CHAPTER IV

1840

The Duchesse de Sagan, eldest sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand, had died in the winter of 1840. A number of business difficulties were involved by the disposal of her property, and the Duchesse de Talleyrand resolved upon a journey to Prussia, which she had not visited since her marriage. She was accompanied by her eldest son, M. de Valençay, while her correspondent, M. de Bacourt, who had been appointed French Minister to the United States, went to take up his new post at Washington, where he remained for several years.

_Amiens, May 16, 1840._--I cannot say with what fear I think of my departure from Paris this morning and of the real trials upon which we are to enter. I am now on the way to Germany, while you are starting for America.[101] But to return to my journey of to-day: the roads are heavy, the postillions brought us along rather badly, and we did not arrive here until nine o'clock in the evening. I have read a good deal of the life of Cardinal Ximenes. It is a sober and a serious book, correctly written, but cold, and progress in it is difficult. I do not, however, regret my trouble with it, for I know but little of this great character, and he is worth studying.

[101] Extract from a letter to M. de Bacourt.

The country is beautifully green and fresh, with bushy vegetation. We had pleasant weather, in spite of a few showers, but twenty times I told myself that travelling was the most foolish of all professions; to be carried along these interminable roads, bumped upon their rough surface, delivered to the tender mercies of postillions, fleeing from all one loves, going as rapidly as possible towards things and people who are quite uninteresting; thus spending one's life as though it were eternal, and only realising its shortness when it is at an end.

_Lille, May 17, 1840._--This morning before leaving Amiens we heard mass in the fine cathedral. The 17th of May is a date of special import to myself. I gave myself some credit for going to mass so far from the house of the rector of the Academy, M. Martin, with whom we put up; then it was raining hard, and the Picard streets are very dirty and the pavement detestable.

The cathedral is really magnificent; strength, grace, and boldness are combined; stained-glass windows alone are wanting, as the light is too bright. I prayed with all my heart for the dead and for the living, and for the travellers who are to entrust themselves to the sea or traverse unknown lands.

On the road from Amiens to this town I read the _Diable boiteux_, the merits of which do not attract me in the least. The stories are too monotonous and uninteresting, and the constant tone of mockery and satire, which is not supported by the fine verse of Boileau, quite disgusted me. However, I have read it, and am glad it is over. I now know the nature of this book, which has had a certain reputation.

We had a better journey than yesterday. Our servants have gone to the office to arrange for to-morrow's journey, which will be complicated by the Belgian railways. After the mediocrity of Amiens and Arras, where I had some broth this morning, Lille strikes one as a large if not a great town, but I must admit that at present my travelling curiosity is benumbed and my interest remarkably dull.

_Liège, May 18, 1840._--We have been fourteen mortal hours on the journey from Lille to this town, notwithstanding the help of the railway. The fact is that to make use of the railway it is necessary to make a round of twenty leagues, which considerably diminishes the advantage of it. From Courtrai one must go up to Gand, touch Malines, and then to Liège by Louvain and Tirlemont. A vast amount of time is wasted in stoppages at the numerous stations. Moreover, if one takes one's own carriage time is required to put it on a truck and take it off again, while the expense for the freight of carriages is so heavy that nothing is saved by the railway. It is certainly a marvellous invention, and the machinery is interesting. All is worked with perfect punctuality and order, but at the same time it is an unpleasant way of travelling, to my taste. There is no time to see anything; for instance, we passed along the outer walls of several towns which I should have liked to examine; we did not even pass through villages, but went straight across country, with no other event than occasional tunnels, cold and damp, in which the smoke of the engine becomes thick enough to choke one. Even though the wind carries away the smoke, it and the rattling of the engine would make you imagine yourself upon a steamboat. Imagination was the easier in my case as sickness and a certain stupefaction never left me. In short, I arrived worn out and more and more displeased with the fatigues and weariness of my enterprise. At Menin we were told to get out in a bitter wind to be searched by the Custom House officials; only when the examination was half over did they ask for our passports; upon seeing our rank the Inspector of Customs checked the ardour of his subordinates and allowed us to go. The fortress of Menin is most carefully kept, and as clean and well restored as it can be; and yet, if I am not wrong, I think that our protocols had required its destruction.

I was struck with great admiration for the wealth and the good cultivation of all Belgium, and if I had been able to satisfy my taste for old buildings by visiting Ghent, Malines, and other places I should have been consoled.

_Bergheim, May 19, 1840._--To travel from Liège to Cologne would have been too long a day, so we are sleeping here in a very clean little inn, though we have no means of warming ourselves, in spite of the fact that the wind is icy. It is something of a hardship to be forced to go without a fire or to be suffocated by a cast-iron stove. I am undoubtedly a very ungrateful daughter of Germany, as I find numberless material discomforts which I did not suspect in past years, but which now cause me considerable exasperation.

I was greatly struck by the delightful country through which we passed on the road from Liège to Aix-la-Chapelle by way of Verviers. Chaudfontaine especially is a charming spot. The direct road would have been through Battice, but this road is out of use and repair, and we were directed from Liège to Verviers. The richness and beauty of the countryside, the activity of the factories, and the river valleys made the scene entirely animated and agreeable.

I was struck by the changed appearance of Aix-la-Chapelle. Although the watering season had not yet commenced, the town was as animated as possible; there are plenty of fine shops and new houses. At the same time I should not care to take the waters there, as there is nothing countrified about the place, and the walks are all too distant. To-day I read a large part of a book by the Président de Brosses, _Italy a Hundred Years Ago_. It is written with vigour and cheerfulness, wit and fancy, but the spirit of the eighteenth century and the writer's peculiar cynicism are obvious at every page.

_Cologne, May 20, 1840._--We have reached here so early that we have decided to travel another dozen leagues to-day, after seeing Frau von Binzer, changing our money, and buying some eau de Cologne. How cold it is here! The change of climate becomes more and more perceptible.

_Elberfeld, May 20, 1840._--Frau von Binzer is an extremely ugly person, but cheerful, sensible, clever, and very loyal. She spent last year with my sister, the Duchesse de Sagan, and had only left her for six weeks when she was overtaken by death. She wept bitterly in speaking of my sister, and assured me that her death was a happy deliverance; that she was so sad, so wearied, irritated, and disgusted with everything that her temperament had visibly changed. She seems to have had fits of actual despair, to have suffered a great deal during the last weeks, and to have had several presentiments of her death. She made her will on the evening before her last journey to Italy, in the course of five minutes, while she had some friends in the house taking tea. She told Frau von Binzer what she was doing, to her great astonishment. She had intended to make another will, but death came upon her as a punishment for her dilatoriness. Frau von Binzer was so grieved at the rapidity of our departure from Cologne that I could not refuse to take lunch with her. She lives a long way from the hotel where I had put up, and I therefore had a considerable walk to her house and back. My walk was prolonged because she insisted upon taking me out of my way to show me the Stock Exchange, an old and curious house of the Templars, the Town Hall, with its curious tower and doorway, and the cathedral, which the Crown Prince of Prussia has taken under his patronage, and which is being rapidly restored; the results will be admirable. We stopped for a moment in front of the Church of St. Mary of the Capitol, where Alpaide, the mother of Charles Martel, is buried. We also looked at two houses belonging to old aristocratic families in the time of the Hansa, which are in Byzantine style. At the same time Cologne is a very ugly town, and the Rhine is by no means beautiful at the spot where we crossed it.

Here we are, twelve leagues from Cologne, in the prettiest town conceivable, which reminds one of Verviers; the country about it is also pretty, and somewhat Belgian in character. All is clean and well cared for. The Prussian roads are truly admirable, the postillions go much better, and the horses are kept in good condition. In this respect and in many others the country has undergone a remarkable change. At the same time the iron stoves, the beds, and the food cause me discomfort. The railway is progressing, and it is intended to continue the line to Berlin. The work is being pushed on with great rapidity, and from Liège nothing is to be seen but navvies, machinery, and other preparations for this transformation scene.

_Mersheden, May 21, 1840._--We reached Arnberg at five o'clock. This seemed a little early to finish our stage, so we continued our journey for six leagues more. Now we are in a typical village inn, but fairly clean, and with very obliging people. We might have found better accommodation at the next stage, but I could not bring myself to expose the servants any longer to the frightful weather. I have rarely seen any more dreadful; hail, rain, blasts, and storms all came down upon us. None the less I noticed that we were passing through country almost as pretty as that which we saw yesterday. It reminded me at times of the valley of Baden and of the narrower valley of Wildbad. I am still reading the _Italy_ of the President de Brosses, which is amusing, but not entirely attractive. I will copy two passages which seem to me fairly applicable to our present mode of life: "Generally speaking, the inconveniences and the causes of impatience during a long journey are so many that one should avoid the further vexation of economy in small matters. It is certainly hard to be cheated, but we should satisfy our self-esteem by telling ourselves that we are cheated willingly and because we are too lazy to be angry." That is a piece of advice which I am inclined to practise too often. Here is the other passage which also suits my case: "In foreign countries we should be on our guard against satisfaction of the sight and weariness of the heart. There is as much as you please to amuse your curiosity, but no social resources. You are living only with people who have no interest in you or you in them, and however kind they are, it is impossible for either party to go to the trouble of discovering interest in the other when each knows that they are ready to part and never to meet again."

_Cassel, May 22, 1840._--The weather to-day was as bad as yesterday, and the country not so pretty. Cassel is quite as small a town as Carlsruhe, and looks even less like a residential city. The suburbs especially are very poor. I found nothing to admire but a hill covered with magnificent oak-trees, which took us a long time both to ascend and descend. I feel the cold most bitterly, and everything here is so late that the lilac is hardly in flower.

On arriving I sent for newspapers, in which I saw an account of the long-delayed visit of the Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia to Mannheim. Poor Grand Duchess Stephanie! A year ago such a visit would have been an event; to-day it is mere empty courtesy, and it must have cost her an effort to receive it graciously. The only matter of interest to me in the newspaper was the bad account given, with no attempt at concealment, of the King of Prussia's health. This slow illness must change all the habits of the royal family and of Berlin society. I shall certainly not regret the entertainments, but I shall be sorry to be unable to pay my respects to the King, who was very kind to me in my youth.

_Nordhausen, May 23, 1840._--It did not rain to-day, but it is cold enough for frost. To-morrow we have forty-one leagues to travel if we are to reach Wittenberg, a severe task which seems to me impossible. Fortunately we have done with the roads and the postillions of Hesse, which have remained faithful to the old Germanic aberrations. In Prussia both the posting system and the roads are excellent, the villages and their inhabitants look greatly superior, but for the last twenty-four hours, though the country is not precisely ugly, it has lost the richness and attractiveness which struck me on the road from Lille to Arnberg.

_Wittenberg, May 24, 1840._--Forty-two leagues in twenty-four hours in a country where no one knows what going ahead means, is really excellent progress.

This town is an old acquaintance of my youth. When we used to go from Berlin to Saxony and from Saxony to Berlin, Wittenberg was always the second halt, for at that time macadamised roads were unknown. Progress was made at a walking pace, ploughing through deep sand. To-morrow I expect to cover twenty-seven leagues in nine or ten hours, which occupied two days in those earlier times. From Nordhausen to this point the country is ugly, and the inevitable pine-tree forests have reappeared. The cradle of my youth was certainly far from beautiful.

My curiosity was aroused by Eisleben and Halle, through which we passed. The former of these towns was Luther's birthplace. His house is well preserved, and there is a small museum there of all kinds of things relating to him and to the Reformation. I only saw the outside of the house, which is of no special interest, but at the door I bought a small description of Eisleben and its curiosities, which has made me quite learned.

Halle is very ugly, in spite of a few Gothic exteriors, past which I drove. Moreover, these university towns have invariably a character of their own, which is provided by the crowd of wretched students, with their noise and want of manners, who loaf about the carriages, with long pipes in their mouths, and seem quite ready to cause a disturbance.

_Berlin, May 25, 1840._--The rain has been coming down again all day, and my re-entry to my native town was made under no agreeable auspices. Fortunately I had no reason to regret that the countryside was not in sunshine, for the scenery from Wittenberg here is atrocious. I had forgotten to some extent my native land, and was surprised to find it so hideous. However, I must make an exception of the bridge of Potsdam, which is really pretty. The bank of the Havel is bright and graceful with the wooded slopes which surround it, covered as they are with pretty country houses. Even Potsdam, which is only a summer residence, looks more like a capital town than Cassel, Stuttgart, or Carlsruhe; but half a league further on everything is as dry and dismal as possible, until the suburbs of Berlin, which gave me a real surprise on the side from which we reached the town. This happened to be an English quarter, with iron gateways before the houses, and a number of gardens between the gateways and the houses, which are small, but very well kept.

Berlin itself is a handsome town, but thinly populated, while as regards carriages, cabs are the dominant feature, and sadness is therefore its chief characteristic. I am staying at the Russicher Hof. Opposite is the Castle; a pretty bridge and the museum on the left; on the right are the quays. It is a pleasant aspect, and my room on the first floor is almost too magnificent.

My man of business, Herr von Wolff, told me that the King's condition was regarded as desperate, and that yesterday he sent for his eldest son, and entrusted him with the business of government. The scene is said to have been very touching. The King's illness is intestinal catarrh, which seems incurable. It is also said that he has had the deplorable privilege of bad doctors in Berlin, where the doctors are excellent. He can take no food, and is visibly wasting away; but death is not thought to be imminent. The day before yesterday he walked as far as his window to see the troops march past, and those who saw him were horrified by the change in his appearance.

The whole town is in sadness, and the royal family in despair. The Princess of Liegnitz is quite as ill as the King, with severe gastritis, and is thought to be in great danger.

M. Bresson, who has just spent an hour with me, is in despair at the King's condition. He will see no one except the Princess of Liegnitz, his doctors, and the Prince of Wittgenstein. He has seen the Crown Prince for a moment, but none of his other children, and says he feels too weak to see any one else. A messenger has just been despatched to the Russian Empress, to stop her progress at Warsaw, where she is to arrive to-morrow. The King would be in no condition to bear this interview, much less the lamentable scenes which the Emperor Nicholas would certainly make. The Empress is also said to be in a very sad way. This approaching death will be a great blow, which will re-echo near and far.

_Berlin, May 26, 1840._--I slept fairly well. My bed is not quite so narrow or so extraordinary as some that I have found on the journey from Cologne to Berlin. Unless one is prepared to sleep on nothing but feathers, nothing is to be found but thin, hard mattresses nailed on to deal boards. The bedclothes are of a remarkable character, while the sheets look like towels. I had several of them sewn together, and thus succeeded in covering my bed. As regards bedrooms, Germany is undoubtedly in a state of savagery, even more so than with regard to food, which is extraordinary enough at times, though in Berlin even M. de Valençay admits that it is good. The cleanliness is perfect, and the furniture tasteful. There are carpets everywhere, and the iron stoves are replaced by fine porcelain stoves, which give no smell and heat the room excellently, but it is disappointing to be forced to use them on the 26th of May. M. Bresson utters terrible groans about the climate.

Is it not strange that I should have felt no emotion whatever upon re-entering this town where I was born and where I was largely brought up? I examined it with the same curiosity as I felt towards Cologne and Cassel, and that was all. I have no feeling of that special patriotism which I have long felt for Germany. I am a complete stranger both to things and people, entirely unconnected with the place, speaking the language with some hesitation; in short, I am not at home, or rather ill at my ease, and ashamed at being so. I do not think it would be thus if I were to return to London. I do not think I should then be delighted; I should probably burst into tears; but at any rate I should feel some emotion, as I feel at Valençay. I am less afraid of that which stirs my feelings than of that which freezes them.

Everything goes on here so early that one must be ready at dawn. Waking up is nothing, but getting up is difficult. I am extremely tired, even more than when travelling, because when once ensconced in my carriage, which is very soft, I can rest in silence, inaction, and sleep, whereas here things are very different.

My man of business from Silesia was at my house at nine o'clock. He is going away this evening to make preparations for my arrival. At eleven o'clock Herr and Frau von Wolff came in. They told me that the Duke of Coburg was negotiating to buy the estate of Muskau from Prince Pückler for his sister, the Grand Duchess Constantine. The garden of Muskau is said to be the most beautiful in Germany. It is only ten leagues from my house.

M. Bresson came in at midday to tell me that there was some improvement in the King, that he had been able to take some soup and to walk round his room. He urged me at the same time not to put off my calls upon the chief ladies of the Princesses.

Midday is the fashionable hour for calls here, so I started off with M. de Valençay. First we went to the Countess of Reede at the Castle. She is the chief lady of the Crown Princess, and was an intimate friend of my mother. She was not at home, nor was the Baroness of Lestocq, lady-in-waiting to the Princess William, the King's sister-in-law. We also went to the Countess of Wincke at the King's palace to call upon the Princess of Liegnitz. She is an old lady belonging to the palace of the late Queen, of which I retained some confused idea from my youth. She received us with an old aristocratic air which pleased me. The Countess of Schweinitz, at the new palace of Prince William, the King's son, was also at home. Countess Kuhneim, at the Teutonic Palace, where the Princess Charles of Prussia resides, was out.

Frau von Schweinitz told me that Prince William was to start to-morrow to meet his sister, the Empress of Russia, and to stop her from coming here. We also went to see the Werthers, who were delighted to talk of Paris; and then to the house of Madame de Perponcher, with whom I played a great deal in my youth. She was not at home.

Berlin is really a very fine town. The streets are wide and laid out in regular lines, the houses are tall and regular, there are many palaces and fine buildings, fine squares with trees, gardens and walks, and yet it is gloomy. There is obviously a lack of wealth to fill the fine setting. The carriages of private individuals are so much like cabs that I was deceived by the resemblance for some time. The horses and liveries and everything of the kind are dreadfully shabby.

Yesterday we dined with M. Bresson, who lives in a beautiful house which my sister the Duchess of Acerenza occupied in past years. The rooms are fine and beautifully furnished for Berlin, but spoilt by a horrible portrait of the French King, whose hand is stretched over a vast charter--quite an atrocity! The other guests were von Humboldt, Lord William Russell, and M. de Loyère, who is attached to the French Embassy. Herr von Humboldt talked in his usual style of all the rivers, all the mountains, all the planets, and of the whole universe. He did not forget his neighbours, whom he did not treat with superlative charity. Princess Albert seemed to me to be very much in his bad books, and also to some extent in those of M. Bresson. Lord William Russell is always taciturn, as a Russell should be. He says he is not displeased with his position, and anything that separates him from Lady Russell always suits his taste. As for M. Bresson, he is obviously bored, and the nine years he has spent here have completely exhausted his patience. I think that he greatly fears the approaching death of the King as likely to affect his position. He complains of the effects of the climate, and is obviously beating against his bars.

In the middle of this dinner Princess William, the King's daughter-in-law, asked me to wait upon her at half-past six. I therefore went. She lives in a charming palace, beautifully arranged; the conservatories are decorated with marble, the floors are magnificent, and the furniture is beautiful; in short, the whole is in exquisite taste. The Princess was alone, and received me most graciously. I stayed a long time.

The general fear of a visit from the Russian Imperial family is very curious. The royal family is preoccupied with the business of avoiding anything of the kind, and use a thousand devices for the purpose. They seem to be afraid of them as of a devastating torrent.

I have just had a call from Madame de Perponcher. Her queenly bearing and her regular features have survived the passing of her youth. She is a clever woman, and her conversation is animated.

_Berlin, May 27, 1840._--A special luxury in Berlin, to be found in all the houses belonging to people of importance, are the wide windows, which light the rooms brilliantly, and give a bright appearance to the houses.

This morning I had a private audience of the Crown Princess, who lives in a part of the Castle properly so called. Her large private room is handsome and curious. The Princess is very polite, but a little cold and timid, with beautiful blue eyes, a dull complexion, strong and by no means attractive features; she limps a little. The conversation became animated upon the arrival of the Crown Prince. He showed me great cordiality, and had just come from the King, who was perceptibly better. This improvement has revived all their spirits, but there is still a grave reason for anxiety.

I dined with Princess William, the King's daughter-in-law; her husband has delayed his departure. At dinner there were the Crown Prince and Princess, and the two Princes of Würtemberg, the sons of Prince Paul; the latter are starting to-morrow to meet their sister, the Grand Duchess Helena, who is going to Ems, and then to Italy. The other guests were Prince George of Hesse, brother of the Duchess of Cambridge; a Russian general and an English officer who had come to look at the manœuvres; Werther, his wife, and his son, who is going to Paris to take the place of Arnim till the new appointment is made; and the Count and Countess of Redern. The Countess is a Hamburg heiress, entirely ugly; she looks like a blonde Jewess, which is to be ugly twice over.

I sat near the Crown Prince, who asked me many questions about Versailles, and was then interested in all the recollections of our youth; he has grown very stout and old.

At seven o'clock in the evening I was requested to visit Princess Albert, and invited to stay for tea and supper. It is impossible to imagine anything which takes up so much time as Court life here. The only satisfactory point is that everyone withdraws before ten o'clock at night; but at that time one is more exhausted than one would be at two o'clock in the morning at Paris.

I think that of all the persons I have seen here Princess Albert has filled me with the greatest curiosity and interest. At first I thought her face long and narrow, her mouth large, and the lower part of her face, when she laughed, very ugly, while the want of eyebrows was remarkable; but by degrees I have grown used to her, and find her actually pleasant. Her teeth are white, she has a cheerful laugh and lively eyes, her figure is pretty, and she is tall, like myself; but it is too obvious that she laces very tightly, which is the more noticeable as she is never at rest; she wriggles, gesticulates, laughs, fidgets, and talks somewhat at random; she never crosses a room except at a run and a skip, and does not shine in point of dignity of bearing, but on the whole she is by no means unpleasant, and I think that men might find her somewhat attractive. She was very kind to me, with a frankness and good-nature in putting her questions as if she had always known me, and poking fun right and left at her family to begin with; she astonished me greatly. The fact is that she is a spoilt child, accustomed to do and say anything she likes, and is regarded here as quite beyond restraint. She goes away to The Hague when her family would like her to stay in Berlin, and comes back when they think she intends to make a long stay in Holland. In short, she is a strange being. Her husband is very delicate. Their palace, though pretty outside, seemed to me rather poor within. At her house I saw no one except the Princess of Würtemberg, Madame de Perponcher (reasons of etiquette forbid her to receive M. de Perponcher, as the Diplomatic Body are excluded from royal residences), Herr von Liebermann, Prussian Minister at St. Petersburg, and the Prince and Princess William, the King's son, who arrived late.

I cannot be anything but grateful for the reception that has been offered to me here, but the want of rest overpowers every other consideration, and I should like to be back in my dear Rochecotte.

_Berlin, May 28, 1840._--This morning I had an audience of Princess Charles. She has charming features, a fine figure, a high colour, tired eyes, beautiful manners, and a kind and pleasant way of speaking. Her appearance, on the whole, is insignificant, but she shows much kindness of heart. Her husband is simply vulgar. At the present moment he has a mania for seeing operations, and watches all the new experiments in surgery. Berlin is just now much excited by a mode of curing squinting, practised by Dieffenbach. Out of two hundred cases he has had only one failure, and that was due to the impatience of the patient. It is a very clever idea, and people come in from all parts to be made beautiful instead of ugly.

Here every one professes surprise at the resemblance between Madame de Lazareff and myself.

I have called upon Princess Pückler, the wife of the traveller; she is a lady who is largely supported by the Court; but she was not at home. In the afternoon I called upon Princess William, the Queen's sister-in-law, who was extremely kind to me. She has been very beautiful, and some remnants of her beauty still remain. She is a leading member of the sect of the Pietists. She introduced me to her unmarried daughter, a pretty princess of fifteen years of age, whose face pleased me greatly.[102]

[102] The daughter of Princess William of Prussia to whom reference is here made married the King of Bavaria a short time afterwards.

Princess William is the sister of the Dowager Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg, step-mother to the Duchesse d'Orléans.

I am going to the theatre to see a ballet, in the box of the Countess of Redern, who insisted upon my coming. Then I shall finish my day with the Werthers, who are giving a party for me. I am quite overwhelmed by my busy life, which is so utterly different from the idle existence I have led for the last two years.

_Berlin, May 29, 1840._--The ballet here is very well done. The King takes great interest in it, and gives an annual subscription of a hundred and twenty thousand crowns to the Opera, which is a great deal for this country. There are many pretty dancers, the theatre is beautiful and the orchestra excellent. I have been unable to judge of the singers, as I did not go till the opera was over.

At the Werthers' I found a rout going on, which was much like all other parties of the kind. The women were well dressed, but not pretty, the social intercourse somewhat cold, while the men in the service wore their uniforms, which gave them a stiff appearance.

The King's condition gave less satisfaction yesterday; he had had a fainting fit after expressing a wish to eat herrings, which was speedily satisfied. However, the Princes went to the theatre. The doctors persist in saying that his state is not desperate. This is the opinion, among others, of a certain Dr. Schönlein, who has been appointed professor at the university here; he comes from Zürich with a very great reputation, and the King has been induced to see him in consultation. Princess Frederick of the Low Countries is expected. She is her father's favourite, and he is as anxious to see her as he is afraid of the Russian visits. Princess William, the King's sister-in-law, whose eldest daughter is married to Darmstadt, told me that the Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia is deeply in love with Princess Marie, his future bride, and she is beginning to feel the same towards him.

I was to have dined to-day with the Crown Prince, but as the King had had another fainting fit the High Marshal came to tell me that the dinner would not take place. The King's precarious condition causes much anxiety to some people who are fond of him, and to others who respect him for political considerations. No one, not even the heir, was prepared for this crisis, and to their sadness is added perplexity and hesitation.

Yesterday morning I went for a drive in the Tiergarten, the Bois de Boulogne of Berlin, and saw the spot where I had been daily taken for a walk in my youth. It is a very pretty wood on the edge of the town, well planted, partly in English style, bounded by the Spree, and full of pretty country houses. It is a very popular resort at Berlin.

I dined with Lord William Russell, where I heard that there was some small excitement in the Ministry at London, though nothing was likely to come of it. The present Cabinet is as used to defeats as Mithridates to poison.

This morning Herr von Humboldt came to fetch us, and took his niece, Frau von Bülow, and myself to the Museum. He had told all the directors, professors, and artists to be ready. I therefore saw everything in the greatest detail. The building is fine and well arranged, the classification perfect and intelligent, and the light well managed. The King has acquired some excellent examples of every style of art; an ancient bust of Julius Cæsar in greenish basalt is one of the most beautiful things I know. The Museum is very rich in pictures of the ancient German school; the Etruscan vases are quite first-rate; the fifteenth-century china is very curious; the intaglios and the medals are in perfect order and tastefully set out. The officials, who are clever and full of artistic erudition, did me the honours with great courtesy. I replied by asking many questions, and was attentive to the answers; but the visit lasted for three hours, and I was standing all the time, and eventually I nearly collapsed.

I then went to a great dinner with M. Bresson. As I was starting for it the Prince of Wittgenstein arrived; he had been requested by the King and the Princess of Liegnitz to express to me in the kindest terms their regret at their inability to see me. The King was not quite so ill, and had been able to see Princess Frederick of the Low Countries, his favourite daughter, for whom he had telegraphed, and who had hastened to come to him. The Prince of Wittgenstein was most obliging; he is a stout personage, and is greatly downcast at the moment and heart-broken at the King's danger. He has a very kindly feeling for France, and is very friendly with Princess William, the king's daughter-in-law, who overwhelms me with kindness.

At M. Bresson's dinner Herr von Humboldt, as usual, relieved every one else of the trouble of talking, which is very convenient for lazy persons like myself.

_Berlin, May 31, 1840._--To-day is an important day in the history of the country, and one of which the King awaits the issue with impatience. The Great Elector ascended the throne on May 31, 1640, Frederick the Great on May 31, 1740, and I am assured of the existence of a prophecy that the Crown Prince will ascend the throne on May 31, 1840.

I went to mass in a church which is hardly a church: it is a great round hall, covered with a single cupola, surrounded with columns, with a large window between each column. Nothing could be less solemn and less Catholic.

I dined with Prince Radziwill, who took me up after dinner to the rooms of his late mother, where I had been a great deal in my youth. They are no longer used, and are just as I had known them. Nobody could be kinder than all the Radziwills have been to me. The daughter of the late Princess married the nephew of Prince Adam Czartoryski. She is now in the country. The two Radziwill Princes married two sisters, the daughters of Prince Clary. They all had plenty of children, and live as a very happy family in the same house.

I had gone home after the dinner, when I received a message from Princess William, the King's daughter-in-law, asking me to pay her a visit. I found her alone, and she kept me talking for an hour. The latest news of the King was very sad. He told his chief groom of the chamber that he had no hope of recovery, but would not speak of his death for fear of affecting those about him. He is said to have insisted upon being carried to-morrow to the window of his room, at the moment of the solemn function which has been largely advertised, and the preparations for which he has supervised from his bed. The Crown Prince, in the King's name, is to lay the first stone of a monument in honour of Frederick II. at the entry of the promenade Unter den Linden. The whole garrison, all the state bodies, and all Berlin, are to be present at this ceremony. Stands have been erected for the public. My son and myself are to find a place on the balcony of Princess William, where the Princesses will be.

Yesterday evening at the house of the Prince of Wittgenstein, where I went, was Madame de Krüdener, _née_ Lerchenfeld, natural daughter of the Count Lerchenfeld and of the Princess of Thurn and Taxis. At St. Petersburg she was at first a favourite of the Empress, but was afterwards somewhat discarded because the Emperor appeared to be taken with her. She strongly resembles the late Queen of Prussia, which may be explained by her birth, but she has not her majestic bearing; she is, however, a handsome woman.

I hear from Paris that there is an attempt to gather the household of the Emperor Napoleon for a mission to fetch his remains from St. Helena. Marchand, his groom of the chamber, was asked if he wished to accompany the mission; at first he hesitated, and then accepted on the condition that he should be allowed to sit at the table of the Prince de Joinville; to satisfy him he has been appointed captain on the staff of the National Guard, and he is to go, and will sit at the Prince's table! I abstain from comment.

_Berlin, June 1, 1840._--I have just returned from the ceremony, which was really most beautiful and imposing. The thought of the King's dangerous condition, which every one had at heart, gave a singularly touching and solemn aspect to this national celebration, the last at which the poor King could be present. And in what manner was he present? In bed at his window! Fortunately the weather was less disagreeable than it has lately been. The Crown Prince laid the first stone of the monument which is to support the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great. Is it not strange that there is no statue of him as yet in Berlin? Yesterday was the anniversary of his accession a hundred years ago; but as it was a Sunday the celebration was postponed till to-day. Each regiment in the army was represented by a detachment. The army is really superb, and splendidly equipped. Besides the state bodies, the authorities, the Consistory, a detachment of the Landwehr, deputations from the guilds of arts and crafts, with their bands, surrounded the square, which is magnificent and was most beautifully decorated. Around the monument could be seen all those who had served under Frederick II., dressed as they were at that time, and carrying the flags captured during the Seven Years' War. The King himself had considered every detail of this fine ceremony, and had given the most positive orders to forbid any manifestation of applause for himself; but the silent and profound respect, the perfect order and the sadness of the spectators was sufficiently striking and touching. When the foundation-stone was lowered, salvos were fired, bells rang, drums beat, and the old tattered flags were lowered; at that moment most of the spectators burst into tears. Nothing of the sort could be looked for in a republican atmosphere or in our revolutionary regions.

On the balcony where I was placed I saw Prince Frederick of the Low Countries, who introduced me to his wife. She was overcome with grief; she is not pretty, but looks kind and natural. The young Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia, who arrived this morning, was present; the Crown Prince of Prussia introduced me to him. He is said to have grown very fat. I expected to see a very insignificant young man, but he is quite the contrary, although I do not care about his complexion.

_Berlin, June 2, 1840._--Yesterday evening I went to tea with Madame de Perponcher, whose _salon_ is, in my opinion, the pleasantest in Berlin. She is very conversational and well-mannered, while she is simple and restrained. She is a central point of society, and her mother's position with the Crown Princess has helped her largely. There I heard that no change has taken place in the King's condition, though something of the kind had been feared owing to the excitement of the day.

The suite of the Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia are staying at the same hotel as myself, at the King's expense. They make a fearful uproar, and consume the more food as their board costs them nothing. It is impossible to say how the Russians are detested here.

_Berlin, June 3, 1840._--Yesterday I was at a great dinner given by the Werthers. The King was said to be better; he had had some sleep, and felt the moral relief of passing the fatal date. During the dinner I received a message from the young Princess William asking me to call upon her after dinner in outdoor dress. I went, and we drove out. She took me to Charlottenburg, which she showed me in full detail, and especially the country house which the King has had built there, where he prefers to stay.

I was glad to see the portraits of the Duc d'Orléans and the Duc de Nemours which were drawn here at the time when they passed through Berlin. The King bought them for his private room. When we came back the Princess made me stay to tea, and I spent all the time alone with her.

This morning when I was finishing breakfast M. Bresson came to tell us that the King was _in extremis_. In the afternoon I stopped before his palace; he was still alive, and had even recovered sufficient consciousness to demand the reading of the newspapers. There is a crowd about the palace; many people are in tears, and the behaviour of the population is perfect.

_Berlin, June 4, 1840._--Yesterday I dined at the house of M. Bresson with Princess Pückler, who is starting for Muskau to meet her husband. He is returning from Vienna after an absence of six years; she speaks of him with admiration. She is a little old woman of wit, intelligence, and tact, and has gained considerable reputation in different circles.

Only yesterday was the publication begun of bulletins upon the King's health; he might be dead at the present moment. Hitherto he had forbidden any announcements; I do not think he knew anything of it yesterday. He has preserved his consciousness, and is quite calm, simple, and dignified.

* * * * *

Since last night the King has been in a kind of agony, from which he sometimes gains relief by a few drops of coffee. He can still speak a little, and says not a word about his condition, though he realises its gravity to the full. The whole family, even the grandchildren, are at the palace, and the Ministers also. The crowd still throngs the square and shows the same interest.

_Berlin, June 5, 1840._--The King was still alive yesterday at eight o'clock in the evening. He had said farewell to his children and solemnly handed his will to his Ministers; he then declared that he had done with this world and wished to see no one except the Princess of Liegnitz and the pastor for whom he sent, intending to devote his remaining time to securing his peace of mind and in considering the life to come.

_Berlin, June 6, 1840._--Herr von Humboldt has just left me. The King was very feverish last night; he can hardly speak, and seems to have lost all interest. What a long struggle for a man of seventy! All the Mecklenburg family has arrived. The appearance of the Duke of Cumberland has caused some consternation, and the Emperor Nicholas will be here to-morrow in spite of every attempt to prevent his arrival. There is an obvious intention to surround the new Sovereign from the moment of his accession, and this may damage his public reputation, for the people are apprehensive, and do not hide their fears. It is an interesting time for spectators, and I am perhaps watching the sowing of seed which will produce great consequences.

At the same time I wished to fulfil my promise of going to see Frau von Bülow at Tegel, which is three leagues from Berlin. At first I found the wind very unpleasant, but when we entered a forest which began half-way I was pleasantly sheltered, and the scent of the pine-trees was delightful. On leaving the pine-trees we reached a superb lake, the shores of which were wooded with trees in leaf--an unusual sight here.

At one end of the lake is the fortress of Spandau, at the other the park, the castle of Tegel, and the monument raised by the late Herr Wilhelm von Humboldt to his wife. It is very pretty. The castle is by no means extraordinary, but contains some fine artistic works brought from Italy, and a good portrait of Alexander von Humboldt by Gérard. The monument is a column of porphyry upon a granite base, and the capital is in white marble. The column supports a white marble statue of Hope by Thorwaldsen, and is surrounded half by an iron railing and half by a great stone bench. All is in excellent taste, and the only point which displeased me was that Frau von Humboldt, her husband, her eldest son, and one of the children of Frau von Bülow are really buried at the foot of this column. I cannot bear graves in gardens; my belief requires a common cemetery or vault in a church or chapel--in short, a spot consecrated to prayer and reflection, and undisturbed by worldly tumult.

I drove round the lake, and then took the road back to Berlin. At the gates of the town I met Lord William Russell, who told me that the King was at his last gasp, and that orders had been given to close the theatres. My son, whom I found at our hotel on the point of coming in, gave me the same news. He had just been watching the operation for curing squinting, and was full of admiration for Dieffenbach, his dexterity, and the result of the operation. Of the two patients, both young girls, one did not say a word, and the other cried a great deal. The mere demonstration would have made me want to scream. The whole operation lasts from seventy to eighty seconds. The operator is helped by three pupils; one raises the upper eyelid, the second depresses the lower lid, and the third wipes away the blood between the two incisions. The first incision divides the lower part of the white of the eye; then with a little hook Dieffenbach draws forward the muscle covered by that part, cuts it through, and the operation is over. This muscle, in the case of people who squint, is too short, and brings the eye too close to the nose. As soon as it is cut through the pupil goes to its proper place.

_Berlin, June 7, 1840._--Yesterday evening the King had reached the end, the death-rattle set in, and there was that motion of the hands, mechanical but terribly symptomatic, which common people call "picking things up to pack." He was unable to speak, and seemed to have lost consciousness.

I am extremely guarded here in discussing either politics or religion; I hear a great deal, and listen with interest to anything I am told about the state of this country, but I am not imprudent in my answers. Prudence here is easier than in France, where it is almost impossible not to be overcome by the contagion.

I have just been told that the Emperor Nicholas has arrived; I do not think he will see the King, from whose room all are excluded, though he is still alive.

_Berlin, June 8, 1840._--The King died yesterday at twenty-two minutes past three in the afternoon, surrounded by all his family, whose hands he clasped without speaking. He died in the arms of the Princess of Liegnitz, for whom the royal family and the public are showing the greatest respect. She has perfectly fulfilled her duty. The Prince Royal fell fainting at the moment when the King expired. Grief is general and widespread. The Emperor Nicholas is said to have lamented loudly; he arrived from Warsaw in thirty-seven hours, accompanied only by General Benkendorff.

Yesterday evening the troops took the oath to the new Sovereign. The Government has issued a proclamation everywhere of the death, which is touching, simple, and perfectly correct.

I have been to Frau von Schweinitz to hear news of Princess William, who takes the title of Princess of Prussia, as her husband is heir-presumptive, though he is not Crown Prince, since he is the brother, not the eldest son, of the new King. The will had been opened. The late King has ordered a military funeral; his body will be placed in the cathedral by day, and, in accordance with his wishes, taken to Charlottenburg by night, to be placed in the same vault with the late Queen, his wife. I have just visited this monument in the park of Charlottenburg, yesterday afternoon. It is enclosed in a temple in ancient style at the end of a long walk of pines and cypress-trees; within the temple, between two candelabras beautifully carved in white marble, is to be seen, upon a raised platform, a bed of white marble, upon which the Queen's statue is gracefully and simply recumbent, wrapped in a long robe with open sleeves. The bare arms are crossed over the breast, the neck is bare, and the head wears only the royal circlet. It is a masterpiece, especially for the drapery, which is remarkably true to nature, and the best work of Rauch, the Prussian sculptor, whom the late Queen had educated at Rome. The general effect is beautiful, but too mythological; the religious touch which death imperiously claims is wanting.

The King will lie in state to-morrow and the day after in military dress. The body will not be embalmed, and will be interred on Thursday, in accordance with his orders. He also ordered the pastor to pray at his bedside immediately after his death and aloud in the middle of his family, exhorting them to peace and concord. This was done, and it is to be hoped that his prayer will be heard, though there is no immediate appearance that any one heeds it. The immediate withdrawal of the Prince of Wittgenstein and of Herr von Lottum was expected, but the new King begged them not to leave him, at any rate at first. The public is glad to see the father's old servants thus retained by the son, and the more so as their relations with the Prince Royal were not entirely agreeable and an earlier change was expected. It is to be hoped that there will be no change at all. Such is the summary of a conversation on my part with M. Bresson and Lord William Russell; after which I went to see the collection of pictures belonging to Count Raczynski, the best private collection in Berlin. A large cartoon by a pupil of Cornelius of Munich, representing one of the great battles of Attila, is the best thing there. Tradition relates that the battle was continued in the sky, and that those who perished go on fighting, like shadows in the clouds, at certain times of the year; the two battles are to be seen in the cartoon. The design is admirable and well executed. The rest of the collection did not greatly attract me.

Madame de Lieven writes from Paris: "We have had a curious week here: the Ministry was defeated in the Chamber upon the law for the funeral of Napoleon, and attempted revenge by sowing discord between the Chamber and the country; after more mature reflection, and after the proposed subscription had been a partial failure, the matter was dropped, and the letter of Odillon Barrot concluded it.

"The Duc d'Orléans, in Africa, has had a fresh attack of dysentery, which was very dangerous for twenty-four hours."

Now an extract from a letter from the Duc de Noailles: "Notwithstanding the complete fiasco concerning the Imperial remains, Thiers retains his strength, and will become complete master. The proposal of Remilly,[103] which was in sight, will not come up for discussion this year. There will be no dissolution between the two sessions; after next session dissolution is certain; the new Chamber will be moderately, but certainly more Left. Thiers is determined neither to urge on nor to check progress in this direction; to guide the movement, but to follow it, as he thinks that strength and the majority are there to be found. He hopes to be able to restrain the Left, but in case of failure he has determined rather to obey it than to resign. So we are definitely embarked upon this path, and this is the great event of the winter; the consequences, but not the rapidity, of the movement can be calculated."

[103] After the vote upon the secret service funds in March 1840 one of the Deputies, M. Remilly, attempted to embarrass the Ministry by a proposal for Parliamentary reform, providing that Deputies should not be promoted to salaried posts or secure promotion for their Parliamentary life in the following year.

_Berlin, June 9, 1840._--Yesterday after dinner I called upon the Countess of Reede, the chief lady of the new Queen's Court. There I saw the reigning Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, brother of the late Queen and of the late Princess of Thurn and Taxis, a great friend of M. de Talleyrand. He spoke of my uncle in the warmest terms, which touched me deeply, saying that he had experienced much kindness from him under the Empire. I was there informed that, besides the King's will properly so called, which dates from 1827, and of which I know nothing, there is a codicil containing arrangements for the funeral, and in such detail that the position of the troops in the streets is pointed out. A letter to his successor has also been found, which is said to be full of the wisest counsel; while encouraging his son to avoid innovations of every kind without due consideration, the King also advises him to avoid any retrogressive step out of harmony with the spirit of the age. It is said that this letter will be published.

When I returned home Herr von Humboldt came to see me, and kept me up while he told me many stories which were doubtless curious, and would have interested me were it not for his overpoweringly monotonous manner. In any case, he is very well informed of all that goes on here, and clever at ferreting out new information.

The Russian and the other Courts are starting on Wednesday, the day after the King's funeral. I think that the King and Queen will be glad to breathe a little freely.

_Berlin, June 10, 1840._--Yesterday the director of the Museum came to fetch me, and took me, with my son, to the studio of Rauch, a very clever sculptor and a very pleasant man. He showed us several statues intended for the Walhalla of Bavaria; the model of the statue of Frederick II., the first stone of which I had seen laid; and a Danae for St. Petersburg; then a little statue, half natural size, of a young girl fully dressed and holding a little lamb in her arms, which was very pretty, and I liked it greatly. Before we went home I was taken to see the Egyptian Museum, which is in a building apart. Although the collection is said to be admirable, I could feel no pleasure in looking at the hideous colossi and the numerous mummies.

When I returned home I had a call from Prince Radziwill, who came from the Castle, where, with the chief officers of the garrison, he had been passing in parade before the lying-in-state of the late King. The King was laid out with his face uncovered, wrapped in his military cloak, with his little cap on his head, as he had ordered in his codicil.

The King has bequeathed a hundred thousand Prussian crowns, or three hundred and fifty-five thousand francs, to the town of Berlin, and other sums to Königsberg, Breslau, and Potsdam, as being the four towns of his kingdom in which he has resided. He has bequeathed the little palace in which he lived as Crown Prince, which he would not leave as King, and in which he died, to his grandson, the son of Prince William, who will probably be King one day. The Princess of Leignitz retains the palace by the side of it, in which she was living, the domain of Erdmansdorff, in Silesia, and an income of forty thousand crowns, to be paid by the State. It seems that the King had left from fourteen to twenty million crowns in his private chest. He has ordered that each soldier present at his funeral shall receive a crown, and each non-commissioned officer two crowns. He has also ordered that his body shall be followed, not only by all the clergy of Berlin, but by all those of the neighbourhood; they are coming in from Stettin, Magdeburg, and every part of the kingdom.

M. Bresson was much depressed by the King's death, but has recovered his spirits on seeing that the Prince of Wittgenstein is to be retained at Court, at any rate for the moment. The new King is treating his father's old servant most admirably.

A strange incident which has caused much displeasure was the sight of the Russian officers in the suite of the Emperor Nicholas on duty before the body of the late King together with the Prussian officers. The Emperor issued the request, and the authorities did not venture to refuse, but some ill-feeling has been shown, and the very scanty liking for Russia has been further diminished.

_Berlin, June 11, 1840._--I spent the whole of yesterday paying farewell calls, and when I was calling upon Frau von Schweinitz, the Princess of Prussia sent for me. With her I found the Prince of Prussia, and both were very kind to me.

The King informed me through the Countess of Reede that he hoped to see me later, on my return, at Sans Souci. He has ordered the Chief Marshal to find me a good place for this morning's ceremony. The Emperor of Russia is starting this evening for Weimar and Frankfort, where he wishes to see his future daughter-in-law.

This morning I went to the ceremony, and just as I was starting out the King sent word telling me to go through the Castle, and the Princess of Prussia sent me her liveried servants to secure me a place. I thus reached the church by way of the royal apartments. I was in a stand opposite the Princess of Leignitz, who was well enough to be present at the ceremony; she was heavily veiled, like all the ladies, and I could not distinguish her features. The church was not draped, which gave it too bright an appearance, and the sombre nature of the ceremony suffered in consequence. The organ, the singing, and the sermon by the pastor, the great emotion of the old servants and children of the deceased, the terrible salvos of cannon, and the beautiful tolling of all the bells were imposing. Before withdrawing the new King offered a prayer of considerable length in a low voice on his knees by the coffin. The whole family followed his example, after which the King embraced all his brothers, his wife, his sisters, nephews, and uncles--in short, the whole of his family. The Emperor of Russia, who has a fine but terrible face, did the same. There was thus a great deal of embracing for a church. My own opinion is that in the house of God one should be occupied only with worship; but between a Protestant temple and the Church the difference is considerable.

The King of Hanover, who arrived an hour before the ceremony, was present. He is old, and though he looks somewhat uncivilised he appeared to me like an old lamb by the side of a young tiger when I compared him with the Emperor of Russia.

I propose to start to-morrow for Silesia.

_Crossen, June 12, 1840._--I left Berlin this morning at half-past seven in mild and cloudy weather. Thanks to the excellent roads, the good horses, and the capital post service, we accomplished thirty-six leagues in thirteen hours and a half, which is satisfactory travelling in any country. As far as Frankfort-on-the-Oder, which we crossed in the middle of the day, the country is chiefly remarkable for its dismal and barren character. When the valley of the Oder is reached the country becomes less flat and more smiling. Frankfort is a large town of thirty-two thousand souls, for whom excitement is provided by three large fairs during the year; but apart from those times it is very empty. There is nothing attractive about the town. Crossen, where I am at this moment, which is also on the Oder, is not so large a town, but more pleasantly situated. I am now only a few hours from my own property, and shall arrive there in good time to-morrow.

_Günthersdorf, June 13, 1840._--I am now upon my own estates. It is a strange impression to find a home of one's own at so vast a distance from the spot where one's life is usually passed, and also to find this home as clean and well ordered, though all is quite simple, as if one always lived there.

This morning when I started from Crossen it was raining, and the rain continued as far as Grünberg, a large fortress, where I found Herr and Frau von Wurmb, who had come to meet me. Frau von Wurmb is the daughter of a state councillor in the Prussian service, Herr von Göcking, to whom the late King had entrusted me during my period of wardship. She married a Westphalian gentleman, Herr von Wurmb, who had formerly served in the Prussian armies, until his delicate health obliged him to resign. For many years he has lived in Wartenberg, a little town which belongs to me. There, at first under the direction of Hennenberg, and since his death alone, he has supervised my estates, forests, &c. Frau von Wurmb, as my guardian's daughter, was a constant companion of my youth. She was very well brought up. People of good society in Germany do not object to conducting the business of those whom they regard as great lords; for instance, the cousin of Baron Gersdorff, the Saxon Minister at London, manages my sisters' money.

