Part 23

John Sadler stands out conspicuously for dissociating himself from this baseless prejudice. When he wrote his “Rights of the Kingdom,” in 1649, he summed up the matter in a happy and pithy manner: “Wee say, they (the Jews) crucified a child, or more. They doe deny it: and we prove it not” (p. 74). Undaunted by Sadler’s championship of the Jews, James Howell followed Calvert, and in the Epistle Dedicatory to his pirated edition of Morvyn’s translation of Joseph ben Gorion, “The wonderful and deplorable history of the latter times of the Jews” (London [June 2], 1652), he thus insinuated the truth of the charge:—

“The first Christian Prince that expelled the Jews out of his territories, was that heroik King, our Edward the First, who was such a sore scourge also to the Scots; and it is thought divers families of those banished Jews fled then to Scotland, where they have propagated since in great numbers, witness the aversion that nation hath above others to hog’s flesh. Nor was this extermination for their Religion, but for their notorious crimes, as poysoning of wells, counterfeiting of coines, falsifying of seales, and _crucifying of Christian children_, with other villanies.”

Sadler was not the only English contemporary of Menasseh ben Israel who threw doubt on the Blood Accusation. Prynne himself relates in the preface to his “Demurrer” that he met Mr. Nye by the garden wall at Whitehall, when he was on his way to the Conference on the Jewish Question. “I told him,” writes Prynne, “the Jews had been formerly clippers and forgers of money, _and had crucified three or four children in England at least_, which were principal causes of their banishment, to which he replied, that the crucifying of children was not fully charged on them by our historians, and would easily be wiped off.” (Preface, p. 4.)

It is curious that, as Menasseh himself points out, the Jews were not alone at this period as sufferers from the Blood Accusation. (“Humble Addresses,” p. 21.) Apart from the instance quoted by Menasseh, a similar charge was levelled at the Quakers, who were accused of the ritual murder of women. An illustrated tract on the subject will be found in _Historia Fanaticorum_. (See “Historia von den Wider-Tauffern,” Cöthen, 1701.)

The Blood Accusation did not again make a conspicuous appearance in Anglo-Jewish history, but it is not improbable that the Damascus trials in 1840 produced a serious effect in retarding the progress of the struggle for emancipation. On the Continent, and in the Levant, it has frequently reappeared during the last thirty years.

P. 109, l. 8. “In Iad a Razaka.” Misprint for _Yad Hachazaka_ (“The Strong Hand”), also called _Mishneh Torah_, an exposition of Jewish law by Moses Maimonides, written (in Hebrew) 1170–1180.

P. 111, l. 7. “_A particular blessing of the Prince or Magistrate._” See note, _supra_, p. 163.

P. 112, l. 16. “_And every day the Jewes mainly strike._” The belief that Jews habitually desecrated the sacramental wafer runs parallel with the Blood Accusation. A curious echo of it was heard in 1822, and the published account of the case was illustrated by George Cruikshank (“The Miraculous Host tortured by the Jews,” Lond., 1822).

P. 114, l. 4. “_Wherefore I swear._” This oath is famous in Jewish history, and has been over and over again quoted and reiterated on occasions of the revival of the Blood Accusation (see _e.g._ _Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. i. p. 38).

P. 114, l. 20. “_John Hoornbeek in that book which he lately writ._” The work referred to is _De Convertendis Judæis_, 1655.

P. 115, l. 28. “_In my continuation of Flavius Josephus._” In the “Hope of Israel” (_supra_, p. 7), Menasseh announced his intention of writing this work. From this passage it seems that he had now completed it, and that he had the MS. with him in London. It was never printed, as none of it has survived. It is curious that Menasseh does not mention it among his “Books ready for the Presse,” of which he gave a list at the end of the _Vindiciæ_ (see p. 147).

P. 116, l. 13. “_One Isaac Jeshurun._” An account of his persecution was written in Hebrew by Aaron de David Cohen of Ragusa, and translated into Spanish under the title, _Memorable relacion de Yshac Jesurun_. The work is in MS.; a copy was in the Almanzi Library.

