CHAPTER XIV
THE FASCINATION OF HISTORY
The love of past times, the craving for that which is gone, is one of the more obscure instincts which appears to be brought forward by the wider growth of interests of the mind. It takes many forms; it appeals to the intellect, to the curiosity, to the affections; yet it is really a single instinct, and one which, from its strength, must spring from a primal cause.
The sense of loss touches us at every sunset, and in anticipation tinges all the afternoon with the sense of lengthening shadows. Even the things that seem most common, least worthy, when in use, all gain some being as time passes. Each little thing, that carelessly we value not at first, grows rich with store of years. As Antony says--
You all do know this mantle: I remember The first time ever Caesar put it on; ’Twas on a summer’s evening in his tent, That day he overcame the Nervii.
Still more do places gain their hold upon us, unheeded at the time. A store of memories of days spent amid strong associations, that stirred and built the mind, are the truest riches in all after-life. We dwell upon those portions of the past, those days at Athens, or Florence, or in the Forum, as on a treasure; they are a portion of our life crystallised into the structure of our thoughts--a haven of the imagination.
And how much deeper still is the sense of the past when we turn to friends,--or even closer yet. One whom perhaps we hardly heeded in our daily life, is dignified at once by the irrevocable. But all this is merely our personal regret: the direct, selfish, individual interest.
But the tender grace of a day that is dead Will never come back to me.
Let us step from this out into the past beyond our personal touch. See now a churchyard, tall in grass, with the dial on its stand, which each generation has passed by--how full of memories of gone years it is, how the eye clings to its weathered disc and minds that so it was on the day of Trafalgar or the Boyne; while by its side is the old carved sarcophagus tomb of some Turkey merchant, silently showing his virtues to each changing time, and calming the mind with quiet age. We love such for the sake of the past, which draws us to its bosom to make one more link in the long chain.
And pass inside the church, where Tudor and Edwardian, and Norman and Saxon, have each poured out their souls; in which every stone seems saturated with their longings; where pleadings and rejoicings seem to mutely fill the dead air; where the walls have echoed every bride and every infant and every mourner through all the changing generations; where _Fæder ure_ has yielded to _pater noster_ before even our familiar supplications were ever heard. This indeed holds us as if it were a place where we can actually live with the past selves that have made us, and be at one with those who would have craved to see us in the ages beyond them.
And if past loves and hopes seem thus to give their life to the lasting walls, how fearful is the breath of terror that clings round every stone of the Colosseum. One single mangled death there made ten thousand fiends of men who sat on those benches; and every year had its thousands of such agonies, through all the centuries. The mass of horror beyond all thought that dwells in that arena, is only exceeded by the thousandfold fire of cruelty that has burnt on those seats around. The place is hell petrified.
And, within a stone’s throw of that, how the whole past, from which our present ages have sprung, lives before us in the Forum. The triumphs where the beauty of Greek art served but to make the clumsy westerner gape; where the noblest blood of other lands,--Perseus, Caractacus, Zenobia,--has stood abased; where the barbaric Goth has fiercely joyed in splendid pillage of its wondrous wealth; where Theodoric and Karl had each hoped to restore the shattered decay, with the rough material of their own kin, which needed yet a thousand years of hewing; a space of greater hopes and dreads, greater successes and failures, than any other acre that we know.
And yet, before all this, there passed age after age of men, who built up civilisations which we just begin to perceive. The golden splendour of Mykenae, the earlier magnificence of Minoan Knossos, the delicate wares of still older Crete, all live with the same life as ourselves, all are precious to us as if we had made them, all make us fellow minds with those who thought and fashioned and treasured such things in like manner to ourselves.
Turn now to our own land, and on a wide western moor stand within a ring of grey stones, which our own flesh and blood there placed in faith and trust, for something greater than the cares of daily life; so far from us in generations, so far from us in thoughts, that we can hardly grasp the pulse of the same life with them, and feel what they felt. Yet it draws us like those sounds which were the first music to man, the sough of the wind in the wood, and the lap of the wave on the shore, ever the sweetest yet to ourselves. And the grey stones still touch us and bind our thoughts and our love of all our forefathers to themselves in elemental memories.
What underlies all this fascination of the past? What is it that thus moves men
In thinking of the days that are no more?
It is the same great attraction, whether it be a personal memory, or the being of our forefathers, or a page strong with past life in some history, or the handling of the drinking bowls of the oldest kings of the earth as they come from the dust of Egypt. It is but one sense in varied forms. It is the love of life.
In primal seas first sprang that love of life,--of preservation, of continuity of life. Even long before man it led to the moral growth of self-sacrifice, of affection, of social union. In man it led the Stoic on to the brotherhood of all men, and the responsibility of man for man. It has led the modern forward to the brotherhood of all existing life, the responsibility for the animal as well as the man. It now leads us on to clinging to the life of our ancestors, their being, and their natures; and beyond that to the fascination of all history, as being the continuity of life, the ever-shifting changes of the one great chain which we see around us at its present stage, and of which we form part. The man who knows and dwells in history adds a new dimension to his existence; he no longer lives in the one plane of present ways and thoughts, he lives in the whole space of life, past, present, and dimly future. He sees the present narrow line of existence, momentarily fluctuating, as one stage, like innumerable other stages that have each been the all-important present to the short-sighted people of their own day. He values the present as the most complete age of history for study, as explaining the past. He values the past as the long continuity that has brought about the result of the present, in which he happens to breathe. He lives in all time; the ages are his, all live alike to him; the present is not more real than the past, any more than the room in which he sits is more real than the rest of the world. Cleaving to that one stream of life which branch by branch has flowed through so many channels in all the ages, and still runs on into the future, he can give account of the Fascination of History.