Herr and Frau von Wurmb preceded me here. The last few leagues traverse sand and pine forests, but at the entrance to a small hamlet, which does not deserve the name of village, is a pleasant avenue which leads to a planted court, in the middle of which is a large house; fine trees hide the outbuildings, which are not an agreeable sight. At the back of the house is a pleasant view: a garden very well planted and kept up, full of flowers, many of them rare; the garden is cleverly joined to a field, at the end of which is a very pretty wood. A streams runs through the garden and keeps it fresh. The house is of double depth: it is a long rectangle, with thirteen windows in front; it is spoilt by its enormous roof, a necessary protection against the long-lasting snow in winter, and also by the yellow orange colour with which the bricks have been painted. The interior is not bad. In the middle is a vaulted hall, with a staircase in the background; to the right of the hall, is a large room with three windows, and further on a little library with two windows opening upon a very pretty greenhouse, which is connected with the orangery; there I have fifty orange-trees of moderate size. On the left of the hall is my bedroom, a large dressing-room, wardrobes, bathroom, and the maid's room. These rooms are doubled in the following way: behind the library is a room containing the rooms opening from the dining-room; behind the drawing-room is the dining-room; while behind my own room and the adjoining ones are the servants' rooms, a bedroom, and a large dressing-room. On the first floor are four gentlemen's rooms, with cupboards, of which only two are furnished, and a large billiard-room. In the attics are six servants' rooms, a store-room, and a lumber-room. The living rooms and my own look southwards, and so do not get the view of the garden; but I prefer to have the sun, even if I must look upon the courtyard, especially in a house which has no cellar; there is, however, no trace of dampness. The ground floor is very prettily furnished, and the floors are inlaid with all kinds of wood, and are surprisingly pretty considering that they were done here. On the first floor there is only the room now occupied by M. de Valençay, which is furnished, and that somewhat scantily. In fact, the house contains only what is absolutely necessary, and I am glad that I brought some plate; Herr von Wurmb is lending me many things. However, we shall do, and I feel better here than I have done for a long time, because here I have at least silence and rest about me. This is the heart of the country; I do not regret it, and feel a certain pleasure in the noise of the cows and the bustle of haymaking, which shows me once again that I am really of a very countrified nature.

There is a fairly good little portrait of my mother in the drawing-room, and a very bad one of myself, while in a smaller room are lithographs of the Prussian royal family. The library is somewhat restricted, but contains five hundred excellent books in English, French, and German. I have already been round the garden, which is quite pretty. The gardener comes from the King's gardens in Charlottenburg, and has been to Munich and Vienna to perfect himself.

_Günthersdorf, June 14, 1840._--This morning at eight o'clock, in spite of the cold and bitter wind, which seem to be characteristic of Prussia, I started in the carriage to drive four leagues for mass and high mass too. Wartenberg is two-thirds Catholic, while Günthersdorf is entirely Protestant. The Catholic church is at the entrance to Wartenberg, a town over which I have some seigneurial rights; each house pays me a small tax. The road runs through my woods for two leagues until we reach the high-road. The church was full, the priest at the entrance with the holy water and a beautiful address, while my seat was strewn with country flowers. There was nothing wanting: a procession, the blessing of the Sacrament, the sermon, prayers for the royal family and for myself, and a beautiful organ accompaniment, while the children of the Catholic school sang very well. I think the whole ceremony lasted nearly three hours. Frau von Wurmb, who lives in one of my houses a short distance from the town, with a pretty garden round it, was expecting me to lunch. There was no one present except her own family, which is numerous.

After lunch Herr von Wurmb asked me to see all the servants of my estates, who had come together from various points to pay their respects. Then began a long march past. They form a regular staff, all nominated by myself and paid from my purse. Such is the custom here upon large estates: an architect, a doctor, two bailiffs, two collectors, an agent, a treasurer, and a head keeper, four Catholic priests and three Protestant pastors, and the mayor of the town; all true gentlemen and very well educated, speaking and introducing themselves perfectly. I did my best to please every one, and made a complete conquest of the priest of Wartenberg, to whom I promised some embroidery of my own making for his church. When I went away Herr von Wurmb went with me for part of the road to a very pretty enclosure: an acre or two of forest surrounded with palings, divided by walks, with a little piece of water, a good gamekeeper's house, where the pheasants are brought up most carefully. We saw the sitting hens and the little pheasants in coops, and also the full-grown birds, which were near the water or flying in the trees. Nearly six hundred are sold each year. Roe deer and hares also abound.

It was five o'clock when I got back. After dinner I went to sleep with weariness, for the day had been long, and the cold increased the drowsiness produced by the open air.

I am here without newspapers or letters, which I do not miss, and wait patiently until the post is pleased to make its way to this remote corner of the world. I have already told myself that this country would form a very pleasant retreat from the shocks by which Western Europe is always more or less threatened, and in times of revolution one would not mind the severity of the climate.

_Günthersdorf, June 15, 1840._--Loving a country life as I do, I have every possibility of satisfying my desire here, for as I wish to see everything in a short time I have not a moment to lose; so to-day I started at nine o'clock in the morning and returned to Wartenberg, to the old Jesuit convent called the Castle. It is a considerable building, with cloisters; the cells of the monks have been transformed into pretty rooms, which are now inhabited by the treasurer, the bailiff, one of the chief stewards, the doctor, the Protestant pastor and the Protestant school, while there is a very pretty Catholic chapel, with fresco paintings and an image of miraculous power which attracts a large number of pilgrims on the 2nd of July every year. There is a collection of fine ornaments and sacred vessels of some value. A little glazed cupboard contains the coins and medals offered _ex voto_; from my chain I took off the little silver medal with the effigy of M. de Quélen, and placed it with the other offerings.

This visit was lengthy, and I concluded it by unearthing from a dusty spot the portraits of the old landowners who had left this property to the Jesuits by will. After giving orders for the restoration of the portraits I went to see the brewery, the distillery, and the stockyards, where cattle are bred for sale at Berlin. All this is on a very large scale. I have even a winepress, for my vintage is a good one, and also a large plantation of mulberry trees; the silkworms are bred, the silk wound off and sent to Berlin, where it is woven.

After all this inspection we went to see two farms at Wartenberg; then a very agreeable road between beautiful plantations, all made since my reign began, which extend for two leagues, brought us to the summit of a wooded hill, from the top of which there is a splendid view over the Oder--an unusual thing in this part of Silesia. On the road my son Louis was able to get a shot at some roebuck. I returned here at six o'clock in the evening. Fortunately the weather was respectable.

I have just opened an old writing-desk, in which I have found papers of my youth--letters from the Abbé Piatoli and many affecting things of the kind, such as the wedding present given me by the Prince Primate; this is a bird in a golden cage which sings and flaps its wings. Then there are engravings and pieces of embroidery. They have recalled so many shadows of the past. There is something remarkably solemn in this past thus suddenly revived with such intense verisimilitude.

_Günthersdorf, June 17, 1840._--I set out at ten o'clock in the morning, and returned at eight in the evening. First I visited two farms which belong to the seigniory of Wartenberg, in the second of which I had lunch. I also visited the church, for in this country both the churches and their incumbents are dependent upon the overlord.

After lunch we crossed the Oder by a ferry, and went as far as Carolath, which is well worth seeing. It is a very large castle upon a considerable elevation, and was built at different times. The earliest part goes back to the days of the Emperor Charles IV. Neither within nor without are there any traces of style or careful work, but there is something grandiose about the general appearance. There is nothing in the way of gardens except planted terraces going down to the Oder. The view is admirable, the more so as the opposite banks are very well wooded with magnificent old oak-trees upon an expanse of turf covered with cattle and horses reared in the Prince's stables. The town of Beuthen and the fortress of Glogau make a good effect in this countryside. The village is pretty, several factories provide animation, and a pretty inn adds a touch of gracefulness. The castle lords, husband and wife, with their youngest daughter, were away on business. The eldest daughter, a pretty young person, was at the castle with a young cousin and an old steward of the Prince; they received me most kindly. A three-horsed carriage was harnessed, and after crossing the Oder by a ford we drove through the great oak-trees which I mentioned above, in the midst of which the Princess has built a delightful cottage, where we were given tea. Unfortunately I was devoured by gnats, and returned with a swollen face, while a slight sunstroke in addition completed my overthrow. In this strange climate cold is so rapidly followed by heat that one is always caught by surprise. However, I am very glad to have seen Carolath. It is a curious spot; Chaumont, on the banks of the Loire, gives a fairly good idea of it.

This morning we started again at nine o'clock, my son and myself, to visit some of my estates upon the other side of the Oder. The district is called Schwarmitz, and is more exposed to inundations than any other. A nephew of the late Herr Hennenberg farms it; he lives at Kleinitz, another of my estates, but he had come to meet me at the dykes, which toilsome constructions I visited. His wife, the Protestant and Catholic clergyman, the head gamekeeper, and a crowd of people were waiting for us at the farm, together with an excellent lunch. After the meal we went through the farm in detail, two farmhouses and a fine strip of oak forest, and then returned by way of Saabor. This is an estate belonging to the younger brother of Prince Carolath. If the castle and park were properly kept up they would be preferable to the castle and park of Carolath, though the situation is not so good. It is, however, very fine, and the forecourt most beautiful. The landowner has been ruined, and was very anxious for me to buy Saabor, which is surrounded by my estates, but topographical circumstances are no sufficient reason for concluding such a bargain.

Letters from Paris, which have hitherto gone astray, tell me the following news: Private correspondence from Africa gives the most harassing details about that vexatious country. Marshal Valée is again asking for troops and money.

The Prefect of Tours, M. d'Entraigues, has run away from the uproar which threatened him in his prefecture. The Sub-Prefect of Loches is the only victim who has been sacrificed to the demands of the Deputy, M. Taschereau. The nephew of Madame Mollien is transferred from the prefecture of the Ariège to that of Cantal, and thus becomes the Prefect of the Castellanes. M. Royer-Collard tells me that he has saved M. de Lezay, the Prefect of Blois, and M. Bourbon.[104] With this object he asked an interview of M. Thiers, with which he seems to have been well satisfied.

[104] M. Bourbon de Sarty was the prefect of Marne.

M. de La Redorte is now Ambassador at Madrid; his wife is too ill to accompany him. This is an unexpected step forward in his career, and a push which will cause vexation to all who will have their own promotion delayed in consequence. I suppose the King must have made this concession to his Prime Minister, whose close friend M. de La Redorte is, by way of recompense for his non-intervention in Spain.

The Duc d'Orléans on his return from Africa is said to have found the Duchesse d'Orléans in excellent health; the measles from which she has suffered, by removing the centre of irritation, has restored her digestion, so that she is able to take food and grow stronger. I am delighted to hear it.

_Günthersdorf, June 18, 1840._--It has been raining all day, and I was therefore obliged to abandon the project of visiting a small piece of land belonging to me, half a league away, which is called Drentkau. I gave a dinner to twelve people, clergy and local authorities. I shall have to give two more to do the correct thing. My household is only arranged for twelve people, and I cannot have more guests at one time.

My son Louis jabbers German with such effrontery that he is making rapid progress. I have had a call from Prince Frederick of Carolath, the owner of Saabor. His position in this province is analogous to that of a lord-lieutenant in an English county.

_Günthersdorf, June 19, 1840._--I visited two schools within my jurisdiction; they are Catholic schools, and in an excellent state of efficiency. The education given to the children surprised me, and I was most delighted and edified. I gave some prizes by way of encouragement, and have undertaken to provide for the career of a boy of twelve whose energy and intelligence are really marvellous, though he is too poor to enter the seminary, for which he feels a special vocation.

_Sagan, June 21, 1840._--The day before yesterday at Günthersdorf I received a letter which decided me to come here. Herr von Wolff wrote to me from Berlin saying that transactions were in progress here of a very irregular nature and against the interests of my children; that he was coming to put the matter right, and advised me to come on my side. I therefore started from Günthersdorf yesterday morning with M. de Valençay. The journey took us six hours. I put up at the inn; as things are I do not think it advisable to go to the castle, but how strangely I was impressed with the necessity! Here, where my father and sister lived and where I spent so much time in my youth, I have to go to an inn!

After an hour's conversation with Herr von Wolff we went to the castle. I recognised everything except things that had been taken away with some undue haste, and which perhaps will have to be brought back. My eldest sister's old man of business wept bitterly. He is on very bad terms with Herr von Gersdorff, who looks after the affairs of my sister, the Princess of Hohenzollern. I saw him, but did not talk business, in the first place because the matter affects my son and not myself, and also because I wished to avoid any open breach.

Sagan is really beautiful so far as the castle and park are concerned, though the neighbourhood is inferior to that in which my own estates lie; but the house is magnificent. I found some old figures of my father's time, which revived sad memories. It was a pleasure to see the portraits of my family.

There is here a certain Countess Dohna, who was brought up first with my mother and then with my eldest sister, and who married a man of very good position in the country. In her youth she was quite like a child of the house. She came yesterday to tea with me, and I was delighted to see her and talk with her of my poor sister, the Duchesse de Sagan, and of her last visit a short time before her death.

This morning I went to mass in the charming church of the Augustine monks, where my father has rested for thirty-nine years. I was greatly affected by the whole service, and by the music, which was excellent.

After that I went to see the Countess Dohna, who came with me to the castle. I wished to look at the outbuildings, which I had not seen yesterday. In the stables I found an old gilt carriage lined with red velvet, and almost exactly resembling the carriage of the Spanish Princes at Valençay. In that carriage my father left Courlande and came here. The business man of my sister, the Princess of Hohenzollern, sells everything which does not belong to the fief, and put up this carriage for sale. I bought it at once for a bid of thirty-five crowns.

I dined at two o'clock, according to the custom of the town, and afterwards we went to the end of the park to visit a little ancient church where my sister de Sagan told me that she wished to place my father's body and to be buried herself. The little church must be restored, which will be quite easy. It might be made a very suitable and retired burial-place.

_Günthersdorf, June 22, 1840._--I have now returned to my own fireside, of which I am quite fond. Before leaving Sagan this morning I received calls from many of the local people, and went through a long business conference. The whole Sagan question is so complicated that it will last a long time. Wolff, Wurmb, and my eldest sister's old business man advised me to simplify the matter by asking my sister, who still owes me some money for Nachod,[105] to surrender the allodial forests of Sagan, which will thus come back to my sons some day. I do not object, for these forests are superb, but this is a further question. There are some preliminary points which should be settled first and will take time. The business men urge me strongly to spend the whole year in Germany. I cannot spend the winter in so cold a climate, but I should like to come back next spring for the fine weather. I believe my son is right in saying that he is very fortunate in making his first appearance in this country with myself.

[105] Nachod, an estate in Bohemia with a vast castle built by the Piccolomini, had been bought by the Duc de Courlande. His eldest daughter, Wilhelmine de Sagan, had inherited it, and died there in 1839. Nachod was then sold to the Princes of Schaumburg-Lippe, who still retain it.

On my way back I stayed for two hours at Neusalz, which is a curious town to visit. Half of it is occupied by a colony of Moravian brothers, whose customs nearly resemble those of the Quakers. They are somewhat unusual, especially the custom which they call the Feast of Love. In their church they sing and pray and take coffee and cakes in the most perfect silence and with the most perfect gluttony. They are very industrious, very avaricious, somewhat hypocritical, and amazingly clean. They address one another in the second person singular. They have missionaries, and their branches spread throughout the world. Besides the Moravian church, Neusalz has a Catholic and a Protestant church. The latter is quite new, and very pretty. I visited it to see a present given by the reigning King of Prussia; this is a very handsome Christ after Annibale Carrache. I also examined in full detail the splendid ironworks, where many castings are made.

_Günthersdorf, June 23, 1840._--It is beautiful weather. This evening my garden is green, fresh, and sweet-smelling. There are times and seasons of climate, nature, and mind which are especially prone to raise regrets in the heart, and notwithstanding the actual comfort with which I am surrounded I feel somewhat depressed to-day. I have been going through papers the whole morning with my business man, and afterwards went with him to inspect the Protestant school in this village.

_Günthersdorf, June 25, 1840._--I spent yesterday from ten in the morning till nine in the evening in visiting the most distant part of my estates, which include a town, three farms, and a little forest. In one of the farms the remains of an old Gothic castle have been transformed into a barn. I lunched with a retired lieutenant who is married and works my farms, upon one of which is a good dwelling-house; the farms have always been held together, first by the grandfather and then by the father of the present holder. His wife is expecting a child, and they hope that the lease will be renewed to the fourth generation. I went to look at the church and the town, which is three parts Catholic. I was very warmly received. The position of a great overlord is very different here from in France, and my son's head is quite turned by it.

_Günthersdorf, June 26, 1840._--To-morrow I must return to Berlin, while my son will go on to Marienbad. I have recovered my strength in the open-air life that I have led among the woods. Yesterday I went to see the worst of my farms, which is called Heydan, and is wrested by main force from the sand.

I had my neighbour to dinner, Prince Carolath of Saabor, a stout man between fifty and sixty years of age, very pleasant and polite.

_Frankfort-on-the-Oder, June 28, 1840._--I spent the whole of yesterday out of doors in rain and hail. I could have wished for better weather for the sake of the good people who had prepared receptions for me, and also for my own sake, as I could form but a very inadequate judgment of the two recently made farms; one is called Peterhof, after my father, and the other Dorotheenaue, after myself. These farms have been established upon lands by the help of which the peasants of Kleinitz have been enabled to buy their freedom from forced labour. Beautiful forests surround these lands. The agent in residence belongs to a family of Courlande, which followed my father to Silesia. A striking portrait of my father, who had made a present of it to his follower, adorns his room. He values it highly, and so I could not ask him to sell it to me, as I was tempted to do.

When I arrived here I found a very kind letter from the Duc d'Orléans, referring most properly to the death of the King of Prussia and to his successor. This is what he says about France: "The apparent agitation has subsided, but there are still clouds upon the horizon; though the storm has been cleverly averted, it has not entirely dispersed. However, the interval between the sessions will pass off well. Only the King and M. Thiers are in the foreground, and neither is willing to embarrass the other. Both wish to smooth their path, and no question will arise to divide them. For my part, I wish every success to our great little Minister, who can confer vast benefits upon this country."

I was sorry to say good-bye to my son; he is a good child, natural, tractable, and quiet. I am glad that he was pleased with Silesia, and that he has shown so good a spirit in every respect. Moreover, in him I had a relative at hand, and I begin to feel the great difference between solitude and isolation. For a long time I confused these two conditions, which are so similar and yet so different; the one I can bear very well, the other makes me afraid.

_Berlin, June 29, 1840._--I arrived here yesterday at three o'clock in the afternoon. I found many letters, but none of any interest. However, Madame Mollien says that the Duchesse d'Orléans is with child, and adds that the digestive disturbance has returned from which the measles seemed to have relieved her. Madame Adélaïde, who also writes, seems to be well pleased with the way in which the review of the National Guard passed off, and especially with the reception of the Duc d'Orléans upon his return from Africa. Some of the officers attached to him are dead, and many of them have been left behind wounded or ill; he himself has grown very thin.

Here at Berlin, according to what I hear from different people whom I saw yesterday evening, the moderation, the goodness, and the wisdom of the new King give great satisfaction. He works hard, is accessible to everybody, and shows every respect for the friends and the wishes of his father. Herr von Humboldt has brought me all kinds of gracious messages from Sans Souci; the Prince and Princess of Prussia have sent others; Madame de Perponcher told me that there would be a grand Court of Condolence on Friday next, and explained what costume would be worn.

The only change under the new Government is that the King works with each of his Ministers separately, whereas the late King would only talk with the Prince of Wittgenstein and work only with Count Lottum. Herr von Altenstein, who was Minister of Worship and Education, died three weeks before the late King, and no fresh appointment has yet been made. There is much anxiety to know who will fill this important post. The choice will give some indication of the direction in which affairs will be guided. The nomination for that very reason is a matter of great perplexity to the King.

_Berlin, July 1, 1840._--My great objection to towns is the calls that have to be made and received. In spite of the fact that I am only a bird of passage here I have to suffer this inconvenience. I have made a large number of calls and received a great many yesterday morning and evening. The Prince of Prussia, who started this morning for Ems, was with me for a long time, and told me that the Empress of Russia was well pleased with her future daughter-in-law, and the young Princess will travel to Russia with the Empress herself.

Lord William Russell also came to see me. He told me that Lady Granville had _ordered_ Mr. Heneage, who is attached to her husband's Embassy at Paris, to accompany Madame de Lieven to England.

I went with Wolff to see the studio of Begas, a German painter trained at Paris under the eyes of Gros. He is very talented.

There has been an earthquake in the department of Indre-et-Loire, which was felt at Tours; at Candes, four leagues from Rochecotte, several houses have been overthrown. At Rochecotte nothing has happened, thank heaven, but this subterranean convulsion frightens me; another event of the kind might easily ruin all my work of restoration, and my artesian well might run dry.

_Potsdam, July 2, 1840._--I left Berlin yesterday at eleven o'clock in the morning by the railway. I was in the same carriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia, the King's cousin, Lord William Russell, and Prince George of Hesse. When I got out of the train, which reaches Potsdam in less than an hour, I found the carriage and the servants of the Princess of Prussia, with an invitation to visit her at once at Babelsberg, a pretty Gothic castle which she has built upon a wooded height overlooking the valley of the Havel. It is a small residence, but very well arranged, with a beautiful view. We sat there talking for an hour. Her carriage remained at my disposal in Potsdam after it had brought me back. When I had dressed I went to Sans Souci, where the King dines at three o'clock. Both he and the Queen were most kind and friendly. After dinner he took me to see the room where Frederick II. died, and that King's library. He insisted that I should follow him to the terrace, which is a fine piece of work. Then I was handed over to the Countess of Reede, the Queen's chief lady, and to Humboldt, who drove me to the Marble Palace, where are many beautiful objects of art, and also to the New Palace, where the great summer festivities are held. The Princess of Prussia came to meet us, and took me to Charlottenhof, which was made by the reigning King from the models, plans, and design of a villa belonging to Pliny. It is a charming sight, full of beautiful things brought from Italy, which harmonise admirably, an inconceivable confusion of flowers and fresco paintings as at Pompeii, with fountains and ancient baths, all in the best taste. The King and Queen were there, and we had tea. The King then took me with him in a pony chaise and drove me through splendid avenues of old oak-trees to Sans Souci, where he insisted that I should stay to supper. Supper was served in a little room without ceremony, and there was more conversation than eating. This went on very pleasantly and easily until eleven o'clock. The King promised me his portrait, and has been most kind in every way. He made me promise to come and see him again at Berlin, and was, as they say here, very _herzlich_.

This morning Humboldt came of his own accord to suggest that before going to lunch with the Princess of Prussia I should see the Island of the Peacocks, with its beautiful conservatories and curious menagerie. The King's boatmen and the overseers of the botanical gardens waited on me, and I brought back some splendid flowers. We reached the Princess of Prussia a little late. After lunch she took me in the pony chaise to see Glinicke, the pretty villa of Prince Charles, who is at this moment at the baths of Kreuznach with his wife. Thence I returned to Potsdam and to Berlin by the railway.

_Berlin, July 3, 1840._--Madame de Perponcher came for me to-day at four o'clock. She took me through the rooms of her mother, the Countess of Reede, so that we avoided the crowd and were the first to reach the Court of Condolence which was held by the Queen at Berlin. She was seated on her throne in a room hung with black; the shutters were closed, and the room was lighted only by four large candles, according to old etiquette. The Queen wore a double veil, one streaming behind and the other lowered before her face; all the ladies were dressed in the same way, and it was impossible to distinguish faces. Each made a silent bow before the throne, and that was all. It was strangely sad and lugubrious, but a very noble and imposing ceremony. The men who passed before the throne were in uniform, with their faces uncovered, but any gold or silver on their uniforms was covered with black crape.

_Berlin, July 5, 1840._--My stay at Berlin has now come to an end. I went to high mass this morning, a less meritorious act here than elsewhere, on account of the admirable music.

_Herzberg, July 6, 1840._--I started this morning from Berlin by railway as far as Potsdam, where I stayed for lunch. When I got out of the train I found a footman with a very affectionate farewell letter from the Princess of Prussia. I have been spoilt to the last moment. I feel most deeply grateful, for every one has shown me a kindness and a cordiality which I had only experienced in England before now.

I have finished the _Stories of the Merovingian Age_, by M. Augustin Thierry. The book is not without interest or originality; as a picture of strange and unknown customs, it is valuable. I have begun the Dialogues of Fénelon on Jansenism, a book which is little known and almost forgotten, though admirably written, and sometimes as striking as the _Provincial Letters_.

_Königsbruck, July 8, 1840._--I came here yesterday at six o'clock in the evening to see my niece, the Countess of Hohenthal. The lady of the place is taller, fairer, more intelligent, quite as pleasant, and in my opinion prettier and kinder than her sister, Frau von Lazareff. Her other sister, Fanny, is an excellent and cheerful character, and if her health were better she would be pretty. The Count of Hohenthal is a thorough gentleman who admires and adores his wife. Miss Harrison, once the governess of these ladies, is a prudent and loyal person who has acted as their mother, and is respected as such in the household. Königsbruck is a great house, rather vast than beautiful, at the entrance to a small town. Its position would be picturesque and the view agreeable if it were not almost choked by the outbuildings, which, in the German style, are placed far too near the castle. The country is a transition-point between the barrenness and flatness of Prussia and the rich productivity of Saxony.

The following is an extract from a letter from M. Royer-Collard, written from Paris when he was about to start for the Blésois: "Thiers came even to-day to sit down here in silence with M. Cousin, who represented the companion brother of the Jesuit. Thiers speaks very disdainfully of the Ministries which preceded his own, and modestly of his successes as Minister of the Interior; in any case, he is very kind to me."

_Königsbruck, July 9, 1840._--To-day I went over the castle in detail. It might afford opportunity for beautification in several directions; but such is not the local taste, as the lords work their estates themselves and prefer the useful to the agreeable.

My niece had told me that the King and Queen of Saxony had expressed a wish to see me; I therefore wrote yesterday to Pillnitz, where the Court now is, to ask their Majesties for an interview. When the answer arrives I shall arrange for my departure.

My nieces generally spend their winters at Dresden, and told me that the French Minister, M. de Bussières, was in very bad odour there. He is regarded as an unpleasant character and in bad style. He has introduced some disagreeable customs, and deeply wounded the Queen by various tactless remarks concerning her. There is a general wish for his removal to some other diplomatic post.

_Dresden, July 11, 1840._--I left Königsbruck this morning, and was glad to see once more the pretty suburbs of Dresden. I am now about to dress and to start for Pillnitz.

_Dresden, July 12, 1840._--The castle of Pillnitz is neither very beautiful nor curious. The gardens are only moderately good, but the situation on the banks of the Elbe is charming; the country is delightful and fertile. The whole royal family of Saxony were assembled there yesterday. The Queen, whom I had known long ago at Baden, before her marriage, is the tallest woman I know; she is very kind, well educated, and simply anxious to please. The King had dined several times with M. de Talleyrand at Paris; he is a frank and natural person, especially when his shyness, which is obvious at first, has time to wear off. Princess John, the Queen's sister, and the twin sister of the Queen of Prussia, is strikingly like the latter, but she has been so worn out by constant child-bearing that she hardly has the strength to move or to utter more than a few words. I had also known her at Baden, when she was very pretty and agreeable. Her husband, Prince John, is one of the most learned royal personages of his time, always busy with deep matters; his dress and appearance are very careless, and there is something of the German professor about him. Princess Augusta, the Queen's cousin, had nearly all the sovereigns of Europe as her suitors thirty years ago: Napoleon mentioned her name in the council where his marriage was decided; none the less she remained single, and, moreover, has become a very pleasant old maid. She was never pretty, but was fresh and bright, with individual points of beauty. Her expression remains kind and attractive. Finally, I made a conquest of Princess Amelia, the King's sister, who writes comedies. She is a witty and imaginative person, and her conversation is lively and sparkling; she showed remarkable kindness to me.

After dinner I was taken into a very fine room to change my dress, and was strongly tempted to theft by the many fine examples of old Dresden china. The Queen sent for me, and I was taken to her room, where she asked me questions, as the Princesses had done. Everybody came in soon in out-of-door dress, and we started in carriages for a long drive. The vine is largely grown about Dresden. Above the royal vineyards the King has built a little summer-house, which reminds me of that of the Grand Duchess Stephanie at Baden. This was the object of our drive, and the view from it is superb: on the right was Dresden, opposite the Elbe, with its smiling banks, and on the left the mountain chain known as Saxon Switzerland. Tea was served in the summer-house and after a pleasant conversation I said farewell, when all kinds of warm messages were exchanged. My carriage had followed me, and brought me back to Dresden by ten o'clock in the evening.

_Dresden, July 13, 1840._--As yesterday was Sunday I went to mass in the morning in the chapel of the castle, where the music is famous throughout Germany. It is the only place where singers are still to be heard in the style of Crescentini and Marchesi. This celebrated music did not satisfy me; it was too operatic in style, too noisy and dramatic, instead of suggesting a religious calm; moreover, these mutilated voices, notwithstanding their brilliancy, have a certain unpleasant harshness and shrillness. I never cared for the voice of Crescentini, whom I heard at her best at Napoleon's Court.

After mass we visited the interior of the castle, where Bendemann, one of the most distinguished artists of Düsseldorf, is now painting frescoes in the great hall where the King opens and closes the sessions of the States. It will be a fine piece of work in respect both of its composition and execution, but it will never have the brilliancy which only Italy can give to this style of painting, and which is so indispensable to it. I was much interested by the apartments of the Elector Augustus the Strong, which were furnished in the fashion of his age, and have never been used since, except by the Emperor Napoleon. They contain a great number of specimens of Buhl furniture, lacquer-work, gilt copper, old china, and inlaid wood, but these things are kept in bad condition and badly arranged, and do not make a quarter of the effect they should produce. The castle from the outside looks like an old convent, but there are some curious architectural details in its interior courts which remind me of the castle of Blois, though they cannot vie with it. Nothing can give grace, lightness, and elegance to architectural work like the everlasting white stone which belongs exclusively to the centre of France. Here the stone is very dark.

In the evening I had a visit from the Baron of Lindenau, Minister of Education and Director of Museums. He played an important political part in the affairs of Saxony during the co-regency of the present King. I had known him formerly at the house of my late aunt, the Countess of Recke. He is a distinguished man, and I was glad to see him again.

My nephew took us this morning to see the Japanese Palace, which contains the royal library, the manuscripts, the intaglios, medals, and engravings. I went through twenty vaulted chambers, which contain all known specimens of china, of every age and every country. There were some very beautiful and very curious things among them. This collection is especially rich in Chinese specimens. Then we went on to the royal china manufactory, which has preserved the fine paste so greatly admired in old Saxon china, which is now sold by curiosity dealers.

After dinner I went to the historical museum called the Zwinger, which is arranged after the style of the Tower of London. Herr von Lindenau had sent word of my coming to the chief directors, who are most learned men, and explained everything to us delightfully. The picture gallery and the treasury I had seen upon other occasions, and did not visit them again.

_Teplitz, July 14, 1840._--It is not a long journey from Dresden here--only eight short hours, through charming country. The hills prevent rapid progress, but the variety and the attractiveness of the scenery compensate for the delay. Some of the scenery recalls the Murgthal, and other parts Wildbad. The Erzgebirge, at the foot of which Teplitz lies, makes a sufficient background, though it is not an imposing mountain range. The mountains are, moreover, well wooded, the village is very pretty, flowers are grown, and the roads are excellent. Immediately after my arrival I had a visit from my niece, Princess Biron, who married my eldest nephew. She took me in her carriage to see the town, which is not far off, the pretty promenades, and the village of Schönau, which is close to the town and contains the chief watering-places. It is all very nice, and prettily built; but Teplitz may be as pretty as it likes--it cannot equal dear Baden. The society of the place is also different, and seems to me to be very moderate here. It is said that the death of the King of Prussia will make a great difference, as he came every year.

Princess Biron is a pleasant person; though not pretty, she has a noble bearing, and is deeply loved and respected in her husband's family.

_Teplitz, July 15, 1840._--I am starting for Carlsbad, where I shall see my two sisters this evening, from whom I have been separated for sixteen years. This unduly long absence has changed my habits, and I have lost touch with their interests; so I begin the day with some emotion.

_Carlsbad, July 16, 1840._--Fifteen hours' travelling to-day, during which I did not stop for a moment. I had to cover twenty-six leagues, continually going uphill or down. After Teplitz the country is pretty as far as Dux, the castle of Count Wallenstein, where Casanova wrote his memoirs; after that the country becomes extremely dull. It was ten o'clock when I arrived. My sisters were sitting opposite one another playing patience. Jeanne, the Duchess of Acerenza, welcomed me very naturally; Pauline, the Princess of Hohenzollern, with some embarrassment, which immediately communicated itself to me. We only talked of indifferent matters, and they gave me tea. I then went to a house opposite, where my sister Jeanne has hired a room for me.

_Carlsbad, July 17, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles writes from Paris telling me that he dined with M. Thiers at the house of the Sardinian Ambassador,[106] and had a long talk with him. He found M. Thiers profoundly interested in Africa, willing to spend vast sums there, to wage a great war and keep up an army of eighty thousand men, and to build the continuous lines which have been so largely discussed, to surround the whole plain of the Mitija.[107] He attempts to prove that these efforts will produce marvellous results in two or three years: the real possession of Africa, a large colonising movement, and a splendid port on the Mediterranean. The Duc de Noailles also tells me that Madame de Lieven is at London, and is greatly pleased with her reception.

[106] The Marquis de Brignole-Sale.

[107] The vast plain of the Mitija is situated to the south of Algiers, and extends between two mountainous zones of the Atlas and the Sahel. It is famous for its fertility, for which reason the Arabs call it "the Mother of the Poor."

Another correspondent says: "The King does not seem to come to terms with his Ministry, although he is said to be on the best footing with the several members of it. Having lost a game, the King has now to win one, and is waiting his opportunity patiently. M. Guizot still seems to be the fashion in England.[108] He bets at the racecourse, and has won two hundred louis. Surely M. Guizot on the turf is one of the strangest anomalies of our age!"

[108] M. Guizot was then Ambassador at London.

Yesterday my sisters took me to see the various springs and the shops, which are very pretty. I then dined with them at three o'clock, my brother-in-law, Count Schulenburg, being present.[109] Then we went for a drive along the valley, which greatly resembles the valley of Wildbad. There I found some old acquaintances--the Prince and Princess Reuss-Schleiz, the Count and Countess Solms, son of the old Ompteda by her first marriage, the Countess Karolyi, called Nandine, the old Löwenhielm, with his wife, whose first married name was Frau von Düben, Liebermann, and an old Princess Lichenstein. I returned home at ten o'clock, rather wearied with this succession of faces.

[109] The third husband of the eldest sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.

_Carlsbad, July 18, 1840._--Yesterday I went to pay a call to the Countess of Björnstjerna, who lives in the same house as myself. She is starting for Hamburg this morning, where she will hear whether she is to meet her husband at Stockholm or London. Her eldest son is marrying the only daughter of her sister, Countess Ugglas, who died some years ago. It has been pleasant to meet some one to remind me of London, the best time of my life, even in the form of this little Björnstjerna. I have also been to see an old man of eighty years who always used to live with my aunt, the Countess of Recke, and whom I had missed at Dresden, where I hoped to find him. He usually lives there in a house the use of which was bequeathed to him by my aunt, and which reverts to myself after the death of this poor old man. We both grew sad over the memories of my good aunt.

After dinner I went for a drive with my sisters along a pretty road cut out of the mountain-side, and visited a china factory, where there were some pretty things. Pottery has been a comparatively widespread industry in Bohemia for some time, but remains much behind the Saxon manufacture.

_Carlsbad, July 19, 1840._--Yesterday I spent very much as the former day, and as I shall probably spend every day of my stay here. I always wake up early, write till nine o'clock, get up and dress. At ten o'clock I go to my sisters, and stay talking to them till midday. I then pay some necessary calls, and return home to read. I go back to my sisters at three o'clock for dinner, then take them for a drive in a carriage that I have hired. At six o'clock they sit in front of their door to see the people go past. I stay with them for a time, and then return to my room, and finally go back to them at eight o'clock for tea.

My sister Hohenzollern has brought all the curious letters that had belonged to my mother, and which my sister the Duchesse de Sagan had seized. She proposed to keep a third of them, and we therefore divided them. My share contains the letters of the late King of Poland,[110] of the Emperor Alexander, of the brothers and sisters of Frederick the Great, Goethe, the Emperor Napoleon to the Empress Joséphine, the great Condé, Louis XIV., and in particular a letter from Fénelon to his grand-nephew whom he called Fanfan.[111] This letter is enclosed in a paper on which the Bishop of Alais, M. de Bausset, has written a signed note testifying to the authenticity of this letter, so that there are two autographs in one.

[110] Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski, last King of Poland.

[111] M. Léon de Beaumont, the son of Fénelon's sister.

_Carlsbad, July 20, 1840._--I went to mass yesterday in an enormous crowd, for this country is essentially Catholic. The little chapels, the great crucifixes, the _ex-votos_, scattered about the mountains, are all visited on Sundays by the people, who leave small candles and flowers there. I went to visit two of these little shrines, which increase the beauty of the landscape, apart from their religious meaning.

I then went to see my sisters in the usual place. Countess Léon Razumowski and Princess Palfy were with them. I was introduced, but did not find them very interesting. Countess Razumowski is the leader of the pleasure-seeking society here; they spend their days in tea and supper parties in the style of the Russian ladies at Baden.

M. de Tatitcheff is also here, and told us that a young Russian who had come straight from Rome said that the Pope was in a desperate condition.

In the evening a Mrs. Austin, a clever English lady, brought letters of introduction to my sisters. She sees a good deal of M. Guizot at London, is always quoting his remarks, and boasts of her acquaintanceship with Lady Lansdowne.

_Carlsbad, July 22, 1840._--Yesterday I had a very touching letter from the Abbé Dupanloup. He has been for rest and retirement at the Grande Chartreuse, whence his letter is dated. He proposes to return to Paris at once to help in the consecration of the new Archbishop.[112] He speaks with much concern about the condition of the French clergy, whose irritation he describes as very great.

[112] Mgr. Affre.

I have also a letter from the Princesse de Lieven from London. She says: "The Ministry is very weak, but it is likely to continue in life, though vitality will be feeble. The Queen has entirely recovered her popularity since the attempt to assassinate her.[113] She really behaved with great courage and coolness, most creditable and unusual at her age. She is very fond of her husband, whom she treats as a small boy. He is not so clever as she, but is very calm and dignified. M. Guizot has an excellent position here, is universally respected, and perfectly happy. Herr von Brunnow cuts a poor figure. He and his wife are thought to be quite ridiculous and out of place. The little Chreptowicz, daughter of Count Nesselrode, who is here, is very vexed and ashamed about it. Alava has lost his cheerfulness. Lady Jersey's hair is grey. Lord Grey looks very well, but is very peevish."

[113] On June 6, 1840, a young man named Oxford, afterwards thought to be mentally weak, fired two pistol-shots at Queen Victoria as she was driving through the streets of London, accompanied by her husband, Prince Albert.

It is said here that Matusiewicz is dangerously ill of gout at Stockholm, and that M. Potemkin has gone raving mad at Rome. This is likely to cause some changes in the Russian diplomatic service, and perhaps will bring my cousin, Paul Medem, from Stuttgart.

_Carlsbad, July 27, 1840._--I propose to start the day after to-morrow for Baden. A certain Herr von Hübner arrived yesterday. He is an Austrian[114] with a post in the office of Prince Metternich. He brought me a pressing invitation from the Prince to go and see him at Königswarth, which is only six hours by road from here. I sent a refusal, but in terms of warm regret; it would not be kind to my sisters if I were to cut my stay short by a day or two after so long a separation, and I also fear the foolish interpretations which our newspapers might place upon my action. Frederic Lamb, Esterhazy, Tatitcheff, Fiquelmont, Maltzan, and other diplomatists are gathered at Königswarth. This will attract attention, and I am not anxious that my name, which has not yet been sufficiently forgotten, should be made the subject of delightful journalistic comments.

[114] Herr von Hübner was Austrian Ambassador in France under the Second Empire, before the Italian War.

_Carlsbad, July 30, 1840._--I am leaving Carlsbad at midday this morning, and going with my sister Acerenza to Löbichau, in Saxony, an estate which belongs to her; my mother is buried there. She will then meet my sister Hohenzollern at Ischl, for which she also starts to-day. We part upon the best terms, and I have promised to pay them a visit at Vienna on my next journey to Germany.

_Löbichau, July 31, 1840._--I arrived here yesterday evening, after a journey through a picturesque and mountainous country, well wooded and well watered. I have been travelling in the pretty duchy of Saxony-Altenburg, a fertile, smiling, and populous district, where I spent every summer until the time of my marriage. I revisited it afterwards upon several occasions. Many recollections give me an interest in the country, and sometimes arouse emotion. Some old faces of past times still remain to greet me. I went into the room where my mother died, and which my sister now uses, and we went to see her grave at the end of the park. I also went to the presbytery to see the wife of the pastor, who was a faithful companion of my youth; one of her daughters is my godchild, and is a pretty young person.

_Löbichau, August 1, 1840._--It rained all yesterday, and it was impossible to go out. I spent my time in going over the house and looking at the rooms which I had occupied at different periods. Some people from the neighbourhood came in to see us, including the deaconess, Fräulein Sidonie von Dieskau, a great friend of my mother. I often used to go to her house in my youth. She is a very lively and clever person, and bears her sixty-two years admirably.

Here I found a letter from the Duchesse d'Albuféra, who says: "Lady Sandwich gave an evening party recently. You would never guess who was engaged to amuse the company--a hypnotist! The Marquise de Caraman was overheard saying to the young Duc de Vicence, 'If we were alone I should like to be hypnotised, but I dare not before all these people; I should be afraid of showing my excitement.' Marshal Valée will be continued in his African command, notwithstanding the criticism to which he is exposed, on account of the difficulty of finding any one to take his place. The Flahaut have returned in a very softened frame of mind, and well disposed to the Government; they often go to Auteuil, where M. Thiers has set up house. The marriage of Lady Acton with Lord Leveson is settled for this month; it will take place in England, where the Granvilles have been called by the serious illness of their daughter, Lady Rivers. Lord Granville does not greatly approve of this marriage; much pressure has been necessary to obtain his consent, but his son's passion has overcome all obstacles."

_Löbichau, August 2, 1840._--Yesterday I went with my sister a distance of a short half-league to visit a summer residence in the middle of the park, in which I spent several summers. My mother made me a present of it, and I gave it back to her when I was married. It is now in somewhat poor repair, but I was glad to see it again. On our return I went into the village to recall some memories.

_Schleitz, August 3, 1840._--This town is the residence of the Prince of Reuss LXIV. Three years ago it was burnt down. The castle is quite new, built in the style of a barracks, with two very insignificant towers; it is a pity, for the country is beautiful, especially towards Gera, where I dined with the deaconess von Dieskau, of whom I spoke above, and who is one of the pleasantest recollections of my youth. She is very comfortably settled.

_Nuremberg, August 4, 1840._--Yesterday evening I reached Bayreuth at a late hour, and started again early this morning.

A mere walk through the streets of Nüremberg will show any observer the peculiarities of the town. Octagonal balconies in the form of projecting towers in the middle or at the corners of the houses, with gables, almost all overhanging the street, are most characteristic. The number of niches with statues of saints would make one think that the country was Catholic; yet the town is entirely Protestant; but the vandalism of the Reformation was as rabid here as elsewhere, and the good taste of the inhabitants has preserved from a sense of artistic value what they no longer appreciate for religious reasons.

Yesterday evening at the last posting station before Bayreuth I met some travellers whom I did not know but who seemed to be important people. The husband came up to my carriage and asked me if I had heard the news. I replied that I had not. He then told me that he belonged to Geneva, and that he was taking his invalid wife to Marienbad; that on leaving Geneva he had seen one of his friends from Paris, who told him of the news that a convention had been signed at London between Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England against the Pasha of Egypt, and that the French King was furious in consequence; that M. Thiers had immediately ordered the sudden mobilisation of two hundred thousand men to march to the northern frontier, and of ten thousand sailors.[115] As I no longer see the newspapers, I am very doubtful what to think of such news, and do not know what to make of these apparent contradictions.

[115] The complications of the Eastern question nearly plunged France into war about this time. Syria had revolted, and the English, who objected to the power of the Egyptian Viceroy, Mehemet Ali, joined Prussia, Austria, and Russia, excluding France, whom Lord Palmerston knew to be unduly favourable to Egypt, and secretly signed the treaty at London on July 15, 1840, restoring Syria to the Sultan.

I was told that on September 1 a fifteen days' camp would take place here; twenty thousand troops, the whole Bavarian Court, and other princes will make it a brilliant affair.

In _Galignani_ I saw the news of the death of Lord Durham; I do not think he will be greatly regretted.

* * * * *

To return from my aberrations, the Church of St. Sebald is ill-proportioned and the decorations are very tawdry, but it contains one fine monument. This is a great silver reliquary covered with gold bands, placed in an openwork monument of cast iron, remarkable for its delicacy and gracefulness; the ornamentation is extremely rich and the design admirable. The Town Hall, the large hall painted with frescoes by Albert Dürer, where several Imperial Diets have been held, is worth seeing, and also the room in which are hung the portraits of those citizens of Nuremberg who were benefactors to their native town by founding religious houses. A chapel of St. Maurice which has been transformed into a museum has some interesting pictures of the old German school. The bronze statue of Dürer in one of the squares, which was modelled by Rauch of Berlin, and cast here, has nobility of bearing and makes a fine effect. The old castle, upon an elevation, overlooks the town, and from it may be gained a general view of the countryside. Though it is somewhat mean in appearance, it has the merit of indisputable antiquity. The King and Queen of Bavaria inhabit it when they are here. An old linden-tree planted in the middle of the court by the Empress Cunegonde must be eight hundred years old if the chronicle is to be believed; one may reasonably doubt such antiquity, though the fact remains that this tree has seen many events.

The Church of St. Lawrence is very fine and imposing; the tabernacle and the pulpit are masterpieces. Two fountains, one of cast iron and the other of stone, in two of the squares are very noteworthy for curious details of sculpture, but the little threads of water which they spout make them look more like _ex-votos_ than fountains. The house of the Emperor Adolphus of Nassau and the house of the Hohenzollerns, who for a long time were Burgraves of Nuremberg, with several other houses in the hands of private individuals, are curious. The mania for restoration has reached Nüremberg; the results would be highly praiseworthy were it not for the habit of painting in glaring colours houses with sculptured fronts which should especially be left in the natural colour of the stone. The cemetery of St. John contains the tombs of all the illustrious men of the town. The Rosenau, the public walk, of which the inhabitants are very proud, is damp and badly kept. I finished my round with a visit to the toy shop which has been famous for centuries; all kinds of figures and grotesques are there made, cleverly carved in wood.

_Baden, August 7, 1840._--I am now at Baden, and felt quite overcome when I just now entered it alone. The sight of the Jagd-Haus, of the little chapel, the poplar-trees upon the road--in fact, something at every step awoke memories and regrets. I am staying in a clean little house on the Graben, opposite the Strasburg Hotel. Houses are being built in every direction; Baden will soon be a large town, and much less attractive to me. As I read the letters which you write me from America[116] I often think they would have greatly interested M. de Talleyrand, and would have reminded him of many things, but if poor M. de Talleyrand had lived I do not think he would have allowed you to go into exile so far away; although he often said that a politician to complete his education should certainly go to America, as a distant point of view from which to judge old Europe.

[116] Extract from a letter.

_Baden, August 8, 1840._--Herr von Blittersdorf whom I saw with his wife, told me of another wild attempt of Louis Bonaparte, who had disembarked at Boulogne-sur-Mer and had attempted to arouse a revolt.[117] The news was telegraphed, so that there were no details.

[117] On August 6, 1840, Prince Louis Bonaparte took advantage of the excitement caused by the approach of the date when Napoleon's remains were to be brought back to Paris, and made an attempt at Boulogne-sur-Mer to restore Napoleon's dynasty to the throne of France. On this occasion the Prince was arrested and tried before the Chamber of Peers. He was defended by Berryer, and was condemned to perpetual confinement in the castle of Ham in 1846. He succeeding in escaping, and went first to Belgium, and thence to England.