P. 118, l. 30. “_That our nation had purchased S. Paul’s Church._” See Introduction, p. xli.

P. 118, l. 34. “_A fabulous narrative._” Brett, “A Narrative of the Proceedings of a Great Councel of Jews assembled on the plain of Ageda” (Lond., 1655; reprinted in “The Phœnix,” 1707, the “Harleian Miscellany,” vol i., 1813, and in pamphlet form by Longmans & Co., 1876).

P. 121, l. 27. “_The book called Scebet Iehuda_,” ‏ספר שבת יהודה‎, by Solomon Aben Verga, a Jewish chronicle of the sixteenth century. See German translation by Wiener (Hanover, 1856). The story related by Menasseh ben Israel will be found on pp. 77–78. It is not told of a “King of Portugal,” but of a King of Spain.

P. 121, l. 32. “_Before one of the Popes, at a full Councell._” For Papal Bulls on the Blood Accusation see “Die Blutbeschuldigung gegen die Juden von Christlicher Seite beurtheilt,” Zweite Auflage (Vienna, 1883). Strack’s “Blutaberglaube” (several editions) is the classical work on the subject.

THE SECOND SECTION

P. 124, l. 16. “_The Israelites hold._” This paragraph is a summary of the Thirteen Articles of Faith first drawn up by Moses Maimonides in 1168, and now incorporated in the Synagogue liturgy. Menasseh’s summary, though admirably succinct, is not altogether perfect, and was apparently drafted with a view to the susceptibilities of the English Conversionists. A full translation of the thirteen creeds had, however, already appeared in England (see Chilmead’s translation of Leo Modena’s “The History of the Rites, Customes, and Manner of Life of the Present Jews,” Lond., 1650, pp. 246–249).

P. 124, l. 28. “_A French book which he calleth the Rappel of the Jewes_,” Iaac la Peyrère “Rappel des Juifs.”

THE THIRD SECTION

The subject matter of this section, the alleged cursing of Gentiles, is, like the Blood Accusation, an obstinate delusion of the anti-Semites. It is the burden of a very voluminous literature. See, among recent publications, Jellinek, “Der Talmudjude” (Vienna, 1882); Daab, “Der Thalmud” (Leipzig, 1883); Hirsch, “Über die Beziehung des Talmuds zum Judenthum” (Frankfort, 1884); and Hoffmann, “Der Schulchan Aruch und die Rabbinen über das Verhältniss der Juden zu Andersgläubigen” (Berlin, 1885).

P. 127, l. 31. “_Prayers for Kings and Princes._” See note, _supra_, p. 163.

P. 128, l. 6. “_The form of prayer in the book entitled The Humble Addresses_,” _supra_, p. 92.

P. 133, l. 25. “_Wise and vertuous Lady Beruria._” The most famous of the women mentioned in the Talmud. She was the daughter of Rabbi Chanina ben Tradjon, and wife of Rabbi Meir (Kayserling, “Jüdischen Frauen,” pp. 120–124).

P. 133, l. 26. “_R. Meir._” A distinguished pupil of the great Rabbi Akiba, and one of the most famous of the authors of the Talmud. He lived in the second century (Levy, “Un Tanah,” Paris, 1883; Blumenthal, “Rabbi Meir,” Frankfurt, 1888).

THE FOURTH SECTION

P. 134, l. 14. “_Buxtorphius._” Johann Buxtorf the Elder (1564–1629), the greatest Christian Hebraist of his day. Professor of Hebrew at Basle.

P. 136, l. 22. “_R. David Gawz._” David Gans (1541–1631), a Jewish chronicler, mathematician, and astronomer, author of _Zemach David_. He lived in Prague, and was a friend of Tycho Brahe and Keppler (Klemperer, “David Gans’s Chronikartige Weltgeschichte,” Prague, 1890).

P. 136, l. 25. “_Antonius Margarita._” His name was Aaron Margalita. He was an ignorant Polish Jew, who became converted to Christianity and placed his services at the disposal of the Jew-haters (Graetz, “Geschichte,” vol. x. pp. 313–314).