INDEX
Ab-nub-mes-uazet-user statuette, 158
Abusir lotus capital, 163
Abydos, Osireion, chain clearing, _frontispiece_
„ temple, black pottery, 166
„ „ copper figure, 166
„ „ excavation of, 173
Account keeping, 35–37
Accumulations of town, rate of, 9, 11
Accuracy in levelling, 59
„ „ observing, 50
„ „ recording, 49–50
Accusations against workmen, 40
Adjustment of stuff in moving, 42
„ „ vase-fragments, 70–71
Advances of money, 35
Adzes, dating of, 14
Aegean pottery, 145–170
Age of objects in plate-heading, 115
„ „ towns, 11
Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV), 147, 148, 152, 154, 155
Alignment of drawings, 115
Amateur digging, 1, 3, 48, 179, 180
Amenhotep II, 148
„ III, 139, 145, 148, 152, 153–155
„ IV (Akhenaten), 147, 148, 152, 154, 155
America, possible saving of history by, 134
Amphora, Cretan, 166
Ancient civilisations, 191–192
Angles, calculation of, 57, 58
„ of vases measured, 71, 103
Antiquities, exportation of, 184
„ exposure of, 172
„ nationalisation of, 185
„ preservation of, 85–104
„ sale of, 187
„ securing of, 33
„ smuggling of, 184
„ thrown away, 132
Approaches to site of work, 28
Arabic, necessity for, 6
Archaeological duties, 177–178
„ evidence, 136–168
„ experience, 3, 4, 14
„ responsibilities, 170, 178
Archaeology, classical, 2
„ conditions of progress, 130
„ hindered by present museums, 130
„ mistakes in, 139–140
„ narrow definition of, 2
„ progress depends on space, 133
„ systematic, 122–135
Architecture, photographing of, 74, 75, 78
Arrangement of objects, 79
„ „ plates, 114–117
„ „ text, 119–120
„ „ work, 41–47
„ with publishers, 120
Athenaeus confirmed, 143
Author’s alterations, 120–121
Autotypes, 119
Awls, 113
Azab, wooden floor of, 77
Backgrounds for photography, 79
Backing of frescoes, 96–98
_Bakhshish_, 33–35, 188
„ accounts, 35
Banking accounts of men, 35
Barrels for soaking stones, 86
Bases of vases drawn, 70–71
„ „ „ sorted, 103
Basket-boys, and picks, 31–32
Baskets, 33, 44–45
Beads, 14, 15
„ pattern of, 52, 95, 96
„ position of, 52, 95
„ seldom of mixed ages, 150
Bead-work, 95
Beeswax, 66, 67, 71, 80, 90, 95, 102
Bell, 113
Benzol, 92
„ wax in, 91
Black incised ware, 160–162, 163–164, 167
„ velvet for backgrounds, 79
Blank sheets in spacing drawings, 63
Block-tints for vases, 70
Blocks returned after use, 121
„ zinc, 68
Blotting-paper, 89
Boats, prehistoric, 167
Bone point, 98
Bones, cleaning of, 76
„ marking, 51
„ preserving, 90
Bonsor, discoveries in Spain, 159–160
Book-post for drawings, 64
„ seller, 121
Bosnia, black incised ware, 161, 162, 167
Boxes, grain of wood in, 110
„ making of, 109–111
„ nailing of, 110
„ nests of, 109, 113
„ with bars, 106
Box-sextant, 55–56, 113
Boys, ages of, 20–21
„ chain of, 44, _front._
„ collecting, 44
„ in work, 24
„ throwing, 44
„ use of, 32
Brace and bits, 113
Bracelet of Zer, 80
Brass, treatment of, 100
Brick, burnt, 10
„ mounds, 10
„ walls, tracing of, 46–47
„ -work, 9
Bricks, age of, 47
„ colour of, 46
„ size of, 47, 52
Brims of vases drawn, 70–71
„ „ „ sorted, 103
British Museum, growth of, 134
Bronze, destruction of, 181
„ hypocephalus, 76
„ statues, preservation of, 180
„ treatment of, 100–101
„ vases, Idaean cave, 155
Brunswick black, marking with, 52
Brushes, 91, 98, 112, 113
Brushing, 86, 87, 89, 98, 100
Bügelkanne, _see False-necked vases_
Builder of Great Pyramid, 178
Buildings, destruction of, 185–186
„ photographing, 75, 78
„ planning, 52–55
„ restoration of, 172, 185
Burials, primary and secondary, 52
„ undisturbed, 12
Burnt groups, 145–146
„ papyri, 95
Buttons of VI–VII Dyn., 162
Buttresses left in digging, 30
Cairo museum a failure, 131
„ rubbish-mounds, 11
Calculation of angles, 57
Camel-hair brush, 91, 98
„ transport, 112
Camera, 73–75
„ copying-, 81
„ direction of, 80
„ hand-, 74, 75
„ -legs, 81
„ pattern of, 73–74
„ setting up of, 80
„ size of, 74
„ -stand, 81
Camp requirements, 6
Carbolic acid, 89, 101
Carbonised papyri, 94
Card blackened for small stops, 75
„ -board for drawing, 68
„ slips, 78
„ tube, 74
„ with concentric circles, 71
Carefulness, means of securing, 34
Carrier-boys, 30, 41, 43
Carrying, 30, 32
Cartonnage, 52
Cartridge-paper, 109, 113
Cases, grain of wood in, 110
„ making of, 109–111
„ nailing of, 110
„ with bars, 106
Casting, 64–66
„ backs of frescoes, 97–98
Casts of statues, 172–173
„ plaster, 64–66
„ „ photographing from, 77
Celluloid, 71
Celtic pottery like pan-grave, 159–160
Cementing disintegrated granite, 87
„ sculptures in walls, 86, 171
Cemetery site, nature of, 11, 12
Chain of boys, _frontispiece_, 44
