answer to an inch of ascent, or descent, of _Mercury_: This Cylinder I, is movable on a very small Needle, on the end of which is fixt a very light Index KL, all which are so pois’d on the Axis, or Needle, that no part is heavier then another: Then about this Cylinder is wound a small Clew of Silk, with two small steel Bullets at each end of it GH; one of these, which is somewhat the heavier, ought to be so big, as freely to move to and fro in the Pipe F; by means of which contrivance, every the least variation of the height of the _Mercury_ will be made exceeding visible by the motion to and fro of the small Index KL.

But this is but one way of discovering the _effluvia_ of the Earth mixt with the Air; there may be perhaps many others, witness the _Hygroscope_, an Instrument whereby the watery steams volatile in the Air are discerned, which the Nose it self is not able to find. This I have describ’d in the following Tract in the Description of the Beard of a wild Oat. Others there are, may be discovered both by the Nose, and by other wayes also. Thus the _smoak_ of burning _Wood_ is _smelt_, _seen_, and sufficiently _felt_ by the eyes: The _fumes_ of burning _Brimstone_ are _smelt_ and discovered also by the destroying the Colours of Bodies, as by the _whitening of a red Rose_: And who knows, but that the Industry of man, following this method, may find out wayes of improving this sense to as great a degree of perfection at it is in any Animal, and perhaps yet higher.

’Tis not improbable also, but that our _taste_ may be very much improv’d, either by _preparing_ our taste for the Body, as, after eating _bitter_ things, _Wine_, or other _Vinous liquors_, are more sensibly tasted; or else by _preparing_ Bodies for our tast; as the dissolving of Metals with acid Liquors, make them tastable, which were before altogether insipid; thus _Lead_ becomes _sweeter_ then Sugar, and _Silver_ more _bitter_ then Gall, _Copper_ and _Iron_ of most _loathsome_ tasts. And indeed the business of this sense being to discover the presence of dissolved Bodies in Liquors put on the Tongue, or in general to discover that a fluid body has some solid body dissolv’d in it, and what they are; whatever contrivance makes this discovery improves this sense. In this kind the mixtures of Chymical Liquors afford many Instances; as the sweet Vinegar that is impregnated with Lead may be discovered to be so by the affusion of a little of an _Alcalizate solution_: The bitter liquor of _Aqua fortis_ and _Silver_ may be discover’d to be charg’d with that Metal, by laying in it some plates of Copper: ’Tis not improbable also, but there may be multitudes of other wayes of discovering the parts dissolv’d, or dissoluble in liquors; and what is this discovery but a kind of _secundary tasting_.

’Tis not improbable also, but that the sense of _feeling_ may be highly improv’d, for that being a sense that judges of the more _gross_ and _robust motions_ of the _Particles_ of _Bodies_, seems capable of being improv’d and assisted very many wayes. Thus for the distinguishing of _Heat_ and _Cold_, the _Weather-glass_ and _Thermometer_, which I have describ’d in this following Treatise, do exceedingly perfect it; by each of which the least variations of heat or cold, which the most Acute sense is not able to distinguish, are manifested. This is oftentimes further promoted also by the help of _Burning-glasses_, and the like, which collect and unite the radiating heat. Thus the _roughness_ and _smoothness_ of a Body is made much more sensible by the help of a _Microscope_, then by the most _tender_ and _delicate Hand_. Perhaps, a Physitian might, by several other _tangible_ proprieties, discover the constitution of a Body as well as by the _Pulse_. I do but instance in these, to shew what possibility there may be of many others, and what probability and hopes there were of finding them, if this method were followed; for the Offices of the five Senses being to detect either the _subtil_ and _curious Motions_ propagated through all _pellucid_ or perfectly _homogeneous_ Bodies; Or the more _gross_ and _vibrative Pulse_ communicated through the _Air_ and all other convenient _mediums_, whether fluid or solid: Or the _effluvia_ of Bodies _dissolv’d_ in the _Air_; Or the _particles_ of bodies _dissolv’d_ or _dissoluble_ in _Liquors_, or the more _quick_ and _violent shaking motion_ of _heat_ in all or any of these: whatsoever does any wayes promote any of these kinds of _criteria_, does afford a way of improving some one sense. And what a multitude of these would a diligent Man meet with in his inquiries? And this for the helping and promoting the _sensitive faculty_ only.

Next, as for the _Memory_, or _retentive faculty_, we may be sufficiently instructed from the _written Histories_ of _civil actions_, what great assistance may be afforded the Memory, in the committing to writing things observable in _natural operations_. If a Physitian be therefore accounted the more able in his Faculty, because he has had long experience and practice, the remembrance of which, though perhaps very imperfect, does regulate all his after actions: What ought to be thought of that man, that has not only a perfect _register_ of his own experience, but is grown _old_ with the experience of many hundreds of years, and many thousands of men.