The King of Würtemberg is here; he has just left the watering-place of Aix in Savoy. His daughter and son-in-law, the Count of Neipperg, are with him; they go out a great deal, give parties, and so on. Herr von Blittersdorf also told me that the news from Paris was of a very warlike character; for his part he did not understand either how war was possible, seeing that every party had important reasons for avoiding it, or again how it could be prevented in view of Lord Palmerston's measures, which have been ratified by the northern Powers,[118] while public opinion in France was unanimous and excited; and the Pasha of Egypt again had gained a success, whereas disasters alone could have stopped the coercive measures for which the convention stipulated. On this question the French King is said to be in full agreement with M. Thiers, and to have stated that he would prefer war to revolution. M. Guizot has been reproached because he did not give warning in sufficient time to stop the signing of the convention. He defends himself by saying that he did give notice, but was left without instructions. Such is the statement of Herr von Blittersdorf. He is very anxious about the situation, and especially about the frontier position of the Grand Duchy of Baden, which would be inconvenient in times of war. He says that the position of the duchy is the more difficult on account of the want of a fortress, the building of which he has urged for the last twenty-eight years upon Austria, though he has not been able to attain it. I came back very anxious in view of the possibility of war.

[118] Lord Palmerston secured the signing of a convention by which the four Powers undertook to give the Porte any necessary support to reduce the Pasha and protect Constantinople as far as needful against his attacks.

_Baden, August 9, 1840._--To-day I fell back into my usual habits when taking the waters. I found some of the faces of former years. My son, M. de Valençay, arrived from Marienbad. During the day I had a call from Count Woronzoff Dashkoff, who has come from Ems. The waters seem to have greatly benefited the Empress of Russia; he says that the Duke of Nassau treated the Grand Duchess Olga very coldly, and that Princess Marie of Hesse was quite a success among the Russian grandees. Count Woronzoff says that she has bad teeth and does not think much of her beauty.

I then saw Herr von Blittersdorf, who says that the King of Würtemberg, Princess Marie, his daughter, and even the Count of Neipperg, regret the marriage, which places them in a false position. The Princess is said to be in bad health, and by no means rich. All these stories seem foolish, the more so as the Count of Neipperg is quite an insignificant person.

The Duc de Rohan has also arrived; he told me of the death of Madame de La Rovère (Elizabeth of Stackelberg), a young and handsome lady, happy and beloved, and a friend of my daughter Pauline. Poor Frau von Stackelberg! She has thus lost three children of full age and very dear to her in less than six months. These are heavy blows; she is a real angel, and has been a sufferer all her life.

_Baden, August 10, 1840._--I have a letter from the Duchesse d'Albuféra, who is very anxious about her son-in-law, M. de La Redorte, the Spanish Ambassador. He reached Barcelona at a very gloomy time. She says that he has done extremely well, and that the authorities at Paris are very pleased with his attitude from the outset.

All my letters talk of war in a tone which reduces me to despair. Madame de Lieven was the first to send the news to Paris of the famous convention of the four Powers, which she announced with a cry of triumph in a letter to Madame de Flahaut. This Russian Princess showed herself most delighted and overjoyed at having some excitement worthy of her, but how will she settle that with M. Guizot? It seems that these rumours of war reduce Madame de Flahaut to despair, as she has recovered her affection for the Tuileries.

The Duc de Noailles is, I hear, very proud because he has predicted the disturbance now in progress. I cannot sufficiently remember any of his speeches to recall his prophecies. In any case, it is a poor consolation for the evils which threaten European society.

_Baden, August 12, 1840._--I dined with the Wellesleys; Princess Marie and the Count of Neipperg were there. After seeing the latter I am the less able to understand the marriage. The King of Würtemberg is said to be displeased with his son-in-law, who adopts a contemptuous attitude; the Count is susceptible and hard to please, and the poor Princess is torn between her husband and her father, as also is society between the husband and the wife; in short, the position is false and foolish for everybody. The Princess is the chief sufferer, and, though not pretty, she is a pleasant person; there is something wrong about her figure--her movements are neither free nor easy.

This morning I went to a concert given by the Countess Strogonoff. Princess Marie and the Grand Duke of Baden were also there. High society in general was well represented. I saw nothing of any particular note, and fortunately made no new acquaintances.

_Baden, August 14, 1840._--Yesterday I read the manifesto of the new Archbishop of Paris, Mgr. Affre, on the occasion of his enthronement. Two points in it seemed to me to show great affectation: he attempted to reassure the Government about the moderation of his political views, and he refused to say a single word about his predecessor, which is against all custom and good taste. If he would not speak of his predecessor's administration of office or of his personality, he might at least have praised his charity, which is incontestable; he would not have compromised himself, and would have avoided the foolishness of silence.

Herr von Blittersdorf told me at his wife's house that he was startled by the exasperation which was produced in France by the absolute silence of the Queen of England with reference to France in her Speech upon the prorogation of Parliament. He told me also that England had resolved to break with France on the Eastern question, because she had recently acquired accurate information concerning the intrigues of M. de Pontois, to prevent any reconciliation of the Sultan with the Pasha.[119] England was also aware of the assurances given to the latter, that he need not take the severity of the Powers seriously, and might continue his enterprise, trusting to the help of France. Lord Palmerston complains of this duplicity. On the other hand it is asserted that the prospects of peace between the Porte and Egypt are hampered by Lord Ponsonby; in short, it is a hopeless tangle. Let us trust that it will not be settled by cannon-shots.

[119] In 1840 the Sultan was Abdul Mejed, who ascended the throne the preceding year.

The following is an extract from a letter from M. Bresson from Berlin which I have just received: "I have been suddenly overwhelmed with work, and not of the pleasantest kind. The evil is great, and will not be entirely repaired. How often have I thought that if M. de Talleyrand were alive and at London this would not have happened! I wish also he could be at Berlin and everywhere, for I am not very successful in making people listen to reason. Yet this is the most unworthy transaction of modern times, though quite worthy to bear the names of Lord Palmerston, von Bülow, and Neumann. Herr von Bülow acted without authorisation. At first there was an outcry against him, then there was a wish to do as the majority were doing, and his fine masterpiece was ratified with very few restrictions. The four Courts will let me hear of it within six months. Mehemet Ali will send them about their business and wait for them to blockade him, an enterprise if possible more ridiculous than that of La Plata,[120] and one which will be far more expensive. I hope that he will not cross the Taurus to delude our friends of St. Petersburg. The chief politicians look for a double moral effect upon France and upon Mehemet Ali, thanks to the Syrian insurrection. You can see how careful their calculations have been. Apart from this there is the insult of the clandestine negotiations and the notification to M. Guizot of the fact that these had been signed forty-eight hours after everything was over and when he was thinking of something entirely different, so you may easily judge of our feelings. If the good old King of Prussia were still alive we should not have seen such stupidity. Herr von Bülow would have had a wigging, or rather he would never have gained the upper hand. He thought he had flattered and won men over and could rely upon the passions aroused by the inheritance of a Prince whom Prussia will daily regret more and more. In short, I am in a very bad temper, and I take no trouble to hide it. We now know exactly what there is behind words and protestations. I trust that the people will also learn what the resentment of France can mean." In this outburst the natural impetuosity of M. de Bresson is obvious, but I also seem to see that the action of the Powers was inspired rather by tactlessness than by real hostility, and from this fact one may derive some hopes of peace.

[120] Rosas secured his appointment in 1829 as Governor of Buenos Ayres in 1835. This dictator had a serious quarrel with France owing to his refusal to satisfy the claims of the French residents. After a long blockade the quarrel was satisfactorily terminated in 1840 by Admiral de Mackau.

_Baden, August 19, 1840._--Yesterday I received so pressing an invitation from the Grand Duchess Stephanie to visit her at her estate of Umkirch, in Briesgau, where she now is, that I resolved to pay her a visit after completing my cure here.

I have seen my cousin, Paul Medem, who came from Stuttgart, where he had just shown his letters of credit as Russian Minister. He does not believe in the possibility of the war, and as proof of his conviction has just invested two hundred thousand francs in the French Funds.

_Baden, August 20, 1840._--I was very agreeably surprised to receive the portrait of the King of Prussia, with a kind autograph letter. The portrait is an admirable and striking likeness, painted by Krüger.

Madame de Nesselrode brought her son to see me, who has just come from London. He left Madame de Lieven absorbed by the European conflict, on bad terms with Brunnow, very cold towards Lady Palmerston, and furious because she had not been let into the secret of the signature of the famous convention. She involuntarily helped to mystify M. Guizot by assuring him that there could be no truth in the idea or she would have known it herself. She belongs to the French Embassy, is treated as such, and people go on laughing at her. She is at home until lunch-time; as soon as M. Guizot appears the door is closed, no one is admitted, and any one with her takes his leave. Her position seems, in truth, to be ridiculous and impossible, and she is only supported by the Sutherlands, with whom she lives.

I have a letter from Paris from the Duchesse d'Albuféra, who says: "What can I tell you of the war? The Press is urging it forward by every means; every day bellicose articles fill the newspapers and excite people's minds. I am assured, however, that the King is quite calm and has no fear of an outbreak, but can the progress of public opinion be checked? It is said that orders have been issued to mobilise the National Guard in France; we may expect to see every means of defence prepared. People are not calm enough to see that in this way war may be aroused. Every fresh measure increases the general agitation.

"In any case I am convinced that the Government itself does not know what the result will be. I trust that diplomacy may avoid any resort to cannon-shot. I have been to see the Duchesse d'Orléans at Saint-Cloud; she is very thin, but does not complain of her health; she is often to be seen driving in the Bois, with the Duc d'Orléans riding by the carriage. Madame de Flahaut is at Dieppe, and her husband at Paris; he often dines with the Prince Royal. His position is likely to become embarrassing during the trial of Louis Bonaparte."

_Baden, August 22, 1840._--My son M. de Valençay, who has returned to Paris, tells me he has seen the Duc d'Orléans, who says: "Thiers and Guizot seem to distrust one another profoundly. Guizot supposes that Thiers wished to throw the responsibility of the present crisis upon him and allowed suspicions to arise that he had not kept his Government informed. He has therefore sent copies of his despatches to his friends in Paris, who threaten to use them if the Ambassador is attacked. According to these friends, Guizot informed Thiers accurately of the course of events, but the latter declined to give him instructions or to reply before consulting Mehemet Ali, but simply sent instructions to London to say neither yes nor no. Palmerston, on the other hand, wished to drive Thiers into a corner. Thiers on his side said: 'Palmerston is playing diamond cut diamond, but I will balk him,' an expression which seems to have become a diplomatic term. At length Palmerston, worried and impatient, is said to have settled the business. There is a strong feeling in favour of war; Guizot, however, still believes in peace, but he writes that as a matter of fact a mere spark, a blow given to a sailor, would be enough to fire the most terrible war in the world."

_Umkirch, August 26, 1840._--Yesterday when I was half-way from Baden on the road here a formidable storm burst, and we were obliged to take shelter in a barn; hailstones fell as big as nuts. Notwithstanding the delay I arrived at six o'clock in the evening. The Grand Duchess had kindly sent her horses to meet me at Friburg. When I arrived Herr von Schreckenstein told me I should find her in bed, where she had been with a chill since the evening before.

The new lady-in-waiting, Frau von Sturmfeder, a widow who seems to be about fifty years old, with pleasant manners, took me to the Duchess. I found her very feverish, but no less talkative than usual; very exasperated by her invalid state, and nearly as much by the arrival of Duke Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who was paying her an unexpected visit. After half an hour Princess Marie took me to dinner. The large assembly room and the dining-room are in a separate building, a hundred yards away from the castle; nothing could be more inconvenient; after rain and without goloshes it would be impossible to get there.

I already knew Umkirch. I did not care for it in past times, nor does it please me any better now. The main residence is small and the rooms are low; mine, however, which is on the first floor, has a fine view of the mountains.

At dinner all the guests were assembled--that is to say, Princess Marie; Duke Bernard, with his _aide-de-camp_, old Madame de Walsh, who is here on a visit, though her days of official service are over; her son and daughter-in-law, the Baroness von Sturmfeder; Herr von Schreckenstein; Fräulein Bilz, a little hunchbacked music-mistress; and M. Mathieu, the French painter, who is giving lessons to Princess Marie. After dinner I went back to the invalid, and stayed with her until tea-time. She seems delighted to see me. She continues very anxious to see her daughter married, and has just had an offer from Prince Hohenlohe; he, however, was thought to be not sufficiently distinguished, and his request has been refused; the old Count of Darmstadt would also be ready to marry her, but he is thought to be too old and too ugly. There is an idea that Prince Frederick of Prussia, the Prince of Düsseldorf, exhausted and wearied by the extravagance of his wife, will procure a divorce, and will then turn his thoughts to Princess Marie, who would be quite ready to take him. Such is the desire at this moment. They would like me to send a good account of the Princess to Berlin.

Very little interest is shown in Louis Bonaparte, whom they would like to see confined in a fortress.

Madame de Walsh, who is a friend of the Abbé Bautain, told me that he had just been summoned to Paris by M. Cousin and by the new Archbishop; there is apparently a proposal to form a faculty for advanced theological study, with M. Bautain at the head of it. He is certainly an intelligent and talented man, but not entirely reconciled to Rome. Hot-headed and ambitious, his relations with his bishop have long been strained; he has not that readiness to submit upon points of doctrine which is inherent in Catholicism and the foundation of its permanency. His appointment will therefore arouse some mistrust among the clergy, and not without reason. I shall hear the truth of the whole matter at Paris from the Abbé Dupanloup.

The Duke of Saxe-Weimar, though heavy in appearance, is not without common sense and learning. To my great astonishment I found him a strong supporter of the house of Orléans; he asserted his strong affection for the Duchesse d'Orléans, his niece, and entrusted me with a letter for her. He is very anti-Russian and anti-English, and went so far as to say that if war should break out the King of the Low Countries ought to make common cause with France. He is at this moment on the unattached list, and is provisionally established at Mannheim, whence he is very anxious to make a journey to Paris.

The Grand Duchess and Princess Marie knew all about the presents and the trousseau given by Russia to Princess Marie of Hesse. The Emperor gave her two rows of pearls with a sapphire clasp, supposed to be worth two hundred thousand francs; the Empress gave her a bracelet to match; and her _fiancé_, the Grand Duke, gave her his portrait framed in diamonds and a parasol adorned with emeralds and pearls, together with maps of the Russian Empire and views of St. Petersburg nicely bound, and, lastly, the present left by the will of the late Empress Marie to her grandson's future wife, which is a Sévigné in three pieces, each as large as a breastplate.

_Lunéville, August 27, 1840._--I left Umkirch this morning, and spent fourteen hours in traversing a long road which is made longer by the pass over the mountains. I crossed the Vosges by the Col du Bonhomme. Many factories and workshops give some life and animation to the country, which is sometimes bright and lively. Vegetation is poor and the outlines of the hills too monotonous.

_Vitry-sur-Marne, August 28, 1840._--I left Lunéville at seven o'clock this morning, stopped at Nancy for two and a half hours, and arrived here at ten in the evening, which may be called good going.

_Ay, August 30, 1840._--On my road here yesterday I stopped at Châlons, where I met M. de La Boulaye, who was there for the session of the General Council. I was very glad to see him; he is a pleasant man in mind as well as character, and I think even more of the one than of the other every day of my life. He gave me the Paris news which he had heard from M. Roy, who had come straight from that Babylon to preside over the Council-General of Marne. The night before he left Paris he had seen the King, who talked upon the questions of the day, and said: "Thiers is urging me to war, to which I reply: 'Very well, but the Chambers must be convoked.' He then answers: 'We shall get nothing from this Chamber; it should be dissolved.' 'Oh, no, my dear Minister; on that point I prefer to take the Chamber as I find it and make the best of things.'"

M. Roy also said that the news of the ratification of the London Treaty reached Paris on the 22nd, and was not published till the 24th. During that time the terrible excitement on the Stock Exchange ruined more than one broker, forced M. Barbet de Jouy to flee, enriched M. Dosne, the father-in-law of M. Thiers, with seventeen hundred francs and M. Fould with several millions. The latter has taken M. de Rothschild's place in the confidence of the Ministry. The public outcry was such that the Guardian of the Seals, M. Vivien, was obliged to give orders for the information to be published. This information will produce no effect, as is natural, but it shows that the scandal has gone very far. It seems that in consequence the chief personage in the Ministry has lost much ground in public opinion; he is thought to have guided the diplomacy of the country very casually, and to have concealed interesting news from the public in a most unusual way. The whole of the manufacturing and speculating world is said to tremble at the thought of war, and to exert a very strong influence upon the public.

I reached here at about three o'clock in the afternoon in African heat. I am glad to be back again in a warm climate, with its flowers, its fruits, its beautiful nights, and its blue sky.

I have a letter from the Princesse de Lieven written from London on August 22. She says: "General anxiety concerning the situation is becoming apparent here. All goes well, or rather there is no anxiety upon questions of foreign policy, however serious the complications may be. French newspapers, and even the French military preparations, are regarded with scorn, but at last the people are beginning to rub their eyes; they are astonished to find that what is known as French humbug may mean something, and that this something may be neither more nor less than a general war, waged, as far as France is concerned, with dreadful weapons--weapons which were wisely laid aside for ten years, and which France will perhaps be forced to raise once more; in short, uneasiness is spreading, and I cannot help seeing in the fact the opening of the way to an understanding, in spite of the obstacles which the sense of self-esteem may meet with on the road. This is my point of view. My politics are concerned with my set of rooms,[121] which I like and wish to keep. The Duke of Wellington loudly asserts that he is Turkish, and more Turkish than anybody, but that Turkey will not have peace with France, and that peace must be preserved before all things. Leopold is greatly interested; he proposes to return to Belgium. M. Guizot has been at Eu and Windsor; his present life suits him, and he looks very well."

[121] The Princesse de Lieven had hired in the house recently bought by M. de Rothschild in the Rue Saint-Florentin the first-floor rooms, which the Prince de Talleyrand had occupied for many years when he was in possession of this residence. The Princesse thought that there she could recover the political atmosphere which suited her taste. She stayed there until her death in 1857.

My niece, the Countess of Hohenthal, who has been to Dresden to see her uncle Maltzan when he went there from Königswarth, sends me some news concerning the stay of the Empress of Russia in Saxony: "The Empress of Russia has shown such coldness to the Saxon Court that the King and Queen of Prussia, who have delighted everybody, have been reduced to despair. She would not stay at Pillnitz, where many preparations for her comfort had been made; she refused to use the Court carriages, and went about the shops and streets like a boarding-school girl, without the least sense of decorum. She refused to dine at Court, and only looked in for a moment at a concert given in her honour. The King of Prussia was ready to give the portfolio of Foreign Affairs to my uncle Maltzan, but he preferred to retain his post at Vienna. It is said that his refusal is due to the fact that he is wildly in love with Princess Metternich."

_Paris, August 31, 1840._--Once again I am in this great Paris, doubtless populous, and yet so empty for me. This morning at ten o'clock I reached my little house,[122] which seems to me like a pleasant little inn, only I am astonished by its small size, which suits my habits and my tastes so little that I could certainly have chosen nothing better in order to realise my intention of visiting Paris only when absolutely obliged.

[122] The Duchesse de Talleyrand had bought a little house with a court and garden at Paris in the Rue de Lille, No. 73, in the year 1840. This house, which in size was a mere temporary abode, was bought in 1862 by the Comtesse de Bagneux.

_Paris, September 3, 1840._--Yesterday I had a long visit from M. Molé, who blames M. Guizot, and relates his infinite blunders with great complacency; he blames M. Thiers, and draws a vivid picture of his bumptiousness, his casual ways, and so on. Nor does the King escape his criticism as regards the present crisis, which entirely occupies all minds here. He says that the greatest swashbucklers are dying with fear of war; that really people are ashamed and vexed because they have been led astray and induced to regard as impossible what, however, has happened, while they are angry at finding themselves isolated when lasting alliances have been dangled before their eyes. But amid the general panic certain points are so well advertised by conversations and continual publications that it daily becomes more difficult to solve the problem, and the only possibility is to cut the knot. Commercial interests have been suddenly paralysed, and business in general is suffering heavily. Rothschild, who has quarrelled with M. Thiers, has lost even more millions than M. Fould has gained. M. Molé explains all this very cheerfully.

I went to dinner with the wife of Marshal d'Albuféra. The poor woman was in despair, for that morning she had seen her daughter start for Spain in the most deplorable state of health. She has kept one of her grandchildren with her. She is really a most warm-hearted person. Her account of the present political situation differs entirely from that of M. Molé; she is no less frightened by the serious nature of events, but attributes them to other causes. She is never tired of praising the capacity, the energy, and the cleverness of M. Thiers, his inexhaustible resource, and his complete harmony with the King. One fact she told me which would hardly please M. Bresson: that M. de La Redorte was given the choice of going to Berlin and preferred Madrid. She says that M. de La Redorte has been very successful in Spain, and that the King and Ministers are never weary of praising the distinguished tone of his despatches.

At nine o'clock I went to see Madame de Castellane. There the panegyric upon the late M. de Quélen was discussed, which led the conversation to the new Archbishop, M. Affre. His nomination was brought about by M. de Montalembert in the following way: M. de Montalembert has become a strong partisan of the Ministry, and M. Thiers thinks that with his help he will be able to confine the ranks of the clergy to distinguished men. As a matter of fact, M. de Montalembert is only connected with the democratic section of the young clergy, who form a party by themselves, including the Abbés Cœur, Combalot, Lacordaire, and Bautain, which is not regarded as orthodox in the sense that the old clergy are. This party also contains some distinguished young priests like the Abbé Dupanloup, the Abbé Petetot, the Curé de Saint-Louis-d'Autin, and others; in fact, there is quite a schism.

When I returned home I found a letter from M. Bresson, of which the following is an interesting passage: "The position is very serious, and the Prussian King's first appearance in foreign policy is not happy. There is no frankness or nobility in following all these fine protestations with an act of provocation and injustice towards ourselves, who have never been guilty of a single act of bad faith towards Prussia. Such action calls for vengeance, and I am by no means a sufficiently humble Christian not to thirst for it. I am well aware that they are sorry at what has happened and are embarrassed by it, but they have been carried away by that great windbag Bülow further than they wished at a time when his voracious appetite has been followed by a fit of indigestion; but the harm has now been done, and it is irreparable. They have shown their real feelings, and what confidence can we have for the future? In short, I am utterly disgusted, and I should be glad to resign my post; I am also ill and depressed, and have a longing for Rome. I wish to leave my mind fallow and to sit in real sunshine and get warm. I have spent twenty-four years in exile working without intermission, and I can stand it no longer. I am utterly bored, and do not want the good relations which I have been able to maintain here to break down during my tenure of office, as they seem likely to do. One fault leads to a second, and one wrongdoing begets another. Besides, I have been personally affronted; I have been loyal and they have not been. My resentment will find vent, and whether upon the King or the Minister is all the same to me. I will make them repent their want of gratitude and courtesy towards our King, after calling him the Palladium of Europe, in speaking to me and M. de Ségur." In this vehement style the impetuosity of M. Bresson will be obvious, but the truth is I think things have gone so far as to make him wish for another post.

To-morrow the Paris Stock Exchange account is made up. The probable losses are estimated at twenty-four to twenty-five millions--a very great disaster.

_Paris, September 4, 1840._--Yesterday I went to the Tuileries to keep an appointment with Madame Adélaïde. I also saw the King there, who was well and cheerful, in a very easy frame of mind, convinced that there would be no war, and certainly not anxious for one. He flattered himself that the four Powers would soon be persuaded that they were working in the wrong direction and be forced to fall back upon his intervention, and that he would thus be called to play the part of mediator, &c. He is very greatly hurt that the Powers should have put him in such a position, but is too sensible to listen to the invectives and the uproar of the Ministerial Press. He has no greater leanings towards M. Thiers than he used to have, but he understands that it is now impossible to break with him, and hopes to use him to extort certain concessions from the Powers, which he alone could induce the country to accept. There is an element of truth and cleverness in these ideas, though also a certain amount of illusion. Madame's feelings are those of the King, though she is extremely bitter against M. Guizot, and accuses him of showing the most utter diplomatic incompetence. She repeated more than twenty times: "Oh, if only our dear Prince de Talleyrand were alive, if only our good General Sébastiani had remained at London, we should not be in this position!"

I had hardly returned home when the Duc d'Orléans called upon me, and stayed for a long time. He is far more anxious, and at the same time far more decided, than his father. His exasperation with the Powers is extreme, chiefly on account of the way in which events have come to pass. On July 16 Guizot sent news that nothing had happened or would happen; on the 17th he had a letter from Lord Palmerston asking him to call, and when he reached the house Lord Palmerston simply read the famous memorandum. Guizot became pale and agitated, and could find nothing to say except that he would inform his Government, and left Lord Palmerston as though thunderstruck. Now he and his friends throw the whole of the blame upon Thiers. Thiers replies vigorously that they are in the wrong, and gives details, so that relations are greatly strained. Thiers is horrified at the possibility of war, but instead of calming the journalists of his party he is so entirely dominated by them that he not only cannot check them, but thinks himself bound to tell them everything. The result is that secrecy is impossible; the Diplomatic Body is affronted and action in general is hampered. Meanwhile all the preparations announced by the newspapers have been made, and even doubled. The Duc d'Orléans is himself taking the business in hand. Thirty-four million francs have already been expended. All the forces in Algiers are being recalled, and the authorities have made up their minds to abandon the colony without regret, telling themselves that they have had the advantage of training their soldiers and their officers. The Chambers will not be summoned until all chances of peace have disappeared, when it is expected that all these expenses will be certainly approved. The Queen is the most warlike of the whole royal family; the blood of Maria Theresa is aroused; she is furious with the action of the Powers, and says that if war breaks out she will ask the Archbishop of Paris to bless the swords of her five sons and make them swear upon the Holy Sacrament never to sheath them again until France and their dynasty are restored to the chief place in Europe. As she usually interferes in no way, this vigour has astonished and embarrassed the King.

M. Guizot, to return to him, is an object of ridicule at the Château, especially since the return of the Duc de Nemours from London, for he tells numberless stories at the expense of the little ambassador. He asks for the addresses of tailors, wishes his trousers to be tight-fitting, bets at the races, thinks he has a good eye for a horse, devotes his attention to his carriages and his table, is utterly frivolous, and, to complete his ridiculous appearance, brags in front of Mrs. Stanley and tries to make Madame de Lieven jealous, and it is said with some success. This field of operations, in short, is being cleverly worked.

After the Duc d'Orléans had gone I had a call from the Abbé Dupanloup, who gave me some curious details concerning the Paris clergy, among whom a silent but very definite opposition has arisen against Mgr. Affre. The vulgarity and rudeness of his manner rouses exasperation against him every day. He has admitted his entire hatred of the memory and the friends of the late Mgr. de Quélen; even my poor self am an object of his dislike; and as for the Sacré Cœur, it is a case of persecution. The Abbé began to laugh when I said, "Then we have become the Fort-Royal of the Jesuits!" Mgr. Affre does not venture to interfere with the Abbé Dupanloup or his little seminary, and even goes out of his way to please him, because of the Abbé's widespread relations, which make him a favourite with M. Jaubert, Minister of Public Works, with the Princesse de Beauffremont, a pronounced Carlist, with Madame de La Redorte, and with Madame de Gramont, of the Sacré Cœur. Moreover, in the course of the week which preceded the nomination of the Archbishop, M. Thiers sent for him to ask his opinion about the state of the clergy. M. Thiers, with his usual tactlessness, had made an appointment at the same time with M. de Montalembert, who brought with him Mgr. Affre. The parties arrived simultaneously, and were astounded at meeting one another. While they were thus awaiting the Minister with surprise, he was closeted with M. Royer-Collard. Eventually the four men confronted one another for a few moments--a memorable scene.

The Abbé Dupanloup renewed his promise to come and see me at Rochecotte in October; at the same time he did not hide the fact that he might be unable to come if he saw that the Archbishop was unduly disturbed, for he has to respect his feelings for the sake of his little seminary.

In the papers seized with Louis Bonaparte proofs were found that the undertaking was financed by Russia, with the connivance of the Carlist party, led by Berryer, and the name of M. Thiers was too frequently mentioned. The King forbade the Chancellor to pursue his action in this direction for two reasons: firstly, because M. Thiers would have been obliged to give evidence which would have embarrassed and complicated the general situation to a far greater extent; and, secondly, because the King thinks it useless to show his foreign enemies to what an extent they can count on positive support from Russia. What will be the end of these conflicting interests and this general complication?

_Paris, September 5, 1840._--Paris was greatly excited the day before yesterday and yesterday by the numerous gatherings and bands of workmen. The newspapers give full details. Much money has been found upon those who have been arrested, which is supposed to come from the Russo-Bonapartists; such, at least, is the opinion of the Government. Every day reveals some new social disease, and the age is racked by cruel sickness.

Yesterday I went to the Sacré Cœur for a long talk with Madame de Gramont, whom I found uneasy and disturbed. She gave me full details of the harassing treatment laid upon her by the new Archbishop, and also of his new style of ruling the Paris clergy, to which they are by no means accustomed. For instance, he reprimanded the poor old incumbent of Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin for the reason that he himself had been slandered in his parish, for which he regarded the incumbent as responsible. In a certain sacristy he saw some young priests laughing at his vulgar manners, and addressed them with strong language. He wishes to force certain incumbents to resign. In short, there is general disturbance throughout the diocese.

I also went to Madame de Jaucourt, whom I found alone, aged and isolated, but lively. She told me a fact which I should have thought impossible a few days ago, but which I am now more inclined to believe: that the Queen and Madame gave sixty thousand francs to M. de Montalembert's newspaper, the _Univers catholique_. For some time in this paper accounts have been noticed of the King's conversations with foreign ambassadors.

Madame de Castellane came to ask me to dine with her to-day, and with M. Molé, who will read us his speech upon the occasion of his admission to the French Academy, where he is taking the place of M. de Quélen.

This morning I saw M. Hottinger, the banker, who is much disturbed about the situation. He sees, with great uneasiness, that the efforts of diplomacy can be nullified at any moment by the will of the Pasha of Egypt, in whose hands it is obvious that the question of peace or war now rests. Conspiracies and risings at Constantinople continually complicate all these questions for the worse. It is certain that only a miraculous Providence could disperse these heavy clouds. At Marseilles trade has come to a standstill and people are warehousing their stocks; not a single ship is leaving the port, and every one is anxiously awaiting the issue.

At one o'clock I went to Saint-Cloud to see Madame Adélaïde; then I went to the Queen, and afterwards to the Duchesse d'Orléans: she is really charming, distinguished, witty, gracious, and self-restrained; her conversation is most agreeable and attractive. Madame Adélaïde seemed to me to think that peace will be preserved; heaven grant that she is right!

_Paris, September 7, 1840._--The revolt is now breaking out with fresh audacity. Guns from the Invalides are galloping to the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, the assembly is beating continuously and troops are on the march, while the National Guard is concentrated at the different mayors' houses; in short, this is a case of battle. So far our Faubourg Saint-Germain is peaceful, but it must be admitted that if the combat is not soon concluded the left bank of the Seine will be no better off than the right. I am told that the bands scattered through Paris are largely composed of Poles and Italians, wandering people without a fixed home, never sleeping twice in the same house, and therefore difficult to seize. Since yesterday they have been threatening to set Paris on fire, by way of simplifying their task. The foremen of the factories, who have long known of the proposed movement, had warned the Chief of Police, who had, however, no legal authorisation to take adequate precautions. It was even impossible to prevent yesterday's terrible outbreak. To-day there is a general panic, and the troops and guns are ordered to do police work. Let us hope they will again stand firm.

_Paris, September 8, 1840._--Yesterday evening at eight o'clock I heard that the troops had driven the rioters out of Paris, and that the town was tranquil; public buildings, however, were guarded, on account of threats of incendiarism. In the afternoon I saw M. Molé, who seemed to be quite overwhelmed by the fact that public stocks had gone down four francs. He also told me of the definite rupture of the Doctrinaires with M. Thiers, whose manifesto was inserted in a Rouen newspaper, and has been quoted in M. Molé's newspaper, _La Presse_. This conflict is said to be most energetic.

The _Journal des Débats_ is also very bitter against M. Thiers. Business men on the Stock Exchange are making outcries against him, and his position is becoming very difficult. A more pressing interest is the other war, the first demonstration of which seems to have been brought about in Syria by the action of Admiral Napier. It is certainly said that this Admiral is a madman, and that as he is backed by the hot-headed Lord Ponsonby this demonstration does not emanate from the English Government, but we wonder whether this Government will disavow it.

_Paris, September 10, 1840._--The general calm has outwardly at least been re-established at Paris. Yesterday I dined at Saint-Cloud, which has been restored and furnished by the King in a magnificent fashion; splendid Gobelin tapestry is to be seen there, copies from Rubens representing the life of Marie de' Medici. The King took me round all the rooms, and talked a little of every subject on the way, constantly saying that he was anxious for peace and would do all he could to preserve it, but thought his task must be facilitated; this is not being done, either at home or abroad. His hatred of the Russians and his bitterness towards England are extreme. He has a special, and not unreasonable, grudge against England, on account of present events in Spain. Queen Christina was convinced that if she could only see Espartero she could induce him to become her personal adherent, and had therefore invited him to Madrid. On his refusal she undertook the journey which was her ruin. In her absence public feeling was manufactured in the capital; she is now obliged to return under the most ominous auspices. Probably her daughter will first be taken from her, and after that what will be done with her? This is the question which the King continually asks himself, uneasily repeating: "I fear the poor woman is ruined."[123] He says that England finances and encourages the anarchist movement; that Espartero is entirely English, and that if a general war bursts out we may expect to see him invade France as an English ally.

[123] After ending the civil war (aroused by Don Carlos on the death of his brother, Ferdinand VII.) by the capitulation of Bergara, Marie Christina attempted to begin a reactionary policy. In 1840 she presented to the Cortes the law of the _Ayuntamientos_, intended as a restriction upon municipal freedom. An insurrection at once broke out in Barcelona, and rapidly spread to Madrid and a large number of other towns. This movement was supported by Espartero. The Queen-Regent summoned him and commissioned him to form a Ministry on September 16, 1840, but he imposed such severe conditions upon her that she thought acceptance impossible. On October 2 she resigned the regency.

The King had heard that the King of Prussia had set the Archbishop of Cologne at liberty and authorised him to return to Rome, but that the Archbishop would not take advantage of this permission until he had received fresh instructions from Rome.

The Duchesse de Nemours has a most inexpressive countenance and a monotonous tone of voice, which somewhat counteracts the effect of her brilliant youth. The Duc de Nemours remains as stupid as ever. The Duc d'Aumale is now regarded as a man. He seems lively and inclined to talk. Princesse Clémentine is growing faded, and takes less trouble to please. The Queen and the Duchesse d'Orléans are the two bright stars. M. Dupin, who was also dining at Saint-Cloud, was loudly groaning and haranguing about the weakness of the Government in their treatment of the rioters, saying that as long as they were addressed with the words "gentlemen and fellow toilers" incendiarism and plunder might be expected. The day before yesterday these workmen during the night disarmed two outposts in the Rue Mauconseil, though it must be said that the soldiers made no attempt to defend themselves. The result was a fresh panic at the Stock Exchange yesterday. The fear, the grief, and the ruin which have overtaken a number of people cannot be imagined.

The other day M. de Montrond was saying that M. de Flahaut was anxious to go to London as ambassador, but they are too glad to be rid of Guizot to recall him here, notwithstanding the dissatisfaction which he causes on the other side of the Channel.

_Paris, September 11, 1840._--I have decided to start at the end of the morning for Jeurs to visit the Comtesse Mollien, where I shall sleep.

Yesterday evening on returning home I continued reading the accounts of the trial of Madame Lafarge, as I had fallen behind.[124] If she is innocent of the crime, so much the better for her relations, but the evidence of the two expert bodies, her enormous purchases of arsenic, and the sudden transition from complete repugnance to excessive tenderness for her husband would always make me suspect her so far as to desire another nurse if she had to mix my potions.

[124] Madame Lafarge, with whom several people in French society were compromised, was first accused of stealing diamonds and then of poisoning her husband. The first accusation was never entirely cleared up, but the second was proved. The Court of Assizes condemned Madame Lafarge to penal servitude. She remained in prison for twelve years, at the end of which she was pardoned owing to her enfeebled health. She died a few months later, in 1852.

I am especially shocked by Madame Lafarge's behaviour at one point, and by the uproarious laughter with which she greeted the emphatic and really ridiculous evidence of one of the witnesses; such frivolity seems to me to be rather a proof of impudence than of innocence. The more innocent a person might be, the more she would suffer under such an accusation, and while preserving a clear conscience her mind would be filled with other ideas than any which could produce such bursts of laughter. Her behaviour there shows a terrible lack of refinement and a complete failure to realise her position, for when the accusation concerns husband-poisoning, whether one is accuser or accused, I can hardly conceive of any inclination to hilarity. On the whole, whether she is a poisoner or not, she is obviously an unpleasant adventuress.

_Courtalin, September 14, 1840._--I left Jeurs very early yesterday, after being, as usual, kindly and hospitably entertained. The day before yesterday I took a stroll with Madame Mollien in the valley of the Juine, which extends from Etampes to Corbeil; it is well watered, well wooded, and populous; great rocks peep out among the trees, as in certain parts of the forest of Fontainebleau. The three chief residences in this valley are Gravelles, belonging to M. de Perregeaux, Chamarande, belonging to M. de Talaru, and Ménilvoisin, belonging to M. de Choiseul-Praslin. The first two of these I already knew, and Madame Mollien took me to see the third. It is a stately and spacious residence; the approaches and the park are handsome, but the general appearance is depressing. This is characteristic of all the residences in this district. They have no outlook, shut in as they are in this narrow valley. They lack space and air, but not water, of which there is such an abundance that dampness is unavoidable. The waters of the Juine turn a number of mills, some of which are so large as to look like castles.

I arrived here yesterday evening, and found all the Montmorency family assembled with a M. de Roothe, an old man of seventy-eight, son of the last wife of Marshal Richelieu.

The only subject of discussion yesterday evening in the drawing-room was the case of Madame Lafarge. Here, as everywhere, very opposite opinions prevail concerning her. Those who think her innocent say that her husband did not die of poisoning, but from taking cantharides as a tonic for nervous debility, and that the rapid change in his wife's behaviour is to be attributed to his recovery from this failing, and also the pleasure with which she saw him enter her room by the window when he did not come in by the door. Those who persist in thinking Madame Lafarge guilty say that the first experts should be believed, who performed their analysis after the first post-mortem, rather than the second, who went to work when putrefaction had set in. They also emphasise the evil tendencies, established by yesterday's evidence, of the accused: her habits of lying and playing a part; her evil reputation from her youth; the haste with which her family attempted to get rid of her by marriage, even going so far as to apply to a matrimonial agency. She is the granddaughter of a certain Madame Collard, who before her marriage bore the sole name of Hermine; she was brought up by Madame de Genlis, and was generally supposed to be her daughter and the daughter of the Duc d'Orléans, father of the present King of France. This ancestry of hers is supposed to account for the keen interest taken in her case at the Tuileries. The accusation concerning the diamonds is differently regarded in different circles. Mdmes. de Léautaud, de Montbreton, and the Nicolai, belonging to the Faubourg Saint-Germain and that clique, think her capable of theft and poisoning; the democracy, who are delighted to find a society lady guilty, regard the fable which Madame Lafarge invented about Madame Léautaud as true. Party spirit appears in everything and destroys all feelings of equity and justice.

I have just received a letter from the Duchesse d'Albuféra, of which the following is an extract: "I was at Auteuil with Madame Thiers the evening of the day before yesterday. Considerable uneasiness prevailed about current events; these are moving rapidly and becoming very complicated. The decision to fortify Paris had thrown the Stock Exchange into excitement; it is a measure which will be enormously expensive to carry out, and will rouse much apprehension. M. Thiers said that all his efforts were intended to gain time to finish his preparations; he added that if we could prolong the matter until April next we should be in a state of defence, and he said that no one could be more keenly interested in the question than the King and Queen. As regards Spain, he seems very uneasy and doubtful of the result; he receives telegrams every day. On the 7th the Queen-Regent was still at Valencia, but he thinks that she will perhaps have to fight a battle to return to her capital. The Town Council of Madrid appoint fresh Ministers every day, and anarchy there seems complete."

_Courtalin, September 15, 1840._--At dinner-time two new arrivals appeared, the Duc de Rohan and his son the Prince of Léon. They brought certain information that M. Anatole Demidoff had married Princesse Mathilde de Montfort in return for the payment of the father's debts by M. Demidoff. He is moved only by considerations of vanity, and has so acted in order to become connected with the King of Würtemberg and the King of Russia, but the connection is said to be unfavourably regarded by the two Sovereigns, and not likely to bring him much satisfaction.

_Bonnétable, September 17, 1840._--The day before yesterday, in the evening, after all the usual gossip of the Courtalin drawing-room, we had some amusing anecdotes very well told by M. de Roothe concerning his father-in-law, Marshal Richelieu.[125] He was married during three different reigns, and the first marriage was ordered by Louis XIV., who had found a perfumed cap of the young fool too near the bed of the Duchesse de Bourgogne.

[125] At the age of fourteen the Duc de Richelieu, then Duc de Fronsac, married Mlle. de Noailles, by order of King Louis XIV. In 1734, after the sieges of Kehl and Philippsburg, where he greatly distinguished himself, Richelieu married Mlle. de Guise, Princess of Lorraine, and at the age of eighty-two he married a third wife, Madame de Roothe. It is said that after the marriage ceremony he went home to change his clothes, threw down the ribbon of his order on the bed, and said to his footman: "You can go; the Holy Spirit will do the rest."

I am astonished by the thought that I have dined with a man whose father-in-law had been at the feet of that charming Princess and had been scolded by Madame de Maintenon. M. de Roothe said that Marshal Richelieu was always a lady's man, and that an hour before his death, when his daughter-in-law came to his bedside, and said that she thought he was better and looked stronger, he answered: "Ah, the fact is that you see me through your fair eyes." M. de Roothe gave the following account of his mother's marriage with Marshal Richelieu: A few years previously, when her first husband was still alive, as she was driving with him, they passed a carriage overturned and broken upon the Pont Neuf; they stopped to learn to whom the accident had happened, and whether they could help the sufferers. It was the Marshal Richelieu whom they picked up and took home to his house in their carriage. The next day the Marshal called to thank M. and Madame de Roothe; he was struck with the beauty of the latter, and renewed his visits so constantly that people remarked upon it to Madame de Roothe, telling her that the Marshal's reputation was such that it might be dangerous to receive him too often, in spite of his eighty years. Madame de Roothe therefore kept out of his way. Some time afterwards she became a widow, and was left with four children in such straitened circumstances that she was obliged to sell her horses. Marshal Richelieu, disguised as a horse-dealer, appeared as purchaser, said that he could not come to an agreement with Madame de Roothe's servants, and asked to see her herself. He was taken in, and a recognition followed. To cut explanations short, she told him that she had changed her mind and would not sell her horses. M. de Richelieu withdrew, but in order to help the poor widow he induced the King, without her knowledge, to find rooms for her in the Tuileries, the very rooms where we have seen the Vicomtesse d'Agoult and Madame Adélaïde. Madame de Roothe accepted the King's kindness. Some months afterwards she learnt that she owed it to the Marshal, and she thought it her duty to write and thank him. He came to call upon her, fell at her feet, and said: "If you are comfortable in these rooms, allow me at least to say that they are unworthy of you, and that the Richelieu residence would suit you much better." The proposal was accepted, and the marriage took place. Madame de Roothe became with child, but the Duc de Fronsac was furious at the thought that a birth might prejudice his rights, and induced a chambermaid to give his mother-in-law a draught which brought on a miscarriage.

Yesterday I travelled rapidly, thanks to good roads, good horses and postillions, and in particular to a hurricane which blew on our backs and swept the carriage, servants, and horses along in its blast. I found the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency in good health, but slightly deaf. Her chaplain is ill, and the customs of the house are consequently altered.

I have a letter from M. Bresson. His account of the political situation is as follows: "Things here have become somewhat calmer; the matter will blow over, but resentment and distrust will remain. People will no longer meet with the same cordiality, and will be continually on their guard; in short, the ground is by no means as clear as it was, a thing which M. de Talleyrand never liked, but I think that the main storm has turned aside, and if you have made plans for a journey to Prussia next year you need not abandon them for any possible war. Herr von Werther has been rather seriously ill. The Prince of Wittgenstein comes back to-morrow from Kissingen. Frau von Reede, seventy-four years of age as she is, is the leader of society at Königsberg. We shall have some splendid festivities for the Huldigung.[126] The nobles of the Mark of Brandenburg have alone subscribed twenty thousand crowns. All this brilliant prospect does not restore my good-humour; my health is certainly changed by the climate, and my character by isolation and exile. I have reached one of those periods in life, one of those frames of mind, when change is required at any cost, and it is for change that I hope. My best days are past; my few remaining ties in this world will soon be broken, and I ought to try to strengthen my connection with my country. You would do me a very great service if you could induce my patroness, Madame Adélaïde, to smooth the path for my retirement."

[126] King Frederick William IV. was not exactly crowned, but he went to Königsberg to receive the homage (_die Huldigung_) of his subjects, who took the oath of fidelity to him through their Deputies on September 10, 1840.

I have an idea that M. Thiers will soon have no trouble in finding high diplomatic posts for his friends, owing to a large number of voluntary resignations.

_Valençay, September 19, 1840._--I am now at Valençay, a spot so full of memories that it seems to me like a native land. M. and Madame de Valençay are alone here with their children. They both seem very glad to see me again, and I am always happy to be back at Valençay. Here I am less cut off than elsewhere from an eventful past, and the dead are less far away than anywhere else.

_Valençay, September 22, 1840._--M. and Madame de Castellane arrived here yesterday from their native Auvergne, which seems by no means a pleasant district in which to live. There are no high-roads to their residence, but only badly made paths, which must be traversed in a litter or on horseback. The snow is already upon their mountains, where there are no trees and no cultivation, nothing but grass for the cattle; there is no fruit and no vegetables, no game, and no doctor within easy reach. Pauline has grown thin and sunburnt; her husband is very thin, and I hope they will pick up at Rochecotte, where we are all going. Their little daughter, Marie, is most satisfactory, fair, fat, and fresh, always in a good temper, laughing and restless, a little angel whom I was very glad to see again, and her mother with her.

To-day is St. Maurice's Day, formerly the most festive and animated of days at Valençay. This year it will be celebrated only by a mass for the repose of the soul of our dear M. de Talleyrand. It will be celebrated in the chapel where he rests.

_Valençay, September 24, 1840._--The great Lafarge drama is now concluded; she has been condemned. The reflection which came to me upon reading the verdict is that the appearance of this woman, her speeches, her gesture, and her bearing, produced a very striking effect and secured her conviction. It is a verdict which could by no means be inferred from the facts, for she has shown for a long time great presence of mind, while her counsel were extremely talented, and the Public Prosecutor displayed a tactlessness akin to rudeness. Public sympathies were widely divided, and Madame Lafarge was supported by a powerful family. The extraordinary and unusual element in this case is that I can see no one, not even the condemned person, who is in any way attractive. Apart from the prisoner herself, there is Denis, who seems to be a bad man; her mother Lafarge, who is too anxious about the will; the deceased man, whose business transactions were a trifle shady; Madame de Léautaud, very frivolous; Madame de Montbreton, who was too fond of hypnotism; Madame de Nicolaï, who did not look after her daughters properly. As the accusers of Madame Lafarge numbered so few estimable persons, she must have strongly impressed the jury with her guilt for them to bring in a verdict against her.

_Valençay, September 25, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles has been to Paris to call upon Madame de Lieven on her return from London, and writes to me as follows: "I found the Princesse much changed. There are still hopes of peace, and the Government is moving in that direction. The King retains his confidence. The proposals of Mehemet Ali have opened a new stage in the business, which may prevent war, but nothing is settled; if the matter drags on until the spring Thiers will then be more warlike than he now is, as we shall then have an army which we do not now possess. There is a kindlier feeling towards Prussia than towards the other three Powers. It seems that Berlin has already had more than enough of the convention, and that Herr von Bülow is loudly abused for his presumption and his blindness."