Chambers, contents of, 52
„ emptying of, 44
Charcoal, 47, 80, 90
„ dust, 76
Chemical knowledge, need of, 85, 171
Chromo-lithography, 118
China ink, drawing with, 68
„ „ marking with, 52, 76
Choice of facts in recording, 49
„ „ workmen, 21
Claims of landlord, 183
„ „ State, 183–184
Classification of material, 115, 119–120
Clay moulds, 65
Cleaning of bones, 76
„ „ bronzes, 100–101
„ „ gold, 98
„ „ iron, 102
„ „ pottery, 76
„ „ silver, 98, 99
Clearance at edge, 43
„ from bottom, 42
„ of sites, 41–43, 174, 181
Clues in digging, 5
Coffin, 52
Coinage, wastage of, 150
Coin impressions, 66, 67, 77
„ restorations, 149
Coins, casting, 77
„ cleaning, 99
Cold chisel, 112, 113
Collectors, 48, 185
Collotype, 74, 118
Colossi, transport of, 107
Colour on slabs, 87
„ preservation of, 87–88
„ -printing for vases, 70
Columns, packing of, 107
Commerce, prehistoric, 167
Commission on sales, 121
Commissioners, utility of, 170
Compass, prismatic, 55, 113
Compasses, 57
Complex forms fade soon, 128
Conservation, 5, 130–135
Contracts, 121
Copper figures, 166
„ treatment of, 99
Copying graffiti, 72
„ inscriptions, 61–63, 72
„ walls, 61–63, 72
Corner-posts to boxes, 109
_Corpus_ of pottery, 124
„ system, 123–126
Cost of publication of drawings, 68, 117
„ „ „ „ photographs, 118
„ „ „ „ text, 120
Cotton, 109
„ wool, 66, 97, 107, 109
„ „ not with papyri, 94
Cretan connections, XVIII Dyn., 155
„ „ XII „ , 158
„ „ VI „ , 162
„ „ IV „ , 163
„ „ I „ , 166
Cross-bars in packing, 106
„ partitions in packing, 111
Crowbars, 33, 112
Crown property, 183, 186
Crystal, inscriptions on, 76
Cultivation of sites, 174
Curators of museums, 49, 172
Cutting down from edge of work, 42
Cutting-out knives, dating of, 15
Cylinders, impressions of, 66, 67
Damping of papyri, 93
Daphnae, 10, 13, 143–144
Dark room, 83
Dated objects, 4, 14–15, 52
Dating of adzes, 14
„ „ beads, 14
„ „ cutting-out knives, 15
„ „ mounds, 17
„ „ objects in general, 4, 14–17
Day and piece work combined, 30, 32
„ -pay, 24, 27–31
Dealers in antiquities, 3, 25, 38–39, 48
Decomposition of glazes, 88
Decoration in bead-work, 95
Defeneh, 10, 13, 143–144
Den, tomb of, 44
Dentist’s wax, 67
Deposits, foundation, 80
Desert views, 1
Destruction by wet-squeezing, 61
„ of antiquities, 170–171, 172
„ „ buildings, 10, 185–186
„ „ evidence, 48
„ „ information, 171
„ „ monuments, 179
„ „ sculptures, 86, 172
„ „ site, 174
Detail, verification of, 50
Developers, 82–83
„ proportions in, 82
Developing, 82–84
Development of tools, 14
Diagonal bars for box-lids, 106
„ driving of nails, 110, 111
„ lighting, 77
„ mirror in photographing, 75
Digging by amateurs, 1, 3, 48, 179, 180
„ purpose of, 1
„ regularity of, 28
Diktaean copper figures, 166
Dilettante work, 1, 3, 48
Diorite bowl, Crete, 163
„ statue, Crete, 158
Diospolis Parva, pottery from, 160
Direction of lighting, 77
Discoveries, age of, 175
„ casual, 170
Discrimination of sites, 9
„ „ style, 14, 17–18
„ „ walls, 46–47
Disintegration of granite, 87
„ „ stone by salt, 86
Disobedience to orders, 35
Distance from lens, 80
Distinguishing brick-walls, 46–47
Distortion in photography, 74
Divided rod, 54–55, 113
Doctoring of natives, 38
„ „ workmen, 37–38
Door-sills, 52
„ ways, 52
Double-plates, 116
Drab pottery at Mykenae, 148
Draughtsman wanted for _corpus_, 126
Drawing boards, 113
„ by lamplight, 62
„ facsimile, 5, 68
„ from squeezes, 62–63
„ interpretation in, 68
„ plan, 5, 68
„ thickness of lines in, 69, 115
„ vases from fragments, 70–71
Drawings, cutting up, 63
„ packing of, 63–64
„ posting of, 64
„ reduction of, 69
„ reproduction of, 68, 115
„ returned after use, 121
„ scales of, 69
Dressing of graves, 76–77
„ „ objects, 76
Driving of nails, 110, 111
Drop-shutter view, 75
Dry squeezes, 61–63
Ebony stain, 68
„ statuette, 78
Editions, varieties of, 119
Egypt and Europe, 141–168 _see Europe_
Electro-types, 181
Electrum, 98
El Hibeh, 9
Engineers, wrecking by, 170, 174
Engraving, Swan electric, 119
Enkomi, tombs at, 152, 154, 155, 156
Enlarged photographs, 74, 75, 80, 81
Ether, 92
Ethics of archaeology, 169–188
Europe and Egypt, XXVI Dyn., 142–144 XVIII „ , 144–156 XII „ , 156–161 VI „ , 162, 167 IV „ , 163, 165, 167 I „ , 164–166, 167
prehistoric, 167–168
Evidence, by collocation, 139, 150
„ by scarabs and coins, 149
„ failures of, 139–140
„ from burnt groups, 145–146
„ „ copied forms, 163
„ „ houses, 148
„ „ paintings, 144–145
„ „ rubbish mounds, 147, 156–157
„ „ tombs, 150–153
„ in a single object, 138
„ nature of, 136–140
Excavation, hindrance to, 187
„ purpose of, 1