And though of late, men, beginning to be sensible of this convenience, have here and there registred and printed some few _Centuries_, yet for the most part they are set down very lamely and imperfectly, and, I fear, many times not so truly, they seeming, several of them, to be design’d more for _Ostentation_ then _publique use_: For, not to instance, that they do, for the most part, omit those Experiences they have made, wherein their Patients have miscarried, it is very easie to be perceiv’d, that they do all along _hyperbolically extol_ their own Prescriptions, and vilifie those of others. Notwithstanding all which, these kinds of Histories are generally esteem’d useful, even to the ablest Physitian.

What may not be expected from the _rational_ or _deductive Faculty_ that is furnisht with such _Materials_, and those so readily _adapted_, and rang’d for use, that in a moment, as ’twere, thousands of Instances, serving for the _illustration_, _determination_, or _invention_, of almost any inquiry, may be _represented_ even to the sight? How neer the nature of _Axioms_ must all those _Propositions_ be which are examin’d before so many _Witnesses_? And how difficult will it be for any, though never so subtil an error in Philosophy, to _scape_ from being discover’d, after it has indur’d the _touch_, and so many other _tryals_?

What kind of mechanical way, and physical invention also is there requir’d that might not this way be found out? The _Invention_ of a way to find the _Longitude_ of places is easily perform’d, and that to as great _perfection_ as is desir’d, or to at great an _accurateness_ as the _Latitude_ of places can be found at Sea; and perhaps yet also to a greater certainty then that has been hitherto found, as I shall very speedily freely manifest to the world. The way of _flying_ in the Air seems principally unpracticable, by reason of the _want of strength_ in _humane muscles_; if therefore that could be suppli’d, it were, I think, easie to make twenty contrivances to perform the office of _Wings_: What Attempts also I have made for the supplying that Defect, and my successes therein, which, I think, are wholly new, and not inconsiderable, I shall in another place relate.

’Tis not unlikely also, but that _Chymists_, if they followed this method, might find out their so much sought for _Alkahest_. What an _universal Menstruum_, which dissolves all sorts of _Sulphureous Bodies_, I have discover’d (which has not been before taken notice of as such) I have shewn in the sixteenth Observation.

What a prodigious variety of Inventions in _Anatomy_ has this latter Age afforded, even in our own Bodies in the very _Heart_, by which we live, and the Brain, which is the seat of our knowledge of other things? witness all the excellent Works of _Pecquet_, _Bartholinus_, _Billius_, and many others; and at home, of Doctor _Harvy_, Doctor _Ent_, Doctor _Willis_, Doctor _Glisson_. In _Celestial Observations_ we have far exceeded all the Antients, even the _Chaldeans_ and _Egyptians_ themselves, whose _vast Plains_, _high Towers_, and _clear Air_, did not give them so great advantages over us, as have over them by our _Glasses_. By the help of which, they have been very much outdone by the famous _Galileo_, _Hevelius_, _Zulichem_; and our own Countrymen, Mr. _Rook_, Doctor _Wren_, and the great Ornament of our Church and Nation, the _Lord Bishop of Exeter_. And to say no more in _Aerial Discoveries_, there has been a wonderful progress made by the _Noble Engine_ of _the most Illustrious Mr. Boyle_, whom it becomes me to mention with all honour, not only as my particular Patron, but as the _Patron_ of _Philosophy_ it self; which he every day _increases_ by his _Labours_, and _adorns_ by his _Example_.

The good success of all these _great Men_, and many others, and the now seemingly great _obviousness_ of most of their and divers other Inventions, which from the beginning of the world have been, as ’twere, trod on, and yet not minded till these last _inquisitive_ Ages (an Argument that there may be yet behind multitudes of the like) puts me in mind to recommend such Studies, and the prosecution of them by such methods, to the _Gentlemen_ of our Nation, whose _leisure_ makes them fit to _undertake_, and the _plenty_ of their fortunes _to accomplish_, extraordinary things in this way. And I do not only propose this kind of _Experimental Philosophy_ as a matter of high _rapture_ and _delight_ of the mind, but even as a _material_ and _sensible Pleasure_. So vast it the _variety of Objects_ which will come under their Inspections, so many _different wayes_ there are _of handling_ them, so great is the _satisfaction_ of _finding_ out _new things_, that I dare compare the _contentment_ which they will injoy, not only to that of _contemplation_, but even to that which most men prefer of _the very Senses themselves_.