From another source I hear as follows: "Uneasiness at London is spreading through every class. The English Ministry declares its astonishment at the measures taken in France and at the energy displayed by the King. I believe that Lord Palmerston is very anxious. The Princesse de Lieven read a letter to M. de Montrond from Lady Cowper which does not conceal the uneasiness and uncertainty of those about her. They say Lord Holland stands entirely aloof from events. I have certain information to the contrary; he writes letters of six pages to Mr. Bulwer on current business, and shows as much keenness as any young man. He is said to be a very strong opponent of France. In both England and Scotland the harvest is a bad one, which adds to the embarrassments of the English Cabinet. Meanwhile, though spirits are rising at Saint-Cloud, the breach seems to be widened by the exchange of notes in very bitter language. The whole matter is very confused, and it is impossible to forecast the result with any certainty."

Yesterday M. de Maussion came here from Paris, or rather from M. Thiers, at whose house he has been living. He says that Madame de Lieven is regarded as a spy in the house of M. Thiers, where she is accused of all kinds of treachery. He also says that M. de Flahaut comes to M. Thiers every morning with a bundle of letters from England, that he poses as a man of importance, and that he and his wife are intriguing more vigorously than ever. He adds that M. de Flahaut is starting for England in order to be absent during the trial of Louis Bonaparte, but his wife is giving out that he has a secret and important mission to the English Cabinet, to repair the tactlessness of M. Guizot. There is a wish to remove M. Guizot, but M. Thiers does not want him in Paris for the meeting of the Chambers, so M. de Flahaut is thrown back upon the embassy at Vienna, and it is thought that he will obtain it.

_Valençay, September 25, 1840._--Frau von Wolff writes to me from Berlin under date the 19th of this month: "Our town is astir with preparations for the ceremonies to take place the day after to-morrow at the entry of the King and Queen, and is also busy with the entertainments which will be given when the oath of fidelity is taken. An enormous number of strangers are coming in from every quarter. You will have seen in the German newspapers how enthusiastically the King was welcomed at Königsberg and with what royal dignity he ascended the throne of his ancestors. All who were present agreed in saying that the King's impromptu speech after the oath was more moving than anything they have known. The speech was so unprepared that the Queen halted as though with astonishment when she saw the King suddenly rise and approach the railing; there he stopped, and, raising one hand to heaven, he uttered in a strong, sonorous voice which went to every heart and was heard at the end of the enclosure, the simple words of hope for the future. He moved many to tears, and shed tears himself. We need only pray to heaven to preserve us the blessings of peace; hitherto the prospects of war have not shaken the general confidence. The King's energy and activity in the work of government is incomparable. To judge from the beginning he has made, Prussia will make giant strides under his rule; but I repeat, to enjoy the golden age which seems to smile upon us peace must be preserved."

_Valençay, September 28, 1840._--Yesterday we were amused by a small dramatic performance during the evening, which began by the dialogue between Agrippine and Néron,[127] played in costume by M. de Montenon, who took the part of Néron, and my son-in-law as Agrippine, a truly feminine monstrosity. Then _Le Mari de la Veuve_ was acted with much vigour, balance, and spirit by my son Louis, my daughter Pauline, Mlle. Clément de Ris, and Mlle. de Weizel. Then we had two scenes from the _Dépit amoureux_ by Mlle. Clément de Ris, M. de Montenon, M. and Madame d'Entraigues, and finally _Passé Minuit_ by MM. de Maussion and de Biron, which greatly amused the pit. After the performance there was supper and a dance, and all passed off very cheerfully.

[127] From Racine's tragedy _Britannicus_, Act IV. scene ii.

_Valençay, September 29, 1840._--I have a number of letters, one of which says: "The meeting of the Cabinet has been called at London for Monday the 7th. It is thought unlikely that Lord Palmerston will be able to carry his own views, and the Ministers are said to be by no means unanimous; for this reason some hope survives that peace may be maintained; on the other hand, nothing is known of the nature of the instructions sent to the Mediterranean, and the whole situation is very uncertain."

Now for Madame de Lieven. She begins with many moans over her health, and ends: "My health, however, is not so bad as that of Europe. What a disturbance everywhere! War is the most likely consequence. To think that people could allow things to reach this point and that not a man in Europe can conduct a piece of business properly! Prince Metternich must be dead. Every one desires peace passionately, and see to what the wild love of peace has brought Europe! Indeed, the whole world must be mad! The crisis must be settled in a few weeks. I am told that Vienna is making great efforts, but Palmerston is very obstinate. In France there has been an outcry, and much more also than mere outcry. What self-respecting persons would think of retreating? I should like a talk with you; we have seen better times, and I have many things to tell you of London which would astonish you. My dear Duchesse, if war breaks out I am bound to be the first to leave Paris and France, and where shall I go? It is abominable!"

_Valençay, September 30, 1840._--M. Molé writes as follows: "The Comte de Paris has been very ill--in fact, in the greatest danger; he is better, but not cured. No doubt you know that Madame de Lieven has returned; her friend M. Guizot--and I am certain of my facts--will soon break with his master and superior, M. Thiers. The discussion upon the Address will be the latest date for the accomplishment of this great event."

The Duchesse d'Albuféra says: "Anxiety continues to prevail here; people are asking what answer is to be sent to the proposals of Mehemet Ali, but many people think that thunderbolts will be the answer. In France armaments are being organised upon a very large scale. The Duchesse de Massa has arrived in time to close the eyes of Marshal Macdonald, her father. It is thought that his marshal's baton will go to General Sébastiani. The Princesse de Lieven receives a written despatch from our London Ambassador every day."

_Tours, October 2, 1840._--Here I find a letter from M. de Sainte-Aulaire, who writes from Vienna on September 23: "The matter would proceed excellently, if it were conducted here; but discussion takes place at Vienna and Berlin, and negotiations at London, where, I believe, a very different temper unfortunately prevails."

_Rochecotte, October 4, 1840._--Yesterday's newspapers contain a long explanatory note from Lord Palmerston, addressed to the English Minister in Paris, Mr. Bulwer, which puts the Eastern question in a very different light from that given by the French narratives.[128] We have also news of the capture of Beyrout,[129] which is a strong beginning to the course of coercive measures. What will be the result?

[128] The memorandum addressed by the French Government to Lord Palmerston will be found in the Appendix.

[129] Beyrout had been taken from Turkey by Ibrahim Pasha, whose victories had subjugated the whole of Syria for the Viceroy of Egypt. As this expedition threatened the Ottoman Empire, and, in fact, nearly brought about a European war, the town of Beyrout was bombarded and captured from Mehemet Ali by an Anglo-Austrian squadron in 1840.

_Rochecotte, October 5, 1840._--My son-in-law has a letter from Paris telling him that the _salon_ of M. Thiers on the day when the news arrived of the capture of Beyrout was so bellicose that it threatened to throw the whole world into a conflagration. However, in the _Journal des Débats_ of the 3rd instant I saw a small article on this question urging calm and moderation, and when I consider the inspired nature of this paper I have become a little calmer.

I had expected that the pleadings of M. Berryer on behalf of Prince Louis Bonaparte would display a seditious tendency, would be blustering, rash, and outrageous. I was greatly surprised to find that I could read them without the slightest emotion. But I have often noticed that when one reads Berryer's speeches they do not produce an effect in harmony with his reputation, and that one must hear him to be dazzled and attracted, to such an extent does he possess the outer and attractive qualities of an orator.

_Rochecotte, October 6, 1840._--The Duchesse d'Albuféra writes from Paris: "Events in the East are of a very alarming nature, and so also is the language of the Ministerial newspapers, for which the moderation of the Saint-Cloud organ[130] is but a small compensation. The former journalists threaten M. Thiers that they will break with him if he does not begin war. Prussia and Austria seem decidedly anxious not to make war upon us or upon anybody; it is difficult to understand the situation. M. de Flahaut is at London staying with Lord Holland, who sees the Ministers every day and tells his wife that he is trying to convince them of our real position, but this officious service will probably have no great result, as people at London seem to have made up their minds. I have seen Lady Granville; both she and her husband are greatly depressed. They still hope that war will not break out, and I know that Lord Granville is doing all he can to produce a calmer frame of mind. Everybody one meets is uneasy and anxious, nor will they talk of anything but of the memorandum, of Beyrout, of Espartero and the fortifications; they go to bed in excitement and awake painfully anxious. You are lucky to be far away from such a turmoil. Nobody pays attention to the trial of Louis Bonaparte; M. d'Alton-Shée alone voted for death, after a violent speech. The proposal was badly received by the rest of the Chamber."

[130] _I.e._ the _Journal des Débats_.

_Rochecotte, October 7, 1840._--Yesterday I heard a sad piece of news--the death of my poor friend the Countess Batthyàny at Richmond on the 2nd. She had recently felt an improvement in her health, which had induced her to consider the possibility of coming to live at Paris.

I hear from Paris: "M. Molé is at Paris for the trial of Louis Bonaparte, in which M. Berryer was a complete failure. All minds are absorbed by the bombardment of Beyrout and the possible consequences. There is a universal outcry against M. Thiers. Madame de Lieven is rather ill; she is feverish, and sees visitors in her long chair. She professes a close attachment for M. Guizot, but is said to show a tendency to coldness."

_Rochecotte, October 8, 1840._--Yesterday I had a letter from Madame de Lieven, begun on the 5th and finished on the 6th. The following is an extract from the part dated the 5th: "In England nothing has been decided; the Ministers are not agreed; however, the peace party is predominant, to which Palmerston himself pretends to belong, though he does not offer any means of finding a solution satisfactory to France; moreover, his hands are not free, as he must ask for Russia's consent at every moment. Since the bombardment of Beyrout Thiers seems to think his position no longer tenable unless he makes some bold stroke; his colleagues are not all of his opinion, and the King is not in favour of extreme measures. However, some decision must be made. Lord Granville is very anxious. Things have gone so far that change is inevitable. It was even said yesterday that Thiers wished to send two hundred thousand men to the Rhine and a French fleet to Alexandria to oppose the English. This would be an act of madness. The situation is very dangerous, and assuming that Thiers breaks with the Government, where are people to be found sufficiently resolute to undertake the heavy burden now before them?"

On the 6th she writes: "The three or four councils held within the last two days have ended in the resolution to send a protest to the English Government in which a _casus belli_ will be laid down, and I think that Alexandria and Saint-Jean d'Acre will be the points at issue; but if one of these towns were to be attacked at this moment what would become of the protest? The English Government has on its side addressed notes to its allies to modify the treaty; negotiations are going on with tolerable frankness, but meanwhile military operations are also proceeding. They say that the King is not in entire agreement with M. Thiers concerning the _casus belli_; he is also said to be especially satisfied with M. Cousin, who is on good terms with Admiral Roussin and M. Gouin. I am told on good authority that the meeting of the Chambers is arranged for the early days of November, and that the protest of which I told you will be decided this morning. Saint-Jean d'Acre will not be mentioned in it."

This interesting letter gave much food for our conversation. The Duc de Noailles, who is here, and who has brought his manuscript, read us a passage on quietism.[131] It is clearly written, and in a good and brisk style, with well-chosen quotations which enliven the subject.

[131] This piece is to be found in the _History of Madame de Maintenon and the Chief Events of the Reign of Louis XIV._, the first part of which was to appear in 1848.

_Rochecotte, October 11, 1840._--Yesterday we heard of the sudden death of Arthur de Mortemart,[132] a fine young fellow, who was to inherit a magnificent fortune, and also, though I did not know the fact, to marry the daughter of the Duc de Noailles, who set off immediately upon hearing the sad news. Arthur de Mortemart was twenty-seven years of age, and an only son. It is a dreadful blow to his family.

[132] The only son of the Duc de Mortemart, who died in consequence of a fall from a carriage.

M. Molé writes: "The Chambers are being convoked for the 28th, and my friends insist that I should return to Paris between the 15th and 20th. I agree, but we shall have nothing but the remarkable and barren pleasure of exchanging our condolences. We are advancing with fatal rapidity towards a revolutionary Government, which may lead to even more bloodshed than before. God alone knows how long it will last and what will take its place. However, if the newspapers do not mislead and divide the right-minded party we should emerge successfully, with courage, but our domestic difficulties make the situation irremediable; foreign affairs would easily be settled if our home policy inspired any confidence. In any case, the Chamber will have to decide the whole matter, but there is little hope that it will rise to the greatness of its task. I do not know what will happen to my reception at the Academy in the midst of all this. I am ready, and notwithstanding the arguments of M. Villemain, who seems to be intimidated, I shall omit nothing from my eulogy of Mgr. de Quélen, and I invoke the great day."

_Rochecotte, October 12, 1840._--A letter from M. de Barante at St. Petersburg tells me: "I am waiting for news from elsewhere, for at St. Petersburg nothing is decided, nor in reality do people greatly care. Peace would be perhaps the wiser course, but war is more in conformity with the sentiments which people have been professing for ten years; so they will only do what England wishes. You can make your conjectures in accordance with this view; you know Lord Palmerston and all his political environment, of which I have no idea."

_Rochecotte, October 14, 1840._--Madame de Montmorency writes to say that M. Demidoff has written to M. Thiers for authorisation to announce his wife at Paris as Her Royal Highness Madame the Princesse de Montfort. Madame Demidoff has written personally to Madame Thiers, whom she knew in Italy, on this subject, and the King has given his consent.

_Rochecotte, October 17, 1840._--The Duchesse d'Albuféra writes: "Peace now seems to be a trifle nearer. Negotiations have been resumed, and people are agreed in saying that if war is to break out it will not be for a considerable time, and that many diplomatic notes will be exchanged before we reach that extremity. General de Cubières, Minister of War, had resigned because he thought the majority in the Council too warlike, and his opinion was that we should be unable to wage a successful war with the Powers and must avoid the possibility. His resignation, however, has not been accepted, as the negotiations and prospects of peace have been resumed, at any rate for the moment. The French memorandum has brought many over to the side of M. Thiers. The vacant Presidency of the Chamber is a post which occupies many minds; opinions are divided between M. Odilon Barrot and M. Sauzet. The Comte de Paris has fallen ill again, and his parents are very uneasy."

_Rochecotte, October 19, 1840._--Madame de Lieven writes: "The English Cabinet has welcomed the French note. The peace party is gaining strength, but the issue does not lie in that direction. St. Petersburg, which is a long way off, must be consulted, and during these delays the newspapers are able to interfere. The memorandum of Thiers has caused much satisfaction at Paris, and some embarrassment to Lord Palmerston; at St. Petersburg it will be thought that he says aloud what has hitherto been whispered. As for Austria, Apponyi claims that the narrative is inaccurate where Austria is concerned. In any case, the decision is imminent, and will be known on November 15. The four Powers care nothing about the war or about France; so we may ask in what direction or for what reason France will take action. Unfortunately there is a general idea that peace and M. Thiers are incompatible. This would be quite dangerous, for excitement is high, and Thiers in the scales can outweigh war."

_Rochecotte, October 20, 1840._--The newspapers contain an account of a fresh attempt to assassinate the King, made by a certain Darmès.[133] The constant repetition of these attempts makes one tremble, and it is impossible to avoid uneasiness.

[133] On October 15, 1840, about six o'clock in the evening, Louis-Philippe was returning from Paris to Saint-Cloud with the Queen and Madame Adélaïde. They were driving along the Quai des Tuileries, and had reached the Poste du Lion, when an explosion was heard; but the weapon which the assassin Darmès had used against the King had burst and the charge had exploded backwards. As soon as the assassin had been arrested and imprisoned it became necessary to amputate his left hand, which was entirely shattered.

Yesterday my son-in-law received letters from Paris which say that the wind seems to blow in the direction of war. Lord Palmerston is stated to be anxious to insist upon the full enforcement of the treaty. Our Minister thinks himself certain of a majority, rather because of the apprehension with which his opponents would view their own accession to power in the present situation, than of any confidence inspired by the Cabinet. After the attempted assassination by Darmès the Duc d'Orléans is said to have declared that he was strongly in favour of war, and would rather be killed on the banks of the Rhine than murdered in a Paris slum. All our letters agree that excitement is running high and that conditions are both complicated and serious.

_Rochecotte, October 21, 1840._--Yesterday the papers announced the abdication of Queen Christina. This event will not form an agreeable page in the annals of M. de La Redorte's Spanish embassy.

The Duc de Noailles writes as follows: "Many people are saying that Thiers will resign, and many say that he is in a difficulty upon the subject. He does not see how he can appear before the Chambers. He would like to arrange a retreat which would leave him at the head of a party, by making people believe that he was unable to persuade the King to take the energetic resolutions which the national honour requires. On the other hand, thus to be eclipsed, to leave every one in difficulty, after raising and provoking all these questions, to evade discussion and responsibility before the Chambers, would certainly be disgraceful. However, people who are best informed think that he will resign. The speech from the throne is now the only point upon which he can disagree and request permission to retire.

"Prussia definitely refuses to let any horses go out of its territory. It is hoped that some will be found in Normandy and Holland. The situation is extremely embarrassing, for we are certainly not ready for war, and cannot be before spring, and yet loans have already been effected to the amount of four hundred and fifty millions. The deficit will be a bottomless pit. If stocks fall to ninety-nine, when by law sixteen millions a month must be redeemed, and if money is taken from the savings banks, the Treasury will be in a hopeless difficulty. The Syrian expedition seems to have no immediate result; Ibrahim allows the allies to seize the seaboard, which is separated from the rest of the country by a chain of mountains which runs along the sea, and which the disembarked troops cannot cross. He holds all this country, which is overawed by his army and dare not revolt, and is waiting for the storms to drive away the fleet, which cannot then return before spring. I have seen a letter from Lady Palmerston, strongly inclined to peace. Guizot also writes that Downing Street is now calmer.

"The King is very depressed by this further attempt to assassinate him, and Thiers feels that the credit of the Ministry is not improved by the event. The Deputies who are already here and those who are arriving are said to be inclined for peace. I hear that the Chamber of Peers is tempted, if it has the courage--which I doubt--to adopt a patronising and embarrassing attitude towards the Ministry."

_Rochecotte, October 23, 1840._--Madame Adélaïde, in a very kind answer to a letter from myself, writes as follows about the attempted assassination "The King's first word after the explosion to the Queen and to myself was, 'Well, it seems that you must always be in this fatal carriage,' a truly touching remark."

I have the following from Madame de Lieven: "Granville yesterday handed in Lord Palmerston's answer to the note of the 8th. I believe that this answer undertakes to revoke the proposal for the Pasha's deposition, if he submits; you will see that this does not help matters. All that can now be said is that the general attitude and language upon either side is gentler, and may possibly lead to an understanding. Lord Palmerston will not explain himself more clearly, as he is waiting for news of some brilliant successes in Syria; so far he has waited in vain. The tone of the French Ministry is less warlike; they say that war may arrive in spring, if winter does not settle everything. Here you see a change, and diplomacy at Paris is inclined to believe in peace. We shall see what the Chambers will do; their action will be important both upon events and individuals.

"The King has not appeared in the town since the shot was fired at him. On this subject the foreign newspapers comment far more suitably than the French.

"The dissensions in the English Cabinet are said to be more obvious, and Palmerston is thought to be in the minority. M. de Flahaut, who arrives to-morrow, will enlighten us upon this subject. Madame de Flahaut is now very anti-Palmerston, because she naturally fears the possibility of war between her two native lands.[134] Lord John Russell has gone over to the majority against Palmerston, and, feeble though he is, his influence is important. Things in general are in incredible confusion, but I am really beginning to hope that there is a little more prospect of peace than there has been for the last few days."

[134] Madame de Flahaut was an Englishwoman, daughter of Admiral Keith (Lord Elphinstone). He was ordered to notify Napoleon I., when he sought hospitality on the English coast in 1815, that he was a prisoner of the allies. He was also ordered to prepare for the prisoner's transport to St. Helena.

_Rochecotte, October 24, 1840._--Yesterday my son-in-law heard that the French Ministry had resigned upon the occasion of the speech from the Crown, which it wished to devote to the subject of the _casus belli_, against the King's desires.[135]

[135] Thiers and his Ministry went out on October 29, 1840, and were replaced by M. Guizot. Thiers was not to return to power under the reign of Louis-Philippe.

My son, M. de Dino, tells me that the Grand Duke of Tuscany has made M. Demidoff Prince of San Donato, a name derived from his silk manufacture, and has given him the title of Excellency. The Pope[136] has sent the dispensations for the marriage. The dowry of the young Princess is settled at two hundred and fifty thousand francs, with twenty-five thousand francs pin-money.

[136] The Pope was then Gregory XVI.

_Rochecotte, October 25, 1840._--Queen Christina is apparently intending to settle at Florence, where her sentimental interests are centred. She has two children by Muñoz, whom she adores, and has managed to save an income of fifteen hundred thousand francs.

The little Comte de Paris is very ill, in continuous fever, which wastes him away. The Duc d'Orléans is greatly distressed, and the Duchesse is in bed very weak and unhappy. She is not allowed to move for fear of a miscarriage, as she is now in her eighth month. The poor royal family is receiving some heavy blows.

_Rochecotte, November 2, 1840._--Queen Christina is not going to Italy; Nice, Paris, and then Bordeaux, such are said to be her movements. She wishes to remain near Spain, in order to keep an eye upon the progress of events.

Madame de Lieven writes as follows, the day before yesterday: "You see what has happened here; things are becoming very stormy; M. Guizot must be very courageous to embark in such a vessel. At London the general tone is becoming much milder, and will continue to improve in favour of the new Ministry, but a great deal will have to be done to satisfy the madmen here, and an ill interpretation will be placed upon English self-satisfaction. Thus there are many difficulties which are far from a solution. The Chamber will be in a state of continual storm, an interesting spectacle, but likely to become frightful. The King is said to be delighted that he has got rid of Thiers, and to be charmed with his new Ministers;[137] I wish I could believe that his satisfaction was likely to last. Thiers says that he will not oppose Guizot; this is nonsense. The Comte de Paris is better. The Duc d'Orléans is not satisfied with the change of Ministers, but King Leopold is very pleased."

[137] The new Cabinet was composed as follows: Minister of War and President of the Council, Marshal Soult; Foreign Affairs, M. Guizot; Public Works, M. Teste; the Interior, M. Duchâtel; Finance, M. Humann; Education, M. Villemain; Justice, M. Martin du Nord; Commerce, M. Cunin-Gridaine; Naval Affairs, Admiral Duperré.

_Rochecotte, November 4, 1840._--A letter which I have just received from M. Molé contains the following: "The outgoing Ministry was ruining everything, and in three months would have involved us in war with the whole of Europe, and given us a revolutionary Government into the bargain. I do not know what the new Ministry will do, but it cannot do worse, or even as badly. The method of its formation has obliged me to stand aloof--an easy part to play, and one which I usually prefer, the more so as when I do take part I never do so by halves."

_Rochecotte, November 5, 1840._--My son, M. de Dino, writes from Paris that great preparations are being made to decorate the route by which the procession will pass bringing back the remains of Napoleon from St. Helena, and that a strange idea has been proposed, to have a row of the effigies of all the Kings of France. I suppose they will be placed there to present arms to the usurper. Really, people are absurd nowadays; in any case, this fine idea emanates from the Cabinet of M. Thiers, and not from the present Ministry.

A letter from Madame Mollien says: "Yesterday evening, in the middle of the theatre, Bergeron, the foremost of all the King's assassins, entered a box, where was seated M. Emile de Girardin, the editor of _La Presse_, to whom, without saying a word, he gave a box on the ears. M. Girardin bounded up like a madman; his wife, who is twice as big and strong as he is, caught him by his collar, shouting, 'Don't go out! You shall not go out! He is an assassin!' The result is said to have been an incredible scene; everybody intervened, all were in a quarrelsome state of mind, and in the corridors and vestibule nothing could be heard except challenges and appointments."

Here is an extract from another letter in a different strain: "M. Guizot and Madame de Lieven are the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, and I have a fear that M. de Broglie must be content with the fate of the Sultan's wife, Validé. M. Molé has not been offered a position; the King continually repeats that M. Molé declined to lend a hand; this is not the case. At so serious a crisis no thinking man would use such language, but the matter is most easily explained in this way. The _Journal des Débats_ has since been carefully working upon the scruples of M. Molé, and said to him: 'If you refuse to support the Cabinet, which is Conservative, the Left will come into power, and it will be your fault. It is a crime against the country,' &c. This attitude seems to resemble the case of parents who, when they have a son dangerously ill, say to a girl, 'If you do not grant him an interview he will die, and it will be your fault.' If I were a girl I assure you that in this case I should look after myself. My opinion is that M. Molé should remain a member of the Academy and nothing more. Moreover, he will be none the worse off for that. Do you know that Maurice de Noailles is to become a priest? It is said that Barante will be Ambassador at London. I hope so."

My son-in-law hears that Maurice de Noailles is entering the Church in despair, because he could not marry the daughter of the Duc de Noailles. I admit that I do not believe this story as yet, and await some confirmation of it.

_Rochecotte, November 6, 1840._--Yesterday's post brought me a long letter from M. de Salvandy: "We are emerging from a Ministerial crisis, which has passed off with little incident, except that M. Molé has remained outside the new combination. He feels, with much exasperation, that some supreme influence has secured his exclusion. At the outset of the crisis M. de Montalivet worked very hard to find a post for M. Molé in the new Cabinet: he went about everywhere, and declared on all sides that his co-operation was indispensable, to M. Molé more emphatically than to any one. I could not help saying to M. Molé that so much zeal seemed suspicious, and that I could not but infer some bad result. However, M. Molé's chances of office never amounted to anything, nor has he been treated with any of that ceremony, which might outwardly have soothed his feelings; in fact, practically no notice has been taken of any member of the Ministry of April 15. Only upon the last day were they considered in the least. The new body was brought together with such little thought that no effort was made to secure M. Passy, who was ready to come in unconditionally, but was united with M. Dufaure; the latter based his refusal upon a personal dislike for M. Martin du Nord rather than upon political motives. M. Passy and M. Dufaure had no objection to myself or to M. Laplagne. Thus it would have been possible with no great difficulty to gather round Marshal Soult and M. Guizot some members of the Ministries of April 15 and May 12. These would have formed a good nucleus for a majority, at once compact and permanent. Instead of this, a Ministry has been lumped together, and it is expected that the dangers evoked by M. Thiers will provide votes at first, while the future can take care of itself. When the Cabinet, however, was formed, it was remembered that no measures had been taken to secure the adherence of the Left Centre, or even of the Conservative party. Then they took steps to repair this mistake, and the Ministers all came to me. M. Guizot, whom I had not seen since the Coalition, came wearing his order, to ask me solemnly for my co-operation. I did not hide the fact that it was rather late, and that this fashion of forming a Ministry without paying attention to any one, or respecting M. Molé and his party by the observance of outward formality, increased the difficulty of a situation, which was already complicated enough. When I heard M. Guizot I remembered what I was saying to the Duc d'Orléans a few days ago, that of the two rivals it was difficult to say which is the more futile; that if Thiers is futile without, Guizot is so within; in fact, Guizot has not a notion of the domestic dangers, the Parliamentary difficulties, and the general peril caused by the abstention of M. Passy and M. Dufaure; for they, added to Lamartine and myself, would form a possible Cabinet intermediate between that of to-day and that of M. Odilon Barrot, whether we took M. Molé, M. de Broglie, or even M. Thiers for our leader. In short, their confidence and presumption have been inexplicable, while they have completely forgotten the apostasy of 1839, which is aggravated by this fresh change of creed and colour. They are convinced that their theories can be resumed at the point where they had dropped them, and talk of safeguards, order, and resistance with the same authority. They have no notion of the fury which this language is likely to arouse among their adversaries, and regard us as cold and disagreeable. However, we shall support them, for we are men of honour before all things, and I am equally certain that there will be a majority on the general question. Thiers has brought things to such a point that his restoration would mean both revolution and war; but the humiliation abroad which Guizot's Cabinet will have to confront is likely to be a crushing burden. Honourable men do not pardon Thiers for making this humiliation inevitable, and in three months no one will pardon Guizot for yielding to it. In my opinion he will have to give way in a short time, but if he performs the double service of bringing us through a great difficulty without increasing it and of paving the way for a new Conservative majority he will have done a good deal. I do not despair, and for my part will certainly help him. He left me and went on to open conciliatory measures with M. Molé.

"The immediate cause of Thiers' rupture with the King is as follows: In the speech Thiers demanded further measures, that is, an additional hundred and fifty thousand men--making six hundred and fifty thousand in all, the mobilisation of the National Guards, camps upon the Rhine and the Alps, in short, war. The King tried to compromise by saying that his Ministers would explain what they had done and what they intended to do. Thiers refused; it seems as though there was no sincerity on either side. Thiers felt that his position was untenable: the Left was trembling, the Conservatives would venture anything in their fright, and his own foolishness will not bear discussion. The King on his side was bold enough to regard his attempted assassination by Darmès as a possible starting-point from which to turn the struggle against himself and overthrow his Cardinal de Retz, while he ran no risk for his power, but a very great deal of risk for his life.

"The Conservative party thus seems to be reorganised by the return of the large majority of the Doctrinaires and the probable support of the Left Centres, who are in terror, but the Doctrinaire party is divided; M. Duvergier de Hauranne and M. Piscatory follow M. de Rémusat and M. Jaubert from the Left; M. Broglie is divided between the two camps; M. Thiers continues to rely upon him, and flatters himself that he has been strongly defended by him in the Chamber of Peers; M. Guizot, on the other hand, calculates that he will accept the London Embassy; to this he attaches great importance, although M. de Broglie will not be able to lend him all the strength of which he will deprive M. Thiers by a long way; however, he will not weaken him, and that is something. Failing M. Thiers, Madames de Barante and de Sainte-Aulaire will fight for London. There is no doubt that M. de la Redorte will be retired, as he has cut a poor figure in the Peninsula. There will be many changes in the Diplomatic Body. I know that I have been thought of for an embassy, but I have not yet considered my reply. M. Guizot has gained nothing from London; something may be obtained from Lord Melbourne, but nothing from Lord Palmerston, and it is not certain that Europe is less inclined to the latter than to the former. The condition of the Comte de Paris still causes alarm. Chomel, to whom I have spoken, but he is rather a pessimist, has no hope except that the poor young Prince may live long enough to spare the Duchesse d'Orléans a great grief during her confinement."

_Rochecotte, November 8, 1840._--M. d'Entraigues, our Prefect, who has been here since the evening of the day before yesterday, received yesterday by a courier a telegram sent to him at Tours with news of the nomination of the President, the Vice-President and the Committee of the Chamber of Deputies. The nominations in general are, thank heaven, favourable to the Cabinet and supported by a good majority. This beginning is a trifle consoling. If fear inspires wisdom, so much the better.

I have a letter from the Duc de Noailles, who tells me that there is no truth in the rumour that his cousin M. Maurice is to enter the Church. People are indeed wonderfully clever in inventing and spreading stories and providing them with so many details as to make one believe what is utterly unfounded. The Duc de Noailles also says: "The royal session is said to have been a most mournful ceremony;[138] on the one side was much outcry of obvious meaning, while on the Left there was menacing silence; in the middle was the King shedding tears at a certain passage in his speech. The speech was wanting in dignity, and a pacific attitude should be more dignified; it was drawn up by Guizot. The desire for peace was too obvious, and it was not a success. The Ministry are sure of a majority for some time, but as the fear of war dies away they will lose it. Syria has been given up as a bad job by the Government. If the Pasha submits, all will be over; if he resists and is attacked in Egypt it is difficult to say how an explosion will be avoided here. Thiers said to Guizot on his arrival: 'Now it is your turn. There are only two men in France, yourself and I; I am the Minister of the revolution, you of the Conservative movement; if one is not in power the other must be. We cannot act in concert, but we can live upon good terms. I shall put no obstacle in your way, and make no attempt to inconvenience you.' None the less he is already intriguing in the Chamber, and an agitation will be raised to support him."

[138] The opening session of the Chamber of Deputies.

_Rochecotte, November 12, 1840._--The Abbé Dupanloup arrived here yesterday to consecrate my chapel. The ceremony is to take place immediately. Yesterday's post brought news of the confinement of the Duchesse d'Orléans. I am delighted to hear of the birth of a second son.[139] Madame de Lieven writes that she is somewhat dissatisfied with the beginning which the new Ministry has made.

[139] The Duc de Chartres.

_Rochecotte, November 14, 1840._--I had wished the first mass said in my chapel to be for the repose of the soul of M. de Talleyrand, but an inaugural mass cannot be one of mourning. At the ceremony of the day before yesterday, therefore, colours were worn in honour of St. Martin; yesterday's mass was for the dear departed. The altar is exactly where his bed used to stand in the room which has been replaced by the chapel; the coincidence affected me deeply.

_Rochecotte, November 17, 1840._--M. de Salvandy, who has most obligingly undertaken to send me a little weekly bulletin, tells me that the Diplomatic Body at Paris was almost as keenly excited by the last note from Lord Palmerston as the Chamber itself.[140]

[140] Lord Palmerston was unwilling to make any concessions.

It seems that Count Apponyi has written everywhere pointing out the danger of urging France to revolution and to war when she is attempting to throw off the yoke of anarchy. Lord Granville and Herr von Bülow disavow the acts of Lord Palmerston. If he really wished to drive France to extremities, it may be believed that neither Austria nor Prussia would support him. Even Russia seems to have moderated her language.

My son-in-law writes me from Paris on the 15th: "The state of affairs here seems to me very confused. The transition from revolutionary provocation to a demeanour of humility can only be effected amid uproar in order to put shame out of countenance. To this end everybody is working. There is a general cry for peace and for the support of the former Ministry, and a general outcry against the cowardice and degradation of the supreme power, though no one can say exactly what should have been done. These indeterminate attacks never produce a really embarrassing situation, and as they make an uproar without doing any harm, the men against whom they are ineffectually directed obtain the credit of success. It thus seems generally admitted that the Ministry will gain a majority. M. Guizot, for instance, was saying the day before yesterday in his _salon_, with the heroic air characteristic of General Guizot: 'Gentlemen, we have just begun the campaign; the war will be long and severe, but I hope that we shall gain the victory.' Though the Chamber desires peace at any price, it is not compliant. The greater its anxiety, the louder its outcries, which will only end with its unregretted fall. The Address, which is to be drawn up, people say, by M. Passy or M. de Salvandy, will be very bellicose, so much so as to embarrass the Government, although it had been decided to create as little trouble as possible on this point.

"You will have read the answer of Lord Palmerston to the memorandum of October 8. It is an important matter. His disdain for us is obvious, and is not even disguised by forms or ceremonies. It seems, moreover, that this feeling towards us has grown remarkably of late. None the less the note has caused much embarrassment to M. Guizot, who had told everybody that since his entry upon office the situation in England had entirely changed and that Lord Palmerston was an altered character. He summed up his views in these words: 'I have peace in my pocket.' This is how he explained Lord Palmerston's note when he was talking at the house of the President of the Chamber[141] two days ago: 'Lord Palmerston has a theological mind; he will let no objection pass without an answer, so that this note means nothing; it is merely a question of principle.' M. Dubois, of the Loire-Inférieure, who is a clever man, and a strong supporter of the new Ministry, then took M. Guizot aside and told him that he would be making a great mistake if he repeated that observation in the Chamber. M. Guizot merely answered by repeating his statement, with which he was so delighted that he caused it to be inserted that evening in his own newspaper, _Le Messager_, in the form of a note at the foot of the memorandum, merely suppressing the term 'theological.' At the same time the incident has caused some stir, which has not yet died away, and would make M. Guizot cut a ridiculous figure if things seemed what they are in this country. The Ministry proposes to make peace, and everybody thinks that it will be successful. After that it will perish, for no obvious reason, in a hurricane; this also seems to be generally believed. Then M. Molé, who now remains in isolation, will come to power. He will probably be welcomed by every one, not because he is any more popular in the Chamber than he used to be, but because every one's energy is exhausted, while the King remains master. The matter will depend upon the King, who is ill-disposed to M. Molé at this moment, and uttered a remark concerning him which others attribute to M. Guizot, but which is too good to come from more than one source: 'M. Molé is an excellent looker-on, but is a bad actor.' I have an idea that the remark is mine, and that some one stole it from me five years ago.

[141] M. Sauzet.

"The Syrian campaign is decidedly favourable to the allies. The English have displayed much energy. They are inducing the Turks to strike hard, and everything is yielding before them; the force of Ibrahim was a myth. At every moment we are expecting the news of the capture of Saint-Jean d'Acre, which will be an important success both here and there. The saddest part of it is that there is no certainty concerning the possible safety of Egypt. Already rumours are present of a probable revolt at Alexandria, of the assassination of the Pasha by knife or poison; while you have seen that Lord Palmerston, with his theological mind, no longer speaks of the deposition of the Pasha as he did three weeks ago. There is no certainty that we shall not yield upon that point here, and it would be a tremendous concession.

"So much for the present. I now turn to the past. Thiers has shrunk in everybody's eyes: his timidity has been invariably as great as his imprudence and his superficiality. He dismissed the French Consul at Beyrout because he wished to serve the Pasha in Syria by calming the revolt, and it has never been possible to induce him to send reliable agents to Syria for the purpose of finding out the exact extent of Ibrahim's power. Hence we have been deceived, and the attitude of France has been guided by unrealised expectations. M. de Broglie thinks that the King was greatly mistaken in dismissing the Ministry of M. Thiers, because he would in any case have fallen a victim to public ridicule at this moment. This opinion is based upon the fact that if one stakes a large sum upon one card and it does not appear the ridicule is universal. The person to whom he was speaking on the matter yesterday evening thought, on the other hand, that while the Chamber might fear war, it would never have been strong enough to overthrow the Cabinet.

"The speech drawn up by Thiers did not propose a new levy of a hundred and fifty thousand men, but merely wished to anticipate the new levy by three months, whether for peace or for war, this being the levy ordinarily made in the spring. Moreover, the tone of the speech was quite moderate; but the fact is that neither he nor the King was sincere and it was a mere pretext on either side.

"There was a Ministerial crisis, of which we had no suspicion, after the capture of Beyrout. The Ministry wished to make a demonstration by sending the fleet to Alexandria, but the King was opposed to this idea. M. de Broglie was asked to mediate between the two parties, and patched the matter up, on the theory that it was impossible at that moment to appoint a permanent Ministry if those in power resigned upon such a question. He was also opposed to the idea of sending a fleet to Alexandria, believing that the measure was good in itself, as likely to cause the allies anxiety while giving them no reason for complaint, and thinking it a measure which an absolute Government would have every right to carry out; but in French practice, on the other hand, as soon as this measure had been executed, the Press would have driven the fleet into action, whether they wished or not, and war would have been the result. All this argument, in any case, is based upon the fact that this measure or anything like it could only be carried out by violent means of which the public must hear, such as a resignation, a crisis, and so forth. If the matter had been quietly arranged with the private knowledge of the King, the case would have been very different. Moreover, M. de Broglie is by no means well disposed towards the King. He says, however, that it is all a matter of indifference to him apart from the outward disturbance; that he will support any possible Ministry, that not only will he make no attempt to overthrow them, but will not even try to shake their stability, seeing that any of the said Ministries are always more reasonable than the Chamber. In short, he says that he is part of the Ministerial suite, an avowal which no one had yet ventured to make, and that he greatly envies you the prospect of spending his winter in the country. His calmness is quite Olympian, though tempered with bitter and piercing irony.

"M. Guizot tells his friends in confidence that he has induced M. de Broglie to accept the London Embassy. I believe nothing of the kind, but I forgot to ask him yesterday evening. M. Molé seemed to me to be utterly cast down; he is a kind of Jeremiah singing madrigals, and is greatly changed."

_Rochecotte, November 22, 1840._--Yesterday my son-in-law wrote to his wife saying that the diplomatic correspondence was read privately before the Commission of the Address in the Chamber of Deputies. It represents M. Thiers as an incompetent and impossible Minister, M. Guizot as a wise ambassador and a dangerous auxiliary, Lord Palmerston as a resolute and strong character; it shows that Thiers had attempted to deceive and blind the eyes of every one and to take them in, and was simply laughed at, as also was France. He also writes that the Duc d'Orléans made his little impromptu speech before the Chamber of Peers with admirable tact, grace, and nobility.

Another note has been received from Lord Palmerston, milder in tone than the former, but still raising anxiety upon the Egyptian question. M. Mounier has been officially sent to London to try and secure some concession.

My son Valençay writes to me to say that Madame de Nesselrode is at Paris for six weeks; that she will not appear at Court, and therefore will not go into society, but will live quietly by herself, and is delighted with her idea. I do not know whether Count Nesselrode will be equally delighted.

_Rochecotte, November 23, 1840._--My son-in-law writes that M. Walewski, who had been sent to Egypt as an envoy to Ibrahim, thought that he was still writing despatches for the Ministry of March 1, and had announced that in spite of all his efforts he could not induce Ibrahim to pass the Taurus. This despatch seems to be causing a great sensation.

_Rochecotte, November 24, 1840._--My son-in-law writes: "There is a vague rumour that some arrangement will be made in Syria and Egypt which will not be the ruin of the Pasha. This is in consequence of his complete submission to the Powers, but we shall boast of it here, and the majority will appear to believe it. For some time past there have been terrible arguments between Thiers and Guizot, face to face, and the worst of it is for them both that the bystanders support one of them against the other; consequently they will dig the pit in which they will both fall. Thiers is almost entirely ruined, and Guizot will be in the spring after he has refused, as he will, to pave the way for M. Molé, who will certainly enter upon office if the King wishes."

_Rochecotte, November 25, 1840._--I have been reading with admiration the noble farewell of Queen Christina to the Spanish nation.[142] It seems to belong to another time and to an age when there was still something divine in the language of kings. This touching manifesto is said to have been drawn up by Señor de Offalia, who has also left Spain.

[142] This manifesto of Queen Christina to the Spanish nation will be found in the Appendix.

_Rochecotte, November 26, 1840._--What a dreadful speech M. Dupin has made! I am certainly the most peaceful creature in France, but I cannot understand how any one can descend to such depths. A descent so useless, so tactless, and so clumsy that it really seems as if he were trying to win a wager.

The wife of the Marshal d'Albuféra tells me that the Comtesse de Nesselrode met M. Thiers at her house, and that he put out all his efforts to charm the Comtesse. Madame de Nesselrode takes such sudden fancies that she might get excited even over M. Thiers.

The English have captured Saint-Jean d'Acre. Their little Queen has been confined of a daughter.[143]

[143] Victoria, Crown Princess of Great Britain and Ireland, was born on November 21, 1840. By her marriage with Prince Frederick William of Prussia she afterwards became Empress of Germany. She was the mother of the Emperor William II.

_Rochecotte, November 28, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles writes: "You will see by reading the reports of yesterday's session in the Chamber of Deputies the excitement which pervaded the assembly. This establishes and confirms peace with disgrace. These events will be a heavy burden upon the future of the present dynasty. I think that the consequence at home will be a kind of reform in the Chamber, which will produce a dissolution, and also another Chamber, in which we shall be forced to endure a Left Ministry led by Thiers."

Madame Mollien writes to me: "Queen Christina is pretty; her complexion is superb, her skin fine and white; she has a gentle look and a clever and gracious smile, but those who wish to think her charming must look no lower than her head; in full detail she is almost a monstrosity, quite as much as her sister the Infanta. She came to France unattended by any of her ladies, though the newspapers are pleased to speak of some Doña, who, if she does exist, is probably nothing but a chambermaid. At Paris there are some Spanish ladies who will perform some kind of attendance upon her; at the present moment the Duchess of Berwick is so acting. Her suite is composed of only two men, who are both young; one especially, the Count of Raquena, does not seem to be more than twenty. He is a little man with fair moustaches, and looks like a comedy lieutenant. I do not know when the Queen will start. She says she is very happy here. I am afraid she will be too happy and stay too long. These royal visits always cause a certain amount of disturbance, which soon wearies the inhabitants of the Tuileries. She dines there every day, though she is staying in the royal palace. Her interview with her sister was very cold, but it passed off without any scene, and nothing more was expected."

The Duchesse de Bauffremont sent me news of the marriage of her grandson with the second Mlle. d'Aubusson; the eldest daughter is marrying Prince Marc de Beauvau. Gontran's marriage will not take place for a year, as the young lady is only fifteen; she will be enormously rich. Her mother is Mlle. de Boissy. Her father has been ill for ten years, and his property is in the hands of executors. Gontran is not yet nineteen, and a very handsome young fellow.

_Rochecotte, November 29, 1840._--The day before yesterday the _Journal des Débats_ was very curiously filled with the speeches of M. Passy and M. Guizot, throughout which M. Thiers must have felt himself somewhat uneasy. On the whole these explanations are not very creditable to the cleverness of any one except to the skill and the dignified tenacity of Lord Palmerston. It appears to me that all the French actors have emerged from the business somewhat bespattered, including even the little Bourqueney.

_Rochecotte, November 30, 1840._--The discussions in the Chamber have induced me to read the newspaper through, and I am not sorry, for it is a curious drama, though one in which the situation is more interesting than the people, whose appearance becomes ever more threadbare as they adopt the most certain means of degradation, want of straightforwardness, simplicity, and truth in their dealings. Moreover, this discussion is like the Day of Judgment; whether they like it or not, every one is stripped of his fine feathers, and truth is forced to the forefront. Hitherto M. Villemain seems to me to speak the truth in the most suitable and striking language, but he is only in a position to speak for one side of the matter, though this, in my opinion, is the side to which blame chiefly attaches.

_Rochecotte, December 1, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles tells me: "I had a long talk yesterday with M. Guizot, and I told him that recent events and all that discussion has brought forth will considerably complicate the present situation for a long time. He thinks, on the contrary, that the difficulties are only momentary, and that public feeling upon this question will be as short-lived as it was upon the Polish war eight years ago.[144] I also had a long talk with Berryer concerning his speech; he is thinking it over, and has some good ideas; his conclusion will probably give the Ministry a set-back. He will say that war is obviously impossible at this moment, but that peace as formulated by the Ministry is not acceptable to the Chamber, and that the Address should be referred to a new commission. Odilon Barrot and M. Dufaure have already proposed this idea, which might easily become popular. I also met Thiers at the Chamber, and walked about for ten minutes with him. I reminded him that I had already prophesied the events that have come to pass, because in this great business nothing could be done without alliances, while France was united to an ally who was opposed to her interests and obviously likely to abandon her. He replied that France even alone could have prevented action, at the expense, however, of great energy and a large display of force. He throws the whole responsibility upon the King; he says that it is a case of inertia upon the throne, and that with inertia in high places and also naturally ingrained in the nation, nothing can be done; that if the Duc d'Orléans had been King the course of events would have been different; that he would perhaps have perished, but have perished with dignity, and would not have left France in her present state of humiliation and hopelessness, in which she will long continue. In any case, he is entirely devoted to the Left, and M. Odilon Barrot drew the bonds tighter yesterday. Madame de Lieven is, I think, really attached to Guizot, for she no longer goes to the sessions of the Chamber, and confines herself to asking news of them with much anxiety."

[144] A conflict arising from the revolution of July 1830 broke out in Poland, where the Russians and the insurgents fought terrible battles under the walls of Warsaw. On September 7, 1831, Warsaw was obliged to capitulate in spite of a desperate resistance, and the event caused great grief and sympathy throughout France. An attempt was made to begin a revolt in Paris and to overthrow the Ministry of Casimir-Perier, who had recognised the impossibility of supporting Poland.

I now come to an extract from a letter from the Princesse de Lieven herself: "Thiers seems to have decided that he will no longer serve the King. He says that he will wait for the Duc d'Orléans. Syria is lost for the Pasha. It is hoped and believed that he will yield to the summons of the English Admiral Stopford. I suppose that the French Government is advising him to do so; then the matter will be concluded with no glory for France, we must admit, and with every credit to Lord Palmerston. There are many people who strongly object to this latter result. The Ministers here expect a decent majority of fifty or sixty in favour of the Address, after which they will get on as well as they can. M. Guizot seems very tired, but is full of courage. At Vienna people are delighted with the change of Ministry and full of confidence in the present Ministers. I have no news of public opinion as yet from St. Petersburg. I am a little curious to hear what our Russian public will say about this great affair which has been settled without any active interference on the part of us Russians; it will cause us some astonishment. You will probably ask me whether there is a Russian public; the question is not unreasonable, but there is one, as far as the East is concerned. When I was at London as Ambassadress I ventured to call Turkey our Portugal; my own Court much appreciated the epigram, but the English did not. No haste is shown here to nominate a London Ambassador; I think they would prefer the Egyptian business to be settled first. We shall certainly have to wait until the middle of December. Madame de Flahaut does not know what to do, torn as she is by the whims and fancies which are natural to her and the extreme desire of her husband for a diplomatic post. The King greatly wished his ambassadors to call upon Queen Christina in a body; many of them felt scruples upon the point, but at length they decided to go, regarding her as nothing more than the widow of Ferdinand VII., and in fact she is nothing more now. The Queen of England is said to have had a very easy confinement, and will probably have seventeen children like her grandmother. Madame de Nesselrode lives at the Chamber of Deputies; she is in love with Thiers, and has joined the Opposition extremists; she is finding life quite pleasant here. I see very little of her as her time is taken up with the debates in the Chamber and with theatres. My ambassador is crushed beneath the weight of all the great Russian ladies who are grouped together in Paris. I am sorry for him, for I can believe that it is entirely tiresome."