„ recording results of, 124
Excavator, qualifications of, 1–7, 19, 36, 85
„ responsibilities of, 1, 8, 174
Exhaustion, evidence by, 137, 139
„ of metals, 181
„ „ sites, 174–175
Exodus, Pharaoh of, 178
Experience, archaeological, 3–4
Exposure in photography, 75, 78, 79, 82
„ of sites, 178
Extortion by overseers, 25
Extra plates for students, 119
Faces, flaking of, 87
„ of limestone, 87, 88
Facts, stating of, 50
False-necked vases, 145, 146, 153–154
„ „ „ variation with age, 153–154
Families of workmen, 39
Fascination of history, 189–193
Files, 113
Filling, 13, 47, 52
„ and carrying, 32
Films, curling of, 83
„ packing of, 83–84
„ rapidity of, 75
Finest lines in drawing, 69
Finger-work in excavating, 6–7
Flake-white, use of, 77
Flaking of faces, 87
Flint knife obtained whole, 34–35
Flooring, wooden, 76, 77
Focus, 74–75, 80, 81
Foil, gold, 67–68
„ tin, 67
Foot-notes, 120
Foreigners’ use of plates, 116
Forms of pottery, 16–17
„ „ „ duration of, 128–129
Fort-mounds, Defeneh, 10
Forum, excavation of, 173
„ interest of, 191
„ pottery at, 126
Foundation deposit, 80
Fragments, means of securing, 34
„ method of drawing, 70–71
„ sorting and joining, 102–104
Frame for drawing vase-fragments, 70–71
„ „ supporting fresco, 96–97
„ of strings for scale-drawing, 72
„ with backing of muslin, 65
Free-swinging lens, 80
French chalk, 65
Frescoes, 52, 88, 96–97
Fuller’s earth, 92
Furniture, successive ages of, 127
Future ages, rights of, 175–176
„ condition of museums, 133
„ destruction of museums, 180–182
Gang, proportions of, 44
Gangs of workmen, 26, 27, 32
Gauging of stuff to be removed, 42
Gelatine for extracting salt, 89–90, 92
Gems, photographing, 77
Girls as workers, 23, 24, 75
Gizeh, tomb of Sem-nefer, 78
Glass background, 79
„ waxed for papyri, 94, 95
Glaze, decomposition of, 88
Glycerine, 91
Glycin, 83
Gold collar from Enkomi, 154
„ foil, 67–68, 98
„ pin, Cypriote, 155
„ preservation of, 180–181
„ treatment of, 98
„ value offered for, 184
Governments, attitude of, 183, 187
Graeco-Egyptian vases, 144
Graffiti, copying, 72
Grave, age of, by sequence-dates, 129
„ dressing of, 76–77
Greece, _see Europe_
„ conditions of work in, 26, 32, 33
Greek pottery, 17
„ workmen, 26–27
Greeks in Egypt, 142–144, 146
Grouping in museums, 132
„ of objects as evidence, 139
Groups in museums, 172
„ numbering of, 51
„ of ivories, 91
„ of objects, 48–49, 51, 69, 115, 172, 179
„ photographing of, 80, 81
Guards to plates, 116, 117
Gum, contraction of, 93
Gurob, 145, 148, 151, 152, 153, 156
Guttapercha moulds, 66
Haematite paint, 166
Hammer dressing, 105
„ light, 99
„ sledge, 112
Headings of plates, 115
Head-lines of text, 120
Head-shawls, seizure of, 39
_Helbeh_, 109
Heliogravure, 119
Hinges, 113
History, fascination of, 189–193
„ importance of, 4–5, 171, 193
„ knowledge of, 4–5
Hibeh, El, 9
Hissarlik, black incised ware, 161, 167
Holes, excavated, 43
„ in bricks, 47
Hollow feet to vases, 166
Hollows in ground, 11, 12, 13, 44
Hollows in inscriptions, 76
„ „ packing, 108
Hone-stone, 113
Honesty in workmen, 22, 34, 37
Horemheb, 147
Horizontal position, photographing, 80
Huts, mud, of excavators, 6
Hypocephalus, bronze, 76
Ialysos, tomb at, 152
Idaean cave, bronze vases, 155
„ „ carved dish, 155
Idleness, remedies for, 21, 28
Illness among workmen, 31, 37–38
Impressions of cylinders, 66
Indestructibility of small antiquities, 176
Index to books, 120
India-rubber for dry-squeezing, 63
Indications after rain, 13
„ of nature of site, 12, 13
Indices of types required, 124
Infectious illness, 38
Inking in of drawings, 61, 63, 68
„ „ „ squeezes, 61
Inks for drawing, 52, 68
Ink-writing copied, 72
„ „ photographed, 79
Inscriptions, columns and lines, 72
„ copying, 60–63, 72
„ „ before removal, 53
„ made legible, 76
„ on stone, 76
„ sanded, 76
Insight in excavating, 4–6
Inspectorship of antiquities, 185
Instantaneous shutter, 75
Instruments, use of, 54–55
Inventory-sheets for small objects, 69–70
Iron, treatment of, 102
Ironing textiles, 89
Irregularities in plates, 115
Israel stele, 62
Ivory, destruction of, 181
„ preservation of, 90–92
„ tablet of Zer, 76
Jaw, removal for measurement, 53
Jelly for extracting salt, 89–90
Jewellers’ tag-labels, 52, 113
Joining fragments, 102–104
„ sheets of drawings, 63
Jointing of brickwork, 46, 76
„ „ flooring, 76
Kahun, black incised pottery, 160
„ burials at, 151
„ rubbish mound at, 156–158
„ town site turned over, 41
Kamares pottery, 158–159
Kefti bring vases, 144
Key-plans, 53
Khataaneh, black incised ware, 160
Khufu, portrait of, 178
Khyan vase lid, 159