THE FIFTH SECTION

P. 137, l. 18. “_I have held friendship with many great men._” Menasseh’s circle of Christian friends was large and distinguished. His intimacy with Rembrandt has already been referred to (_supra_, pp. 149–150). Among his other friends were Hugo Grotius, the learned family of Vossius, Episcopius, Vorstius, Meursius, Cunæus, Blondel, Chr. Arnold, Bochart, Huet, Sobierre, Felgenhauer, Frankenberg, Mochinger, and Caspar Barlæus.

P. 137, l. 23. “_Many verses in my commendations._” The poem by Barlæus here referred to was prefixed to Menasseh’s treatise “De Creatione” (Amsterdam, 1636), together with congratulatory sonnets by Himanuel Nehamias, Mosseh Pinto, Jona Abravanel, and Daniel Abravanel. It ran as follows:—

EPIGRAMMA, IN PROBLEMATA _Clarissimi viri_ Manassis Ben-Israel, DE CREATIONE.

Qvæ cœlos terrasq́; manus, spatiosaq́; Nerei Æquora, & immẽsas, quas habet orbis opes, Condiderit, mersuniq́; alta caligine mundum Iusserit imperijs ilicet esse suis: Disserit Isacides. Et facta ingentia pandit; Et nondum exhaustum contrahit arte Deum. Hîc atavos patresq́; suos & verba recenset, Sensaq́; Thalmudicæ relligiosa Scholæ. Vera placẽt, placet egregijs conatibus author, Et pietas fidei disparis ista placet. Cunctorum est coluisse Deum. Non unius æví, Non populi unius credimus, esse pium. Si sapimus diversa, Deo vivamus amici, Doctaq́; mens precio constet ubiq́; suo. Hæc fidei vox summa meæ est. Hæc crede _Menasse_. Sic ego Christiades, sic eris Abramides.

C. BARLÆVS.

THE SEVENTH SECTION

P. 144, l. 37. “_Wherefore those few Jewes that were here, despairing of our expected successe departed hence._” This can only refer to Menasseh’s companions on his mission. With two exceptions all the Marranos in London at the time of Menasseh’s arrival remained in the country.

P. 145, l. 34. “_From my study in London._” See _Trans. Jew. Hist. Soc._, vol. iii. pp. 144–150.

INDEX

Abarbanel, David, lxxxvi

Abarbanel, Ephraim, lxix

Abarbanel family, claimed descent from King David, xxxiii, 154 (notes)

Abarbanel, Isaac, Jewish statesman, councillor to King of Spain and Portugal, 19, 45, 49, 91, 154 (notes), 163 (notes), cited, 122

Abarbanel, Samuel, 49. (_See also_ Abravanel)

Abel-beth-maachah, 29

Aben Ezra, 109

Aben Jaes, Jacob = Alvaro Mendez, 47 (_see_ Jachya, Ibn)

Aben Karis, Rabbi Juda, 34

Aboab, Imanuel, cited, 162, 163 (notes)

Abravanel, Daniel, 170 (notes)

Abravanel, Jona, 170 (notes)

Abravanela, Bienvenida = Benuenida, 49, 159 (notes)

Abyssinia, Falashas of, 156 (notes)

Abyssins, country of the, 40; kingdom of the, 42

Acosta, cited, 54

Acosta, Sir Duarte Nunes d’, 89, 163 (notes)

Acosta, Josephus, 18

Acosta, P., cited, 22

Acuzainitenses, 22

Adler, Rev. Dr. H., xxiii (cited), _n._, xxvii, _n._

Adler, Marcus, 155 (notes)

Admiralty Commissioners, lxv

Africa, 6, 21, 44, 113; battle in, 51; North-West, 156 (notes)

Agathais, cited, 32

Ageda, 118; Council of Jews assembled on the Plain of, 167 (notes)

Agrippa, 129, 130, 131; cities of King, 36

Agrippa’s Oration, 35

Akiba, Rabbi, 169 (notes)

Alacron, Lord Lope de Veray, turned Jew, was burnt by Inquisition, 47

Alciat, 96

Alexander the Great, 128, 130, 140, 141

Alexandria, 19, 44; people of, accuse Jews of being thieves, 40

Alholu, D. Abraham, 49, 86, 159 (notes)