I would have been ready to make a bet that Madame de Nesselrode would conceive a violent fancy for Thiers, if it were only to rival Madame de Lieven's fancy for Guizot. After reading the speech of M. Barrot and the series of invectives which he aimed directly at Guizot, I began to wonder yesterday how such things could be said and heard without leading to further explanations by means of swords and pistols.

_Rochecotte, December 3, 1840._--The following are the most important passages from the bulletin sent by M. de Salvandy, under date December 1, before and during the session of the Chamber. He says: "Have you heard at Rochecotte a pleasant epigram by Garnier Pagès, who is to speak to-day? 'I would strip them both, and their ugliness would then be obvious.' This epigram very well sums up the situation. M. Thiers retains his revolutionary attitude, but that is all; he remains incompetent to many and impossible to all. M. Guizot is far from having gained all that M. Thiers has lost. He has immense talent, admirable strength of mind in times of storm, the gift of overaweing all hostile revolts in the Assembly, and the art of raising the minds of his audience to consider questions with him upon a higher plane and from a wider point of view; these are his special advantages, though he has never made the best of them. Yet he grows stronger, though he raises no defences, and rests his power upon the majority without permanently establishing it. The soil declines to be cultivated. M. Thiers is like a mistress who is asked only to behave herself; anything will be permitted to him, and his reputation will not suffer. M. Guizot is the woman of strict morals who has been a failure and is blamed for everything. This struggle between the Ambassador and the Minister, in spite of attempts to soften it, does harm to the Chamber and to public opinion. He is not even pardoned for his firm resolve to abandon the principles of the Coalition, as if people would have preferred him faithful to infidelity personified. The speech of Dufaure seems to many people a manifesto intervening between the Cabinet and M. Thiers; the action of Passy and Dupin in this direction has caused much anxiety. My name is coupled with this movement because no one imagines that Ministers in retirement are not displeased to be employed. M. Molé is represented as hovering above all, although he has no connection with the sphere in which the Ministry of May 12 predominates, for that Ministry, I think, regards it as a point of honour to preserve its consistency by holding aloof from M. Molé, as Jaubert thinks to remain consistent by retaining his seat among the others, whom he wounds and annoys by his constant outcries against the King and his enthusiasm for M. Barrot. Such is our position. The ground seems to be crumbling beneath us. Alas for our country, which should be strong and cannot be governed! Our Chamber is really the OEil de Bœuf of the democracy.[145] Favourites, male and female, disturb everything by their intrigues, and spend the time in overthrowing one another, with the result that ruin is universal. I am going to the Chamber, where MM. de Lamartine and Berryer will cross swords, and shall close this letter there.

[145] An allusion to the OEil de Bœuf in the castle of Versailles, where Court intrigues were hatched.

"_P.S._--Berryer has just spoken, a clever, brilliant, and perfidious speech. He has protected Thiers by going straightway to the Tuileries. There he has displayed his thunderbolts and launched anathemas against M. Guizot the Ambassador, which have been definitely applauded three times by the Assembly. M. de Lamartine is now rising to reply."

_Rochecotte, December 4, 1840._--The speech of M. Berryer shows the state of the country from one point of view and that of M. de Lamartine from another. These two speeches seem to me to be the most brilliant effort on the part of one orator and the most lofty on the part of the other that the whole discussion upon the Address has produced. M. de Lamartine, for whom in general I have but a moderate liking, greatly pleased me with his reply which seems to be wise, well supported by facts, well thought out, and well delivered, with excellent touches of straightforward feeling, which had its effect upon the Assembly.

We are assured that the mission of M. Mounier to London is intended to secure the help of England for the proposal of a marriage between the innocent Isabella with her cousin Carlos, Prince of Asturias.

The remains of Napoleon have now been brought to Cherbourg. In Paris no preparations are said to have yet been made for this ceremony, which in my opinion will be very ridiculous.

_Rochecotte, December 5, 1840._--Yesterday I had a letter from M. Royer Collard, from which the following is a striking extract: "A week ago, madame, I was a prisoner in the Chamber, following a great debate upon the Address with close interest. The audience have alternately expressed dissatisfaction with the chief actors, but not from the same point of view. The faults of Thiers are those of the Minister, and the faults of Guizot those of the man. I do not know whether you noticed in the newspapers that I was led to make a declaration in Guizot's favour which he greatly needed, as he was in a difficulty, for no one believed a word of what he was saying, although he spoke the truth. The next day he came over to my place to thank me, boldly crossing the whole Chamber for the purpose. I did not accept his thanks, and told him that I had done nothing for him, but had been thinking only of myself. He then buttonholed me in a corridor. I maintained a distant attitude and refused to converse. The difference between the two men is that Providence has not granted Thiers the power of distinguishing between good and evil; Guizot has this power, but will not use it. He is therefore the more guilty, but not, perhaps, the more dangerous. If one could regard any decision of to-day as irrevocable, I should say that they are both utterly ruined. I wish they were, but I am not sure of it."

My son-in-law hears that the effect of Berryer's speech has been tremendous. It seems to have dealt a death-blow to M. Guizot, and a vigorous thrust in higher quarters. The Carlists are overjoyed. I am inclined to think that they regard the event as more important than it really is. Thiers loudly praises Berryer, and tells any one who will listen to him that in point of art nothing is superior to it, and that in 1789 no better performance was achieved.

The Princesse de Lieven, to whom some one related the thrust that Guizot had received, answered that he had not been hit.

It is said that the ceremony in honour of the remains of Napoleon will take place on the 15th of this month. How opportunely his ghost arrives!

_Rochecotte, December 6, 1840._--I hear from a correspondent: "I have no certain confirmation of Demidoff's death, but I know from a sure source that he had a very unpleasant journey to Rome, and afterwards some harassing interviews with the Cardinal's Secretary of State and with the Russian Minister, after which he was obliged to leave the Papal States, in accordance with orders. The consequent excitement then caused him one of his worst attacks. Apparently he told a Greek priest that his children would all be brought up in the Greek religion, while he told the Catholic authorities that they would be brought up as Catholics. Moreover, he said, with his usual assurance, that with money anything could be gained from the Court of Rome, and that he had sent a hundred thousand francs to the Pope for the dispensations which he has procured. Cardinal Lambruschini, indignant at this story, inserted an article in the _Gazette romaine_, which has been circulated everywhere, and which denies the statement, affirming very positively that M. Demidoff only paid ninety francs for his dispensations--namely, the cost of their postage. The Russian Minister then refused to intercede with the Roman Court on behalf of Demidoff. Demidoff abused him, in consequence, and after all this fine performance was obliged to leave Rome; and if he is not dead with fury he is none the less in an awkward position."

_Rochecotte, December 7, 1840._--The chief news of the day is the rejection of M. Odilon Barrot's amendment by a majority of more than a hundred.

One or two clever epigrams current at Paris are these: MM. Jaubert and Duvergier de Hauranne--in short, the Doctrinaire section that has gone over to the Left--are known as the unrestrained schismatics from the Doctrine. In other circles partisans of Mgr. Affre, the Archbishop of Paris, are known as the _affreux_ (frightful). People must have their joke.

_Rochecotte, December 9, 1840._--Madame Mollien informs me that, as the Address is now voted, men's minds are beginning to turn to the ceremony of the Remains, as the people of Paris call it. The expenses of the ceremony will amount to a million; thousands of workmen are busy day and night with preparations, and thousands of loafers spend their time looking on until nightfall. What foolishness all this comedy is, coming at such a time and in such circumstances! I think that the rock of St. Helena would have been a more fitting sepulchre, and perhaps a safer resting-place, than Paris, with its storms and revolutions.

_Rochecotte, December 10, 1840._--M. Raullin writes to say that the Stock Exchange gambling was discussed at the session of the Chamber, and M. Thiers actually wept. He also says that the hatred and acrimony which embroil all these people is quite unparalleled, and that it is impossible to talk with any one unless you share their particular form of madness. Thiers wished to fight a duel with M. de Givré, which was prevented by Rémusat. M. Jaubert is also slightly infected by the disease. Madame Dosne is in bed, a result of the effects of the last session of the Chamber at which she was present. The revelations made upon the subject of the Stock Exchange gambling have overwhelmed her.

M. de Saint-Aulaire writes from Vienna saying that he is going to stand for election to the French Academy; he displays great disgust with public affairs, and there is every probability that this feeling will become general.

_Rochecotte, December 13, 1840._--Yesterday, as my solitude was more complete than usual, I returned, as I constantly do, to my recollections of the past. It occurred to me to write a few lines upon certain mental characteristics of M. de Talleyrand, as follows:

His mind was strong, but his conscience was weak, for it needed enlightenment. The age in which he lived, his education, and the position into which he was forced were all incompatible with that reflection which can illuminate the soul. His natural want of sensitiveness also disinclined him for the serious work of self-examination and left him in darkness. Thus his unusual mental powers were entirely devoted to political interests. He was swept away by the terrible movement of his age, and threw the whole of his energies into it. If stress was required his energy was great; he could live without repose and rest, and deprived others of it as well as himself, but when he had attained his object he would relapse into a lengthy indifference, upon which he cleverly prevented any encroachment. He could be idle so gracefully that no one could disturb him without self-reproach, but he had a keen and accurate eye for a situation and a penetrating perception of its possibilities, while his mind was tempered with excellent common sense. When he took action he worked but slowly at first, but with rapidity and precipitation as the crisis approached. The attitude of carelessness, which he abandoned as little as possible, was most disastrous to him in private life, for he carried it to excess. His door was always open, his rooms were constantly invaded, while his indifference to the reliability and moral worth of the men who made their way to him was deplorable. At the same time he saw everything through his half-closed eyes, but he took little trouble to judge men, and even less to avoid those of whom he thought least. In conversation, if he felt no need of opposition, he allowed people to talk or act as they would, but if he felt himself attacked he was immediately aroused, and the answer was a crushing blow; he overthrew his opponent on the spot, though he never retained any bitterness of feeling for him. He speedily relapsed into his indifference, and as easily forgot an impropriety as he sincerely pardoned an insult. In any case, he was rarely called upon to defend himself. His dignity was natural and simple, so well protected by his reputation, his great past, and by the apparent indolence which was known to be only a mask, that I have rarely seen even the worst characters venture to show their true nature with him. I have often heard him say with real satisfaction: "I was a Minister under the Directory; all the hobnailed boots of the Revolution have tramped through my room, but no one ever ventured upon familiarity with me." He spoke the truth; even his nearest and dearest addressed him only with respectful deference. I am, moreover, convinced that his overpowering dignity was supported by a natural characteristic which could be felt even beneath his indolence. This was a cool courage and presence of mind, a bold temperament and instinctive bravery which inspires an irresistible taste for danger in any form, which makes risk attractive and hazard delightful. Beneath the nobility of his features, the slowness of his movements, and his luxurious habits there was a depth of audacious boldness which sometimes peeped out, revealed a wholly different order of capacities, and made him by force of contrast one of the most original and most attractive characters.

_Rochecotte, December 14, 1840._--Among the letters which I received yesterday I had one from Berlin from M. Bresson, who says: "Frankfort is by no means a misfortune for Herr von Bülow; he has long desired it for private reasons; the post ranks as at least equal to that of London. The strange outcome of Eastern events has restored the credit of those responsible for the negotiations. The men who made the loudest outcry against Bülow are to-day warmest in his praises. We are so indulgent to those who show daring that I am myself inclined to regard them as correct. Humboldt has no political influence over the King of Prussia; no one has any as yet, and it is impossible to say exactly at present what attitude he will adopt. Some recent nominations of members of the Pietists have slightly damaged his popularity; his liking for them is not shared by the country. Lord William Russell extends the area of his amusements more and more; he is now divided between three ladies, one of whom attracts him with some frequency to Mecklenburg. Prince Wittgenstein no longer takes any share in public business; he has had several attacks and will not live long. I need not tell you what I felt concerning the discussion upon the Address; existing conditions make life abroad most unpleasant. Is it true that Flahaut is going to Vienna to replace Saint-Aulaire? If so, I shall certainly be left here. The wind of favour does not blow in my direction. A certain street and house very well known to you are not so well disposed to me as they were." This last passage alludes to Talleyrand's residence in the Rue Saint-Florentin, where Madame de Lieven now lives.

I am informed of the death of the young Marie de La Rochefoucauld, daughter of Sosthène and granddaughter of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency. This poor woman has survived her contemporaries, her children, and her grandchildren. Heaven has severely tried the high courage and profound faith with which she is endowed.

I am also informed that at the much-talked-of ceremony of the Remains the Queen and the Princesses will be in mourning as for Louis XVIII. It seems that everybody is mad; the newspapers only speak of the funeral, or rather of the triumphal procession and of the religious honours which will everywhere be paid to the remains of Napoleon. After all, Napoleon, twice in forty years, will have performed the same service for the French. He will have reconciled them to religion, for it seems that it is quite curious to see the crowds upon their knees surrounding the clergy who bless these remains. Curious, too, is the general wish that their hero should have the benediction of the Church. Strange are the people who accept order personified in the midst of actual anarchy for the sake of a revolutionary idea, for it seems clear to me that there is no other motive for all these honours, which are paid, not to the legislator, but to the usurper and to the conqueror.

_Rochecotte, December 15, 1840._--Yesterday I had some news from Madame de Lieven, the chief points of which I will copy: "Egypt is now done for. Napier was rather violent, contrary to his instructions, but at the same time he has succeeded. Napier wished to show his learning, and is asking the Pasha to restore the reign of the Ptolemys, a strange position for a vassal, but there it is. At Constantinople the principle of hereditary succession will be recognised for his family, and he will afterwards surrender the fleet. At London delight is great and Lord Palmerston cannot contain himself. Relations between the two countries remain very strained; it is not war, but cannot be called peace. The discussion upon the Address has been forgotten in view of the funeral of Napoleon; this will be a superb ceremony, and I hope it will be nothing else.

"Queen Christina has gone, after making a conquest of your King. She will go to Rome, but not to Naples, where her daughter has not been recognised. The whole of Russian female society is here; five of the palace ladies are at Paris and only four left at St. Petersburg. The ambassadors have declared that they will not be present at the funeral. Most of them have adopted this idea independently, but Lord Granville asked for instructions; after some hesitation he was told to do as the others did. The confinement of the Queen of England was perfectly easy."

_Rochecotte, December 17, 1840._--We have not yet heard how the funeral passed off at Paris the day before yesterday. Some uneasiness prevailed. The Duchesse de Montmorency told me: "There is an idea of attacking the English Embassy and wrecking the house. Some soldiers have been placed within the residence and Lady Granville has moved. It is estimated that eight hundred thousand people will be on foot. My children went to the Pecq, and thought that everything was very well conducted; there was a general silence when the boat came in, and all heads were bared. General Bertrand was on the right of the coffin, General Gourgaud on the left, M. de Chabot before it, and the Prince of Joinville went to and fro giving orders and had all the decorations removed which were not religious. The priests were there with surplices and many candles, and there was nothing worldly or mythological."

The newspapers speak of great excitement. I shall be delighted when the evening post tells us how it has all gone off. I have written to secure my grandson Boson a view of the ceremony. Foolish, incoherent, contradictory, and ridiculous as it may be, still the solemn arrival of the coffin brought back from St. Helena will be very imposing, and he will be glad one day to have seen it. Unfortunately at his age he will be merely impressed, and will be unable to draw any of the strange conclusions which the sight should inspire--the complete forgetfulness of the oppression and the universal maledictions with which Europe resounded twenty-six years ago; to-day nothing remains but the recollections of Napoleon's victories, which make his memory so popular. Paris, proclaiming her eager love of liberty, and France, humiliated before the foreigner, are doing their utmost to honour the man who did most to reduce them to servitude and was the most terrible of conquerors.

In the newspapers we have read a description of the decorations in the Champs Elysées, with the row of kings and great men. The great Condé at least should not have found a place among them. Condé offering a crown to his grandson's assassin! What I think should be fine is the hearse. I like the idea of Napoleon brought back to France on a buckler....

_Rochecotte, December 18, 1840._--Yesterday we awaited the post most anxiously, and by some fatality the box was broken and we had to go to bed without letters. Fortunately my son Dino, who had been at Tours, brought back a copy of a telegram received by the Prefect which said that everything went off very well, apart from a small demonstration by some fifty men in blouses, who tried to break through the lines in the Place Louis XV., but were driven back.

_Rochecotte, December 19, 1840._--At last our letters have come. Madame Mollien, who was at the Church of the Invalides in the King's suite, says: "This ceremony was just as unpopular in the position where I was placed as it was popular in the streets of Paris. For every reason people are delighted that yesterday is over. Before entering the church we met in a kind of room, or rather chapel without an altar, which had already been used for the same purpose at the funeral of the victims of Fieschi. The royal family, the Chancellor, the Ministers, the Households, and even the tutors, waited together for two hours. The time was chiefly spent in speculation upon the progress of the procession and in attempts to derive some heat from two enormous fireplaces that had been hastily constructed and avoid the volumes of smoke which they belched into the room. Recollections of the Emperor were conspicuous by their absence; people talked of any subject except that. The Chancellor[146] was noticeable for his cheerfulness and his comical outbursts against the smoke. The Queen was feverish, but nothing could prevent her from accompanying the King, and she went home from the Invalides really ill. I can tell you nothing of the scene within the church. I was so shut in on my stand that I saw nothing, and could hardly hear the beautiful mass by Mozart, divinely sung."

[146] The Duc Pasquier.

The following is another account: "The hearse, in my opinion, was really admirable; nothing could be more magnificent and imposing; the departmental standards borne by subalterns made an excellent effect, and the trumpets playing a simple funeral march in unison impressed me deeply. I liked, too, the five hundred sailors from _La Belle Poule_, whose austere appearance contrasted with the general splendour; but a ridiculous effect was produced by the old costumes of the Empire, which looked as though they had been brought out from Franconi's. The progress of the hearse was not followed sufficiently closely by the crowd, so that the people rushed along in too noisy a fashion. There were some unpleasant shouts of 'Down with Guizot!' 'Death to the men of Ghent!' Some red flags were also seen, and the _Marseillaise_ was heard once or twice, but these attempts were immediately checked. The Prince de Joinville has grown brown and thin, but he is handsome and looked very well. He was warmly welcomed throughout the procession yesterday."

The Duchesse d'Albuféra saw the procession pass from Madame de Flahaut's house, who had invited the old ladies who had figured under the Empire, the wife of Marshal Ney, the Duchesse de Rovigo, &c., with a number of modern society figures or strangers. The eighty thousand troops are said to have given the ceremony the aspect of a review rather than of a funeral. The Marshal's wife reasonably disliked the attitude of the people, which was neither religious nor impressive nor respectful.

I have also a letter from M. Royer Collard, who says nothing about the ceremony, at which he was not present; but in answer to a statement of mine, expressing my astonishment at his silence concerning Berryer's speech, he says: "If I were to give you my plain opinion of the protagonists in the debate upon the Address, I should be tempted to use very violent language. M. Berryer is supporting the cause of good by evil methods, an imaginary good by what is certainly wrong, and the cause of order by means of confusion. He has the outward graces of an orator, but not the essential points. He makes no impression upon men's minds, and nothing will be left to him but his name. You ask my opinion of M. de Tocqueville. He has a fund of honest motives which is not adequate for his purposes, and which he imprudently expends, but some remnants of which will always be left to him. I am afraid that in his anxiety to succeed he will wander into impossible paths by an attempt to reconcile irreconcilable elements. He extends both hands simultaneously, the right hand in welcome to the left, and the left hand to ourselves, and regrets that he has not a third hand behind him which he could offer unseen. He proposes to present himself for election to the French Academy in place of M. de Bonald. My first vote is promised to Ballanche, but he will have my second. His opponents--for there is an opposition--say that his literary success has already brought him into the Institute, the Chamber, and will give him an armchair at Barrot's house, and that he can therefore wait." Our hermit of the Rue d'Enfer displays a considerable spice of malignity beneath his excellent qualities. The notion of a third hand is very persuasive, a capital metaphor, in my opinion.

_Rochecotte, December 20, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles also sends me a small account of the funeral, and says that the crowd of onlookers watched the procession going by almost as if it were that of the Bœuf-Gras, and that the people in the church were entirely absorbed by the question of the cold and the business of wrapping themselves up; that the service was confused and that the social spectacle was the main point in everybody's mind. The obvious inference seems to me to be that there are no more Bonapartists in France. The fact is that there is nothing in this country except newspaper articles.

My son-in-law is told that a proposal is to be brought forward in the Chamber to efface the figure of Henry IV. from the star of the Legion of Honour and to replace it by the effigy of Napoleon. As a matter of fact there will be nothing more extraordinary in destroying the image of one's ancestor than in staining one's coat of arms.[147]

[147] An allusion to the deed to which Louis-Philippe placed his signature in February 1831, the day after the Archbishop's residence was destroyed and Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois was plundered. M. Laffitte, who was too inclined to consider resistance to sedition impossible, induced the Sovereign to publish the following decree: "In future the State seal will represent an open book, bearing these words, 'Charter of 1830,' surmounted by a closed crown with a sceptre and a hand of justice in saltire, and tricolour flags behind the escutcheon, with inscription, 'Louis-Philippe, King of the French.'" Thus it was that the lilies disappeared which had hitherto been represented upon the State seal throughout the realm.

_Rochecotte, December 23, 1840._--I have a letter from M. de Salvandy, of which the following are the essential points: "A note has arrived from Lord Palmerston stating that Napier's convention has been ratified, and guaranteeing the fact in the name of England.

"M. Thiers will be president of the Commission concerning the fortifications, and will report their proceedings to the Chamber; thus he will have the Cabinet on the stool of repentance and be able to keep the Chamber in check. It thus appears that M. Thiers is by no means so weak as was thought, and that M. Guizot's position is by no means assured. In this general state of uncertainty anything is possible. The credit of the Chamber is shaken by it within, and a European disturbance may very well follow. Austria has presented a very moderate note upon the question of armaments, but Germany will not disarm."

M. de Salvandy says the same as my other correspondents with regard to the funeral. He complains that there was too much gold, which was to be seen in every possible position. Apparently those who arranged the ceremony thought that it was the best means of representing glory. He also said that nothing could be less religious than the religious ceremony. This is natural when one has an archbishop who cannot walk or pray or use incense. I notice in the _Moniteur_ a phrase which is quite admirable: "The _De Profundis_ was sung by Duprez and the prayer by the Archbishop."

M. de Salvandy says that during the ceremony M. Thiers was remarkably hopeful at the outset, very angry at the conclusion, and preoccupied throughout; apparently he had set his hopes upon a day which, thank heaven, has been a failure. Even in the church he attempted to begin a discussion with M. Molé concerning Napoleon's thoughts and chances during the Hundred Days.

Now I have an extract from a letter sent by Frau von Wolff from Berlin: "Hitherto nothing has disturbed the perfect harmony between the Sovereign and his people; on political questions there is practically no difference of opinion among them, so we are almost all orthodox in this respect; but religious opinions are strongly divided, and from this point of view the first steps of the King are watched with some anxiety. It is to be hoped that the King will never sacrifice true merit to sectarian prejudice. With regard to the new nobility which the King has just created, it will be difficult for me to give you a precise explanation, for the institution seems to be still somewhat vague. The King hopes to obviate the inconvenience of a poor nobility--and the Prussian nobility is usually poor--by introducing new titles and attaching them to territorial estates, so that the title will pass only to those children or descendants who inherit land, and will become extinct if the succession leaves the family. This idea has not been greatly appreciated so far. People fear possible complications and entanglements and it is thought that the institution will hardly survive, as it is not in harmony with Germanic custom."

_Rochecotte, December 27, 1840._--The Duc de Noailles tells me that M. de Tocqueville has withdrawn his candidature for the Academy. The Duc has just been to dinner with M. Pasquier, where he met Mgr. Affre; he speaks of him as a regular peasant; even the enemies of Mgr. de Quélen noticed the difference at the ceremony in the Invalides. It was Mgr. de Quélen who officiated for the victims of Fieschi. Mgr. Affre is an appropriate prelate for this wretched age, which is so devoid of dignity wherever it is looked for.

_Rochecotte, December 30, 1840._--I hear from Paris that a despatch in a mild and friendly tone has arrived from Russia for communication to the Government, saying that the isolation of France is regarded with regret and that there is a readiness to begin the usual measures for bringing France into the train of negotiations since a Conservative Ministry has been re-established at Paris. The despatch was read to M. Guizot and then to the King. Can it betoken a desire for a closer union? I hardly think so, but I do think that there is a general wish to avoid war in Russia as well as elsewhere; that there is a wish to calm the feelings of France and induce her to disarm, and that disarmament may follow elsewhere, for these general armaments are the ruin of Europe.

APPENDIX

I

_Message from President Jackson of the United States_

Since the last session of the Congress the validity of our claims upon France, as arranged by the treaty of 1831, has been recognised by both branches of the Legislature, and the money has been voted for their satisfaction, but I regret to be obliged to inform you that payment has not yet been made.

A short summary of the most important incidents in this lengthy controversy will show how far the motives, by which attempts are made to justify this delay, are absolutely indefensible.

When I took office I found the United States applying in vain to the justice of France for the satisfaction of claims the validity of which has never been doubted, and has now been admitted by France herself in the most solemn manner. The long-standing nature of these claims, their entire justice, and the aggravating circumstances from which they sprang, are too well known to the American people for a further description of them to be necessary. It is enough to say that for a period of ten years and more, with the exception of a few intervals, our commerce has been the object of constant aggression on the part of France, which usually took the form of condemning ships and cargo in virtue of arbitrary decrees, contravening both international law and the stipulations of the treaties, while ships were burnt on the high seas, and seizures and confiscations took place under special Imperial rescripts in the harbours of other nations then in French occupation or under French control.

Such, as is admitted, has been the nature of our grievances, grievances in many cases so flagrant that even the authors of them never denied our right to satisfaction. Some idea of the extent of our losses may be gained by considering the fact that the burning of vessels at sea and the seizure and sacrifice in forced sales of American property, apart from awards to privateers before condemnation was pronounced, or without such formality, have brought the French Treasury a sum of twenty-four millions of francs, apart from considerable customs dues.

For twenty years this business has been the subject of negotiations, which were interrupted only during the short period when France was overwhelmed by the united forces of Europe. During this period, when other nations were extorting their claims at the bayonet's point, the United States suspended their demands in consideration of the disasters that had overpowered the brave people to whom they felt themselves bound, and in consideration of the brotherly help which they had received from France in their own times of suffering and danger. The effect of this prolonged and fruitless discussion, disastrous both to our relations with France and to our national character, was obvious, and my own course of duty was perfectly clear to me. I was bound either to insist upon the satisfaction of our claims within a reasonable period or to abandon them entirely. I could not doubt that this course was most conformable to the interests and honour of the two countries.

Instructions were therefore given from this point of view to the Minister who was once more sent to demand satisfaction. When Congress met on October 10, 1829, I considered it my duty to refer to these claims and to the dilatory attitude of France, in terms sufficiently strong to draw the serious attention of both countries to the matter. The French Minister then in power took offence at the message, under the idea that it contained a threat, upon which basis the French Government did not care to negotiate. The American Minister refuted the interpretation which the French authorities attempted to place upon the message, and reminded the French Minister that the President's message was a communication addressed not to foreign governments, but to the Congress of the United States, and that in this message it was his duty under the Constitution to provide this body with information upon the state of the Union with reference both to foreign as well as to domestic affairs. That if, again, in the performance of this task he deemed it his duty to call the attention of the Congress to the consequences which might result from strained relations with another Government, one might reasonably suppose that he acted under a sense of duty in thus frankly communicating with another branch of his own Government, and not that he acted with the object of threatening a foreign Power. The French Government was satisfied and negotiations were continued. These were concluded by the treaty of July 4, 1831, which partially recognised the justice of our claims, and promised payment to the amount of twenty-five millions of francs in six annual instalments. The ratifications of the treaty were exchanged at Washington on February 2, 1832. Five days later the treaty was presented to Congress, which immediately passed the Acts necessary to secure to France the commercial advantages conceded to her by the arrangement. The treaty had been previously ratified with full solemnity by the King of France, in terms which are certainly no mere formality: "We, regarding the above convention as satisfactory in all and each of the conclusions which it contains, declare, both for ourselves and for our heirs and successors, that it is accepted, approved, ratified, and confirmed, and by these presents, signed with our hand, we do accept, approve, ratify, and confirm it, promising upon our faith and word as King to observe and to secure its observance inviolably without contravention at any time and without permitting direct or indirect contravention for any reason or pretext whatsoever." The official announcement that ratifications had been exchanged with the United States reached Paris while the Chambers were in session. The extraordinary delays prejudicial to ourselves by the introduction of which the French Government have prevented the execution of the treaty, have already been explained to Congress. It is sufficient to point out that the session then opened was allowed to pass without any effort being made to obtain the necessary funds; that the two following sessions also went by without any action resembling a serious effort to secure a decision upon the question; and that not until the fourth session, nearly four years after the conclusion of the treaty, and more than two years after the exchange of ratifications, was the law referring to the execution of the treaty put to the vote and rejected.

Meanwhile the United States Government, in full confidence that the treaty concluded would be executed in good faith, and with equal confidence that measures would be taken to secure payment of the first instalment, which was to fall due on February 2, 1833, negotiated a bill for the amount through the Bank of the United States. When this bill was presented by bearer the French Government allowed it to be protested. Apart from the loss incurred by non-payment, the United States had to meet the claims of the bank, which asserted infringement of its interests, in satisfaction of which this institution seized and still holds a corresponding amount from the State revenues.

Congress was in session when the decision of the Chambers was communicated to Washington, and an immediate announcement of this decision on the part of France was a step which was naturally expected from the President. The profound discontent shown by public opinion and the similar excitement which prevailed in the Congress, made it more than probable that a recourse to immediate measures for securing redress would be the consequence of any appeal made upon this question to Congress itself.

With a sincere desire to preserve the peaceful relations which have so long existed between the two countries, I wished to avoid this step if I could be convinced that in thus acting, neither the interests nor the honour of my country would be compromised. Without the most complete assurance upon this point I could not hope to discharge the responsibility which I assumed in allowing the Congress to adjourn without giving it an account of the affair. These conditions seemed to be satisfied by the assurances which were given to me.

The French Government had foreseen that the feeling in the United States aroused by this second rejection of the credit vote would be as I have described it, and prompt measures had been taken by the French Government to anticipate the consequences. The King personally expressed through our Minister at Paris his profound regret for the decision of the Chambers and promised to send a ship of war with despatches to his Minister here, forthwith authorising him to give every assurance to the government and the people of the United States that the treaty would be in any case faithfully performed by France. The warship arrived and the Minister received his instructions. Professing to act in virtue of these instructions he gave the most solemn assurances that immediately after the new elections, and as soon as ever the Chamber would allow, the French Chambers would be convoked and that the attempt to obtain the necessary credit would be renewed; that all the constitutional power of the King and his Ministers would be exerted to secure this object. It was understood that he pledged himself to this end, and this Government expressly informed him that the question ought to be decided at a date sufficiently near to enable Congress to learn the result at the commencement of the session.

Relying upon these assurances, I undertook the responsibility of allowing Congress to separate without offering any communication upon the matter.

Our expectations, reasonably based upon promises so solemnly given, were not realised. The French Chambers met on July 31, 1834, and though our Minister at Paris urged the French Ministers to lay the matter before the Chambers, they refused. He then insisted that if the Chambers had been prorogued without coming to any conclusion in the matter, they should be again convoked in time to enable their decision to be known at Washington before the meeting of Congress. This reasonable demand was not only refused, but the Chambers were prorogued until December 29, a date so remote that their decision in all probability could not have been obtained in time to reach Washington before the Congress was forced to adjourn by the terms of the Constitution. The reasons given by the Ministry for their refusal to convoke the Chambers at a nearer date were afterwards shown to have been by no means insurmountable, for the Chambers were convoked on December 1 for the special purpose of considering home affairs, though this fact did not become known to our Government until after the last session of the Congress. As our reasonable expectations were thus deceived, it was my imperative duty to consult Congress as to the advisability of reprisals, in case the stipulations of the treaty were not promptly carried out. For this purpose a communication was indispensable. It would have been unworthy of us in the course of this communication to refrain from an explanation of all the facts necessary for an exact comprehension of the affair, or to shrink from truth for fear of offending others. On the other hand, to have gone a step further with the object of wounding the pride of a government and a people with whom we have so many reasons to cultivate friendly relations to our mutual advantage would have been both imprudent and disastrous.

As past events had warned us of the difficulty of drawing up the most simple statement of our grievances without wounding the feelings of those who had become responsible for redressing them, I did my best to prevent any interpretation of the message containing the recommendations placed before Congress as a threat to France. I disavowed any such design and further declared that the pride and the power of France were so well known that no one would expect to extort satisfaction by fear. The message did not reach Paris until more than a month after the Chambers had met, and to such an extent did the Ministry disregard our legitimate claims, that our Minister was informed that the matter would not be made a Cabinet question when it had been brought forward.

Although the message was not officially communicated to the Government and although it contained definite declarations that no menace was intended, the French Ministers determined to regard the conditional proposal of reprisals as a threat and as an insult, which the national honour made it their duty to reject.

The measures by which they proceeded to show their resentment of this supposed insult were the immediate recall of their Minister from Washington, the offer of passports to the American Minister at Paris, and a declaration in the legislative Chambers that diplomatic relations with the United States Government were suspended.

After they had thus avenged the dignity of France, they proceeded to show their justice. For this purpose a law was immediately presented to the Chamber of Deputies asking for the funds necessary to perform the terms of the treaty. As this proposal afterwards became a law, the terms of which are now one of the chief subjects of discussion between the two nations, I am bound to retrace the history of this law.

The Financial Minister in his explanation alluded to the measures which had been taken in answer to the supposed insult, and represented the performance of the treaty as imperative upon the honour and justice of France. As the mouthpiece of the Ministry he declared that the message, until it had received the sanction of Congress, was merely the simple expression of the President's personal opinion. On the other hand he declared that France had entered into engagements which were binding upon her honour. In accordance with this point of view, the only condition upon which the French Ministry proposed to consider the payment of the money was to defer this payment until it was certain that the United States Government had done nothing which could injure the interests of France, or, in other terms, that Congress had not authorised any measure hostile to France.

At this moment the French Cabinet could not have known what was the attitude or the decision of Congress, but on January 14 the Senate decided that there was no reason for the moment to take any legislative measures with reference to the business proceeding between the United States and France, and no decision upon the subject was made in the Representative Chamber. These facts were known at Paris before March 28, 1835, when the Commission which had been considering the bill of indemnity presented its report to the Chamber of Deputies. This Commission repeated the opinions of the Ministry, declared that the Congress had put aside the proposals of the President, and proposed the adoption of the law with no other restriction than that originally stated. The French Ministry and the Chambers thus knew that if the position they had adopted, and which had been so frequently stated to be incompatible with the honour of France, was maintained, and if the law was adopted in its original form, the money would be paid and this unfortunate discussion would come to an end. But this flattering hope was soon destroyed by an amendment introduced into the law at the moment of its adoption, providing that the money should not be paid until the Government had received satisfactory explanations concerning the President's message of December 2, 1834. What is still more remarkable, the President of the Council[148] adopted this amendment and consented to its insertion in the law. As for the pretended insult which had induced them to recall their Minister and send our Minister his passports, not until then did they propose to ask for an explanation of this incident. The proposals and opinions which they had declared could not reasonably be imputed to the American people or government were put forward as obstacles to the accomplishment of an act of justice towards this government and people. They had declared that the honour of France required the performance of an undertaking into which the King had entered unless Congress adopted the proposals of the message. They were certain that Congress had not adopted them and none the less they refused to perform the terms of the treaty until they had obtained from the President an explanation of an opinion which they had themselves characterised as personal and ineffectual. The supposition that I had intended to threaten or to insult the French Government is as unfounded as any attempt to extort from the fears of that nation that which its feelings of justice would have made it refuse, would have been foolish and ridiculous; but the Constitution of the United States obliges the President to explain to Congress the situation of the country and the American people cannot admit the intervention of any Government whatever upon earth in the free performance of the domestic duties which the Constitution has imposed upon its public officials. The discussions proceeding between the different branches of our Government concern ourselves alone, and our representatives are responsible for any words which they may utter only to their own constituents and to their fellows in office. If, in the course of these discussions, facts have been inaccurately stated, or wrong inferences have been drawn from them, correction will necessarily follow when the mistakes are perceived, from their love of justice and their sense of self-respect; but they will never submit to be questioned upon that matter as a right by any foreign Power. When these discussions lead to action, then our responsibility to foreign Powers begins, but it is then a national and not an individual responsibility. The principle upon which a demand is issued for an explanation of the terms of my message would also justify the claim of any foreign Power to demand an explanation of the terms employed in a committee report or in the speech of a member of Congress.

[148] At that time the Duc de Broglie.

It is not the first time that the French Government has taken offence at messages from American presidents. President Washington and President Adams, in the performance of their duties to the American people, encountered ill-feeling on the part of the French Directory. The grievance raised by the Minister of Charles X. and removed by the explanations offered by our Minister at Paris, has already been mentioned when it was known that the Minister of the reigning King took offence at my message last year by interpreting it in a sense which the very terms of it forbade. Our last Minister at Paris in reply to the last note which showed dissatisfaction with the language of the message, sent a communication to the French Government under date January 28, 1835, which was calculated to remove all the impressions that undue susceptibility might have received. This note repeated and recalled to the attention of the French Government the disavowal contained in the message itself of any intention to use intimidation by threats; it declared in all truth that the message did not contain either in words or intention any accusation of bad faith against the King of the French; it drew a very reasonable distinction between the right of complaining in measured terms of the failure to perform the terms of the convention, and an imputation that the delay in performance was due to evil motives; in short it showed that the necessary exercise of this right was not to be regarded as an offensive imputation. Although this communication was made by our Minister without instructions and entirely upon his own responsibility, my approbation has since made it a governmental act and this approbation was officially notified to the French Government on April 25, 1835. However, it produced no effect. The law was passed with the unfortunate amendment, supported by the King's Ministers and was definitely approved by the King.

The people of the United States are reasonably inclined to pursue a pacific policy in their dealings with foreign nations; the people must therefore be informed of the loyalty of their government to this policy. In the present case this policy was carried to the furthest limits compatible with due self-respect. The note of January 28 was not the only communication which our Minister took the responsibility of offering upon the same subject and from the same point of view; when he found that it was proposed to make the payment of a just debt dependent upon the accomplishment of a condition which he knew could never be performed, he thought himself bound to make a further attempt to convince the French Government that, if our self-respect and our regard for the dignity of other nations prevented us from using any language which might give offence, at the same time we would never recognise the right of any foreign government to require an explanation of communications passing between the different branches of our public service. To prevent any misunderstanding the Minister recalled the language used in a preceding Note and added that any explanation which could be reasonably asked or honourably given, had already been furnished and that the annexation of this demand to the law as a condition, was not only useless but might be regarded as offensive and would certainly never be fulfilled.

When this last communication, to which I called the special attention of the Congress, was submitted to me, I conceived the hope that its obvious intention of securing a prompt and honourable settlement of the difficulties between the two nations would have been achieved, and I therefore did not hesitate to give it my sanction and my complete approbation. So much was due from me to the Minister who had made himself responsible for the act. The people of the United States were publicly informed of it and I am now communicating it to the people's representatives to show how far the Executive power has gone in its attempts to restore a good understanding between the two countries. My approval would have been communicated to the French Government if an official request for it had been received.

As the French Government had thus received all the explanations which honour and principle could allow, we hoped that there would be no further hesitation in paying the instalments as they fell due. The agent authorised to receive the money was instructed to inform the French Government of his readiness; by way of reply he was informed that the money could not then be paid because the formalities required by the act of the Chambers had not been fulfilled.

As I had received no official communication concerning the intentions of the French Government, and as I was anxious to conclude this disagreeable affair before the meeting of Congress, I instructed our Minister at Paris to inquire into the final determination of the French Government and if the due payment of the instalment was refused, to return to the United States without further explanations.

The results of this last step have not yet reached our knowledge, but we expect information daily. I trust that information may be favourable. As the different powers in France have recognised the justice of our rights and the obligations imposed upon them by the treaty of 1831, and as no real cause remains as an excuse for further delay, we may hope that France will at length adopt that course of procedure demanded no less imperiously by the interests of the two nations than by the principles of justice. When once the treaty has been carried out by France, few causes of disagreement will remain between the two countries, and in short there will be nothing that cannot be surmounted by the influence of a pacific and enlightened policy and by the influence of that mutual good will and those generous recollections which will, we trust, then be revived in all their early strength; but in any case, the question of principle which has been raised by the new turn given to the discussion is of such vital importance to the independent action of the government, that we cannot abandon it or make it the subject of a bargain without compromising our national honour. I need not say that such a sacrifice will never be made by any act of mine. I will never stain the honour of my country to relieve myself of my obligation to tell the truth and to do my duty; nor can I give any other explanations of my official act than those required by honour and justice. This determination, I feel sure, will meet with the approbation of my constituents. My knowledge of their character is very inadequate if the sum of twenty-five millions of francs should outweigh for a moment in their eyes any question which affects their national independence; and if unfortunately a different impression should prevail they would rally, I feel certain, about their chosen Government vigorously and unanimously, and silence for ever this degrading imputation.

Having thus frankly submitted to the Congress the further steps which have taken place since last session, in this interesting and important affair and also the views of the Executive power concerning it, it only remains for me to add, that as soon as the information expected by our Minister has been received, it will become the subject of a special communication.[149]

[149] From the _Journal des Débats of January 1, 1836_.

II

_Speech by the_ DUC DE BROGLIE, _President of the Council, Chamber of Deputies in the Session of January 6, 1836, on the subject of Poland_.

GENTLEMEN,

I do full justice to high ideals and the noble passions with which the orator whom you have just heard has been inspired;[150] but I will venture to remind him that he has not done full justice to the Government and to the Ministry of 1831 in expressing his apparent belief that the difficulties of that period prevented our Cabinet from showing that interest in the Polish nation which a French Government will always feel for Poland.

[150] M. Odilon Barrot.

At that moment, difficult and dangerous as it was, when the domestic circumstances of France were very perplexing, the French Government did for the Polish nation all that it was its duty to do. It did more than any other nation, and if history ever reveals the diplomatic correspondence of the French Government at that time, I venture to think that full justice will be done to the illustrious man who was then President of the Cabinet.[151]

[151] M. Casimir Perier.

What was done at that time in the interests of humanity and justice, the Government has never ceased to do whenever it thought that its intervention could be of any use to the population of Poland.

But in the presence of so enlightened a Chamber as this, it is unnecessary to recall the fact that the intervention of a foreign Power in the domestic administration of another state must be conducted with every care and precaution. There is often a reason to fear that such intervention, far from calming irritation and exasperation and far from weakening political animosity, may arouse these passions to greater power. In a word, such a task can only be fulfilled by the constant exercise of care and precaution.

I trust that the Chamber will understand me if I say that the French Government has never neglected any opportunity of intervening in the interests of humanity, but the Chamber will also understand perhaps that this is not the right moment for serving humanity and that it is indeed against the wishes of the Chamber to press the Government to further efforts in this place. It is to be feared that words actuated by generous feeling may indeed produce an effect entirely contrary to the sentiments which inspires them and may merely be translated abroad into greater ill-feeling. There is a fear, in short, that the cause of humanity may be betrayed in the very wish to serve it and without the knowledge of those who desire to defend it (General cries of Hear, Hear).

On this point I shall say no more. The former speaker has himself pointed out the difference that should characterise the observations of one who speaks for the Government, and those of an isolated member of the Chamber. The Chamber will certainly understand that it is not for me to reply severally to the observations which have been laid before you, because any answer to these observations will have an undue importance as coming from myself.

As to the other branch of the question, the existence of treaties which the first speaker has discussed, and to which the second[152] has also referred; I will speak upon the matter as shortly as I can. As far as I know, absolutely no one in Europe would assert that treaties should not be faithfully executed both in their letter and their spirit, but in the article of the treaty to which the two orators have referred, different principles are enounced; principles which are not incompatible, and should indeed be reconciled; on the one hand the Independence of Poland, and on the other the Union of Poland with Russia. In this article the principle is laid down that representation and certain national institutions should exist; but execution has been delayed until we know what these institutions are to be, and under what form they will be established.

[152] M. Saint-Marc Girardin.

This article was not drawn up with all the clearness that might have been desired. The possibility is thus open that the several Powers who signed the treaty of 1815 may interpret it in different senses, and emphasise more or less the principles therein enounced. It may be--I am only putting a hypothetical case--that the several Powers will not agree upon the application of these principles, or upon the nature of the action that lies before them. Are we to say that the moment a difference of opinion arises, we should immediately have recourse to force? The Chamber cannot countenance such an idea. The maintenance of relations between the Powers is upon the same footing as the maintenance of harmony between the public bodies. The mere fact that divergence of opinion is possible is no reason for an appeal to force. Discussion, reason, and time will enable the truth to prevail.

Well, gentlemen, I am confident that the Chamber will understand without further words from myself upon the question now before it, that there are divergences of opinion between the different Powers upon certain points. We consider that negotiations, discussion, and time will enable the truth to prevail, and we trust that upon this point you will agree with us. (Loud applause.)[153]

[153] From the _Journal des Débats of January 7, 1836_.

III

_Eulogy upon_ COUNT REINHART, _delivered at the Academy of Moral and Political Science, by the_ PRINCE DE TALLEYRAND, _in the Session of March, 3, 1838_.

GENTLEMEN,

I was in America when the kindnes of my friends appointed me a member of the Institute, and thus connected me with the study of Moral and Political Science, to which society I have had the honour to belong since its origin.

On my return to France my first care was to attend the sessions of the Institute, and thus to show the members of that time, many of whom we have every reason to regret, what pleasure I felt at finding myself one of their number. During the first session at which I was present the committee was reappointed, and I received the honourable post of secretary. The six months' report which I drew up, with all the care that I could bring to it, was perhaps of a too deferential character, as I was giving an account of work to which I was a complete stranger. It was work which doubtless had cost much research and much labour to one of our most learned colleagues, and was entitled, "Dissertations upon the Riparian Laws." At the same time in our public meetings I delivered some lectures which I was then allowed to insert in the Memoirs of the Institute. Forty years have elapsed since that date, during which this chair has been forbidden to me, first by long absences, and also by duties to which I was obliged to devote the whole of my time, and I may add by the discretion which times of difficulty make incumbent upon a man whose business is political; and, finally, by the infirmities which old age usually brings or aggravates.

But to-day I feel it necessary--and, indeed, regard it as a duty--to appear for the last time in memory of a man known throughout Europe, a man who was my friend, and who was our colleague since the formation of the Institute. I come forward publicly to testify to our esteem for his person and to our regret for his loss. His position and mine enable me to reveal several of his special merits. His principal, but not his sole title to glory consists in a correspondence extending over forty years, necessarily unknown to the public, who will probably never hear of it. I asked myself, "Who will speak upon that matter within these walls? Who will have any reason to speak of it except myself, who have known so much of it, who have been so pleased by it, and so often helped by it in the course of the Ministerial duties which I have had to perform under three very different reigns?"

Count Reinhart was thirty years of age and I was thirty-seven when I first met him. He entered public life with a large stock of information; he knew five or six languages, and was familiar with their literatures. He could have attained celebrity as a poet or historian or geographer, and in this latter capacity he became a member of the Institute at the time of its foundation.

At that time he was already a member of the Academy of Science in Göttingen. Born and educated in Germany, he had published in his youth certain poems which had attracted the attention of Gessner, Wieland and Schiller. At a later date, when his health forced him to take the waters of Carlsbad, he was fortunate enough to meet and to know the famous Goethe, who so far appreciated his taste and his knowledge as to apply to him for information upon any outstanding features in French literature. Herr Reinhart promised to keep him informed. Undertakings of this nature among men of first-rate intellectual power are invariably mutual, and soon become bonds of friendship. The intimacy between Count Reinhart and Goethe gave rise to a correspondence which is now being printed in Germany.