Kitchen-paper, 109, 113
Knife, cutting-out, development of, 15
„ dinner-, uses of, 46–47, 94
„ pen, 65, 93
Knossos, carving, 163
„ Egyptian figure from, 158
„ pottery, 158, 166
„ vase lid of Khyan, 159
„ vases from, 158, 163
Knowledge in recording, 49
„ requisite for excavating, 187
„ systematic, 123
Koptos, 151
Labelling objects, 52, 112
Labels in museums, 112, 171
„ „ packing, 112
Labourers, control of, 5, 7, 22–23
„ qualities of, 21
„ selection of, 20
„ training of, 5, 21–22
Lachish, pottery at, 17
Lamp, Cretan, 163
Languages, knowledge of, required, 5–6
Lantern-slides, 74, 81
Laws, present, concerning archaeology, 182–184
„ requisite, concerning archaeology, 185–188
Laying out for photographing, 80
Lead, treatment of, 102
Legal evidences, 136–138
„ proof accepted, 140–141
Legal uncertainties, 140–141
Length of bricks, 47
„ „ ropes, 46
Lens, distance from, 80
„ free-swinging, 76
„ wide-angle, 74
Lettering of plates, 116
Letters used for distinguishing sites, 51
Levelling-mirror, 58–59, 113
Levels of buildings, 173
„ „ pottery for dating, 144
„ „ walls, 52
Libyan influence, 159
Lids of boxes, 110
Lifting in removing, 42, 44, 45
Lighting by reflection, 78
„ in photography, 77–79
„ of museums, 131–132
Lime-burners, destruction by, 10, 174
Linen, glued, 94
Lines, thickness of, in drawing, 69
Liparite bowl, Crete, 163
List of plates, 116, 120
Lithography, chromo-, 118
„ photo-, 55, 68–70, 117
Locals according to villages, 31
„ for carrying, 30–38
Locks, 113
Logarithms, 57
Lotus capital, 163
Magnifier, use in work, 47
Maket tomb, 151–152, 156
Manuscript, readiness for printing, 120
Margins to plates, 116, 117
Market money, 35–36
Marking of bones, 51
„ „ objects, 51–52, 112
Material facts, evidence of, 137, 138
Materials, presentment of, 50–51
„ properties of, 85
Measurement, accuracy of, 55
„ in planning, 53–55
„ in photography, 80
„ of vase-fragments, 71
„ „ walls, 54
„ „ work, 28, 30
Mechanical contrivances, 33, 43, 71, 72
Medicines, 38
Mediterranean civilisation, 141–168
Medum tombs, 62–63
Memory, in excavating, 18–19
Mer-en-ptah, portrait of, 178
Metals, treatment of, 98–102
Method of plotting 3-point survey, 56
Metre rod, 54–55, 113
Mill-stones, Roman, 10
Mirror, 78, 95
„ diagonal, 75
„ levelling, 58–59, 113
Mistakes in naming objects, 3–4
„ „ publication, 117
Misuse of ropes, 45–46
Mixture of objects of various ages, 150
Monkey, violet glazed, 148
Montfaucon, 123
Moulds for casting, 60, 65–68
Mounds of fort, Defeneh, 10
„ „ town, 10, 11
„ position of, 42
„ throwing on, 41
Mounting papyri, 94
Moving of earth, 30, 43
Mud-brick mounds, 10
„ „ sun-dried, 9
„ „ walls, tracing of, 46
Museums, buildings unsuitable, 130–131
„ curators of, 49, 172
„ future of, 180–182
„ grouping in, 132–133
„ groups of objects in, 172
„ growth of, 184
„ lighting of, 131
„ methods in, 86, 95, 101
„ plundering for, 171
„ present, hinder archaeology, 130
„ preservation in, 180–182
„ requirements of, 131–135
„ sculptures in, 86, 172–173
„ space needed in, 132–135
„ unpacking in, 112
„ use of, 176
Muslin, 65
Mykenae, objects from, 140, 148, 152, 156
Mykenaean period, 127, 153
Nails, 113
„ diagonal driving of, 110, 111
„ use of, 99
Naqada, dressing of tomb, 77
National Repository needed, 133–135
Nationalisation of antiquities, 185
Native digging, 175, 187
Naukratis, 142–144
Nebireh, 142
Negatives, 82–84, 118
Negress, ebony, 78
Nekheb, goddess, 64
Neolithic vase at Knossos, 166
Net process, 118
Nile boats, 112
„ rise of, 174
Nitric acid, 92
Notation of successive ages, 127
„ „ time in work, 29
Note-taking in excavations, 52
Nubian shore, submersion of, 170, 175
Numbering of groups, 51
„ „ objects on plates, 115
„ „ plates, 117
„ „ sheets of drawings, 63–64
Numbers, printed, 70
„ scratched on, 52
Obelisks at Tanis, 9
Objects, groups of, 48–49, 51, 69, 115, 172, 179
„ inventory of, 69
„ numbering of, 51
„ outlining of, 69–70
„ position of, 50, 52, 179
„ preparing, 76
„ scale of drawing, 69
Oblique lighting, 77
Observation, 9
Oiling of moulds, 61, 66
Organization of work, 5
„ „ workmen, 5, 24, 31
Order, historical, in plates, 115
Outlining of small objects, 69–70
Overseer or _reis_, 24–26
Overlapping images, 56
Overs, 121
Packer, 111
Packing frescoes, 97
„ glass, 108
„ materials, 109
„ pottery, 108–109
„ stones, 105–108
Pads in packing, 106, 107
Page-references to plates, 116, 120
Paint-brushes, 113
„ red, in cups, 166
Paintings on tombs as evidence, 144–145
Palestinian pottery, 17
Pan-graves, 159–160
Paper bags, 113
„ for drawing, 68, 113
„ „ packing, 109, 113