Allen, Hannah, 151

Almadiæ, _see_ Ethiopian ships, 34

Alonsius, son of John II., 51

Alonsus, P., cited, 55

Alphonso II., Duke of Ferrara, 88

Alphonso V., of Portugal, 154 (notes)

Alphonso the Wise, King of Spain, declares Blood Accusation false, 102; gave liberty to Jews to dwell in his country, 121

Atlas, Gabriel de Rivas, 150 (notes)

Alva, Duke of, 39

Alvalensi, Samuel, 91

Amarat, Sultan, 85

Amarkela, R. Joseph, 33

America, lxxviii, 18, 20, 23, 27, 42, 44, 55, 56; first inhabitants of, 54; Jews in, 152 (notes), 153 (notes); people of, 6; South, xxiv; Synagogues in, 52; “Ten Tribes of Israel in, Account of,” 52 (notes); Williams founds community in, xix

American Indians, xxiv

Americans, 41; origin of, 152 (notes)

Americus, 17

Amon, Moses, physician and translator of Pentateuch into Persian and Arabian, 113, 135, 160 (notes)

Amorites, 57

Amsterdam, xiii, xxxiii, xxxvi, lxviii, lxxi, lxxvii, lxxviii, 88, 109, 117, 120, 150 (notes), 161 (notes); English converts to Judaism, xxi; Jews of, lxxiii; Jewish cemetery of, 160 (notes); Jewish merchants of, xxx, xxxi; Magistrates of, xvii, 144; Marrano congregations, xiv; Menasseh becomes acquainted with Dury, xxiv; Menasseh’s printing office at, xxxvii _n._; Montezinos relates his story before Synagogue, xxv (_see_ Mussaphia), 159 (notes); Rabbinate at, xxxii; Separatists, xviii, xix; “Spes Israelis,” xxii; Synagogue at, xxv; visited by Lord St. John, iii

Amurat, Sultan, 47, 86

“An Apologie for the Honourable Nation of Jews,” 103

Anaucus, 49, 159 (notes)

Ancona, 96, 98

Andalusia (Andaluzia), xii, xxxiii, 93

Andes of Cusco, 24

Andro, Earl of, Joseph Nasino, 86

Anian, 31; kingdom of, 20, 21; Sea of the Strait of, 55; Strait of, 29, 53, 55

Anjou, Henry of, elected King of Poland, 159 (notes)

Anti-Jewish Petition, lxxi, lxxii

Anti-Semitic pamphleteers, lvii

Anti-Semites, xlii, lx, lxii, lxv, lxxiv

Antipater, 90

Antioch, 40; Daphne of, 35

Antiochus, 62, 76, 119, 130; the end of, 51

Antonius, Marcus, 129

Antwerp, Hebrew bankers of, xv; Marrano Jews of, xiv

Apion, 120, 129, 130, 131, 135; and the Blood Accusation, 119

“Apologia Contra Gentes,” 120

Apostolical Roman Church, xxxiv

Apostolical Roman Seat, 98

Appeal to the English nation, xxxvii

Aquebah, Rabbi, one of the compilers of the Mishna, 36, 157 (notes) (_see_ Akiba)

Aquibah, Rabbi, 48 (_see_ Aquebah)

Aquirre, killed Petrus d’Orsna, 24; killed at Margareta, 25

Arabians, 7; derivation of Sabbathion, 37

Aragon, xiii

Aragon, Catherine of, xv

Araguza = Ragusa, 102, 116, 164 (notes)

“Araucana, La,” 155 (notes)

Arca, 36, 38

Aristæus = Aristeas, cited, 124, 130

Armada, xv

Arnebet, wife of Ptolomy, 127

Arnold, Chr., 169 (notes)

Arsareth, 20

Artaxerxes, 120

Aschkenazi, Rabbi Solomon ben Nathan = Don Selomo Rophe, 49, 159 (notes)

Asher, A., cited, 158 (notes)

Asia, 6, 21, 35, 41, 44, 54, 55, 82, 113, 124; East, 32; Jews in, 50, 129; Kings of, 130