Having thus reached that time of life when a man must definitely choose that career for which he thinks himself best fitted, we shall see that Herr Reinhart formed a resolution by no means consistent with his character, his tastes, his own position, and that of his family: remarkable as the fact was for that age, in preference to the many careers in which he could have been independent, he chose one in which independence was impossible, and gave his preference to diplomacy. His choice was a good one; he was fitted to occupy any post in this profession, and filled all posts in succession and all with distinction.

I will venture to assert that his early studies had fitted him admirably for his profession. His work in theology especially had brought him distinction in the seminary of Denkendorf and in the Protestant faculty of Tübingen; it had given him a strength and dexterity in argument which may be noted in every document from his pen. Lest I should seem to be pursuing a paradoxical idea, I may recall the fact that several of our great diplomatists were theologians, and have all made their mark in history by their conduct of the most important political affairs of their age. Cardinal Chancellor Duprat was as completely versed in canon law as jurisprudence, and fixed, in conjunction with Leo X., the principles of the Concordat which in large part survives to-day; Cardinal d'Ossat, notwithstanding the opposition of several great Powers, succeeded in reconciling Henry IV. with the Court of Rome; his surviving correspondence is still recommended for study to those of our young men who propose to follow a political career; Cardinal de Polignac, a theologian, poet, and diplomatist, after many unhappy wars, was able to preserve the conquests of Louis XIV. to France by the treaty of Utrecht.

Thus, too, amid theological books collected by his father, afterwards Bishop of Gap, was begun the education of M. de Lionne, to whose name fresh lustre has recently been added by an important publication.

The names which I have quoted will suffice to justify my idea of the influence which I conceive to have been exerted upon Count Reinhart's mind by the early studies to which his father's education had directed him.

The varied and profound information which he had acquired qualified him to perform at Bordeaux the honourable, if modest, duties of tutor in a Protestant family in that town. There he naturally began relations with several men whose talents, whose mistakes, and whose death brought such renown to our first Legislative Assembly. Count Reinhart was easily induced by them to enter the service of France.

I feel in no way obliged to follow in detail the many vicissitudes of his long career. The numerous posts which were entrusted to him, sometimes of importance, at other times of inferior rank, seem to have followed in no consecutive order, and, indeed, to denote a want of gradation which we could hardly understand at the present time; but in that age neither positions nor persons were subject to prejudice. In other times favour, and more rarely discrimination, called men to eminent positions, but during the time of which I speak, for good or for evil, positions were won by force, and such a system naturally produced confusion.

Thus we shall see Count Reinhart as First Secretary to the London Embassy; in a similar position at Naples; as Plenipotentiary Minister to the Hanseatic towns, Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck; head of the third division in the Department of Foreign Affairs; Plenipotentiary Minister at Florence; Foreign Minister; Plenipotentiary Minister in Switzerland; Consul-General at Milan; Plenipotentiary Minister for the area of Lower Saxony; Resident in the Turkish provinces beyond the Danube, and Chief Commissioner of commercial relations in Moldavia; Plenipotentiary Minister to the King of Westphalia; head of the chancery in the Department of Foreign Affairs; Plenipotentiary Minister to the Germanic Diet and to the free town of Frankfort; and, finally, Plenipotentiary Minister at Dresden. How many posts, how much work, and how many interests were thus confided to the care of one man! And this at a time when talent seemed likely to be the less appreciated, as war appeared to be the chief arbitrator in every difficulty.

You will not expect me, gentlemen, to give you any detailed account with dates of the works which Count Reinhart produced in the various posts which I have just enumerated; such an account would need a volume. I need only speak to you of the manner in which he fulfilled his official duties, whether he was Head of a Department, Minister, or Consul.

Count Reinhart had not at that time the advantage which he might have had a few years later of seeing excellent models for his imitation; but he was well aware what high and different capacities should distinguish the head of a department of Foreign Affairs. His delicate tact showed him that the habits of such a head should be simple, regular, and retiring; that, remote from the uproar of the world, he should live for business alone, and bring to it an impenetrable secrecy; that while always ready to give an answer concerning facts and men, he should have constantly present to his memory every treaty, know the dates of them, their history, have a correct knowledge of their strong points and their weaknesses, their antecedent and consequent circumstances; that he should know the names of the chief diplomatists and even their family relations; and that while using this knowledge, he should be careful not to disturb the penetrating self-esteem of the Minister, and that if he should ever induce that Minister to share his own opinions, his success should remain concealed. He knew that he could only shine by reflection elsewhere, but he was also aware that so pure and modest a life would naturally command every respect.

Count Reinhart's faculty of observation did not stop at that point. It had shown him how unusual is the combination of qualities necessary for a Minister of Foreign Affairs. Such a Minister must, in fact, be endowed with a kind of instinct which will give him prompt warning and prevent him from compromising himself before any discussion begins: he must be able to appear frank while remaining impenetrable; must be reserved and yet seem careless; must discriminate even in the nature of his amusements; his conversation must be simple, varied, attractive, always natural, and sometimes open. In a word, he must never cease for a single moment in the twenty-four hours of the day to be Minister of Foreign Affairs.

At the same time, unusual as these capacities are, they could hardly be adequate if loyalty did not give them that support which they almost always require. I am bound to mention the fact here in opposition to a prejudice generally current. Diplomacy is not a science of duplicity and trickery; if good faith is required anywhere, it is especially necessary in political transactions, for it alone can make them permanent and durable. Attempts have been made to identify reserve with duplicity; good faith will never authorise duplicity, but it may admit reserve, and reserve has the special faculty of increasing confidence.

Dominated by a sense of honour and of his country's interests, by the honour and interests of his Sovereign, by the love of liberty founded upon a respect for order and uniform justice, a Minister of Foreign Affairs, when he is equal to his task, occupies the highest position to which any lofty mind could aspire.

Much as is required of a competent Minister, how much more is required of a good Consul. The claims upon a Consul are infinitely varied and are of a totally different order from those which may affect the other officials of a Foreign Office. They require an amount of practical experience which can only be acquired by a special education. Within the area of their jurisdiction Consuls are required to perform for their compatriots the duties of judges, arbitrators, and mediators; often they are officers of the Civil State; they act as notaries, and sometimes as Admiralty officers; they watch and report upon sanitary affairs; their position enables them to give an accurate and complete idea of the state of trade, of navigation, and of manufactures in the country where they reside. Count Reinhart, who neglected nothing to secure the accuracy of that information with which it was his business to provide his Government, or the correctness of the decisions which as a political agent, as Consul and Admiralty officer, he was obliged to give, had made a profound study of international and shipping law. This study had induced him to think that a time would come when clever combinations would establish a general system of commerce and navigation in which the interests of every nation would be respected, and the basis of which would be so strong that not even war itself could alter the principle of it, though it might interrupt some of its results. He was also able to decide certainly and promptly all questions of interchange, arbitration, conversion of money, weights and measures, while no claims were ever raised in dispute of the information which he provided or of the judgments which he delivered. It is also true that the personal consideration which he enjoyed throughout his career gave much influence to his intervention in any matter which he conducted or in any dispute upon which he had to pronounce.

Wide as a man's knowledge may be and vast as his capacity, the complete diplomatist is but very rarely met with. Yet Count Reinhart might have attained this distinction if he had had one additional capacity. The clearness of his view and intelligence was admirable; he could write an excellent account of anything that he had seen or heard; his style was resourceful, easy, clever, and attractive. Of all the diplomatic correspondence of that age, the Emperor Napoleon, who had every right to be fastidious, showed a preference for the despatches of Count Reinhart; but admirably as he wrote, he could only express himself with difficulty. For action his intelligence required more time than conversation could provide, and for the easy reproduction of his mental speech he was obliged to work alone and unaided. Notwithstanding this real inconvenience, Count Reinhart always succeeded in performing his commissions thoroughly well. Whence did he derive the inspiration which enabled him to succeed?

The source of his power, gentlemen, was a real and profound belief which governed all his actions, the sense of duty. The strength of this belief is not often entirely realised. A life entirely devoted to duty is easily separated from ambition. Count Reinhart's life was given up to the duties which he had to perform, nor was there in him any trace of personal ambition or any claim to rapid promotion. The religion of duty to which Count Reinhart was faithful all his life, consists in perfect submission to the orders and instructions of superiors; in constant vigilance added to much perspicacity, which never leaves those superiors ignorant of what they ought to know; in a strict adherence to truth in every official report, whether agreeable or unpleasant; in an impenetrable discretion and a regularity of life which secure confidence and esteem; in decorum of outward conduct and in continual care to give the acts of his Government that colouring and that interpretation demanded by the interest of the affairs under his charge.

Though advancing age had warned Count Reinhart that it was time for rest, he would never have asked to be relieved, fearing that he might seem to show coldness in his pursuit of a career which had been life-long. The royal kindness, with its invariable attention, considered his necessities and gave this great servant of France a most honourable post, by calling him to the Chamber of Peers. Count Reinhart did not long enjoy this honour and died almost suddenly on December 5, 1837. He was twice married, and had a son by his first wife, who is now pursuing a political career. The best wish that we can offer the son is that he may resemble his father as nearly as possible.

IV

_Memorandum addressed by_ LORD PALMERSTON _to the French Government and handed to_ M. THIERS _by_ Mr. BÜLWER _at the beginning of September 1840_.

FOREIGN OFFICE, _August 31, 1840._

SIR,

Various reasons have prevented me from sending you earlier and transmitting through you to the French Government certain observations which Her Majesty's Government desire to make upon the Memorandum which was handed to me on July 24 by the French Ambassador to this Court, in reply to the Memorandum which I had handed to His Excellency on the 17th of that month; but I am now able to fulfil this task.

Her Majesty's Government observes with great satisfaction the friendly tone of the French Memorandum and its assurances of keen desire to maintain peace and the balance of power in Europe. The Memorandum of July 17 was conceived in a spirit no less friendly towards France, and Her Majesty's Government is equally anxious that France should be able to keep peace in Europe and prevent the smallest disturbance of that equilibrium which now exists between the Powers.

Her Majesty's Government has been equally delighted to see the declarations contained in the French Memorandum stating that France wishes to act in concert with the other four Powers with reference to the affairs in the Levant.

On this point the sentiments of Her Majesty's Government correspond in every respect with those of the French Government: for, in the first place, throughout the negotiations which have proceeded upon this question for more than twelve months, the British Government has constantly been anxious that a concert of the five Powers should be established, and that all five should agree to a common line of action; Her Majesty's Government though not bound to defer, as proof of this desire, to the other proposals which have been made from time to time to the French Government, and to which reference has been made in the French Memorandum, can unhesitatingly declare that no European Power can be less influenced than Great Britain by private views or by any desire and hope of exclusive advantage which might arise in her favour from the conclusion of the questions in the Levant. On the contrary, in these matters the interests of Great Britain are identical with those of Europe in general, and are based upon the maintenance of the integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire as a guarantee for the preservation of peace and as essential to the maintenance of the balance of power in general.

To these principles the French Government has promised its full adherence, and offered it in more than one instance, especially in a despatch from Marshal Soult, under date July 17, 1839. This despatch was officially communicated to the four Powers. It has also offered support in a collective note, dated July 27, 1839, and in the speech of the King of the French to the Chambers in December 1839.

In these documents the French Government declares its determination to maintain the integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire under the reigning dynasty as essential to the balance of power and as a guarantee for the preservation of peace; in a despatch from Marshal Soult the French Government has shown its resolution to oppose by action and influence any combination which might be hostile to the maintenance of this integrity and this independence.

Hence the Governments of Great Britain and of France are entirely agreed upon the object towards which their policy should be directed. The only difference existing between the two Governments is a difference of opinion concerning the means regarded as most advisable to obtain this common end. On this point, as the French Memorandum observes, a difference of opinion may naturally be expected.

On this point a great difference of opinion has arisen between the two Governments, which seems to have become stronger and more pronounced in proportion as the two Governments have more completely explained their respective views, and this fact for the moment prevents the two Governments from acting in concert to attain their common purpose. On the one hand, Her Majesty's Government has repeatedly pointed out her opinion that it would be impossible to maintain the integrity of the Turkish Empire and to preserve the independence of the Sultan, if Mehemet Ali were to be left in possession of Syria, as the military key of Asiatic Turkey, and that if Mehemet Ali were to continue to occupy this province as well as Egypt, he would be able at any time to threaten Bagdad from the south, Diarbekir and Erzeroum from the east, Koniah, Brousse, and Constantinople from the north; and that the same ambitious spirit which has driven Mehemet Ali under other conditions to revolt against his Sovereign, would soon induce him hereafter to take up arms for further invasions; and that for this purpose he would always maintain a large army on foot; that the Sultan, on the other hand, would be continually on guard against the possible danger, and would also be obliged to remain under arms, so that the Sultan and Mehemet Ali would continue to maintain arms upon a war footing for the purpose of observing one another; that a collision would be the inevitable result of these continual suspicions and mutual alarms, and that even if there should be no premeditated aggression upon either side, any collision of the sort would necessarily lead to foreign intervention in the Turkish Empire, while such intervention, thus provoked, would produce the most serious discord between the Powers of Europe.

Her Majesty's Government has pointed out as probable, if not as certain, an even greater danger than this, which would result from the continued occupation of Syria by Mehemet Ali; namely, that the Pasha, trusting to military force and wearied by his political position as a subject, would carry out an intention which he has frankly avowed to the Powers of Europe that he would never abandon, and would declare himself independent. Such a declaration upon his part would incontestably amount to a dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, and, what is more, this dismemberment might happen under such conditions as would make it more difficult for the European Powers to act in concert for the purpose of forcing the Pasha to withdraw such a declaration, and more difficult than it is for them to-day to combine their forces and oblige him to evacuate Syria.

Her Majesty's Government has therefore invariably asserted that the Powers which are anxious to preserve the integrity of the Turkish Empire and to maintain the independence of the Sultan should unite in helping the latter to re-establish his direct authority over Syria.

The French Government, on the other hand, has asserted that if Mehemet Ali were once assured of the permanent occupation of Egypt and Syria he would remain a faithful subject and become the strongest support of the Sultan; that the Sultan could not govern if the Pasha were not in possession of this province, the military and financial resources of which would then be of greater use to him than if they were in the hands of the Sultan himself; that every confidence might be placed in the sincerity with which Mehemet Ali had renounced all ulterior views, and in his protestations of faithful devotion to his Sovereign; that the Pasha is an old man, and upon his death, even if his rights are recognised as hereditary, the totality of his acquired power would revert to the Sultan, because all possessions in Mohammedan countries, of whatever nature, are in reality held only upon tenure for lifetime.

The French Government has also maintained that Mehemet Ali will never be willing to evacuate Syria of his own accord and that the only means by which European Powers could use force would be operations by sea which would be inadequate, or by land which would be dangerous; that these operations by sea would not expel the Egyptians from Syria and would merely rouse Mehemet Ali to begin an attack upon Constantinople; while the measures which might be taken in such a case to defend the capital and in particular any operations on land undertaken by the troops of the allied Powers to expel the army of Mehemet Ali from Syria, would be more fatal to the Turkish Empire than the state of things could possibly be which these measures would be intended to remedy.

To these objections Her Majesty's Government replied that no reliance could be placed upon the recent protestations of Mehemet Ali; that his ambition is insatiable and would only be increased by success; and that to provide him with the opportunity of invading, or to leave within his reach the objects of his desire would be to sow the seeds of inevitable collisions; that Syria is no further from Constantinople than a large number of well-administered provinces are from their capitals in other States and can be as well governed from Constantinople as from Alexandria; that it is impossible for the resources of this province to be of any use to the Sultan in the hands of a governor who might turn them against his master at any moment and that they would be more useful if they were in the hands or at the disposal of the Sultan himself; that, as Ibrahim had an army at his orders, he had also the means, upon the decease of Mehemet Ali, of securing his own succession to any power of which the latter might be possessed at his death; that it was not fit that the Great Powers should advise the Sultan to conclude a public arrangement with Mehemet Ali, with the secret intention of hereafter breaking the arrangement upon the first occasion that might seem opportune.

None the less the French Government maintained its opinion and refused to take part in an arrangement which included the use of coercive measures.

But the French Memorandum laid down that in the course of recent circumstances no positive proposal has been made to France upon which she was called to explain her attitude and that consequently the resolution which England communicated to her in the Memorandum of July 17, doubtless in the name of the four Powers, must not be considered as actuated by refusals which France has not made. This passage obliges me briefly to remind you of the general course of negotiations.

The original opinion conceived by Her Majesty's Government, of which the five Powers were informed, including France, in 1839, was that the arrangement between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali which might secure a permanent state of peace in the Levant, would be of a nature to confine the power delegated to Mehemet Ali to Egypt alone and would re-establish the direct authority of the Sultan throughout Syria, both in Candia and in all the towns of the Holy Land; thus interposing the desert between the direct power of the Sultan and the province of which the administration would be left to the Pasha. And Her Majesty's Government proposed that by way of compensation for the evacuation of Syria, Mehemet Ali should receive an assurance that his male descendants should succeed him as governors in Egypt, under the sovereignty of the Sultan.

To this proposal the French Government raised objections saying that such an arrangement would doubtless be the best if there were any means of executing it, but that Mehemet Ali would offer resistance and that any measures of violence which the allies might employ to reduce him, would produce effects which might be more dangerous to the peace of Europe and to the independence of the Porte, than the actual state of affairs between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali could possibly be; that although the French Government thus refused to agree to England's plan, during the long space of time which had subsequently elapsed, it had not proposed any plan of its own. Further, in September 1839, Comte Sébastiani, the French Ambassador at the Court of London, proposed to draw a line from the east to the west of the sea, nearly from Beyrout to the desert near Damascus and to declare that all the land to the south of this line should be administered by Mehemet Ali and that all to the north should be under the immediate authority of the Sultan. The French Ambassador then gave Her Majesty's Government to understand that if such an arrangement were admitted by the five Powers, France would unite with the four Powers, in case of need, for the use of coercive measures, with the object of forcing Mehemet Ali to submission.

I pointed out to Comte Sébastiani that such an arrangement was open, though in a less degree, to all the objections applicable to the present relative position of the two parties and that consequently Her Majesty's Government could not accede to it. I observed that it seemed inconsistent on the part of France to express her willingness to force Mehemet Ali to agree to an arrangement which would obviously be incomplete and inadequate to secure the proposed object, while objecting to coercive measures when they were proposed for the purpose of forcing consent to the arrangement desired by Her Majesty, the execution of which, as France admitted, would entirely fulfil the desired object.

To these arguments Comte Sébastiani replied that the objections advanced by the French Government to the employment of coercive measures against Mehemet Ali, were founded upon considerations of domestic government, and that these objections would be removed if the French Government was enabled to prove to the nation and to the Chambers that it had obtained the best possible conditions for Mehemet All and that he had refused to accept them.

As this insinuation was not admitted by Her Majesty's Government, the French Government communicated officially on September 27, 1839, its own plan, which was that Mehemet Ali should become a hereditary governor of Egypt and of all Syria, and governor for life of Candia, surrendering nothing but the district of Adana and Arabia. The French Government did not say a word as to its knowledge of Mehemet Ali's inclination to adhere to this arrangement, nor did it declare that if he refused to agree, France would take coercive measures to compel him.

Obviously Her Majesty's Government could not consent to this plan, which was open to more objections than the present state of things, the more so as the gift to Mehemet Ali of the legal and hereditary title to a third of the Ottoman Empire, which he now occupies only by force, would have been to begin the positive dismemberment of the Empire.

Her Majesty's Government, therefore, being desirous to show its readiness to come to an agreement with France upon these questions, stated that it would yield its well-founded objection to any extension of Mehemet Ali's power beyond Egypt and would join the French Government in recommending the Sultan to grant to Mehemet Ali, apart from the pashalik of Egypt, the administration of the lower part of Syria, to be bounded on the north by a line drawn from Cape Carmel to the southern extremity of the Lake of Tiberias, and by a line from this point to the Gulf of Akaba, provided that France would join the four Powers in coercive measures if Mehemet Ali refused this offer. This proposal, however, was not accepted by the French Government, which now declared its inability to join in coercive measures or to be a party to an arrangement to which Mehemet Ali would not consent.

While these discussions were proceeding with France, separate negotiations were in progress between England and Russia, of which full details and information have been sent to the French Government. Negotiations with France were suspended for a time at the outset of this year, firstly because a change of Ministry was expected, and secondly because a change of Ministry took place.

In the month of May, however, Baron von Neumann and myself resolved, upon the advice of our respective governments, to make a last effort with the object of inducing France to begin a treaty which was to be concluded with the other four Powers, and we submitted to the French Government, through M. Guizot, another proposal for an arrangement between the Sultan and Mehemet Ali. One objection put forward by the French Government to the last proposals of England was that although it was proposed to give Mehemet Ali the strong position extending from Mount Carmel to Mount Tabor, he would be deprived of the fortress of Acre.

To overcome this objection Baron von Neumann and myself proposed that the northern frontiers of the part of Syria to be administered by the Pasha should extend from Cape Nakhora to the furthest point of the Lake of Tiberias, thus including within the boundary the fortress of Acre; and that the eastern frontier should extend along the western coast of the Lake of Tiberias and thence to the Gulf of Akaba. We declared that the government of this part of Syria could be granted to Mehemet Ali for life only, and that neither England nor Austria would consent to grant Mehemet Ali hereditary rights over any part of Syria. I further declared to M. Guizot that I could go no further in the way of concessions in the hope of securing the co-operation of France, and that this was our last proposal. Baron von Neumann and myself communicated these facts separately to M. Guizot: Baron von Neumann first, and myself the next day. M. Guizot told me he would inform his Government of this proposal and of the facts which I had laid before him, and that he would let me know the answer as soon as he had received it. A short time afterwards the plenipotentiaries of Austria, Prussia, and Russia informed me that they had every reason to believe that the French Government, instead of deciding upon the proposal for themselves, had sent it to Alexandria to learn the decision of Mehemet Ali; that the four Powers who had undertaken the business were thus confronted, not with France, but with Mehemet Ali; that, apart from the inevitable delay, this was an action which their respective courts had never intended to take and one to which they would never consent; and that the French Government had thus placed the plenipotentiaries in a very embarrassing position. I agreed with them that their objections were justified with regard to the conduct which they attributed to the French Government, but that M. Guizot had said not a word to me of what would be done. Mehemet Ali had been informed that the French Government at that moment was fully occupied with parliamentary questions and could naturally ask for time before sending an answer to our proposals, and that in any case delay could do no great harm. About June 27, M. Guizot came to me and read me a letter addressed to him by M. Thiers, containing the answer of the French Government to our proposal. This answer was a formal refusal. M. Thiers said that _the French Government positively knew that Mehemet Ali would not consent to a division of Syria unless he were forced to do so; that France could not co-operate in coercive measures against Mehemet Ali under these conditions, and that therefore she could not become a party to the proposed arrangement_.

As France had thus refused to yield to England's ultimatum, the plenipotentiaries were bound to consider what steps should be adopted by their Governments. The position of the five Powers was this: the five had declared their conviction that in the interests of the balance of power and of the peace of Europe it was essential to preserve the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire under the reigning dynasty; all five had declared that they would use all their influence to maintain this integrity and this independence; but France, on the one hand, insisted that the best means to secure this result was to abandon the Sultan to the mercies of Mehemet Ali and to advise him to submit to the conditions which Mehemet might impose upon him in order to preserve peace _sine qua non_; while on the other side the four Powers regarded any further military occupation of the Sultan's provinces by Mehemet Ali as likely to destroy the integrity of the Turkish Empire and to be fatal to its independence; they therefore thought that it was advisable to confine Mehemet Ali within narrower limits.

After about two months of deliberations, France not only refused to consent to the plan proposed by the four Powers as an ultimatum upon their part, but further declared that she would not become a party to any arrangement to which Mehemet Ali did not voluntarily consent without the use of force. It only remained then for the four Great Powers to adopt as an alternative the principle laid down by France, which consisted in the complete submission of the Sultan to the demands of Mehemet Ali; or to act upon their principles and force Mehemet Ali to accept an arrangement compatible in form with the rights of the Sultan, and compatible in content with the integrity of the Ottoman Empire. If the former alternative were adopted, the co-operation of France would be secured; in the latter alternative the hope of that co-operation must be abandoned.

The keen desire of the four Powers to secure the co-operation of France has been shown by the fact that they have continued their efforts for several months in the course of negotiations. They are well aware of the value of French support, not only for the particular object which they have in view, but also with reference to the general and permanent interests of Europe. But what they failed to secure, and what they esteemed, was the co-operation of France in the maintenance of peace to secure the eventual safety of Europe and the practical execution of the principles to which the five Powers had declared their agreement. They desired the co-operation of France, not only for themselves and for the advantage and opportunity of the moment, but also for the good which it might have conferred, and for the future consequences which might have resulted from it. They wished to co-operate with France to do good, but they were not prepared to co-operate with her in doing evil.

Thinking, therefore, that the policy advised by France was unjust, and in no way judicious with regard to the Sultan; that it might become the cause of misfortunes in Europe; that it was inconsistent with the public engagement undertaken by the five Powers, and that it was incompatible with the principles which they had wisely emphasised, the four Powers felt that they could not make the sacrifice demanded of them, and buy the help of France at so high a price--if, indeed, that could be called co-operation which merely consisted in allowing events to follow their natural course. As the four Powers were thus unable to adopt the views of France, they determined to accomplish their mission.

This determination, however, was not unexpected and the probable eventualities had not been hidden from France. On the contrary, upon several occasions during the course of negotiations, and no later than October 1 last, I had pointed out to the French Ambassador that our desire to remain united with France must have a limit, that we were anxious to go forward with France but not disposed to come to a standstill with her, and that if she could not contrive to act in harmony with the four Powers, she must not be astonished if she saw them come to an understanding between themselves and acting apart from France.

Comte Sabastiani told me that he foresaw that we should thus act, and that he could predict the result; that we were bound to try and conclude our arrangements without the help of France, and that we should find that our means were inadequate; that France would be a passive spectator of events; that after a year or eighteen months of useless efforts we should recognise that we had been mistaken, and that we should then apply to France; that this Power would then co-operate to settle these matters upon a friendly basis with as much friendliness after our failure as she would have shown before our attempt, and that she would then probably persuade us to agree to conditions to which we refused our consent at the moment.

Similar indications were given to M. Guizot with regard to the line which would probably be taken by the four Powers if they were unsuccessful in coming to an arrangement with France. The French Government has therefore refused the ultimatum of the four Powers, and by the act of refusal has enounced afresh a principle of action which it knew could not be adopted by the four Powers: a principle which consisted in the idea that no settlement of the difficulties between the Sultan and his subject could take place except under conditions which the subject could accept voluntarily, or, in other terms, could dictate; hence, the French Government must have been prepared to see the four Powers determined to act apart from France; and when the four Powers had come to this determination, they could not be represented as breaking with France, or as excluding France from the arrangement of a war to be carried on by Europe. On the contrary, it was France who broke with the four Powers, for it was France who laid down for herself a principle of action which made co-operation with the other Powers impossible.

At this point, without attempting further controversial observations with reference to the past, I feel obliged to point out that the voluntary retirement on the part of France was not entirely due to the course of negotiations at London, but that, unless Her Majesty's Government has been strangely misled, it was decided even more definitely in the course of negotiations at Constantinople. The five Powers declared to the Sultan by a Collective Note, which was handed to the Porte on July 27, 1839, by their representatives at Constantinople, that their unanimity was complete, and these representatives requested the Porte to refrain from any direct negotiations with Mehemet Ali, and to make no arrangement with the Pasha without the concurrence of the five Powers. However, Her Majesty's Government has good reason to believe that during the last few months the French representative at Constantinople has decisively isolated France from the other four Powers, and has energetically and repeatedly pressed the Porte to negotiate directly with Mehemet Ali, and to conclude an arrangement with the Pasha, not only without the concurrence of the four great Powers, but under the mediation of France alone, and in accordance with the special views of the French Government.

As regards the line of conduct followed by Great Britain, the French Government must recognise that the views and opinions of Her Majesty's Government have never varied, from the outset of these negotiations, except in so far as Her Majesty's Government has offered to modify its views with the object of securing the co-operation of France. These views have been from time to time frankly expressed to the French Government, and have been continually supported in the most urgent manner by arguments which seemed conclusive to Her Majesty's Government. From the very outset of the negotiations, the declarations of principle made by the French Government induced Her Majesty's Government to believe that the two Governments had only to agree upon the means of carrying out their common principles. If the intentions of the French Government concerning these means differed from the views of England even at the outset of the negotiations, France has certainly not the right to refer to the difference between France and England as unexpected, seeing that the French Government recognised its existence a long time previously. If the intentions of the French Government with regard to the measures to be taken have undergone a change since the opening of negotiations, France certainly has not the right to impute to Great Britain a change of political intention which proceeds from France, and not from England.

But in any case, when four out of five Powers have agreed upon a definite line of conduct, and when the fifth has resolved to pursue an entirely different policy, it would be unreasonable to require the four to abandon, in deference to the fifth, opinions to which they are daily more resolved to adhere and which refer to a question of vital importance for the chief and future interests of Europe.

But as France continues to maintain the general principles which she laid down at the outset and continues to consider the maintenance of the integrity and independence of the Turkish Empire as necessary to preserve the balance of power; as again France has never refused to admit that the arrangement which the four Powers wished to introduce between the Sultan and the Pasha would be the best solution if it could be secured, and as again the objections of France referred not to the object proposed but to the means by which it is to be gained, her opinion being that the end is good, but that the means are inadequate and dangerous; Her Majesty's Government is confident that the isolation of France, which no one regrets more than Her Majesty's Government, will not be of long duration.

When the four Powers, in concert with the Sultan, have succeeded in introducing an arrangement of this nature between the Porte and his subjects, there will then be no further point of disagreement between France and her allies, nor will there be any obstacle to prevent France from undertaking with the other Powers such engagements for the future as may seem necessary to secure the good results of an intervention by the four Powers in favour of the Sultan, and to preserve the Ottoman Empire from any recurrence of the dangers to which it is exposed.

Her Majesty's Government impatiently awaits the moment when France will be able to resume her position in the concert of the Powers and trusts that that moment will be accelerated in the interests of the full development of the moral influence of France. Although the French Government, for reasons of its own, has refused to participate in the coercive measures to be employed against Mehemet Ali, this Government certainly cannot object to the employment of such measures with the object of inducing the Pasha to submit to the arrangements which are to be placed before him, and it is obvious that more than one argument might be adduced and that more than one prudential consideration might be urged upon the Pasha with more efficacy by France as a neutral Power and a non-participant in this affair, than by the four Powers which are actively engaged in the prosecution of coercive measures.

In any case Her Majesty's Government is confident that Europe will recognise the justice of the proposal which has been put forward by the four Powers, for their purpose is just and disinterested. They are not seeking to gather any advantage for themselves or to establish any exclusive sphere of influence, or to acquire any territory, and the object which they have in view should be as profitable to France as to themselves, because France, like themselves, is interested in the maintenance of the balance of power and in the preservation of the general peace.

You will send officially to M. Thiers a copy of this despatch.

I am, &c.,

(Signed) PALMERSTON.

(From the _Journal des Débats_ of October 2.)

V

_Manifesto to the Spanish Nation._

SPANIARDS,

As I left the soil of Spain in a day of grief and bitterness for me, my streaming eyes were turned to heaven in prayer that the God of mercy would shed His grace and His blessing upon us.

When I reached a foreign land, the first need of my soul and the first thought of my heart was to raise my voice in friendship, the voice with which I have ever spoken to you with a sense of unspeakable tenderness, both in good and bad fortune.

Alone, abandoned, and a prey to the deepest grief, my only consolation in this great misfortune is to open my heart to God and to you, to my father and to my children.

Think not that I shall be satisfied with lamentations and barren recriminations, or that, to explain my conduct as Queen-Regent of the realm, I shall attempt to excite your passions; on the contrary, I have done everything to calm them and would gladly see them at rest. The language of self-restraint alone is consonant with my affection, my dignity, and my glory.

When I left my country to seek another home in Spanish hearts, rumour had informed me of your great exploits and your high qualities. I knew that in every age you had leaped forward to the combat with the noblest and most generous ardour to defend the throne of your Sovereigns; that you had defended it at the price of your blood, and that in days of glorious memory you had deserved well of your country and of Europe. I then swore to devote myself to the happiness of a nation which had shed its blood to break the captivity of its Kings. The Almighty heard my oath, your manifestations of joy showed me that you were conscious of it, and my conscience tells me that I have kept it.

When your King, upon the brink of the tomb, dropped the reins of State from his failing grasp and placed them in my hands, my gaze fell alternately upon my husband, my daughter's cradle, and the Spanish nation, thus uniting the three objects of my love in order to recommend them to the protection of heaven in one prayer. My painful experiences as mother and wife while my husband's life and my daughter's throne were endangered could not distract me from my duties as Queen: at my voice universities were opened; at my voice long-standing abuses disappeared and useful reforms, wisely considered, were brought forward; at my voice those who had sought in vain a home as exiles and wanderers in foreign lands, returned to their hearths and homes. Your joyous enthusiasm at these solemn acts of justice and mercy could only be compared to the extent of the grief and the depth of bitterness to which I was abandoned; for myself I reserved all sadness, and for you, Spaniards, all joy.

At a later date, when God had called my august husband to Himself, who left the government of the whole realm in my hands, I strove to guide the State as a merciful Queen-Regent (_justiciera_). During the short period which elapsed since my elevation to power until the convocation of the first Cortes, my power was unique, but it was not despotic, or absolute, or arbitrary, for it was limited by my will. The most dignified people in the realm and the Council of Government, which I was bound to consult by the last wishes of my august husband upon all matters of grave import, pointed out to me that public opinion demanded other guarantees from me as the repository of the sovereign power. I gave those guarantees, and freely and spontaneously convoked the chiefs of the nation and the procuradores of the realm.

I granted the royal statute and I have not infringed it. If others have trampled it under foot, they must be responsible for their actions before God, who holds laws sacred.

The Constitution of 1837 was accepted by me, and I took the oath to it; to avoid infringement of it, I then made the last and greatest of sacrifices--I laid down the sceptre and I was forced to abandon my daughters.

In referring to the events which have brought these cruel tribulations upon me, I shall speak to you as my dignity demands, with self-restraint and in words well weighed.

I was served by responsible Ministers, who were supported by the Cortes. I accepted their resignation, which was imperiously demanded by a revolt at Barcelona; then began a crisis which was only concluded by the renunciation which I signed at Valencia. During this deplorable period, the municipality of Madrid revolted against my authority, an example followed by other important towns. The rebels insisted that I should condemn the conduct of Ministers who had loyally served me; that I should recognise the movement as legitimate; that I should annul, or at any rate suspend, the law of municipalities which I had sanctioned, after it had been voted by the Cortes; and that I should endanger the unity of the Regency.

I could not accept the first of these conditions without entire loss of self-respect; I could not accede to the second without recognising the right of force, a right recognised neither by divine nor human laws, and the existence of which is incompatible with the Constitution, as it is incompatible with all Constitutions; I could not accept the third condition without infringing the Constitution, which regards as law any measure voted by the Cortes and sanctioned by the supreme head of the State, and which places a law once sanctioned beyond the sphere of the royal authority; I could not accept the fourth condition without accepting my own disgrace, passing condemnation upon myself and undermining the power which the King had left me and which the Chambers of the Cortes had afterwards confirmed, and which was preserved by me as a sacred possession which I had sworn never to surrender to the hands of factious men.

My firmness in resisting that which I could not accept in the face of my duty, my oaths and the dearest interests of the monarchy, has brought down upon the defenceless woman, whose voice now speaks to you, a series of griefs and sufferings which no human language could express. You will not have forgotten, Spaniards, how I carried my misfortunes from city to city, insulted and affronted everywhere, for one of those decrees of God which are a mystery to man, has permitted injustice and ingratitude to prevail. Doubtless for that reason the small number of those who hated me were emboldened to insult me, while the large number of those who loved me had so far lost courage as to offer me nothing but silent compassion as a testimony of their affection. There were some who offered me their swords, but I did not accept their offer, preferring martyrdom in isolation to the certain prospect of reading one day a new list of martyrs who had fallen victims to their loyalty. I might have stirred up a civil war, but civil war could not be aroused by myself, who have just given you the peace that my heart desired, a peace cemented by forgetfulness of the past; my mother's eyes turned away from so dreadful a prospect; I told myself that when children are ungrateful a mother must endure to death, but that she must not stir up war between them.

Days elapsed in this dreadful condition of affairs; I saw my sceptre become merely a useless reed and my diadem a crown of thorns. At length my strength failed; I laid aside my sceptre and my crown to breathe the air of freedom; an unhappy victim but with a calm brow, a clear conscience, and a soul without remorse.

Such, Spaniards, has been my conduct. I offer you this account of it that it may not be stained by calumny, and in so doing I have performed the last of my duties. She who was your Queen asks nothing more of you than that you will love her daughter and honour her memory.

Marseilles, November 8, 1840.

(Signed) MARIA CHRISTINA.

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX

[The names followed by an asterisk (*) have been already noted in more detail in the Biographical Index of vol. I.]

A

ABD-EL-KADER (1807-1883). Celebrated Arab Emir, who maintained a desperate struggle against the French in Algiers for fifteen years. He was eventually captured in 1847 by General Lamoricière, sent to France, and imprisoned at Pau, then at Amboise. Napoleon III. set him at liberty, and he afterwards remained loyal to France. He died in Syria, where he had withdrawn.

ACERENZA, the Duchesse d' (1783-1876). Jeanne, Princesse de Courlande, married in 1801 François Pignatelli of Belmonte, Duc d'Acerenza. She was the third daughter of Pierre Duc de Courlande, and sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.

ACTON, Lady. She was the daughter of the Duke of Dalberg, and married Lord Acton as her first husband. Her second husband was Mr. George Leveson, afterwards Lord Granville.

ADÉLAÏDE, Madame* (1777-1847). Sister of King Louis-Philippe, over whom she exerted a great influence.

ADOLPHUS OF NASSAU (1250-1298). He was elected Emperor of Germany in 1292 on the death of Rudolph of Hapsburg, to the exclusion of Albert, son of this Prince. Germany revolted against him, and he was conquered and killed by his rival, Albert of Austria, at the battle of Göllheim.

AFFRE, Denis Auguste (1793-1848). Archbishop of Paris from 1840. On June 25, 1848, Mgr. Affre went to the barricades in the Faubourg Saint Antoine and was struck by a bullet while beseeching the insurgents to surrender. He died two days later in consequence of this wound.

AGNÈS SOREL (1409-1450). Lady of Honour to Isabelle de Lorraine. Agnès Sorel attracted the notice of Charles VII. and became his favourite. He gave her a castle at Loches, the comté of Penthièvre, the manors of Roquessière, Issoudun, and Vernon-sur-Seine, and finally the seat of Beauté in the Bois de Vincennes, whence she took the name of Dame de Beauté.

ALAVA, Don Ricardo de* (1780-1843). Spanish officer and diplomatist.

ALBUFÉRA, the Duchesse d' (1791-1884). Daughter of the Baron de St. Joseph. She married in 1808 Marshal Suchet, Duc d'Albuféra, who died in 1826.

ALDBOROUGH, Cornelia, Lady.* Daughter of Charles Landry.

ALFIERI, Count Victor* (1749-1803). Italian tragic poet. He secretly married the Countess of Albany.

ALIBAUD (1810-1836). Assassin who attempted the life of King Louis-Philippe on the evening of June 25, 1836, and was executed on July 11 following.

ALTENSTEIN, Baron Karl of (1770-1840). Prussian statesman from 1808 to 1810. He was Financial Minister, and afterwards, under King Frederick William III., became Minister of Religion and Education.

ALTON-SHÉE DE LIGNIÉRES, Edmond, Comte d' (1810-1874). Peer of France in 1836. At first closely attached to the Constitutional Monarchy of July, he suddenly changed under the influence of the ideas of 1848, and took part in the manifestations of the advanced party. Under the Second Empire he abandoned his political connections.

ALVANLEY, Lord* (1787-1849). A society figure and English officer, known for his wit.

ANCILLON, Jean Pierre Frédéric (1766-1837). Of Swiss origin, he became Minister of the Reformed Church of Berlin and Professor at the Military Academy. In 1806 Frederick William III. requested him to undertake the education of the Prince Royal, afterwards Frederick William IV. Admitted to the court, Ancillon was influential there until his death. He married three times: in 1792, Marie Henriette Baudouin, who died in 1823; in 1824, Louise Molière, who died in 1826; in 1836, Flore Tranouille d'Harley and de Verquignieulle, of an old Belgian family.

ANDRAL, Madame. Daughter of M. Royer Collard. She married the famous Dr. Andral.

ANGLONA, the Prince d' (1817-1871). Son of a General in the Spanish Army. He married in 1837 the daughter of the Duke of Frias and became Duke of Uceda, a title which belonged to his wife's family.

ANGOULÊME, the Duc d' (1775-1844). Also known as the Dauphin, after his father, King Charles X., had ascended the throne in 1824. In 1799, at Mitau, he married his cousin, Marie Thérèse Charlotte, only daughter of King Louis XVI. He was Commander-in-Chief of the French Army sent to Spain in 1823, captured the fort of Trocadero, and showed his moderation by the ordinance of Andujar. He died in exile at Goritz, and left no children.

ANGOULÊME, the Duchesse d' (1778-1851). Marie Thérèse Charlotte of France, only daughter of King Louis XVI. and of Marie Antoinette. At her birth she received the title of Madame Royale. She shared the captivity of her family, and in 1795 the Directory consented to exchange her for the commissaries sent back by Austria. She married her cousin, the Duc d'Angoulême, and returned to Paris with him in 1815. Exiled once more in 1830, she never returned to France, and died at Frohsdorf.

ANNE OF AUSTRIA* (1602-1666). Queen of France and Regent during the minority of Louis XIV.

ANNE DE BRETAGNE (1476-1514). Queen of France. Daughter of François II. of Brittany, she married in succession Charles VIII. and Louis XII., and brought to the Crown the Duchy of Brittany, to which she was heiress.

APPONYI, Count Antony (1782-1852). Austrian diplomatist. He was first Envoy Extraordinary to the court of Tuscany, then Ambassador at Rome until 1825. Afterwards he was Ambassador at London and then at Paris, where he remained until 1848. In 1808 he married Theresa, daughter of Count Nogarola of Verona.

ARGOUT, the Comte d' (1782-1858). French politician and financier, he became Councillor of State in 1817, and then Peer of France. From 1830 onwards he was a member of several Ministries, and retained the post of Governor of the Bank of France until his death.

ARNAULD D'ANDILLY (1588-1674). After a long life at court he retired in 1644 to Port Royal des Champs. While in retirement here he translated the Confessions of St. Augustine, wrote memoirs, &c. His son was the Marquis de Pomponne, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and his daughter the Mother Superior Angélique de Saint Jean, Abbess of Port Royal.

ARNAULD, Antoine (1612-1694). Theologian and philosopher. He first studied law and was then attracted by the rigid Christianity of the Jansenistes, and became the militant theologian of Port Royal. He composed in collaboration with Nicole the Logic of Port Royal, and with Lancelot the Grammar. He was the brother of Arnauld d'Andilly.

ARNAULD, Mother Superior Marie Angélique de Sainte Madeleine (1591-1661). Sister of Arnauld d'Andilly and of A. Arnauld. She was Abbess of Port Royal des Champs from the age of fourteen. She introduced the Cistercian reforms and spirit.

ARNAULD, Mother Superior Angélique de Saint Jean (1624-1684). She was the daughter of Arnauld d'Andilly and Abbess of Port Royal, as was her aunt, the Mother Superior Angélique de Sainte Madeleine. She has a large place in the records of Port Royal worthies; she also wrote "Narratives," "Reflections," &c.

ARNIM, the Baron of (1789-1861). Prussian diplomatist. He was sent to Brussels in 1836 and Paris from 1840 to 1848. After a short time at Berlin as Minister of Foreign Affairs, in 1848, he retired from politics.

ARSOLI, Camille, Prince Massimo and d' (1803-1873). Chief Minister of the Pontifical posts. In 1827 he married Marie Gabrielle de Villefranche-Carignan, and on her death he married the Comtesse Hyacinthe de la Porta Rodiani.

ARSOLI, Princesse d' (1811-1837). Marie Gabrielle de Villefranche. Daughter of the Baron de Villefranche, who married Mlle. de la Vauguyon.

ATTHALIN, the Baron Louis Marie (1784-1856). A General of Engineers in France. He served with distinction in the campaigns of the Empire, and under the Restoration became _aide-de-camp_ to the Duc d'Orléans. Under the July monarchy he filled various diplomatic posts, and became Peer of France in 1840. He retired into private life after 1848.

AUBUSSON, the Comte Pierre d' (1793-1842). Colonel of Infantry. In 1823 he married Mlle. Rouillé du Boissy du Coudray, and died insane in 1842.

AUBUSSON, Mlle. Noémi d'. Born in 1826. She was the daughter of the Comte Pierre d'Aubusson. She married, in 1842, Prince Gontran of Bauffremont.

AUGUSTA OF ENGLAND, Princess* (1797-1809). Duchess of Cambridge. She was daughter of the Landgrave Frederick of Hesse Cassel.

AUMALE, Henri d'Orléans, duc d' (1822-1897). Fourth son of King Louis-Philippe and of Queen Marie Amélie. He distinguished himself by his brilliant military exploits in Algiers. He left France in 1848 and returned after 1871. He again became an exile, and did not return until 1889. His talents as historian procured his entry to the French Academy. He bequeathed to the Institute of France his beautiful estate of Chantilly.

AUSTIN, Sarah (1793-1867). An English writer who translated many German books into English and wrote moral and educational works.

B

BADEN, Grand Duke Leopold of (1790-1858). Succeeded his brother Louis in 1830. He married Princess Sophia, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus IV., King of Sweden.

BADEN, Grand Duchess Stephanie of (1789-1860). Daughter of Claude de Beauharnais, Chamberlain to the Empress Marie Louise. She married in 1806 the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden, who died in 1818.

BADEN, Princess Marie of (1817-1887). Daughter of the Grand Duke Charles Louis of Baden and of Stéphanie de Beauharnais. She married in 1842 the Duke of Hamilton, and was left a widow in 1863.

BAGRATION, Princess (1783-1857). Catherine Skavronska, married, in 1800, Prince Peter Bagration, who was killed at the Borodino in 1812. In 1830 the Princess married an English Colonel, Sir John Hobart Caradoc, Lord Howden. The Princess was a friend of Prince Metternich.

BALBI, the Comtesse de (1753-1839). Daughter of the Marquis de Caumont La Force. She married the Comte de Balbi and became Lady of Honour to the Comtesse de Provence. The Comte de Provence, afterwards Louis XVIII., honoured him with his friendship. The Comtesse de Balbi possessed every charm of beauty and mind.

BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon (1776-1847). A mystical writer who for some time conducted at Lyons a large printing and publishing establishment which he had inherited. He then settled at Paris, where he became intimate with Madame de Staël, Chateaubriand, Joubert, etc. He became a member of the French Academy in 1844.

BALZAC, Honoré de (1799-1850). One of the most fertile and remarkable contemporary novelists, especially powerful in his profound analysis of human passion.

BARANTE, the Baron Prosper de (1782-1866). He was successively auditor to the State Council, entrusted with diplomatic missions, Prefect of the Vendée and of the Loire-Inférieure, then Deputy, Peer of France, and Ambassador at St. Petersburg. As writer and historian he was most successful and his History of the Dukes of Burgundy secured him a seat in the French Academy.

BARANTE, the Baronne de. _Née_ d'Houdetot. Of Creole origin, she was renowned for her beauty.

BENDEMANN, Edward (1811-1889). A German painter who acquired a brilliant reputation at an early age. Professor at the Academy of Fine Arts at Dresden, he executed the frescoes in the throne-room of the royal castle of that town. In 1860 he became director of the Academy of Düsseldorf in succession to Schadow whose daughter he had married.

BARBET DE JOUY, Joseph Henri (1812-1896). Director of the Museum of the Louvre and member of the Academy of Fine Arts.

BARROT, Odilon* (1791-1873). French politician.

BARTHE, Félix* (1795-1863). French magistrate and statesman.