„ „ printing, 118
„ „ squeezing, 60, 113
„ moulds, 60–61
„ squeezes, 60–61, 64
Papyri, photographing of, 79
„ treatment of, 93–95
Paraffin wax, 87, 89, 90, 91, 96, 102, 112
Parcel-post boxes, 109, 113
„ „ for drawings, 64
Partitions in boxes, 111
Passages, underground, 55
Past quickly vanishing, 130
„ love of, 189–193
„ rights of, 176–178
Pasting of papyri, 93, 94
Patterns of gold collar, 154–155
Payment by results, 33
„ deductions for locals, 31
„ proportions in, 31–32
„ rate of, 29
„ weekly, 35
Pencil-cutting for outlining, 69–70
Pendulum-mirror, 58
Periods, of bronze and stone, 127
„ successive, 127–130
Pharaoh of Exodus, 178
Philae, submersion of, 170
Philistine, 64
Photographic apparatus, 73
„ developers, 82–83
„ developing, 82–84
„ drying, 83
„ enlarging, 74, 80, 81
„ films, 75
„ reflectors, 78
„ register of objects, 134
„ washing, 83
Photographing and drawing, 73
„ of buildings, 73
„ „ excavations, 73
„ „ papyri, 79
„ „ views, 74, 81
„ „ wall-scenes, 81
Photography, 73–84
„ backgrounds in, 79
„ dark room for, 83
„ diagonal mirror in, 75
„ drop-shutter in, 75
„ lighting in, 77
„ scale in, 80–81
„ shadows in, 79
„ skew-back, 75
„ stereographic, 81–82
Photo-lithography, 117
„ „ colours reversed in, 70
„ „ for drawings, 68
„ „ „ plans, 55
„ „ reduction for, 69
Physics, 85
Pickling of bronzes, 100
Picks and baskets, 31–33
Piece and day work combined, 30, 32
Piece pay, 27
„ work, 24, 29–31
Pillars left in digging, 30
Pincers, 113
Pins, 83, 91
Pit, excavation of, 42, 45, 52
Placing of stuff removed, 42
Plan, 33
„ accuracy of, 55
„ drawing, 5, 53
„ measurement of, 53–55
„ of chambers, 44, 52, 53
„ „ towns, 52, 53
Plane, 65
„ -table, 55
Platinotypes, 119
Plaster, casts, 61, 64–66
„ coats of, 87, 97
„ handling of, 64
Plates, book, 114–119
„ „ double, 116
„ „ loose, 115–116
„ „ spoilt, 121
„ magazine for, 74
„ photographing from, 77
„ rapidity of, 75
„ size of image, 81
Pliers, 113
Plotting, 55–59
„ vase dimensions, 71
Plunderers, 12, 48
Plundering of sites, 11, 171, 178–179
Points of support in packing, 105–106
Pompeii, _corpus_ of pottery needed, 125
Position of objects, 50, 52, 53
„ in photographing, 78
Positives, 118
Postage of drawings, 64
Potsherds, 10, 12
Pottery, Aegean, 145–170
„ black incised, 160–162, 163–164, 167
„ chips, 47
„ _corpus_, 124–126
„ destruction of, 181
„ duration of forms, 128
„ Greek, 142, 147, 148
„ of prehistoric age, 17, 167
„ „ I Dyn., 164
„ „ XII „ , 157, 159
„ „ XVIII „ , 148, 153–154
„ packing of, 108–109
„ painted, from Kahun, 157–158
„ preservation of, 88–89
„ salt in, 88–89
„ scale for drawing, 69
„ typical forms, 16
„ value for dating, 15–17, 128–129
Praesos beads of XII Dyn., 158
Prehistoric ages, 167–168
„ camp site, 13
„ cemetery site, 11
„ sequences, 129
„ shipping, 167
„ tomb dressed, 77
Preparing objects for photographing, 76
Presentment of material, 50–51
Preservation in museums, 180–181
„ of antiquities, 85–104, 176–188
„ „ bones, 90
„ „ colour, 87–88
„ „ gold-work, 181
„ „ information, 5, 48
„ „ ivories, 90–92
„ „ papyri, 92–95
„ „ pottery, 88–89
„ „ sarcophagi, 87, 90
„ „ stone, 86–87, 181
„ „ stucco, 87–88, 90
„ „ wood, 89–91
Princesses in fresco, 88
Printed numbers for plates, 70
Printer’s agreement, 120–121
„ errors, 120
Printing, colour-, for vases, 70
Prismatic compass, 55, 113
Probability, evidence from, 138, 139
Processes for plates, 117–119
Prohibition of wet squeezing, 62
Proof, nature of, 136
Properties of materials, 85
Proportions in mixing developers, 82
Protractor, 57
Pseud-amphorae, _see False-necked vases_
Publication, 114–121
„ detailed, 175
„ mistakes in, 117
„ necessity of, 182
„ past methods of, 114
„ permanence of, 182
Publishers, agreements with, 120
Pyramid, great, Builder of, 178
Railway, light, 43
Ramessu II, 146, 152, 153, 154, 155
„ III, 145, 154, 155
„ VI, 153, 154
Rate of payment, 29–30
Recommendations of workmen, 40
Reconstruction of stone vases, 102–104
Record by _corpus_ system, 125
„ importance of, 48, 175
„ in piecework, 29
„ publication of, 114
Recrystallisation of salt, 86
Red paint, 166
Reference-numbers on plates, 115
„ to plates, 115–116
„ to text, 119–120
Reflections in lighting, 78
Reflectors, 78
Register of sheets, 63–64
„ „ works of art, 186–187
_Reis_ or overseer, 24–26
Rekhmara, tomb of, 144, 155
Relief-process, 118
Reliefs, copying of, 60
Repository needed, 133–135
Res, statuette of, 152
Responsibilities, in excavating, 1, 8, 174–175
„ of archaeologists, 170, 182
Restorations, 172, 176
„ of scarabs, 149
„ of stone vases, 70–71, 102–104