“Asirim Rabba” = Shir Ha-Shirim Rabba, 36, 157 (notes)

Asor, Tribe of, 32

Assembly at Whitehall, 144

Assumean, Diogo d’ = Diogo da Asunçao, turned Jew, burnt by Inquisition, 47, 158 (notes)

Assyria, lxxviii, 29, 36, 40, 42, 44, 45, 53; Benhadad of, 111; King of, 37 (_see_ Pul, 29)

Astrologer of Prague (_see_ Jacobus Verus), 28

Asuay, 153 (notes)

Asunçao, Diogo da (_see_ Assumean)

Atagualpa, 22

Athens, 55

Athenians, 97

Atlantic Islands, 6

Atlantis, 54

Attica, inundation of, 55

Augusta, Julia, wife of Augustus Cæsar, 130

Augustine, cited, 103, 130 (_see_ Austin)

Augustinianus, Alonsus, 21

Augustus Cæsar, 129, 130

Auns, 32

Austin, cited, 56

Austine the Monk, 68

Austria, 115

Ayacucho = Guamanga, 155 (notes)

Ayala, Pedro Lopez d’, 163 (notes)

Azahel, Rabbi Jacob ben, xxxvii _n._

Azores, 21

“Babli, The,” Talmud, 157 (notes)

Babylon, 35, 39, 40, 42, 64, 92; captivity of, 41, 43, 93; redemption from, 42; rivers of, 36

Babylonian Talmud, cited, 36, 43, 157 (notes)

Bagdad, 85

Bahia Honda = Port Honda = Puerto de Santa Crus, 153 (notes)

Bairos, Johannes de, 38

Bajaseth, Bajazet, Sultan, 50, 97

Baker, Richard, lxxi _n._

Balaam, 46

Balboa, Basco Nunez de, 19

Balmas, R. Abraham de, 50, 160 (notes)

Baltasar, 129

“Bamibar Raba” = Bamidbar Rabba, 36, 157 (notes)

Bancroft, cited, 152 (notes)

Banishments from England, France, Spain, 46

Baptist, John the, 30

Baptists, xviii

Bar Cochba, the Pseudo-Messiah, 157 (notes)

Bara, Jan, 157 (notes)

Barbadoes, xxxi, xxxvii

Barbary, 49; Kingdom of, 88

Barcelona, Disputation of Grundensis at, 157 (notes)

Barleus, Gaspar, 137 = Barlæus, Caspar, 169 (notes)

Barlovent, Isle of, 18; Islands of, 54

Barlow, cited, l. liv

Barrios, Daniel Levy de, cited, 162, 163 (notes)

Baruch, cited, 129

Basle, 169 (notes)

Bathsebah, Jacob = Jacob Basevi Schmieles, received title von Treuenburg, 50, 160 (notes)

Batueca, 39

Bazalel, 75

Beleeving Judas, 47 (_see_ Alacron)

Belmonte, Ishak, 150 (notes)

Benhadad, King of Assyria, 111

Ben Jaefe, D., 49

Benjamin, tribe of, 7, 36, 39, 40, 52, 66, 70, 85

Benjamin, R., cited, 32

Benjamin of Tudela, 156 (notes)

Benn, William, xlviii

Benuenida, wife of Samuel Abarbanel, 49, 159

“Beresit Rabba,” 36, 157 (notes)

Bergarensis, Caspar, 25

Berkshire, Earl of, lxxiv

Bermuda Company, xlvii

Beruria, daughter of Rabbi Chanina ben Tradjon, wife of Rabbi Meir, 133, 169 (notes)

Bethar, 157 (notes)

Bialloblotzky, cited, 155 (notes)

“Bibliotheca Rabbinica,” 134, 147

Biddle, xl

Blake, xl

Blood Accusation, 108, 165 (notes), 166, 167 (notes); the Pope declared false, in full Council, 102

“Bloudy Tenent of Persecution,” xix

Blumenthal, cited, 169 (notes)

Bochardus, Samuel, 40

Bochart, 169 (notes)

Bodleian Library, xli

Bohemian Jews, lxx

Bomberg, Daniel, famous Venetian printer, 160 (notes)