BASTIDE, Jules (1800-1879). An ardent Liberal connected with the Carbonari; he conducted a desperate opposition to Charles X. Under Louis-Philippe he was Commander of the National Guard, was compromised and condemned to death for his share in the outbreak upon the funeral of General Lamarque; he escaped and fled to London. Afterwards he returned to France and conducted the _National_ after the death of Armand Carrel. In 1848 he was a Deputy, and for a short time Minister of Foreign Affairs. Under the Empire he held aloof from politics.

BATHURST, Lady Georgina. Wife of Lord Henry Bathurst, one of the chief members of the Tory Party.

BATTHYANY, Countess* (1798-1840). _Née_ Baroness of Ahrennfeldt.

BAUDRAND, the General Comte* (1774-1848). _Aide-de-camp_ to the Duc d'Orléans.

BAUDRAND, Madame. The great fashionable milliner at Paris in 1836.

BAUFFREMONT, the Duchesse de (born in 1771). Daughter of the Duc de la Vauguyon. She married, in 1787, Alexandre, Duc de Bauffremont. She was very intimate with the Prince de Talleyrand.

BAUFFREMONT, the Princesse de (1802-1860). Laurence, daughter of the Duc de Montmorency. She married, in 1819, Prince Théodore de Bauffremont. She was the elder sister of the Duchesse de Valençay.

BAUFFREMONT, the Prince Gontran de. Born in 1822. He married, in 1842, Mlle. d'Aubusson de La Feuillade.

BAUSSET, the Cardinal de (1748-1824). Bishop of Alais. He was made a Peer at the Restoration and received his Cardinal's hat in 1817. The previous year he had entered the French Academy. He wrote a Life of Fénelon and a Life of Bossuet.

BAUTAIN, the Abbé (1796-1867). A pupil of the Normal School, where he studied under M. Cousin. He was appointed Professor of Philosophy at the College of Strasburg in 1816, and took orders in 1828. In 1849 Mgr. Sibour, Archbishop of Paris, appointed him Vicar-General. The Abbé Bautain pursued almost every branch of human knowledge.

BAVARIA, the Queen Dowager of (1776-1841). Princess Caroline of Baden, daughter of Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden; she married Maximilian of Bavaria in 1797, and became a widow in 1825.

BAVARIA, King Louis I. of (1786-1868). Ascended the throne of Bavaria in 1825 on the death of his father, Maximilian I. King Louis abdicated in 1848 after making Munich the Athens of Germany.

BAVARIA, Queen Theresa of (1792-1854). Daughter of Duke Frederick of Saxe-Hildburghausen, afterwards Saxony Altenburg.

BAVARIA, Prince Royal of (1811-1864). Maximilian II., son of King Louis I., whom he succeeded in 1848. In 1842 he married Princess Marie of Prussia.

BEAUVAU, the Prince Marc de (1816-1883). Married as his first wife, in 1840, Mlle. Marie d'Aubusson de La Feuillade, and as his second wife Mlle. Adèle de Gontaut-Biron.

BECKET, St. Thomas (1117-1170). Archbishop of Canterbury. Assassinated at the foot of the altar by the courtiers of Henry II., King of England. Pope Alexander III. canonised him as a martyr.

BEGAS, Charles Joseph (1794-1854). German painter; pupil of Gros, with whom he studied at Paris. In 1822 he went to Italy, and in 1825 he settled at Berlin, where he became painter to the King of Prussia, Professor and Member of the Academy of Fine Arts.

BELGIANS, King of the, Leopold I. (1790-1865).

BELGIANS, Queen of the,* Louise, Princesse d'Orléans (1812-1850). Second wife of Leopold I. of Belgium and daughter of Louis-Philippe.

BELGIOJOSO, Princess (1808-1871). Christina Trivulzio, married, in 1824, the Prince Barbiano Belgiojoso. Her dislike of the Austrians drove her to leave Milan and settle at Paris in 1831, where she attracted attention by her beauty, her cleverness, and her foreign ways. Princess Belgiojoso published in 1846, under an obvious pseudonym, a work in four volumes, entitled _An Essay on the Formation of Catholic Dogma_, which aroused much discussion. When Piedmont declared war upon Austria in 1848 the Princess hastened to Milan, fitted out and paid a battalion. After the peace she was exiled, and returned to Paris, where she gained a living for the most part with her pen, as her property had been confiscated by the Austrian Government. It was not restored to her until 1859, when she returned to Italy and plunged eagerly into politics.

BENKENDORFF, Count Constantine of (1786-1858). Chief of the staff of the Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia. He was for sometime Minister at Stuttgart, where he died.

BERGERON, Louis.* Born in 1811. French journalist.

BERNARD, Simon, Baron (1779-1839). Peer of France and Minister of War under Louis-Philippe, after serving under the Emperor Napoleon I. and under the first Restoration.

BERRYER, Antoine* (1790-1868). French lawyer.

BERTIN DE VEAUX, M.* (1771-1842). French journalist.

BERTIN DE VEAUX, Madame, _née_ Bocquet. Daughter-in-law of M. Merlin.

BERTIN L'AÎNÉ, Louis François (1766-1841). French publicist. Founded the _Journal des Débats_ with his brother, Bertin de Veaux.

BERTIN, Madame. Mlle. Boutard, sister of an art critic on the _Journal des Débats_. She married M. Bertin the elder.

BERTRAND, the Comte (1773-1844). The faithful friend of Napoleon I., whose _aide-de-camp_ he was, and whom he followed to Elba and St. Helena.

BERWICK, Duchess of (1793-1863). Dona Rosalia Ventimighi Moncada was born at Palermo, and was a daughter of the Count of Prado. She was Lady of Honour to Queen Isabella and Chief Lady of the Palace. Her son, the Duke of Berwick and of Alba, married the eldest sister of the Empress Eugenie.

BILZ, Fräulein Margarete von (1792-1875). At first piano mistress to Princess Marie of Baden (afterwards Lady Hamilton), and then Lady of Honour to the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.

BINZER, Frau von (1801-1891). _Née_ von Gerschau. She married, in 1822, Herr von Binzer, a German man of letters.

BIRON, Henri, Marquis de (1803-1883). He married Mlle. de Mun, sister of the Marquis de Mun, who bore him no children. Left a widower at an early age, he then lived with his brother, the Comte Etienne de Biron.

BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Charles of. Born in 1811. He married, in 1833, a Countess of Lippe-Biesterfeld.

BIRON-COURLANDE, the Princess Fanny of (1815-1883). Sister of the Countess of Hohenthal and of Madame de Lazareff. Princess Fanny married General von Boyen.

BJOERNSTJERNA, Countess of (1797-1865). Elizabeth Charlotte, daughter of the Field-Marshal, the Count of Stedingk, Swedish Ambassador in Russia, and sister of the Countess Ugglas. She married, in 1815, the Baron of Bjoernstjerna, appointed Swedish Minister at London in 1828. He died in 1847.

BLITTERSDORFF, Baron Frederick of (1792-1861). A statesman in Baden. He was Diplomatic Minister at St. Petersburg in 1816, and Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary Envoy to the Germanic Confederation in 1821, Minister of Foreign Affairs at Carlsruhe in 1835. In 1848 he retired from politics. He had married Mlle. Brentano.

BONALD, the Vicomte de (1754-1840). The most famous representative of the monarchical and religious doctrines of the Restoration. He became an _émigré_ in 1791, and returned to France when the Empire was proclaimed; from 1815 to 1822 he was a Deputy, and became Peer of France in 1823, and afterwards member of the French Academy. He laboured incessantly with pen and sword to support the throne and the altar, and thus contributed to the return of religious ideas to France.

BONAPARTE, Madame Lætitia (1750-1836). Lætitia Ramolino, of an Italian family, was married at the age of sixteen to Charles Bonaparte, by whom she had thirteen children. Napoleon I. was her second son. In 1814, after the fall of the Empire, she retired to Rome, where she lived in seclusion.

BONAPARTE, Joseph (1768-1844). Elder brother of Napoleon I., Joseph Bonaparte married, at Marseilles in 1794, the daughter of a merchant, sister of the wife of Bernadotte, Marie Julie Clary. He shared in the _coup d'état_ of the 18th Brumaire, and several times governed France in the absence of Napoleon. In 1806 he was appointed King of Naples and transferred to the throne of Spain in 1808, which he lost in 1813; after the downfall of the Empire he withdrew, first to the United States, and then to Florence, where he died.

BONAPARTE, Jérôme* (1784-1860). Youngest brother of Napoleon I.

BONAPARTE, Lucien* (1775-1840). Third brother of Napoleon I.

BONAPARTE, Prince Louis (1808-1873). Son of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, and of Hortense de Beauharnais. Prince Louis had an adventurous youth: in 1836, at Strasburg, and in 1840, at Boulogne, he attempted to overthrow Louis-Philippe, and to restore the Empire for his own purposes. Condemned to perpetual confinement, he was imprisoned at Ham; thence he escaped, fled to Belgium, and returned to France after the revolution of 1848. He was elected President of the Republic on November 16 of the same year. Four years later the Empire was proclaimed, and Prince Louis reigned till 1870 under the name of Napoleon III.

BORDEAUX, the Duc de* (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and grandson of King Charles X. He afterwards took the title of Comte de Chambord.

BOSSUET, Jacques Bénigne (1627-1704). Of a magistrate's family, he was brought up among the Jesuits and received Holy Orders in 1652. He was Bishop of Condom in 1669 and then Bishop of Meaux. In 1670 he was appointed tutor to the Dauphin of France, and composed for that prince several educational works (Discourses upon Universal History, &c.) and showed himself a zealous defender of French liberty.

BOURDOIS DE LA MOTTE, Edme Joachim (1754-1830). A doctor at the Hospital of La Charity in Paris, he was detained at La Force during the revolutionary disturbances and then followed the army of Italy. In 1811 he was appointed Court doctor at Rome and was also attached to the Court under the Restoration. He became member of the Academy of Medicine in 1820.

BOURLIER, Comte (1731-1821). He studied theology at Saint Sulpice, was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1802 and entrusted by Napoleon I. with several confidential missions to the Pope. He was made peer of France by Louis XVIII. in 1814.

BOURLON DE SARTY, Paul de. He was Prefect of Marne and had married Mlle. Adrienne de Vandœuvre.

BOURQUENEY, Baron, afterwards Comte de* (1800-1869). French diplomatist.

BRESSON, Comte Charles* (1788-1847). French diplomatist.

BRETZENHEIM VON REGÉCZ (the Princess of). Born in 1806, Caroline, daughter of Prince Joseph of Schwarzenberg, married Prince Ferdinand of Bretzenheim, Chamberlain to the Austrian Court.

BRÉZÉ, Marquis de Dreux--(1793-1846). An officer who shared in the last campaigns of the Empire. As aide-de-camp to Marshal Soult at the Restoration, he followed the king to Ghent; in 1827 he retired and became peer of France after his father's death in 1829. In the Upper Chamber he was one of the most ardent leaders of the Legitimist party against the government of Louis-Philippe.

BRETONNEAU, Dr. Pierre* (1778-1862). A doctor at Tours.

BRIGNOLE, Marchesa of. _Née_ Anna Pieri, of a noble family of Sienna. She was the mother of the Marquis of Brignole, for a long time Sardinian Ambassador at Paris and of the Duchess of Dalberg. She died in 1815 during the Congress, at Vienna, whither she had accompanied the Empress Marie Louise.

BRIGODE, Baron de (1775-1854). He entered the Council of State as auditor in 1803 and was deputy in the legislative body in 1805. In 1837 he was appointed peer of France. After the Revolution of 1848 he retired to private life.

BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). French Statesman.

BROGLIE, Duchesse de* (1797-1840). _Née_ Albertine de Staël.

BROGLIE (Mlle. Louise de). Born in 1818; married in 1836 the Comte d'Haussonville.

BROSSES, Charles de (1709-1777). A Frenchman and a learned man of letters; the author of a work on Italy which was very successful.

BROUGHAM, Lord* (1778-1868). English statesman.

BÜLOW, Baron Heinrich von* (1790-1846). Prussian Diplomatist.

BÜLOW, Frau von (1802-1889). Daughter of Wilhelm von Humboldt and wife of Baron Heinrich von Bülow, with whom she resided in London from 1830 to 1834.

BULWER, Sir Henry (1804-1872). English diplomatist. First attached to the legations of Berlin, Vienna and the Hague and constantly resident in Paris. From 1843 to 1848 he was Minister Plenipotentiary in Spain. After marrying the youngest of the daughters of Lord Cowley he represented his country in the United States, in Tuscany and at Constantinople in 1858.

BUOL-SCHAUENSTEIN, Count (1797-1865). Austrian diplomatist at Florence in 1816, at Paris in 1822, at London in 1824; then Minister at Carlsruhe, at Darmstadt in 1831, at Stuttgart in 1838, at Turin in 1848, and finally at St. Petersburg. He became Privy Councillor and accompanied in 1851 the Prince of Schwarzenberg to the conference of Dresden. In 1852 he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in 1859.

BUOL, Countess (1809-1862). Princess Caroline of Isenburg married in 1829 Count Buol. From her mother, _née_ Baroness of Herding, she inherited an enormous fortune.

BURGUNDY, the Duchess of (1685-1712). Marie Adelaide, daughter of Victor Amadaus, first King of Sardinia, a great favourite at the Court of France. This princess died in the flower of her youth, six days before her husband and, like him, of the measles. She had several children, one of whom survived and became Louis XV.

BUSSIÈRE, Jules Edmond de (1804-1888). Diplomatist, _Chargé d'affaires_ at Darmstadt and then at Dresden. Louis-Philippe raised him to the peerage in 1841. In 1848 he retired to private life.

BYRON, George Gordon, Lord* (1788-1824). Famous English romantic poet.

C

CALATRAVA, Don José Maria (1781-1846). Spanish statesman and defender of the liberty of his country. Deported in 1814, he was unable to return to Spain until the Constitution was re-established in 1820. As Minister of Justice in 1823 he was obliged to take ship for England during the period of the French occupation. In 1830 he joined the Junta in power at Bayonne. In opposition to Martinez de la Rosa, he joined the National Guard of Madrid in 1835. When the Queen had taken the oath to observe the Constitution, the chief power returned to his hands, and after many proofs of his incapacity he was made a Senator.

CAMPAN, Mme.* (1752-1822). Famous in the history of French Education.

CANOVA, Antonio* (1757-1822). Celebrated Italian sculptor.

CAPUA, Prince of (1811-1862). Charles Ferdinand, brother of King Ferdinand of Naples. He had been suspected of participation in intrigues against the dynasty and was exiled. He contracted a morganatic marriage in England with Miss Penelope Smith by whom he had two children who were not recognised by the Royal Family of Naples. After 1860 he obtained from Victor Emanuel an appanage which was afterwards confirmed to his widow and her children during their life.

CAPRARA, Cardinal J. B. (1733-1810). Bishop of Iesi; he performed several diplomatic missions with success and was appointed by Pope Pius VII. as legate _a latere_ to the French Government, and while occupying this position he concluded the concordat of 1801. He was appointed Archbishop of Milan and in this town crowned Napoleon as King of Italy.

CARADOC, Sir John Hobart (1799-1873). Afterwards Lord Howden. Colonel in the English Army and English Minister at Rio de Janeiro and at Madrid.

CARAMAN, Marquise de. Césarine Gallard de Béarn married the Marquis Victor de Caraman and was left a widow in 1836.

CARIGNAN, Prince Eugène de (1816-1888). Son of the Baron of Villefranche and of Mlle. de la Vauguyon. The King of Sardinia, Charles Albert, recognised him as a prince of the blood. He was an Admiral in the Sardinian Navy and Regent of the kingdom during the wars of 1859 and 1866. By a morganatic marriage he had several children to whom King Humbert gave the title of Counts of Villefranche Soissons, though he recognised no kind of tie with the house of Savoy.

CARIGNAN, Philiberte de (1814-1874). Daughter of the Prince de Villefranche of the House of Carignan, by his marriage with Mlle. de la Vauguyon.

CARLOTTA, The Infanta* (1804-1844). Sister of Queen Christina of Spain.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Prince Heinrich von (1783-1864). Cavalry general in the Prussian army and chief huntsman to the Court. His first wife was a Countess Pappenheim, by whom he had two daughters, and his second wife was his cousin, the Countess Firks, by whom he had no children.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide (1797-1849). Daughter of the Count of Pappenheim, Lieutenant-General of Bavaria. She married in 1817 Prince Heinrich Carolath.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Lucia. Born in 1822. Eldest daughter of Prince Heinrich Carolath. She married the Count of Haugwitz and became a widow in 1888.

CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide. Born in 1823. Youngest daughter of Prince Heinrich Carolath.

CAROLATH-SAABOR, Prince Friedrich von (1790-1859). Major in the Prussian army and Councillor at Grünberg, Silesia. He had married the daughter of Prince Heinrich XLIV. Reuss.

CAROLINE, Maria (1752-1814). Queen of Naples. Daughter of the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. This Princess married Ferdinand IV., King of Naples in 1768. Her influence induced him to declare war upon the French Republic, and she brought down upon him the vengeance of Napoleon I. Driven from her States, Queen Caroline withdrew to Austria and died at Schönbrunn. She was the mother of Queen Marie Amélie.

CAROLINE, the Empress (1803-1884). Princess Caroline of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emanuel I. and twin sister of the Duchess of Lucca. She married in 1831 Ferdinand II., Emperor of Austria.

CARRACI, Annibale* (1560-1609). Famous Italian painter.

CARREL, Armand* (1800-1836). French publicist.

CASANOVA DE SEINGALT (1725-1803). Famous adventurer of the eighteenth century and the son of actors. He was by turn a journalist, a preacher, and, in particular, a lady-killer. He was intimate with Rousseau, Voltaire, Souvaroff, Frederick the Great, and Catherine II. In distress and pecuniary want he followed Count Waldstein-Dux to Bohemia to become his librarian. At Dux he composed his memoirs, an unrepentant confession of his life, and a more lively than moral picture of society.

CASTELLANE, the Comtesse de* (1796-1847). Cordélia Greffulhe. Married in 1813 to the Comte de Castellane, afterwards Marshal of France.

CASTELLANE, the Marquis Henri de (1814-1847). Eldest son of the Marshal de Castellane; auditor to the Council of State, and Councillor-General of Cantal. He was appointed Deputy in 1844. In 1839 he married Mlle. Pauline de Périgord, grand-niece of the Prince de Talleyrand and daughter of the Duchesse de Dino, author of these memoirs.

CÆSAR, Julius (101-40 B.C.). A famous Roman General, celebrated for his conquest of Gaul.

CHABOT, Philippe de (1815-1875). Ph. de Chabot, Comte de Jarnac followed a diplomatic career and retained throughout his life a profound attachment for the House of Orléans. He had been appointed French Ambassador at London in 1874, but died shortly after of pleurisy.

CHABROL DE CROUSOL, Comte de (1771-1831). Member of the Council of State under Napoleon I.; President of the Imperial Court of Orleans and Prefect of the Rhone in 1814; Director of registration and State lands in 1822; Naval Minister in 1823 and Finance Minister in 1829.

CHALAIS, the Prince de (1809-1883). Elie Louis Roger, eldest son of the Duc de Périgord. He married Elodie de Beauvilliers de Saint-Aignan, and was left a widower in 1835.

CHAMPCHEVRIER, Madame de. A highly respected lady who occupied the mansion of Champchevrier near Cinq-Mars in Touraine about 1840, when she was well advanced in years.

CHARLES THEODORE (1724-1799). Elector of Bavaria. He did not care for Munich and settled at Mannheim. A statue was erected to him at Heidelberg.

CHARLES IV (1316-1378). Emperor of Germany. Son of John of Luxemburg, King of Bohemia. He succeeded his father in 1346, and was elected Emperor in 1347. In 1356 he published the famous "Golden Bull," which laid down the Constitution of the Empire and remained authoritative until 1806. He was the first Prince of Germany who sold titles of nobility. He founded the Universities of Prague and Vienna.

CHARLES X.* (1757-1836). King of France from 1824 to 1830.

CHARLOTTE, Queen (1744-1818). Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Married in 1761 King George III. of England, by whom she had a very large number of children.

CHASTELLUX, Madame de, _née_ Zéphyrine de Damas. She married as her first husband M. de Vogüé.

CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomte de* (1768-1848). French man of letters.

CHOISEUL PRASLIN, The Comtesse de. Born in 1782. Second wife of the Comte René de Choiseul Praslin, daughter of François de Rougé, Comte du Plessis Bellière.

CHOMEL, Dr. (1788-1859). A French doctor, and the first to establish a proper clinical school at the Hospital of Charity. A pupil of Corvisard, Chomel became the doctor of King Louis-Philippe.

CHREPTOWICZ, Countess. Died in 1878. Helena, daughter of the Comte de Nesselrode. Married Count Michael Chreptowicz, who served for a long time in the Russian diplomatic service and was made Court High Chamberlain during the last years of the reign of Alexander II.

CLAM GALLAS, Count Edward of (1805-1891). Austrian cavalry general, who played an important part in the wars in which Austria was involved after 1848. He resigned in 1868 in anger at the attacks made upon his conduct of the campaign of 1866 against Prussia in Bohemia, although a court-martial had entirely exonerated him.

CLANRICARDE, Lord* (1802-1874). English politician.

CLANRICARDE, Lady. Died in 1876. Daughter of the famous Canning.

CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Prince Charles (1777-1831). He married the Countess Louise Chotek.

CLAUSEL, Comte Bertrand (1772-1842). Enlisted as a volunteer in 1791. He was rapidly promoted. In 1805 he became general of division and served in Italy, Dalmatia, Illyria, and won much reputation during the war in Spain. After the Hundred Days when he joined Napoleon, he withdrew to the United States and did not return until the armistice of 1820. In 1827 he was a deputy and a member of the Liberal opposition, and after 1830 he was appointed Governor of Algiers, but was a failure at the Siege of Constantine and was superseded. He then retired.

CLÉMENT DE RIS, Mlle. Married Admiral la Roncière le Noury. She was a daughter of a senator of the Empire, and occupied the château of Beauvais near Valençay.

CLÉMENTINE, Princess (1817-1907). Princesse Clémentine d'Orléans, daughter of King Louis-Phillipe. Married in 1843 Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Duke of Saxony.

CLERMONT TONERRE, Prince Jules de (1813-1849). Second son of the Duc Aimé de Clermont Tonnerre, sometime Minister of War, and Peer of France. Prince J. de Clermont Tonnerre married Mlle. de Crillon.

COBURG, Prince Ferdinand of* (1816-1888). Husband of Doña Maria da Gloria, Queen of Portugal.

COBURG, Duke Ernest I. of Saxe- (1784-1844). This Prince succeeded his father, Duke Francis, in 1806. His first wife was Princess Louise of Saxe-Coburg Altenburg, who died in 1831. In 1832 he married Princess Antoinette of Würtemberg.

COEUR, The Abbé (1805-1860). Born of a merchant's family, who were traditionally supposed to have descended from the famous banker of Charles VII., the Abbé Cœur was professor of philosophy in the seminary of Lyons. After 1827 he came to Paris and attentively followed the lectures of MM. Guizot, Villemain and Cousin, and then devoted himself to preaching. In 1840 he preached a course of Lenten sermons at Saint Roch, after which King Louis-Philippe gave him the cross of the Legion of Honour. In 1848 he was appointed to the Archbishopric of Troyes. He delivered the funeral oration over Mgr. Affre.

COGNY, Dr. Doctor of Valençay.

COIGNY, the Duc de (1788-1865). He entered the army as a volunteer in 1805; lost his arm at the battle of Smolensk, was appointed cavalry colonel after the return of the Bourbons, in 1814 was appointed aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, and then entered the service of the Duc de Bordeaux. In 1821 he took the place of his grandfather, Marshal de Coigny in the Chamber of Peers. After vain efforts to secure from Charles X. in 1830 the revocation of the Ordinances, M. de Coigny swore fidelity to the July monarchy. In 1837 he was knight of honour to the Duchesse d'Orléans, and in 1843 was promoted to field-marshal.

COIGNY, the Duchesse de. She was an English woman by birth, and daughter of Sir H. J. Dalrymple Hamilton. She married the Duc de Coigny in 1822.

COLLARD, Madame Hermine. Brought up by Madame de Genlis; the circumstances of her birth were entirely obscure.

COMBALOT, the Abbé Théodore (1798-1873). A French preacher. He was ordained at a very early age and became a zealous partisan of Lamennais, though at a later date he disavowed his doctrines. His sermons attracted keen attention, owing to their political character.

CONDÉ, Louis II., Prince de (1621-1686). Called the Great Condé, first Prince of the blood and first known as the Duc d'Enghien. He was famous for his victories at Rocroi, Friburg, Nordlingen, and Lens. After taking an unfortunate share in the troubles of the Fronde, the Prince de Condé was restored to his command at the time of the treaty of the Pyrenees and performed admirable service during the wars in Flanders and in the Franche Comté.

CONYNGHAM, Francis Nathaniel, Marquis of* (1797-1882). English politician.

CORMENIN, Vicomte de (1788-1868). Publicist, Councillor of State, deputy, and famous as a pamphleteer under the pseudonym of Timon.

CORNELIUS, Peter von (1787-1867). Famous German painter of the School of Düsseldorf. He studied for several years at Frankfort-on-Maine and at Rome. His composition was magnificent and his power of drawing remarkable.

COSSÉ BRISSAC, the Duc de (1775-1848). A member of the administration under the Empire, he joined the Restoration and entered the Chamber of Peers in 1814. He then became a supporter of the July Monarchy.

COURLANDE, Duchesse de (1761-1821). _Née_ Comtesse de Medem, she married the Duc Pierre de Courlande, by whom she had four daughters. The youngest was the Duchesse de Dino, author of these memoirs.

COUSIN, Victor* (1792-1867). French philosopher.

COWPER, Lady* (1787-1869). Afterwards Lady Palmerston.

CRÉMIEUX, Adolphe (1796-1880). Lawyer and French politician. A member of the National Defence in 1870.

CRESCENTINI, Girolamo (1769-1846). Famous soprano singer, known as the Italian Orpheus. He went on the stage in 1788, and was heard at Rome, Verona, Padua, Vienna, and Lisbon. Napoleon kept him at Paris from 1806 to 1812. He afterwards became a professor in the Conservatory at Naples.

CRUVEILHIER, Dr. Jean (1791-1874). Doctor and famous French anatomist. He was born at Limoges and studied at Paris, where he had a large and select practice.

CUBIÈRES, General de (1786-1853). In 1804 he left the military school of Fontainebleau and distinguished himself at Austerlitz and at Auerstadt. He obtained the cross of honour at Eylau, the rank of captain at Essling, and became major of cavalry during the campaign of 1813, colonel in 1815, and covered himself with glory at Waterloo. When he was retired by the Second Restoration he obtained the post of receiver-general of the Meuse, and in 1832 was given the command of the expeditionary force of Ancona. He was appointed general and was twice Minister of War in 1839 and 1840. In 1847 he was involved in a deplorable affair and accused of bribing the Minister Teste to secure the concession of the salt-mines of Gouhénans. He was then tried before the Court of Peers, condemned to civil degradation, and fined ten thousand francs. In 1852 he was exonerated by the Court of Appeal of Rouen.

CUMBERLAND, Ernest Augustus, Duke of* (1771-1851). Youngest son of George III., King of England.

CUMBERLAND, Duchess of.* _Née_ Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

CUNEGONDE, Saint. Died in 1040. Empress of Germany and wife of Henry II. of Bavaria. Her festival is March 3.

CUVIER, Rodolphe. Protestant pastor to the Duchesse d'Orléans. He belonged to another branch of the family of the famous naturalist who bears that name.

CUVILLIER FLEURY, Alfred Auguste (1802-1887). French man of letters on the staff of the _Journal des Débats_, and appointed by King Louis-Philippe to attend upon his fourth son, the Duc d'Aumale, whose tutor he became, and afterwards his secretary of instructions. He was elected member of the French Academy in 1866.

CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam* (1770-1861). Formerly Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia.

CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam (1804-1880). Son of Prince Constantin Czartoryski and of Princess Angelica Radziwill. He first married in 1832 his cousin-german, Princess Wanda Radziwill, and as his second wife in 1848, Countess Dzialynska.

CZARTORYSKI, Princess Wanda (1813-1846). Daughter of Prince Antony Radziwill and of Princess Louise of Prussia. She married in 1832 Prince Adam Czartoryski.

D

DALBERG, the Duc de* (1773-1833). Son of the Primate and Archchancellor of the same name.

DARMÈS. Attempted to assassinate King Louis-Philippe on October 15, 1840.

DARMSTADT, Princess Marie of. Born in 1824, she married the hereditary Grand Duke of Russia in 1841.

DECAZES, Elie, Duc* (1780-1846). French politician.

DELAVIGNE, Casimir (1793-1843). Lyric and dramatic poet. He entered the Academy in 1825. His Liberal ideas had brought him into disgrace under the Restoration; King Louis-Philippe, then Duc d'Orléans, extricated him from his troubles by making him Librarian of the Palais Royal.

DEMERSON, the Abbé (1795-1872). A French priest who took orders in 1819 and was the incumbent of Saint Séverin, then of Saint Germain l'Auxerrois from 1838 to 1850, when he was appointed to Notre Dame de Paris.

DEMIDOFF, Count Anatole (1813-1870). Count Demidoff, Prince of San Donato, married in 1841 Princess Mathilde, daughter of King Jerome of Westphalia. She was called Princess Mathilde de Montfort.

DENIS BARBIER. One of the servants of Pouch Lafarge. He forged some notes of hand for his master, when the latter, who was an incompetent man of business, came to Paris, and he remained his agent.

DENMARK, King Frederick III. of (1768-1839). He succeeded his father in 1815 and married the daughter of the landgrave of Hesse Cassel.

DENMARK, Prince Christian of (1786-1848). This Prince married as his first wife a Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, from whom he was divorced. His second wife was Princess Caroline of Schleswig-Holstein Augustenburg. By his first marriage he had a son, Frederick, who succeeded him as Frederick VII.

DENMARK, Princess Christian of (1796-1881). The second wife of Prince Christian, _née_ Princess of Schleswig-Holstein Augustenburg.

DESJARDINS, the Abbé (1756-1833). Ordained in 1775, he was Vicar-General of Bayeux, went into exile in England and afterwards in America during the revolution and did not return to France till 1802. He became superintendent of foreign missions at Paris, when the Emperor Napoleon arrested him on suspicion, imprisoned him at Vincennes and then exiled him to Verceil. When he returned to France at the Restoration, he refused the Bishopric of Blois in 1823 and that of Châlons in 1824, but was appointed Vicar-General at Paris.

DIEFFENBACH, Johann Friedrich (1794-1847). Famous Prussian oculist who discovered the operation for curing squint. He died suddenly in the operating room of the Charity Hospital at Berlin, of which he was director from 1840.

DIESKAU, Mlle. Sidonie de. Died at a very advanced age. She lived at Gera in Saxony, near Altenburg, and was a near neighbour of the castle of Löbichau.

DINO, the Duc de (1813-1894). Known first under the name of Comte Alexandre de Périgord,* he assumed this title in 1838 when his father became Duc de Talleyrand.

DOHNA, Countess Marie (1805-1893). _Née_ Fräulein von Steinach, she married in 1829 Count Dohna who for long years was landrat at Sagan and held the estate of Kunzendorf in that neighbourhood.

DOLOMIEU, the Marquise de* (1779-1849). Lady of Honour to Queen Marie Amélie.

DON CARLOS OF BOURBON* (1788-1855). Second son of Charles IV. and brother of Ferdinand VII., kings of Spain. After his brother's death in 1833, he stirred up civil war in an attempt to seize the throne.

DON FRANCISCO* (1794-1865). The Infanta of Spain. Married the Infanta Carlotta.

DOSNE, M. First clerk in a banking house at Paris, he became a stockbroker in 1816. After the July revolution he resigned and became Receiver-General for Finistère, and four years later Receiver-General for the North. He became Governor of the Bank of France and one of the chief shareholders in the mines of Anzin, and largely increased his fortune.

DOSNE, Mme. Wife of the stockbroker and mother of Mme. Thiers.

DOSNE, Mlle. Félicie. Sister of Mme. Thiers. A very religious woman, she devoted her whole life to her sister and brother-in-law and published in memory of M. Thiers in 1903, some of his posthumous papers, under the title of "The Occupation and Liberation of the Territory" (1871-1875). She died soon afterwards at a very advanced age.

DOUDAN, Ximénès (1800-1872). At first tutor in the house of the Duc de Broglie, he became chief of the political Cabinet of the Duc, who held him in great esteem, and afterwards retained his services as private secretary.

DUBOIS, M. Deputy of the Loire Inférieure and member of the Royal Council of Education and director of the normal school.

DUCHÂTEL, Charles, Comte* (1803-1867). French politician.

DUFAURE, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798-1881). Lawyer and French statesman. Appointed deputy in 1834, he joined the Liberal Constitutional party; was Councillor of State in 1836 and Minister of Public Works in 1839. He supported the Republic in 1848 and became Minister of the Interior, but held aloof from politics under the Second Empire. In 1871 he became Minister of Justice. He afterwards obtained a seat in the Senate and secured the passing of the law of Guarantees.

DUPANLOUP, Félix Philibert (1802-1878). A most distinguished priest, his early reputation was due to his famous catechisms. After 1835 he became Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris and Superior of the little seminary of Saint Nicholas. He then took an active part in the discussions concerning the freedom of education. In 1849 he was appointed Bishop of Orléans, was a member of the Academy in 1854 and became famous for his defence of the Papal Chair at the time of the Italian expedition. In 1869 he was present at the Council of Rome and returned to Orleans, remaining with his flock during the war. After the conclusion of peace he was appointed a member of the assembly by his grateful people.

DUPIN, André Marie* (1783-1865). French lawyer and magistrate.

DUPREZ, Gilbert Louis (1806-1879). Famous French singer attached to the Paris Opera for ten years. He had an incomparable tenor voice.

DÜRER, Albert (1471-1528). Famous German painter and engraver with a rich sense of colour and a clever and realistic touch. He excelled in portraiture and the art of engraving was largely improved by him.

DURHAM, Lord Lambton, Earl of* (1792-1840). English statesman.

DUVERGIER DE HAURANNE, Prosper (1798-1887). A French politician. One of the leaders of the dynastic opposition under the July monarchy and one of the organisers of the banquets in 1848. He was a member of the anti-Napoleonic minority, and was imprisoned and exiled after the _coup d'état_ of December 2, 1851, but was able to return to France in 1862. He then abandoned active politics and wrote a history of parliamentary government in France, which secured his admission to the Academy in 1870, in place of the Duc de Broglie.

E

EDOUARD. The famous lady's hairdresser at Paris under Louis-Philippe.

ELIZABETH OF PRUSSIA, Queen (1801-1873). Daughter of King Maximilian of Bavaria, she married in 1823 the Crown Prince of Prussia, who ascended the throne in 1840 as Frederick William IV. Queen Elizabeth became a widow in 1861 and afterwards lived in retirement.

ELLICE, Mr. Edward* (1787-1863). English politician, son-in-law of Lord Grey.

ELSSLER, Theresa (1806-1878). Famous German dancer. Made Baroness of Barnim by King Frederick William IV. in 1850 on the occasion of her marriage with Prince Adalbert of Prussia.

ELSSLER, Fanny (1810-1886). Sister of the foregoing and, like her, a famous dancer. She appeared in every theatre in Europe and America, and retired in 1845 to her fine estate near Hamburg. She had acquired a large fortune.

EMMANUEL PHILIBERT, known as Ironhead (1528-1580). Duke of Savoy. This prince entered the service of his uncle the Emperor Charles Quint. He distinguished himself at the siege of Metz in 1552, received command of the imperial army in 1553, and gained the battle of Saint Quentin in 1557 for Philippe II. He recovered his duchy of which Francis I. had deprived his father, in 1559 by the treaty of Cateau Cambrésis, and married Margaret of France, sister of Henry II. His statue, the work of the sculptor Marochetti, stands in the centre of the square of San Carlo at Turin.

ENTRAIGUES, Amédée Goveau d'.* Born in 1785. Prefect of Tours. He married a Princess Santa Croce, ward of the Prince de Talleyrand.

ENTRAIGUES, Jules d'.* Born in 1787. Brother of the prefect, and owner of the château of la Moustière, near Valençay.

EON DE BEAUMONT, Charles (1728-1810). Famous for the doubt concerning his sex, as he appeared sometimes as the knight and sometimes as the lady of Eon. He won distinction early in the diplomatic career, and was for fourteen years the secret agent of Louis XV. The revolution deprived him of his pension and reduced him to giving fencing-lessons; and only through the help of some friends did he escape poverty.

ESPARTERO, Joachim Baldomero (1792-1879). Enlisted in 1808, and had a brilliant military career. He joined in the expedition to Peru in 1825, and came back with a handsome fortune. On the death of Ferdinand VII., he supported the Queen Regent, Maria Christina. His success against the Carlists secured his nomination in 1836 as commander-in-chief of the army of the North and as Viceroy of Navarre. In 1840, when the Queen-Regent had abdicated, the Cortes transferred the regency to Espartero, but he was defeated in 1842, and retired to England till 1847. In 1854 and 1868, he recovered his power for a short space of time. In 1870, the Cortes offered him the crown, which he refused in view of his great age and the want of an heir.

ESTERHAZY, Prince Paul* (1786-1866). Austrian Diplomatist.

EXELMANS, Isidore, Comte* (1775-1852). One of the most brilliant generals of the Empire, who was made a peer of France and a marshal under the July monarchy.

F

FAGEL, General Robert* (1772-1856). Dutch diplomatist.

FALK, Anton Reinhard* (1776-1843). Dutch diplomatist.

FÉNELON, François de Salignac de la Mothe- (1651-1715). Archbishop of Cambrai and tutor to the Duc de Bourgogne. He adopted the doctrines of the Quietists, and was vigorously opposed by Bossuet. He was as great a writer as he was a preacher.

FERDINAND VII.* (1784-1833). Eldest son of King Charles IV. of Spain and his successor. He was dethroned by Napoleon I. in favour of his brother Joseph, but reascended the throne in 1814.

FERRUS, Guillaume Marie André (1784-1861). A French doctor. He introduced some valuable reforms into the asylum at Bicêtre, of which he was chief doctor. In 1830 he was appointed consulting doctor to the King, and soon became a member of the Academy of Medicine and a commander of the Legion of Honour.

FESCH, Cardinal Joseph (1763-1839). Brother of Mme. Laetitia Bonaparte, he was appointed Archbishop of Lyons in 1802 by his nephew Napoleon I. He was French Ambassador at Rome, then chief almoner and senator. He returned to Rome at the Restoration and died there.

FIESCHI, Joseph* (1790-1835). The would-be assassin of King Louis-Philippe, July 28, 1835.

FIQUELMONT, the Comte Charles Louis de (1777-1857). Born in Lorraine, he entered the Austrian army in 1793, and shared in the campaigns from 1805 to 1809. In 1815 he was sent as minister to Stockholm, and in 1820 in the same capacity to Florence. He was appointed Ambassador at St. Petersburg, where he lived for several years, and did not return to Austria until 1840. He then became Minister of State, and for a short time Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1848. His only daughter had married Prince Edmond Clary.

FITZ-JAMES, Jacques, Duc de (1799-1846). He married, in 1825, Mlle. de Marmier.

FLAHAUT, the General, Comte de* (1785-1870). Peer of France under Louis-Philippe, senator and Ambassador under Napoleon III.

FLAHAUT, the Comtesse de,* died in 1867. Daughter of the English admiral, Lord Keith.

FLAHAUT, Clémentine de (1819-1835). Daughter of the Comte and Comtesse de Flahaut.

FONTANES, Louis de (1757-1821). A poet and graceful orator and a great favourite of Napoleon I. A member of the legislative body in 1804, he became president in 1805. In 1808 the Emperor appointed him High Master of the University; in 1810 he was called to the Senate and afterwards supported the Restoration.

FOULD, Bénédict (1791-1858). Son of a Jewish banker who had founded the important firm of Fould, Oppenheim & Co. He was deputy from 1834 to 1842 and Knight of the Legion of Honour from 1843.

FOULQUES III., Nerra or the Black (987-1039). Count of Anjou. He made war upon Conan, first Duke of Brittany, whom he defeated and killed, and upon Eudes II., Count of Blois, by whom he was defeated. Foulques made three pilgrimages to the Holy Land in expiation of his violent life. His niece Constance married King Robert.

FOY, Comte Fernand (1815-1871). Son of General Foy; he was appointed Peer of France by King Louis Philippe, and though constantly loyal to the constitutional monarchy, he showed a strong leaning to liberalism. He was devoted to charitable works from an early age.

FRANÇOIS I.* (1494-1547). King of France and adversary of Charles V.

FREDERICK II., known as the Great* (1712-1786). King of Prussia and founder of the Prussian military power.

FREDERICK VII. (1808-1863). King of Denmark. He was the only son of Prince Christian of Denmark and of his first wife, Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Twice divorced, he was exiled for some years to Jutland and did not ascend the throne until 1848.

FREDERICK WILLIAM, known as the Great Elector of Brandenburg (1620-1688). He ascended the throne in 1640 and organised the Prussian Army.

FREDERICK WILLIAM III. (1770-1840). King of Prussia. He succeeded his father Frederick William II. in 1797. He had married a Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, known as Queen Louise. She died in 1810 and in 1824 he contracted a morganatic marriage with the Countess Augusta of Harrach, to whom he gave the title of Princess of Liegnitz.

FREDERICK WILLIAM IV. (1795-1861). King of Prussia. He ascended the throne in 1840 on the death of his father. He had married in 1823 Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria by whom he had no children.

FRIAS, Duke of* (1783-1851). Spanish ambassador, statesman and man of letters.

FRONSAC, Duc de. Died in 1791. Son of Marshal Richelieu whom he only survived three years.

G

GAGE, Sir William Hall (1777-1865). An English Admiral who took an active part in the operations against Napoleon I. He was appointed Lord of the Admiralty in 1841. In 1860 he received the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.

GARIBALDI, Mgr. Antoine (1797-1853). Archbishop of Myra in 1844; Nuncio at Paris in 1850 in succession to Cardinal Tonari, he was himself succeeded by Mgr. Sacconi.

GARNIER-PAGÈS (1801-1841). At first a lawyer, he shared in the Revolution of 1830 and became one of the leaders of the Republican party. He was then prosecuted several times after the insurrection of 1832 and acquired great popularity.

GENLIS, Mme. de (1746-1830). Félicité Ducrest de Saint Aubin married the Comte de Genlis at the age of fifteen. Her aunt, Mme. de Montesson, introduced her to the household of the Duc d'Orléans who soon selected her as the governess of his children. Mme. de Genlis became an exile in 1792, returned to France after the 18th of Brumaire and became the correspondent of Napoleon I., whom she provided with information about the customs and etiquette of the old Court. She lived in retirement after 1814. She was the author of a large number of works, of which her books on education are the most remarkable.

GÉRARD, François Pascal Simon (1770-1837). Famous French painter who studied under David at the same time as Drouais, Girodet and Gros. He devoted himself to portrait painting in which he showed remarkable talent. He was made Baron by Louis XVIII.

GÉRARD, Etienne Maurice, Comte* (1773-1852). Marshal of France.

GERSDORFF, Baron Ernest Christian Augustus of (1781-1852). He took part in the Congress of Vienna as the representative of Saxony. He was Minister at London and at the Hague, and resigned in 1848. He had married a Countess of Freudenstein.

GERSDORFF, Baron Adolphus of (1800-1855). Officer in the Prussian Army. He resigned and married Fräulein Marianne von Schindel. In 1827 he became land agent of Princess Pauline of Hohenzollern and of her sister the Duchess of Acerenza.

GIRARDIN, the Comte Emile de (1806-1881). A son of General Alexandre de Girardin and husband of Delphine Gay. He was a famous publicist and the founder of halfpenny newspapers. He was a deputy from 1877 to 1881. When his wife died in 1855 he married the widow of Prince Frederick of Nassau, from whom he was judicially separated in 1872.

GIRAUD, Augustin (1796-1875). A landowner at Angers where he was mayor under Louis-Philippe. As a member of the Legislative Assembly of 1849, he belonged to the Left. He was a Knight of the Legion of Honour.

GIROLET, the Abbé* (1765-1836). A Benedictine of the congregation of Saint-Maur and an intimate friend of the Talleyrand family.

GIVRÉ, Baron de (1794-1854). He entered the diplomatic career at an early age and was attached to the Embassies of London and Rome; when the Polignac ministry came to power he resigned and became a contributor to the _Journal des Débats_. In 1837 he was appointed deputy and voted with the Orléanist majority.

GLOUCESTER, Duchess of* (1776-1857). Fourth daughter of King George III. of England.

GÖCKING, Herr Leopold von (1748-1828). Prussian poet and State Councillor who elaborated several projects for customs reform.

GOETHE, Wolfgang (1749-1832). The most famous German poet, author of Faust, Werther, &c. He was a Councillor and then a Minister of State under the Grand Duke Charles Augustus of Weimar.

GONTAUT-BIRON, Duchesse de* (1773-1858). Governess of the Children of France whom she followed into exile in 1830.

GONTAUT-BIRON, Vicomte Elie de (1817-1890). Elected as a Deputy to the National Assembly in 1871, he was Ambassador of the Republic at Berlin. He restored the relations that had been broken by the war and remained for six years in this difficult post.

GOUIN, Alexandre Henri (1792-1872). Studied at the Polytechnic School, became a deputy in 1831, and was asked to take the portfolio of Agriculture and Commerce in 1840 under the Thiers Ministry.

GOURGAUD, General (1783-1852). He entered the service in 1801, distinguished himself at Austerlitz where he was wounded, at Jena, at Friedland, at Essling, and above all at Wagram. He took a glorious part in the Russian and French campaigns; he accompanied the Emperor to St. Helena, but misunderstandings with one of his companions in exile forced him to separate from them. In 1818 he published a book called "The Campaign of 1815," and in consequence his name was struck off the army list of Louis XVIII., but he returned to the service under Louis-Philippe, who appointed him general of division and chose him as his aide-de-camp. In 1840 he accompanied the Prince de Joinville to St. Helena, brought back with him the ashes of Napoleon and was then raised to the Peerage.

GRAMONT, Madame de. Aunt of the Duc de Gramont of the branch of Aster, a member of the fraternity of the Sacré Cœur, and Mother Superior of the Paris house.

GRANVILLE, Lord* (1775-1846). English diplomatist. For a long time Ambassador at Paris.

GRANVILLE, Lady.* Died in 1862. She was a daughter of the Duke of Devonshire.

GRANVILLE, Lady Charlotte Georgina. Died in 1855. Second daughter of Lord Granville. She married Alexander George Fullerton in 1833. Throughout her life she was very intimate with the Marquise de Castellane. Her novels brought her some literary fame.

GREGORY VII., Hildebrand (1015-1085). Elected Pope in 1073, he was one of the greatest Roman pontiffs, and has been ever famous for his struggles with the Emperor of Germany.

GREY, Lord* (1764-1845). English statesman.

GREY, Lady* (1775-1861). _Née_ Ponsonby.

GRISI, Giulia* (1812-1869). An Italian singer of great talent and beauty.

GRIVEL, the Abbé Louis Jean Joseph (1800-1866). From 1825 he was a preacher at Paris. In 1829 he was commissioned by the court to deliver the panegyric upon Saint Louis before the French Academy. He became almoner to the Chamber of Peers in 1834, and was appointed Canon of Saint Denis three years later.

GROS, Antoine Jean (1771-1835). Famous historical painter. His father was a miniature painter and his first master. He then entered the studio of David. Forced to enter the army he acquired a special talent for battle pictures in the course of the military operations. From Charles X. he afterwards received the title of baron.

GUERNON-RANVILLE, Comte de (1787-1866). French magistrate and statesman. In 1820 he was President of the Civil Court of Bayeux, where he was distinguished for his zeal and capacity. In 1829 the Prince de Polignac requested him to take the portfolio of education and public worship in his ministry. In the Council of Ministers he declared against the ordinances of July 1830, but signed them none the less. When tried with his colleagues by the Chamber of Peers, he was condemned to disfranchisement and perpetual confinement. The amnesty of 1836 restored him to liberty.

GUICHE, the Duc de (1819-1880). Known later under the name of the Duc de Gramont. He was a diplomatist and French Ambassador at Turin, Rome, and Vienna, and was Minister of Foreign Affairs when war with Prussia was declared in 1870. In 1848 he had married an English woman, daughter of a Member of Parliament.