Results, presentment of, 50–51
Rethreading of beads, 96
Re-use of tombs, 150
Rights of the future, 175
„ „ „ past, 176–178
Rise of Nile, 174
Rolls of drawings by post, 64, 68
„ „ papyri, 92–94
Ropes, 33, 45, 112
„ length of, 46
„ preservation of, 45–46
Rotted bead-work, 95
„ ivory, 91–92
„ papyrus, 93
„ silver, 98
„ wood, 90–91
Royalties on books, 120
Rubbish-mounds, 11
Rust in bronze, 101
„ „ iron, 102
Sacking for packing, 107
Salt in metals, 100, 102
„ „ pottery, 88–89
„ „ stones, 86
„ „ textiles, 89
„ „ wood, 89
Sand, throwing, 75
Sanding of tender stones, 87
„ „ weathered stones, 71, 76
Sarcophagi at Abydos, 43
„ „ Zuweleyn, 10
„ preservation of, 87, 90
Sauce-pan, cast-iron, 90
Saw-files, 112
Sawing, 105
Saws, 105, 112, 113
Scale-drawing, frame for, 72
„ mentioned on plate-heading, 115
„ of drawing for plates, 69, 115
„ „ „ „ tools, 69
„ „ „ „ vases, 69
„ „ payment, 29
„ „ plotting, 55
Scaling of bronze, 101
„ „ copper, 99
Scarabs, few posthumous, 149
„ restorations of, 149
„ seldom long in use, 150
Screw-driver, 113
Screws, 113
Sculpture, casts of, 172
„ cemented in walls, 86
„ lighting of, 131–132
„ museum of, 172
Sealing-wax moulds, 66–67
Search for fragments, 34–35, 102–104
Section-lines for stone vases, 70
Selection of facts in recording, 49
Separation of objects in museums, 49
Sequence dates, 129
Sequences in a mansion, 127
Serials published, 117
Series of forms of stone vases, 102
Sety II, 146, 153, 155
Sextant, box-, 55–56, 113
Shade-lines in drawing, 69
Sheet of card ruled, 72
Sheets of inventories, 69–70
Shifting of stuff, 42
Shutter, drop-, 75
Sieve, native, 112
„ wire, 112
Sifting earth, 35
Sighting-lines, 54
Signals for work, 28
„ survey, 56–57
Silicate solution, 91
Silver coins, 99
„ treatment of, 98–99
Site of cemetery, 11–12
„ „ temple, 9–10
„ „ town, 10–11
Size of bricks, 47, 52
„ „ sheets for reduction, 70
Skeletons, marking of, 51
„ preservation of, 53, 90
Skew-back camera, 75
Skull, removal for measurement, 52
Slate backing to frescoes, 97
Sliding of earth, 42
Slopes of rubbish-mounds, 11
Smuggling of antiquities, 184
Sneferu, black incised ware, 163
Soaking of bronzes, 101
„ „ iron, 102
„ „ lead, 102
„ „ pottery, 88
„ „ stones, 86
„ „ textiles, 89
Softening in packing, 106, 108–109
Sorting fragments, 102–104
Spain, pottery from, 159–160, 167
Speculators, destruction by, 170
Spies, 38–39
Spoke-brush, use of, 60–61, 113
„ shave, 113
Square, 113
Squareness on plates, 115
Squares of plans, 53
Squeezes, dry, 61–63
„ wet, 60–61
Stain, ebony, 68
State claims, 182–184
„ register of works of art, 186–187
„ rights, 184–187
Stations, surveying, 57–58
Statistical sorting of pottery, 128
Statuary, casts of, 172
„ lighting of, 131–132
„ preservation of, 180
„ restoration of, 172
Statuette, ebony, 78
Stirrup vases, 145, 146, 154
„ „ variation with age, 153–154
Stone chips, 9, 13
„ of buildings, 76
„ vases, block-tints for, 70
„ „ drawing from fragments, 71
„ „ sorting fragments, 102–104
Stones, large, 30
„ moving of, 27
„ salt in, 86
„ scale of drawing, 69
Stops in manuscripts, 120
„ „ photographing, 74–75
Storing of antiquities, 6
„ „ ropes, 46
Straw for packing, 108, 109, 112
Strings of beads, 95–96
Stucco, coloured, 88
„ facing, 87
„ on bricks, 96
„ on walls, 47
„ on wood, 96
Students’ plates, 119
Style, discrimination of, 14, 17–18
Successive ages, classed, 126
Super-heated wax for preserving, 90
Superimposed buildings, 41–42
Support, points of, in packing, 105–106
Survey, three-point, 56
Surveying, 5, 53–59
„ of walls, 52
Survival of museums, 180–181
„ „ things in use, 128, 150
Systematic archaeology, 122–135
„ work in excavating, 2
Systematizers needed, 123
Tables, printing of, 120
Tablet, ivory, 76
Tahutmes II, 151
„ III, 151, 152, 153
Tally for accounts, 37–38
Tanis, with obelisks, 9
„ workers at, 20
Tape-measure, 55, 113
„ steel-, 55
Tapioca-water, 88
Telescope used in work, 28
Tell el Amarna, frescoes at, 88
„ „ „ vases at, 147, 148, 155, 156
„ „ Yehudiyeh, cemetery mounds, 43
Temple, causes of ruin, 10
„ evidence of, 47
„ site, clearance of, 41–47
„ „ nature of, 9–10
Tenting in desert, 6
Textiles, 89
Theodolite, 55
Thickness of lines in drawing, 69
Threads, 65, 90, 92, 95
Three-colour photography, 119
Three-point survey, 56
Throwing, 30, 41
„ sand, 75
Thyi, Queen, 148, 152
_Tibn_, 109
Tilting in photography, 80
Tin-foil moulds, 67
„ plate for reflectors, 78–79
„ „ „ sawing, 105
„ „ „ small stops, 75
„ pots, 108, 111
„ saucepans, 90
Tints, block, for vases, 70
Tomb groups, 48–49, 51
„ „ scattered, 49