Bondel, 169 (notes)

Bondi, Abraham de, Ambassador for Alphonso II., 88

Bordeaux, lxxi

Borja, St. Franciscus de, 25

Boterus, 33; cited, 34, 49

Boyle, Robert, l _n._

Bozara, 48

Bozius, 54

Brahe, Tycho, 169 (notes)

Brasil, Seignory of, 91

Brazil, xxxiii, xxxvii; Negroes of, 101

Brazilians, 26

Brerewood, Edw., 152 (notes)

Breslau, Mart of, 38

Bridge, William, xlviii

Brightman, 58

Brito, Abraham Israel de, lxxxvi

Brittaines of Bangor, 68

Broughton, 68; cited, 161 (notes)

Bruges, lxviii, lxxiii

Bulkeley, l

Bulls on the Blood Accusation, Papal, 168 (notes)

Burchmannus, Otto, Ambassador to Persia, 49, 50

Burgos, Jews of, 90

Busher, Leonard, xix, xxi; “Religious Peace,” xviii

Buxtorfius = Buxtorphius, 134, 136, 157, 169 (notes)

Cabala, The, 33

Caceres, Jahocob de = Simon de Caceres, xxxvi, xxxvii, lxvii, lxxiii, lxxxvi

Cadiz, xiv, lxxi

Cæsar, Augustus, 129, 130

Cæsar, Julius, 90

Cæsarensis, Eusebius, cited, 131

Caius, Emperor, 129, 131

Callao = Collai, 155 (notes)

“Calling of the Jewes, The,” xxi

Calvert, Thomas, 166 (notes)

Calvinists, xviii

Cambridge University, xlviii

Canaan, 57

Canaanites, 6, 54

Cantipratensis, Thomas, cited, 115

Captivity of Babylon, 41, 43; First, 64

Captivity, Roman, 93

Caracas = Garracas, 155 (notes)

Caribbean Sea, 154 (notes)

Carlyle, xxix _n._, lxiv _n._

Carmoly, 156 (notes); cited, 159 (notes)

Carter, John, xlviii

Carthage, 19

Carthaginians, 6, 18, 97

Carthegenia = Cartagena, 12, 154 (notes)

Cartwright, Ebenezer, xx

Cartwright, Johanna, xx

Cartwright Petition, xxi

Carvajal, Antonio Fernandez = Abraham Israel Carvajal, xxxv, lxii, lxvii, lxxiii, lxxxvi

Carybes Indians, 27

Caryll, John, xlviii, l.

Caspian Sea, 38, 40, 152 (notes)

Cassel, D. Paulus, 153 (notes), xliii

Cassius, Dion, cited, 55

Castellanus, Franciscus, 11 _n._

Castile, 91, 93, 94, 97, 138

Castoel, David, 85

Castoel, Samuel, 85

Castro, Balthasar Orobio de, xiii

Castro, de, xv _n._, xxi, 151; cited, 163 (notes)

Castro, Henriques de, cited, 159 (notes)

Catherine of Aragon, xv

Cazici, 16; Hebrew, 17

Cazicus, Francis, 11 _n._, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 153 (notes)

Chachapoyas, Province of, 24

Chaldy Paraphrase, 43; Targum (_q.v._)

Chalossi taken to Spain by de Quiros and died there, 26

Chamfanfu, 29

Chanan, 23

Chanina ben Tradjon, Rabbi (_see_ Beruria)

Chanut, xli _n._

Charles I., xx, xxiii

Charles II., lxx; re-entered London, lxxi; under obligation to Jews, lxxiii, lxxiv

Charles V., Emperor, 23, 33, 95, 96

Charles, Infant, 51

Chequiona, 30

Chersonesus, the Golden, 19

Chiefi, Cardinal de, 98

Child, Sir Josiah, lxxv, lxxvi

Chili, xxxvii

Chiliast, 70

Chillon, Isak Lopes, lxxxvi

Chilmead, xlii; cited, 168 (notes)

China, 20, 29, 31, 42; Hebrew settlements in, 155 (notes); Jews in, 155 (notes); people of, 6; tongue, 30