And if they will please to take any incouragement from so mean and so imperfect endeavours as mine, upon my own experience, I can assure them, without arrogance, That there has not been any inquiry or Problem in _Mechanicks_, that I have hitherto propounded to my self, but by a certain method (which I may on some other opportunity explain) I have been able presently to examine the possibility of it; and if so, as easily to excogitate divers wayes of performing it: And indeed it is possible to do as much by _this method_ in _Mechanicks_, as by _Algebra_ can be perform’d in _Geometry_. Nor can I at all doubt, but that the same method is as applicable to _Physical Enquiries_, and as likely to find and reap thence as plentiful a crop of Inventions; and indeed there seems to be no subject so barren, but may with this good husbandry be highly improv’d.

Toward the prosecution of this method in _Physical Inquiries_, I have here and there _gleaned_ up an _handful_ of Observations, in the collection of most of which I made use of _Microscopes_, and some other _Glasses_ and _Instruments_ that improve the sense; which way I have herein taken, not that there are not multitudes of useful and pleasant Observables, yet uncollected, obvious enough without the helps of Art, but only to promote the use of Mechanical helps for the Senses, both in the surveying the already visible World, and for the discovery of many others hitherto unknown, and to make us, with the great Conqueror, to be affected that we have not yet overcome one World when there are so many others to be discovered, every considerable improvement of _Telescopes_ or _Microscopes_ producing new Worlds and _Terra-Incognita’s_ to our view.

The Glasses I used were of our English make, but though very good of the kind, yet far short of what might be expected, could we once find a way of making Glasses Elliptical, or of some more true shape; for though both _Microscopes_, and _Telescopes_, as they now are, will magnifie an Object about a thousand thousand times bigger then it appears to the naked eye; yet the Apertures of the Object glasses are so very small, that very few Rays are admitted, and even of those few there are so many false, that the Object appears _dark_ and _indistinct_: And indeed these inconveniences are such, as seem inseparable from Spherical Glasses, even when most exactly made; but the way we have hitherto made use of for that purpose is so imperfect, that there may be perhaps ten wrought before one be made tolerably good, and most of those ten perhaps every one differing in goodness one from another, which is an Argument, that the way hitherto used is, at least, very uncertain. So that these Glasses have a double defect; the one, that very few of them are exactly true wrought; the other, that even of those that are best among them, none will admit a sufficient number of Rayes to magnifie the Object beyond a determinate bigness. Against which Inconveniences the only Remedies I have hitherto met with are these.

First, for _Microscopes_ (where the Object we view is near and within our power) the best way of making it appear bright in the Glass, is to cast a great quantity of light on it by means of _convex glasses_, for thereby, though the aperture be very small, yet there will throng in through it such multitudes, that an Object will by this means indure to be magnifi’d as much again as it would be without it. The way for doing which is this. I make choice of some Room that has only one window open to the South, and at about three or four foot distance from this Window, on a Table, I place my _Microscope_, and then so place either a round Globe of Water, or a very deep clear_ plano convex_ Glass (whose convex side is turn’d towards the Window) that there is a great quantity of Rayes collected and thrown upon the Object: Or if the Sun shine, I place a small piece of oyly Paper very near the Object, between that and the light; then with a good large Burning-Glass I so collect and throw the Rayes on the Paper, that there may be a very great quantity of light pass through it to the Object; yet I so proportion that light, that it may not singe or burn the Paper. Instead of which Paper there may be made use of a small piece of Looking-glass plate, one of whose sides is made rough by being rubb’d on a flat Tool with very fine sand, this will, if the heat be leisurely cast on it, indure a much greater degree of heat, and consequently very much augment a convenient light. By all which means the light of the Sun, or of a Window, may be so cast on an Object, as to make it twice as light as it would otherwise be without it, and that without any inconvenience of glaring, which the immediate light of the Sun is very apt to create in most Objects; for by this means the light is so equally diffused, that all parts are alike inlightned; but when the immediate light of the Sun falls on it, the reflexions from some few parts are so vivid, that they drown the appearance of all the other, and are themselves also, by reason of the inequality of light, indistinct, and appear only radiant spots.

But because the light of the Sun, and also that of a Window, is in a continual variation, and so many Objects cannot be view’d long enough by them to be throughly examin’d; besides that, oftentimes the Weather is so dark and cloudy, that for many dayes together nothing can be view’d: And because also there are many Objects to be met with in the night, which cannot so conveniently be kept perhaps till the day, therefore to procure and cast a sufficient quantity of light on an Object in the night, I thought of, and often used this, Expedient.