„ of Sem-nefer, 78
„ -robbers, 45
Tombs, evidence from, 150–153
„ mixture of contents, 150
„ numbering of, 51
„ position of, 52
„ proportion of important, 12
„ reuse of, 150
„ unplundered, 12
„ wrecking of, 171
Tools necessary to work, 33, 112–113
„ provision of, 33
Tooth-brush, uses for, 67, 112
Topography, 33
Town, planning of, 52
„ site, clearance of, 41, 44
„ „ nature of, 10
„ „ rate of accumulation, 10–11
„ „ turned over, 41
Tracing out walls, 13, 41, 46–47
Transport of antiquities, 85, 97, 107–108, 112
Tray with poles, 107
„ wooden, 95
Treasure trove, 183
Trenching ground, 41, 43
Trial-pits, 41
Troy, black incised ware, 161, 167
Trucks, 43
Turning back, 41
„ over, 41, 43
Tutankhamen, 145, 153, 154
Uncertainties, legal, 140–141
Underground passages, 55
Undisturbed tombs, 12
Uniformity of scale, 115
Unpacker, 111–112
Unpacking of boxes, 111–112
Unplundered tombs, 12
Unpunctuality, remedies for, 31
Unrolling of papyri, 93–94
Unsanded stones, 71, 76
Usertesen II, 44, 157
Valuables, finding of, 27
Variation of vases with age, 153–154
Vases, block tints for, 70
„ drawn from fragments, 70–71
„ measurement of angles, 71
„ scale of drawing, 69
Vertical lighting, 77
„ mirror level, 58–59, 113
„ position of camera, 80
Wages in Egypt, 29
„ „ England, 27
„ „ Greece, 27
Wall-scenes, photographing of, 81
Walls, copying, 61–63, 72
„ face of, 47
„ surveying of, 52
„ thickness of, 52
„ tracing of, 13, 41, 46–47
„ visible after rain, 13
Warrior in alabaster, 144
Washing of negatives, 83
„ out salt, 86, 88, 89, 100
Wastage of coinage, 150
Water-colours, 77, 113
Wax, bees-, 66, 67, 71, 80, 90, 95, 102
„ dentist’s, 67
„ paraffin, 87, 89, 90, 91, 96, 102, 112
Waxed glass for papyri, 94
Weathered stones, sanding of, 71, 76
Weeding-out of workmen, 40
Weights carried by boy, 43
Western, _see Europe_
Wet squeezes, 60–61
White ants, 89, 96
„ filling of black ware, 161
„ flake-, use of, 77
„ -wash on walls, 96
Whiting for inscriptions, 76
Wide-angle lens, 74
Wills, contradictory, 140
Witnesses, evidence of, 137, 138
„ veracity of, 138
Wood flooring, 76, 77
„ rotted, 90–91
„ salt in, 89
„ tray, 95
„ wet, 91
„ white ants in, 89
„ -wool, 109
Work, irregular, 27
Workmen at Tanis, 20
„ chains of, 44
„ control of, 5, 7, 22–23
„ distribution of, 26
„ English, 27, 32
„ Greek, 26–27, 32
„ management of, 36
„ organization of, 24, 26, 29, 31
„ qualities of, 21
„ selection of, 20–21
„ substitution of, 23, 31
„ training of, 5, 26, 34
Wrapping-paper, 109
Wrappings, 52
Wrecking by engineers, 170, 174
„ „ lime-burners, 174
„ „ natives, 175
„ of tombs, 171
Yorkshire, pottery from, 160
Zer, Aegean pottery of, 164–165
„ black incised ware, 164
„ bracelet of, 80
„ ivory tablet of, 76
Zinc, box for washing, 83
„ blocks, 68, 118
„ tally for accounts, 37–38
„ trays for soaking stones, 86
Zuweleyn, sarcophagi at, 10
THE END
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.
WORKS BY W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE
=THE PYRAMIDS & TEMPLES OF GIZEH.= (Out of print).
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=HIEROGLYPHIC PAPYRUS FROM TANIS.= (Out of print).
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HANDBOOKS OF
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=GREEK SCULPTURE.= By Prof. ERNEST A. GARDNER, M.A., University College, London. Part. I. 5s. Part II. 5s. Or in one volume. 10s.
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=A HANDBOOK OF GREEK CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY.= By A. H. J. GREENIDGE, M.A., Hertford College, Oxford. With Map. 5s.
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=THE DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME=: A History of the Monuments. By RODOLFO LANCIANI, University of Rome. 6s.
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Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed. Inconsistencies between the main text and Index were resolved in favor of the main text.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.
Descriptions in the List of Illustrations often are more informative than the captions printed with the illustrations.
The half-page photographs were printed two to a page, one above the other, and often with a shared caption. In this eBook each photograph is shown with its own caption.
Footnote 2 in the Appendix on page 112 originally was two identical footnotes, because that Appendix crossed a page boundary.
The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.
Page 124: “Nagada” may be a misprint for “Naqada”.