Chineses, 30

Chmielnicki, 162 (notes)

Christiani, Pablo, 158 (notes)

Christological Oath, lxvii

Chudworth, xlvii

Chus, 40

Chutuytu, Lake, 21

Cicero cited, 135

Cieza, Petrus = Pedro Cieça de Leon, cited, 22, 155 (notes)

Cimedro, Alfonsus, a Jesuit, 30

Civil War, xxiii, xxiv

Clement VII., 94, 96

Cleopatra, 130

Clissa, 88

Cobham, 142

Coccejus, Joh., 157 (notes)

Cochin, 162; Jews in, 85

Cochini, King = King of Cochin, 50, 159 (notes)

Cœn, Rabbinus Josephus = Rabbi Joseph ben Meir the Sephardi = Cohon, 33, 155 (notes)

Cohen, Aaron de David, 168 (notes)

Coimbra, Marrano Archdeacon of, xiii

Colchester, xxi, 151 (notes)

Collai = Callao, 21, 155 (notes)

Collier, xliii _n._

Colombia, Republic of, 153 (notes); United States of, 154 (notes)

Columbus, Christopher, xii, 17, 158 (notes)

Commonwealth of England, xv, xxxii, xli, 111; appeal to, in “Humble Addresses,” xxxviii; commercial interests of, xxxiii; end of, lxx, lxxi; notable gathering, xlvii; Scotland, Ireland, 162 (notes); declaration to the, 78

“Conciliator,” 146

Conference, Whitehall (_see_ Whitehall Conference)

Constantinople, 49; Jews in, 85, 113; Synagogue of, 86

Conversion of the Jews, considerations upon the point of the, 57, 161 (notes)

Conversionists, xl, xlii; English, xxii, 168 (notes)

Copley, xliii _n._

Copta, 91

Cordier, Henri, 155 (notes)

Cordilleras, xxiv, 6, 11 _n._, 25, 54, 153 157 (notes)

Cordova, Gonsalvo de, xiv

Coronel, Augustin, xli, lxxiii; knighted, lxxv

Cortez, 17

Cosaques killed Jews, 87

Cosmo the Great, Duke of Florence, 97

Costa, da, xiv _n._, xli, 163, cited (notes); Isaac, 162 (notes); Joseph, 150 (notes); Mendez, lxxiii

Council of Army Officers, xx

Council of Mechanics, xix

Council of State, xxi, xxxiv, xxxv, xlv, xlvi, xlvii, liv, lv, lxi, lxv, lxvi, 157 (notes); “Hope of Israel” dedicated to, 3, 144; Menasseh’s petition sprung on, xlvi; received copies of “Humble Addresses,” xliv; receives Robles’s petition, lxiv

Council of State’s report, lxxxiv

Council of Trent, lxxxi

Cracow, Jews in, 87

Craddock, Walter, xlviii

Crawford, xxix _n._

Crequi, Marshal de, xiii

Cressett, xlvii

Cretensis, Elias = Elia del Medigo, 50, 160 (notes)

Critia, Plato’s, 54

Cromwell, Oliver, xvi, xx, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxv, xxxvi, xl, lxvi; action of, lii, lvi; adds members to the Conference, l; adherents of, xlviii; admits Jews as citizens of one of the colonial dependencies of Great Britain, xxxvii; assures London Marranos of his protection, lviii; best speech of, liii; brings petition before Council, xliv; campaign of, lxxv; dismisses conference, liv; favours Jewish question, xlv, xlix; gives monetary help to Menasseh, lxix; intentions of, lix; laid down programme of proceedings at Conference, xlviii; Menasseh’s mission to, lxxiii

Cromwell, Henry, li, liv _n._

Cromwell, Richard, lxxi, lxxxvii

Cromwell’s Council issue invitation to Whitehall Conference, xlvi, lxxxiv; negotiations with Marranos, lxii

Crouch, lii

Cruikshank, George, 167 (notes)

Crypto-Jews, lxv (_see_ Marranos)

Cuba, 18, 153 (notes)

Cunæus, 169 (notes)

Cusco, Andes of, 24