WILLIAM I. (1772-1843). King of the Low Countries. Son of the Stathouder William V. of Nassau. Under his reign Belgium was separated from his throne after the revolution of 1830, and became an independent state. He had married Princess Frederica of Prussia, after her death he contracted a morganatic marriage with a Belgian, the Comtesse d'Oultremont. He abdicated in 1840.

GUIZOT, François Pierre Guillaume* (1787-1874). French statesman and historian.

H

HAINGUERLOT, M. Died in 1842. He had married Mlle. Stéphanie Oudinot, daughter of Marshal Oudinot, Duc de Reggio.

HAMILTON, John Church (1792-1882). Son of Major-General Hamilton, a friend of M. de Talleyrand. For a long time he was the aide-de-camp of Major-General Hamilton, who afterwards became President of the United States. Hamilton then became a lawyer and devoted his life to the perpetuation of his father's memory, whose life he wrote and whose works he published.

HAMILTON, Duchess of (1817-1887). Maria Amelia, last daughter of the Grand Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Baden and of the Grand Duchess, née Stéphanie de Beauharnais.

HANOVER, the King of (1771-1851). Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland; ascended the throne of Hanover in 1837, after the death of his brother King William IV. of England.

HANOVER, Prince George of (1819-1878). Afterwards George V. King of Hanover.

HARCOURT, Lady Elizabeth (1793-1838).

HARRISON, Miss. Governess of the three Princesses of Courlande, who afterwards became the Countess of Lazareff, the Countess of Hohenthal and Madame de Boyen. She lived until her death with Countess Lazareff at Dyrnfurth.

HAUSSONVILLE, Comte Joseph Bernard d' (1809-1884). French politician and writer. He was a deputy under the July monarchy, and a member of the National Assembly in 1871. He was a member of the French Academy.

HÉLIAUD, Comte de (1768-1858). He lived a somewhat solitary life in Touraine and died in the same year as his son who was an official at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

HÉLIE. Footman to the Prince de Talleyrand for many years.

HENEAGE, Mr. English diplomatist, attached to the Paris Embassy in 1840.

HENNENBERG, Herr. Died in 1836. Councillor of Justice in the Courts of Berlin.

HESSE, Prince George of (1793-1881). This Prince was in the Prussian service.

HESSE-DARMSTADT, Grand Duke Louis II. of* (1777-1848). He had married a Princess of Baden.

HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Elizabeth of (1815-1885). Daughter of Prince William of Prussia and brother of King Frederick William III. and elder sister of Queen Maria of Bavaria.

HESSE-DARMSTADT, Princess Maria of (1824-1880). Daughter of Louis II., Grand Duke of Hesse. In 1841 she married the Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia, who succeeded his father, the Emperor Nicholas I., in 1855.

HOHENLOHE-ÖRINGEN, Prince Frederick of. Born in 1812. A major of cavalry in the service of Würtemberg.

HOHENTHAL, Count Alfred of. Born in 1806. Chamberlain to the King of Saxony. He married Princess Louise of Biron Courlande.

HOHENTHAL, Countess Louise of (1808-1845). _Née_ Princess of Biron Courlande.

HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Frederick of (1776-1838). In 1800 he married Princess Pauline of Courlande, sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.

HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Princess of (1782-1845). Pauline, Princess of Courlande, daughter of Peter, Duke of Courlande.

HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Constantine of (1800-1859). Son of Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and of the Princess of Courlande. By a convention signed in 1849 Prince Constantine abdicated the government of the principality of Hohenzollern, in favour of the King of Prussia, and in 1850 received the title of Royal Highness. He first married the Princess of Leuchtenberg, by whom he had no children, and then contracted a morganatic marriage with the daughter of the Baron of Schenk, by whom he had two children, who bore the name of Rothenburg.

HOLLAND, Lord* (1772-1840). English statesman. Nephew of the famous Fox.

HOLLAND, Lady,* died in 1840. She was Lady Webster by her first marriage.

HOTTINGER, Baron Jean Conrad (1764-1841). Of Swiss origin, M. Hottinger founded an important commercial firm at Paris. In 1810 he was made a baron of the Empire, and in 1815 elected to the Chamber of the Hundred Days. Afterwards he became president of the Chamber of Commerce, judge in the commercial court, and governor of the Bank of France.

HOWARD OF WALDEN, Charles Augustus Ellis, Lord. Born in 1799. English diplomatist; under Secretary of State to the Foreign Office in 1824; minister at Stockholm in 1832, at Lisbon in 1834, and at Brussels in 1846.

HÜBNER, Count of (1811-1892). In 1833 he entered the chancery of Prince Metternich, who recognised his capacity. He then became secretary to the Embassy at Lisbon, chief consul at Leipzig, and political adviser to Marshal Radetzky in Italy. He was made a prisoner in 1848, and was not set at liberty until after the conclusion of peace with King Charles Albert. In 1849 he was first Minister and then Ambassador at Paris until 1859. In 1867 he was appointed Ambassador at Rome. He then left the diplomatic service, and spent his time in travel and literary work.

HUGEL, Ernest Eugene von (1774-1849). General in the Austrian service and for some time Minister of War. He had also been Austrian Minister at Paris.

HUMANN, Mlle. Louise, born about 1757. Her piety outrivalled that of the Christians of the Primitive Church. At Strasburg, where she lived, she became the patroness of the Abbés Bautain, Gratry and Ratisbonne. She was a sister of the Bishop of Mayence and of the Finance Minister of King Louis-Philippe.

HUMANN, Jean George* (1780-1842). French statesman and financier. Born of an old Alsatian family.

HUMBOLDT, Baron William of (1767-1835). Statesman and Prussian philologist. In 1802 he was Minister at Rome and then became Councillor of State at Berlin and chief of the department of education and public worship. In 1808 he was appointed Plenipotentiary Minister at Vienna; in 1810 he took part in the Conference at Prague, and in 1815 in the Congress of Vienna. He was extraordinary envoy at London in 1816, then Minister of State and a member of the Commission entrusted with the preparation of the Prussian Constitution in 1818. In 1819 he resigned his posts and devoted his attention to literary work.

HUMBOLDT, Alexander of (1769-1858). Great German naturalist and man of science, well known for his scientific travels in the New World, and by the genius which his numerous narratives of them display. He was a brother of the foregoing.

HUMBOLDT, Frau Wilhelm von (1771-1829). Daughter of Frederick of Dachröden. She had married Wilhelm von Humboldt in 1791.

HUMBOLDT, Caroline von (1792-1837). Eldest daughter of Wilhelm von Humboldt.

HYDE DE NEUVILLE, Baron Jean Guillaume (1776-1857). French politician. Deeply attached to the royalty. Implicated in a conspiracy against Napoleon I., he fled to the United States, and did not return to France until after the fall of the Empire. In 1815 he was a deputy; in 1816 he was Minister to the United States, and afterwards to Portugal. In 1828 he held the portfolio of Naval Affairs in the Martignac Ministry, but resigned when Polignac's Cabinet came into power. After 1830 he supported the desperate cause of the Duc de Bordeaux, and afterwards lived in retirement.

I

IBRAHIM PASHA (1772-1848). Son of the Viceroy of Egypt, Mehemet Ali, whom he supported in the task of Egyptian re-organisation. He invaded Syria in 1832 at his father's orders, and was marching upon Constantinople when he was stopped at Kutayeh by the intervention of the European Powers. Some years afterwards, when war broke out again, Ibrahim won a decisive victory over the Turks at Nezib in 1839, but the treaty of London of July 15, 1840, and the bombardment of the Syrian ports by the English fleet obliged him to abandon the conquest of Syria for a second time. He then devoted his time to the domestic administration of Egypt.

ISABELLA II.* (1830-1904). Queen of Spain.

ISTURITZ, Xavier d', born in 1790. He was a Spanish statesman who held a seat from 1812 in the Cortes, and attracted attention by his revolutionary patriotism. While president of the Chamber of the Procuradores in 1835, his Liberal ideas brought him into trouble and he was obliged to take refuge in London. Afterwards he accomplished several missions to the different courts of Europe, and was even Ambassador at Paris from 1863 to 1864.

J

JACKSON, Andrew (1767-1845). American General and seventh President of the United States in 1829. In 1834 he claimed from France in very haughty terms an indemnity of twenty-five millions for the ships taken from the United States under the Empire. After holding the Presidency twice in succession, he retired into private life.

JAUBERT, Chevalier (1779-1847). An Orientalist who accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt as interpreter. He was secretary and interpreter to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Master of Requests, and then Chargé d'affaires at Constantinople. In 1819 he was Secretary and Interpreter to Louis XVIII.; he became a Member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature in 1830, and was made a Peer of France by Louis-Philippe.

JAUBERT, Comte Hippolyte François (1798-1874). A French politician and man of learning. He was a Deputy in 1831, and Minister of Public Works in 1840. He was appointed Peer of France in 1844, when the fall of Louis-Philippe induced him to retire into private life.

JAUCOURT, Marquise de* (1762-1848). _Née_ Mlle. Charlotte de Bontemps.

JERSEY, Lady Sarah* (1787-1867). Her drawing-room was one of the most famous in London.

JOINVILLE, François d'Orléans, Prince de (1818-1900). Third son of King Louis-Philippe. He served in the navy and brought the remains of Napoleon back to France in 1840. In 1843 he married Princess Francisca of Braganza, daughter of the Emperor of Brazil.

JUMILHAC, Odet de Chapelle de (1804-1880). Duc de Richelieu. A nephew by his mother of the Duc de Richelieu who died in 1822, M. de Jumilhac assumed his uncle's title and thus became a member of the Chamber of Peers. He was a Knight of the Legion of Honour.

K

KAROLYI, Countess Ferdinand (1805-1844). Daughter of Prince Ludwig of Kaunitz Rietberg. She married Count Louis Karolyi in 1823.

KENT, Duchess of* (1786-1861). Sister-in-law of King William IV. of England and mother of Queen Victoria.

KRÜDENER, Baroness of (1764-1824). Julia of Vietinghoff, daughter of the Governor of Riga; at the age of fourteen she married the Baron of Krüdener, Russian Minister at Berlin, by whom she had two children. Her husband divorced her in 1791. After a series of adventures she became intimate with Queen Louise of Prussia, and then became a religious fanatic. In 1814 she was at Paris when the allies entered the town, and obtained great influence over the Emperor Alexander I. Expelled from Germany and from Switzerland she took refuge at her estates near Riga, and began a connection with the Moravian Brothers. She started for the Crimea in 1822 with the intention of founding an asylum for criminals and sinners.

KRÜDENER, Baroness Amelia of (1808-1888). Daughter-in-law of the foregoing. She was a natural daughter of the Princesse de la Tour et Taxis, _née_ Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise of Prussia and of Count Maximilian of Lerchenfeld, who brought her up at his house and whose wife adopted her. In 1825 she married Herr von Krüdener, and her second husband in 1850 was Count Nicholas Adlerberg, aide-de-camp to the Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia.

KRÜGER, Francis (1797-1857). A famous portrait-painter at Berlin.

KUHNEIM, Countess (1770-1854). By birth a During she was friend of Princess Charles of Prussia.

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LA BESNARDIÈRE, J. B. Gouey de (1765-1843). Privy Councillor who lived for a long time in Touraine after his retirement in 1819.

LABORDE, Comte Léon de (1807-1869). Archæologist and traveller, and for a short time diplomatist. In 1840 he was appointed a deputy, and was director of the Museum of Antiquities in the Louvre from 1845 to 1848. He received a seat in the Senate in 1868.

LABOUCHERE, Henry* (1798-1869). Member of the English Parliament.

LA BRICHE, Comtesse de. Her salon became famous at Paris as she gathered distinguished men and famous writers about her. She possessed the château of Marais near Paris, where she often gave dramatic performances. Her daughter had married M. Molé.

LA BRUYERE, Jean de* (1645-1696). Author of the Characters.

LACAVE LAPLAGNE, Jean Pierre Joseph (1795-1849). He was a pupil of the Polytechnic School; he took part in the last campaigns of the Empire and resigned when the Bourbons were restored. He then devoted himself to the study of law, was called to the Bar at Toulouse and entered the magistracy. He was deputy for the department of Gers, and several times held the portfolio of finance. King Louis-Philippe entrusted to him the administration of the property of the Duc d'Aumale.

LACORDAIRE, Henri (1802-1861). Famous French preacher, a Dominican of the Order of the Preaching Friars. He entered the French Academy in 1860 in place of M. de Tocqueville.

LADVOCAT, M. King's attorney under the monarchy of 1830. As he was the bearer of nominations, Fieschi had applied to him upon his arrival at Paris to secure a post; after his attempted assassination Fieschi, who had taken a false name, was recognised by M. Ladvocat.

LAFARGE, Mme. The mother of M. Lafarge. She was not able to avoid all suspicion in the course of the famous trial. She had broken the seals of her daughter-in-law's will to learn her dispositions.

LAFARGE, M. A widower at the age of twenty-eight, Pouch Lafarge, who owned an iron works at Glandier (Corrèze); he was an incompetent man of business, always reduced to extremities. He married Marie Capelle who gained a gloomy notoriety by poisoning him.

LAFARGE, Mme. (1816-1852). Marie Capelle, an orphan, married M. Lafarge in 1839. As the result of the famous trial, she was condemned to perpetual imprisonment.

LA FAYETTE, the Marquis de* (1767-1834). A deputy to the States General in 1789, he played a part in the revolutionary events of his time.

LAFFITTE, Jacques (1767-1844). A French financier who played an important part in the July revolution, and was a Minister under King Louis-Philippe.

LAMARTINE, Alphonse de (1790-1869). French poet and politician. He entered the Academy in 1830, and the Chamber of Deputies in 1834, and acquired a wide popularity which faded soon after 1848.

LAMB, Frederick* (1782-1852). English diplomatist. Brother of Lord Melbourne and heir to his title.

LAMBRUSCHINI, Cardinal (1776-1854). He was Bishop of Sabine, Archbishop of Genoa, and papal nuncio at Paris under Charles X. He received his Cardinal's hat in 1831. Pope Gregory XVI. appointed him Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Secretary of Briefs, and Prefect of the Congregation of Studies. After the events of 1848 he followed Pius IX. to Gaeta.

LANSDOWNE, Lady.* Died in 1865; she had married the Marquis of Lansdowne in 1819.

LARCHER, Mlle. Henriette* (1782-1860). Governess of Mlle. Pauline de Périgord.

LA REDORTE, the Comte Mathieu de* (1804-1886). French diplomatist.

LA REDORTE, the Comtesse de. Died in 1885. _Née_ Louise Suchet, daughter of the Marshal d'Albuféra.

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, the Comte Sosthène de. Duc de Doudeauville (1785-1864). Aide-de-camp to the Comte d'Artois under the Restoration. He was always an ardent Legitimist, and also had paid much attention to literature.

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, Marie de. Died in 1840. She was the daughter of the Duc de Sosthène de la Rochefoucauld Doudeauville and granddaughter of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency.

LA ROVÈRE, the Marquise de (1817-1840). Elizabeth of Stackelberg. A Russian by birth, she became a Catholic upon her marriage with the Marquis de la Rovère and died soon after her marriage. Her tomb of white marble is in the Campo Santo of Turin.

LAS CASES, the Comte Emanuel de (1800-1854). He had followed his father to St. Helena. The Revolution of 1830 afterwards found a warm supporter in him. When he was elected deputy he joined the ranks of the Liberal party and entered the Senate after the _coup d'état_ of December 2, 1852.

LAVAL, the Prince Adrien de* (1768-1837). Peer of France and diplomatist.

LAVAL, the Vicomtesse de (1745-1838). Mlle. Tavernier de Boullongue had married in 1765 the Vicomte de Laval and was the mother of the Duc Mathieu de Montmorency, who was Minister of Foreign Affairs. She was a great friend of M. de Talleyrand.

LAZAREFF, Madame de (1813-1881). She was born Princess Antoinette de Biron Courlande.*

LÉAUTAUD, the Comtesse de. Alexandrine Clémentine de Nicolaï daughter of the Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicolaï, _née_ Lameth. Her name appeared in the Lafarge trial with reference to a theft of diamonds of which Madame Lafarge was accused, and which she asserted had been handed to her by Madame de Léautaud.

LEBRUN, Pierre Antoine (1785-1873). Man of letters and member of the French Academy from 1828. From 1830 to 1848 he was a director of the Royal printing house; in 1839 he was made a Peer of France, called to the Senate in 1853 and became grand officer of the Legion of Honour.

LE HON, Count (1792-1868). Belgian statesman and Minister at Paris for many years.

LEON, the Prince Charles Louis Jocelyn de (1819-1893). He assumed the title of Duc de Rohan on the death of his father in 1869. He had married Mlle. de Boissy in 1843.

LERCHENFELD, Count Maximilian of (1779-1843). A Bavarian statesman who helped to draw up the Bavarian Constitution. In 1825 he became Finance Minister and resigned his post to become Ambassador to the Germanic Diet. He had married the Baroness Anne of Grosschlag.

LESTOCQ, Frau von (1788-1849). Widow of General Lestocq, Governor of Breslau, who died in 1818. She was the chief lady at the Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth Princess of Hesse Homburg, and sister-in-law to King Frederick William III.

LEUCHTENBERG, Prince Augustus Charles of* (1807-1835). For a short time he was the husband of Doña Maria, Queen of Portugal.

LEVESON, George (1815-1891). He was secretary to his father, Lord Granville, English Ambassador at Paris, and then secretary to the Foreign Minister. In 1846, on his father's death, he inherited his title and entered the House of Lords. He held Government offices at different times, and eventually retired in 1886 with Mr. Gladstone.

LEZAY MARNÉSIA, the Comte de* (1772-1857). Prefect and Peer of France under the Bourbons, and Senator under the Empire in 1852.

LIAUTARD, the Abbé (1774-1842). He studied at the College of Sainte Barbe at Paris and was then called to the colours by the decree of August 23, 1793. He was one of the most brilliant pupils of the Polytechnic School, but renouncing the world, he entered the seminary of Saint Sulpice, and was ordained priest in 1804. Afterwards he founded the college which was to become the College of Stanislas and then became the chief priest of Fontainebleau after refusing the bishopric of Limoges.

LICHTENSTEIN, the Princess of (1776-1848). By birth she was the Landgräfin Josephine of Fürstenberg, and had married in 1792 Prince Johann Josef of Lichtenstein.

LIEBERMANN, the Baron Augustus of (1791-1841). Prussian diplomatist at Madrid in 1836 and at St. Petersburg in 1840.

LIEVEN, the Prince de* (1770-1839). Russian diplomatist, and for twenty-two years Ambassador at London.

LIEVEN, the Princesse de* (1784-1857). _Née_ Dorothée de Benkendorff.

LIEGNITZ, the Princess of (1800-1873). The Countess of Harrach contracted a morganatic marriage in 1824 with King Frederick William III. of Prussia, who gave her the title of Princess of Liegnitz.

LINANGE, Prince Charles of (1804-1856). Son of the Duchess of Kent by her first marriage. He married the Countess of Klebelsberg.

LINDENAU, Baron Bernard Augustus of (1780-1854). Learned German astronomer and politician. He held several diplomatic posts and became Home Secretary in Saxony. In 1830 he worked energetically to form a Constitution for this country. He founded an astronomical museum at Dresden.

LINGARD, John (1769-1851). An English historian and a Catholic Priest who had been educated at Douai with the Jesuits.

LISFRANC DE SAINT MARTIN, Jacques (1790-1847). Famous French surgeon who made a great reputation under the Second Restoration.

LOBAU, the Comte de (1770-1838). As a volunteer he took an active part in the campaigns of the Republic and of the Empire. After Leipzig, when he was involved in the capitulation of Gouvion Saint-Cyr, he was sent to Hungary as a prisoner where he remained until the Restoration. During the Hundred Days he commanded the first military division and the sixth army corps at Waterloo, where he was captured by the English. From 1815 to 1818 he was exiled and then lived in retirement until 1823, when he entered the Chamber of Deputies. He was made Peer of France and Marshal in 1831, and successfully opposed the outbreaks which took place at Paris in 1831 and 1834.

LOBAU, wife of the foregoing. She was the daughter of Madame d'Arberg and sister-in-law of General Klein.

LÖWENHIELM, Count Gustavus Charles Frederick of (1771-1856). Swedish diplomatist; Extraordinary Minister to the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and Swedish Minister in Austria in 1816. He held a corresponding post at Paris where he resided for thirty-eight years. He had a large fortune which he used very nobly.

LÖWENHIELM, the Countess of (1783-1859). Fräulein von Schönburch-Wechselburg married as her first husband, in 1806, Count Gustavus of Düben, then the Swedish chargé d'Affaires at Vienna. In 1812 she was left a widow, and in 1826 married the Count of Löwenhielm, who had previously been the husband of a Baroness of Gur.

LÖWE-WEIMAR, the Baron François Adolphe de (1801-1854). He belonged to a family of German Jews, but was converted to Christianity and came to Paris, where he made a name for himself in literature. M. Thiers entrusted him with a diplomatic mission in Russia. He was appointed Consul-General to Bagdad, where he distinguished himself in 1847 by his devotion during a cholera epidemic. Afterwards he was Consul-General at Caracas.

LOGERE, M. de. Attaché to the French legation at Berlin.

LOTTUM, Count Charles Henry of (1767-1841). Infantry General and Minister of State in Prussia under Frederick William III., and afterwards Minister of the Exchequer. He married Fräulein Frederica of Lamprecht.

LOUIS-PHILIPPE I.* (1773-1849). King of the French from 1830-1848.

LOUVEL, Louis Pierre (1783-1820). A working saddler whose political fanaticism led him, on February 13, 1820, as people were leaving the opera, to assassinate the Duc de Berry, son of Charles X., nephew of Louis XVIII., with the object of bringing the dynasty of the Bourbons to an end. He was condemned by the Court of Peers and executed.

LOW COUNTRIES, Queen of the (1774-1837). Wilhelmina, daughter of King William II. of Prussia, and wife of King William I. of the Low Countries.

LOW COUNTRIES, Princess Frederica of the* (1808-1870). By birth Princess Louise of Prussia and daughter of Frederick William III.

LUCCA, the Duchess of (1803-1879). She was a daughter of the King of Sardinia and twin sister of the Empress Caroline of Austria, wife of the Emperor Ferdinand II.

LUTTEROTH, Alexander of (1806-1882). Born at Leipzig, he served in the French diplomatic service during his youth. He married a Countess Batthyàny.

LYNDHURST, Lord (1772-1864). An English politician of the Tory party. In three Cabinets he held the Great Seal, and occupied in succession the highest political posts in his country. His second wife was a Jewess, Mrs. Norton, for which reason he vigorously supported the Bill for the admission of Jews into Parliament.

M

MACDONALD, Marshal Alexander (1765-1840). Born of an Irish family, he saw service in all the campaigns of the Republic and the Empire. In 1804 he was dismissed for defending Moreau and did not return to the service until 1809, when his distinguished conduct at Wagram gained him the title of the Duke of Tarentum. After the abdication of Napoleon I. he was appointed peer of France and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour, a post which he held until 1831.

MACDONALD, General Alexandre de (1824-1881). Duke of Tarentum. Only son of Marshal Macdonald and of Mlle. de Bourgoing, cousin of King Charles X. and of Madame la Dauphine. On the accession of Napoleon III. he became Chamberlain of the Emperor and Knight of the Legion of Honour. He was a Deputy in 1852, Senator in 1869, and retired into private life in 1870.

MAGON-LABALLUE DE BOISGARIN, Mlle. (1765-1834). She was born of a noble family who had become boat-builders, and married in 1779 the Comte de Villefranche, of the house of Carignan. After his death she lived very quietly at Paris.

MAHMUD II. (1785-1839). Sultan of the Ottoman Turks. He ascended the throne in 1808. His wars were the ruin of his empire, but his domestic administration was marked by great reforms; he introduced Western sciences and institutions, drilled his troops in European style, and guaranteed religious toleration by a firman of 1839.

MAILLÉ, the Duc de (1770-1837). Charles François Armand de la Tour-Landry, Duc de Maillé, was before the Revolution first Gentleman of the Chamber of Monsieur; he became an _émigré_ with the Prince and held aloof from politics until the fall of the Empire. He took a large share in the Royalist movement of 1814, and resumed his former duties under King Louis XVIII., who made him a Peer of France. He refused to take the oath to the July monarchy,

MAINTENON, the Marquise de* (1635-1719). Morganatic wife of King Louis XIV. and a famous educationist.

MAISON, the Marshal* (1771-1840). Peer of France and French diplomatist, and member of several Cabinets.

MAISON, wife of the foregoing, Marie Madeleine Françoise Weygold, was born in Prussia in 1776 and in 1796 married Marshal Maison, at that time Major.

MALESHERBES, Chrétien Guillaume Lamoignon de (1721-1794). Son of Chancellor Lamoignon, he was a Minister with Turgot under Louis XVI.; he defended the King before the Convention, and died himself upon the scaffold. He was a member of the French Academy.

MALTZAN, Count Mortimer of (1783-1843), First gentleman at the Prussian Court. Chamberlain and major and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Vienna. He married a Countess of Golz.

MANNAY, the Abbé Charles (1745-1824). He studied at St. Sulpice, where he distinguished himself. After his ordination as priest he became chief vicar and then canon of the cathedral of Rheims. When the Revolution broke out he retired to England and Scotland, and in 1802 was appointed Bishop of Trèves. He resigned in 1814 and returned to France, where, in 1817, he was appointed Bishop of Auxerre, and in 1820 of Rennes. He was a great friend of the Prince de Talleyrand.

MARBEUF, the Marquise de (1765-1839). She married in 1784 the Comte, afterwards the Marquis de Marbeuf, gentleman of the chamber of the Comte de Provence and Field Marshal, afterwards Governor of Corsica. She was left a widow in 1786, and retired to the convent of the Sacré Cœur, where she took the veil.

MARBOIS, the Marquis de Barbé* (1745-1837). French diplomatist and politician, for a long time president of the financial court.

MARCHAND, Louis Joseph Narcisse (1791-1876). First Groom of the Chamber of the Emperor Napoleon I., whom he followed to St Helena. To him the Emperor dictated his "Summary of the Wars of Julius Cæsar," which Marchant published in 1836. On his deathbed Napoleon gave him the title of Comte, and then entrusted him with his will. On his return to France Marchand married, in 1823, the daughter of General Brayer, and settled at Strasburg. In 1840 he was associated with the Prince de Joinville to bring back the remains of the Emperor from St. Helena, and was made Knight and afterwards Officer of the Legion of Honour.

MARCHESI, Luigi (1755-1829). A famous Italian singer whose method became supreme in the musical art. His first appearance was at Rome in 1774. Every capital in Europe attempted to secure his presence, but in the theatre of his native town, Milan, he ended a career which had brought him both honour and riches.

MARESCALCHI, the Comtesse de, died in 1846. She was the daughter of the Marquis de Pange and of Mlle. de Caraman.

MAREUIL, the Comte Joseph Durand de* (1769-1855). French diplomatist.

MARIA II., OR DOÑA MARIA DA GLORIA* (1819-1853). Queen of Portugal.

MARIE AMÉLIE, the Queen* (1782-1866). Wife of Louis-Philippe, King of the French.

MARIA CHRISTINA, the Queen (1806-1878.) Daughter of Francis I., King of the Two Sicilies, she was the third wife of Ferdinand VII., King of Spain. In 1833 she became a widow and Queen-Regent, and in 1834 married Ferdinand Muñoz, officer in the Life Guards, who was made Duke of Rinanzares. After she had been obliged to leave the country and hand over the regency to Espartero, Duke of the Victoire, Queen Christina returned to Spain in 1843, and then governed in the name of her daughter, Isabella II. She was again exiled in 1854, withdrew to Paris, and lived there until her death.

MARIE DE MEDICIS* (1573-1642). Wife of the King of France, Henry IV., and Regent during the minority of her son, Louis XIII.

MARIE D'ORLÉANS, the Princess* (1813-1839). Daughter of King Louis-Philippe and wife of Prince Alexander of Würtemberg.

MARIE LOUISE, Archduchess (1791-1847). By her marriage with Napoleon I. she became Empress, and after her husband fell she secured the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guastella. After the Emperor's death she married the Count of Neipperg, by whom she had three children. Her third husband was the Count de Bombelles.

MARIA THERESA, the Empress* (1717-1780). Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary; wife of Francis of Lorraine.

MARLBOROUGH, the Duchess of (1660-1744). Sarah Jennings married, about 1680, the famous English general, John Churchill, afterwards Duke of Marlborough. The Duchess of Marlborough was the favourite of Queen Anne, over whom she exerted great influence.

MAROCHETTI, Baron Charles (1805-1867). Born at Turin. His father adopted the French nationality when he was ten years of age; he studied at the Lycée Napoleon at Paris. He studied sculpture in the studio of Bosio, pupil of Canova, and then spent eight years at Rome. He left a son, who resumed his Italian nationality, entered the diplomatic career, and was Ambassador at St. Petersburg.

MARS, Mlle. Famous actress at the Comédie Française.

MARTIN DU NORD, Nicolas Ferdinand Marie Louis Joseph* (1790-1847). Magistrate and French politician.

MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA, François* (1789-1862). Spanish man of letters and politician.

MASSA, the Duchesse de.* Born in 1792. Daughter of Marshal Macdonald.

MASSIMO, Princess Christine. Died of cholera in 1837. Daughter of Prince Xavier of Saxony and of Countess Claire of Spinucci.

MATHIEU, M. A French painter who gave lessons in drawing to the daughters of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.

MATUSIEWICZ, Count Andrew Joseph* (1790-1842). Polish diplomatist in the Russian service.

MAUSSION, the Baron Alfred de. At first, like his brother Adolphe, he entered the army and became an officer. He was a very intimate friend of the Montmorency family, being a distant relation, and was also well known to the Dosne family. He became the friend of M. Thiers, who appointed him consul at Rostock.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Grand Duchess of (1771-1871). Augusta, Princess of Hesse-Homburg, third wife of the Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, whom she married in 1818, and who died before his father in 1819. The Grand Duchess was also the step-mother of the Duchesse d'Orléans.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Princess Helena (1814-1858). She married, in 1837, the Duc d'Orléans, by whom she had two children, the Comte de Paris and the Duc de Chartres. She became a widow in 1842. She was the daughter of the second marriage of the Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg, who died in 1819, with a Princess of Saxe-Weimar.

MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, the Grand Duke of (1779-1860). He succeeded his father, the Grand Duke Charles, in 1816, and married, in 1817, a Princess of Hesse Cassel. He was brother to Queen Louise of Prussia.

MEDEM, Count Paul* (1800-1854). A Russian diplomatist, cousin of the Duchess de Dino.

MEDICIS, Lorenzo de, known as the Magnificent (1448-1492). A patron of arts and letters, he honoured with his friendship and his kindness Pico della Mirandola, Angelo Poliziano, and Michael Angelo, by whom his mausoleum at Florence was designed.

MEHEMET ALI (1769-1849). Viceroy of Egypt. He began life as a merchant, became a soldier and fought against the French in 1799. In 1806 he was able to drive out the Governor of Egypt and proclaim himself Viceroy. As the Mameluks would not cease their revolts, he had them massacred throughout Egypt on March 1, 1811. In his two wars against the Porte, in 1832 and 1839, his lieutenant was his son Ibrahim, whose victory of Nezib laid the Sultan at his mercy. A European coalition in which France declined to take part, deprived him of the fruits of this victory, but for himself and his descendants he secured the Governorship of Egypt under the sovereignty of the Porte. He introduced great reforms into his country.

MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Lord* (1779-1848). English politician, brother of Lady Palmerston.

MÉRODE, the Comte Werner de (1816-1905). He married in 1843 his cousin Mlle. Thérèse de Mérode.

METTERNICH, Prince* (1773-1859). Austrian diplomatist and statesman.

METTERNICH, Princess Melanie of (1805-1854). Third wife of Prince Metternich and daughter of Count Francis of Zichy-Ferraris.

MEUNIER. In 1836 was found guilty of complicity with Lavau, who had attempted to assassinate Louis-Philippe. He was a saddler and a benefactor of Lavau.

MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI (1475-1564). Famous Italian painter, sculptor and architect. The most learned and profound of draughtsmen, he became architect of the Basilica of St. Peter at Rome after the death of Bramante, and built the sublime cupola which is its chief glory.

MIRAFLORES, the Marquis de* (1792-1867). Spanish diplomatist and man of letters.

MOIRA, Lord (1808-1843). Eldest son of the first Marquis of Hastings. He was Chamberlain in 1830 to King William IV. of England.

MOLÉ, the Comte Mathieu* (1788-1855). French politician of an old parliamentary family.

MOLÉ, the Comtesse.* Died in 1845. _Née_ Mlle. de la Briche.

MOLITOR, Marshal, Comte (1770-1849). He served throughout the wars of the Revolution and the Empire; was exiled at the Second Restoration and recalled in 1818 to his duties as Inspector-General. He commanded the second Army Corps during the Spanish War in 1823 and was then made Marshal and Peer of France. Under the July government, he was governor of the Invalides and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour.

MOLLIEN, the Comtesse* (1785-1878). Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Marie Amélie.

MONTALEMBERT, the Comte Charles de (1810-1870). French publicist and politician. One of the most brilliant defenders of Liberal Catholicism.

MONTALIVET, the Comte de (1801-1880). A pupil of the Polytechnic School, he afterwards sat in the Chamber of Peers among the Liberals. Louis-Philippe appointed him Minister of the Interior in 1830 and afterwards Minister of Education and Public Worship. As the supervisor of the civil list he founded the museum of Versailles, increased the museum of the Louvre, and restored the palaces of Fontainebleau, Saint-Cloud, Trianon and Pau. He entered the Academy of Fine Arts in 1840. The events of 1848 sent him back to private life.

MONTBRETON, Madame de. Clémence Marie de Nicolaï, daughter of the Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicolaï, whose name appears in the Lafarge trial.

MONTEBELLO, Napoléon Auguste Lannes de (1801-1874). Son of the famous marshal. Diplomatist and French Minister; he was made a Peer of France at the age of fourteen by King Louis XVIII. He supported the July monarchy and afterwards the Empire.

MONTENON, M. de. A young man of La Creuse who was a constant visitor at the Castle of Valençay.

MONTESQUIOU, the Comtesse Anatole de, born in 1794. Elodie, daughter of the Comte Henri de Montesquiou-Fezensac de Bacquencourt, married her cousin-german in 1809, who was aide-de-camp to Napoleon I. and afterwards Peer of France. She was the first lady at the Court of the Duchesse d'Orléans.

MONTESSUY, the Comte de. A French diplomatist who acted as French Minister at Hanover in 1849, at Parma in 1855, at Darmstadt and at Frankfort from 1855 to 1858. He married a daughter of Prince Paul of Würtemberg by a morganatic marriage.

MONTFORT, Mlle. de (1820-1904). The Princess Mathilde, daughter of Jerome, King of Westphalia, and of Catherine, Princess of Würtemberg. She married in 1841 the Comte Anatole Demidoff, Prince de San Donato.

MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse de* (1774-1846). _Née_ Mlle. de Matignon. She was the mother of Baron Raoul de Montmorency, of the Princesse de Beauffremont Courtenay, and of the Duchesse de Valençay.

MONTMORENCY, Raoul, Baron de* (1790-1862). He took the title of Duc on his father's death in 1846.

MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse Mathieu de. Died in 1858. Hortense de Chevreuse-Luynes had married Mathieu de Montmorency-Laval. Her only daughter was the first wife of the Duc Sosthène de la Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville.

MONTPENSIER, the Duchesse de* (1627-1693). Known under the name of _la Grande Mademoiselle_; she was the daughter of Duc Gaston d'Orléans.

MONTROND, the Comte Casimir de.* Friend of M. de Talleyrand and sometimes entrusted with unimportant diplomatic missions.

MORTEMART, Arthur de. Only son of the Duc de Mortemart who died from injuries received by a fall from his horse in October 1840.

MOTTEVILLE, Mme. de (1621-1689). Françoise Bertaut married in 1639 Nicolas Langlois, Seigneur de Motteville, who died in 1641. On the death of Louis XIII. in 1643, Anne of Austria called Mme. de Motteville to her Court, and admitted her to her intimacy. Mme. de Motteville left very interesting memoirs behind her.

MOUNIER, Baron Claude Philippe Edouard (1784-1843). Auditor to the Council of State under the Empire, then Governor of Saxe-Weimar and afterwards of Lower Silesia. In 1809 he received the title of Baron, and in 1813 the post of Overseer of the Crown Buildings. Louis XVIII. confirmed him in this position and made him a Peer in 1819. He retained his seat in the Chamber of Peers and showed much talent in many discussions.

MUÑOZ, Fernando (1810-1873). Of lowly parentage, he entered the Spanish Army at an early age and became a Life Guard. Queen Christina fell violently in love with him and contracted a morganatic marriage with him three months after the death of Ferdinand VII. Muñoz showed no ambition and only consented to become Duke of Rianzares, noble of Spain and knight of the Golden Fleece.

MUNSTER, Lord (1794-1842). George Fitz-Clarence, natural son of King William IV. and Mrs. Jordan. He entered the army at a very early age and became Major-General, member of the Privy Council, aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria and received the title of Lord Munster.

MURAT, Mme. (1782-1839). Caroline Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon I. She married General Murat in 1800. In 1806 she was Grand Duchess of Berg and Queen of Naples in 1808. She became a widow in 1815 and then retired to Austria and afterwards to Florence where she died.

N

NAPIER, Sir Charles (1786-1860). A Naval Captain in 1810, he went through the Portugal Campaign. In 1815 he was placed on the retired list, but in 1829 he entered the service of Dom Pedro of Portugal with successful results. On his return to England he was elected member of the House of Commons in 1834, appointed Commodore in 1839, Rear-Admiral in 1846, and Vice-Admiral in 1853. In 1840 he supported the Turkish Fleet during the Syrian Expedition; but in 1853 he was less fortunate and failed before Cronstadt.

NAPLES, the King of (1811-1859). Ferdinand II.,* son of King Francis I. and of Isabella of Spain.

NAPLES, the Queen of (1812-1836). Maria Christina, daughter of the King of Sardinia, Victor Emanuel I. She married King Ferdinand II. in 1832.

NAPLES, Prince Charles Ferdinand of (1811-1862). Brother of the Count of Syracuse and morganatic husband of Miss Penelope Smith, by whom he had two children. His son bore the title of Count Mascali.

NAPLES, Prince Leopold of (1813-1860). (_See_ Syracuse, Count of.)

NEALE, the Countess Pauline (1779-1869). Of an Irish family which had been settled in Prussia for several generations. The Countess Neale was lady of honour to Princess Louise of Prussia and married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1795.

NEIGRE, the Baron (1774-1847). He enlisted as a volunteer in 1790, and had a brilliant career in the wars of the First Empire. In 1813 he was general of division; afterwards he supported the Bourbons, took part in the siege of Antwerp and held a seat in the Chamber of Peers until his death.

NEIPPERG, Count Alfred of (1807-1865). Austrian Chamberlain and Major-General in the army of Würtemberg. He married as his second wife in 1840 Princess Maria of Würtemberg.

NEMOURS, the Duchesse de (1625-1701). Marie d'Orléans, wife of Henry II., Duc de Savoie-Nemours, her cousin. In 1690 she obtained the Principality of Neuchâtel. She has left graceful and lively memoirs of her life.

NEMOURS, the Duc de* (1814-1896). Second son of King Louis-Philippe.

NESSELRODE, Count* (1780-1862). Russian diplomatist and afterwards Imperial Chancellor of Russia.

NESSELRODE, Countess, died in 1849. She was the daughter of Count Gourieff, who was Russian Financial Minister.

NEUMANN, Baron. Austrian diplomatist who married the daughter of the Duke of Beaufort, in England.

NEY, the wife of the Marshal. Duchesse d'Elchingen, Princesse de la Moskowa. _Née_ Aglaé Louise de Lascans, she had married Marshal Ney in 1802. Her mother had held a court post under Queen Marie Antoinette which had brought her daughter into connection with the Dauphine during their youth.

NICOLAÏ, the Marquise Scipion de, _née_ Lameth. She was the mother of Madame de Léautaud and Madame de Montbreton, who were implicated in the charge of diamond-stealing which arose in the Lafarge trial.

NICOLE, Pierre (1625-1695). Moralist, theologian and controversialist, one of the most remarkable writers of Port Royal where he lectured upon literature. With Arnaud and Pascal he wrote against the Jesuits and was involved in the prosecutions directed against the Jansenists. He was obliged to leave France in 1679 and could only return through the intervention of Mgr. du Harlay, Archbishop of Paris.

NINA LASSAVE. Daughter of Laurence Petit for whom Fieschi had conceived an ardent passion in his prison at Embrun. Nina, who was fifteen years of age, had been left to Fieschi by Laurence.

NOAILLES, the Duc Paul de* (1802-1885). At the age of twenty he succeeded to the peerage on the death of his great-uncle, the Duc Jean de Noailles.

NOAILLES, the Vicountesse de* (1792-1851). Daughter of the Duc de Poix, she married her cousin the Vicomte Alfred de Noailles.

NOAILLES, the Comte Maurice de. Born in 1808, he married in 1842 his cousin Mlle. Pauline de Noailles, daughter of the Duc de Noailles.

NORTON, Mrs., born in 1808. Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton was the granddaughter of Sheridan. Her intimacy with Lord Melbourne was notorious and her husband began a suit against her for divorce in 1836, which caused much stir. The jury acquitted Lord Melbourne, notwithstanding the strong presumption against him. Mrs. Norton was separated from her husband and acquired a certain notoriety in English literature by her novels and newspaper articles.

O

O'CONNELL, Daniel* (1775-1847). Patriot and Irish agitator.

O'CONNELL, Maurice. Died in 1853. Eldest son of Daniel O'Connell, whose policy he continued in the House of Commons.

OFFALIA, the Comte d' (1777-1843). Spanish statesman. At first he was secretary to the embassy in Washington in 1800; in 1823 he became Minister of Justice; Ambassador at Paris in 1828; Minister of the Interior in 1832; head of the Cabinet and Foreign Minister in 1837.

OLLIVIER, l'Abbé Nicolas Théodore. Born in 1798. Priest of Saint-Roch at Paris, he was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1841.

OMPTEDA, the Baroness* (1767-1843). _Née_ the Countess of Schlippenbach.

ORANGE, Prince William of* (1793-1849). He ascended the throne of Holland in 1840.

ORANGE, Princess of.* By birth Anne Paulowna, daughter of the Emperor Paul of Russia.

ORIE, Dr. Doctor of Bourgueil in Touraine. He died suddenly on the road between Benais and Bourgueil. On the spot where he expired a column has been raised with this inscription: "On this spot died Dr. Orie, July 14, 1846."

ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1741-1793). Louis Philippe Joseph, called _Philippe Egalité_. He died on the scaffold of the Revolution.

ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1810-1842). Ferdinand, eldest son of King Louis-Philippe and Crown Prince.

ORLOFF, Count (1781-1861). Alexis Fedorowitch, took part in all the wars against Napoleon I. and entered the Russian diplomatic service in 1828.

P

PAHLEN, Count.* Born in 1775. A Russian diplomatist and Ambassador at Paris.

PALATINE, the Princess (1616-1684). Anne of Gonzague married Edward, Count Palatine, son of the Palatine Elector, Frederic V. and settled at Paris, where she was the ornament of the Court of Anne of Austria through her beauty and her wit. After a life of pleasure and political intrigue she suffered an overthrow by the influence of Mazarin and spent her last days in retirement. On her death Bossuet delivered a funeral oration upon her, one of the most remarkable that he composed.

PALFFY the Princess. Born in 1774. Daughter of the Count of Hohenfeld and wife of Prince Joseph Palffy. She died in 1827.

PALMELLA, the Duchess of. A descendant of Vasco di Gama, she had married Dom Pedro de Souza Holstein, Duke of Palmella, a Portuguese statesman.

PALMERSTON, Lord* (1784-1865). English politician; for a long time Foreign Minister.

PALMYRE, Madame.* A clever Parisian dressmaker.

PARIS, the Comte de (1838-1894). Eldest son of the Duc d'Orléans and Princess Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. After the death of the Comte de Chambord he became the head of the French house.

PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662). One of the greatest and most noble geniuses of the seventeenth century; a mathematician, physicist and philosopher. A quarrel between the Jansenists and the Jesuits gave him the opportunity of showing himself the most powerful writer in Port Royal.

PASQUIER, Duc Etienne* (1767-1862). Politician and Peer of France. Appointed Chancellor in 1837.

PASSY, Hippolyte Philibert* (1793-1880). French politician, deputy and member of the Institute.

PEAN. One of the footmen of the Prince de Talleyrand.

PEEL, Sir Robert* (1788-1850). English statesman and member of several Cabinets.

PEMBROKE, Lady Catherine. Only daughter of Count Woronzoff, married in 1808, George Augustus, Lord Pembroke, who died in 1827.

PENELOPE SMITH, Miss (1815-1882). Morganatic wife of Prince Charles of Naples, Count of Capua. Victor Emanuel recognised her possession of this title.

PEPIN* (1780-1836). Grocer and accomplice of Fieschi, with whom he was executed.

PÉRIGORD, the Comte Paul de (1811-1880). Paul Adalbert René de Talleyrand-Périgord, husband of Mlle. Amicide de Saint-Aignan, who died in 1854.

PÉRIGORD, Mlle. Pauline de* (1820-1890). Daughter of the Duchesse de Dino. She married the Marquis Henri de Castellane in 1839.

PÉRIGORD, Boson de (1832). Eldest son of the Duc de Valençay by his first wife, Mlle. de Montmorency. He afterwards bore the title of Duc de Talleyrand and de Sagan.

PERPONCHER, the Comte Henri de (1771-1856). Infantry General in Holland. He became Minister of the Low Countries at the Court of Frederick William III.

PERPONCHER, the Comtesse de. Died in 1861. Adélaïde, Countess of Reede, married in 1816, Comte Henri de Perponcher.

PERREGEAUX, the Comte de (1785-1841). After acting as auditor to the Council of State, he occupied certain administrative posts under the Empire. At the Restoration he was set aside, but King Louis-Philippe made him a Peer of France in 1831.

PETETOT, the Abbé Louis Pierre (1801-1887). General Superior of the Order of the Oratoire, he was first priest of Saint Louis d'Antin and of Saint Roch, and administered the affairs of the Order for more than twenty years, resigning in 1884.

PEYRONNET, the Comte de (1778-1854). An _émigré_ during the Revolution and the Empire, he was elected deputy under the Restoration and joined the ultra party; as Minister of Justice under M. de Villèle, he supported every retrograde measure. In 1829 he became Minister of the Interior under the Polignac Ministry and helped to draw up the ordinances which provoked the July Revolution. He was arrested and tried by the Court of Peers and condemned to perpetual imprisonment. He spent six years at the Fort of Ham, was then pardoned, after which he lived in complete retirement at his estate of Montferrand near Bordeaux.

PIATOLI, the Abbé Scipion (1750-1809). Born at Florence, he took orders. Princess Lubomirska, _née_ Czartoryska, who was travelling in Italy, appointed him tutor to her nephew, Prince Henry Lubomirski. The Abbé came with her to Poland in 1787, and Count Ignatius Potocki, who was struck with his capacity, secured him the post of Secretary to King Stanislas Augustus. The Abbé Piatoli persuaded the King to join the Polish patriotic party himself and drew up the Constitution of May 3, 1791, after taking the chief share in discussion upon it. After the second partition of Poland he left the country and became tutor to the household of Princess Dorothea of Courlande. Afterwards, through the good offices of Prince Adam Czartoryski, he obtained a post in the service of Russia. Very learned, with a powerful imagination and lofty ideas, he was strongly imbued with the principles of Voltaire.

PIUS VII., Pope (1740-1823). Barbé Chiaramonti, a Benedictine monk, and Bishop of Tivoli, received the purple with the bishopric of Imola in 1795, and was elected Pope in 1800. He reorganised his papal states, signed a Concordat with Napoleon, and came to Paris to crown him as Emperor in 1804. Seven years afterwards, having refused to drive out the enemies of France, he saw his states invaded and his provinces were united to the French Empire. As he had excommunicated the French Emperor he was forced to undergo a rigorous confinement at Fontainebleau. The Congress of Vienna restored his possessions in 1814, and he returned to them. He was so generous as to grant a refuge in Rome to several members of the family of the deposed Emperor.

PIMODAN, the Marquis de. Born in 1789. Camille de Rarécourt de la Vallée Marquis de Pimodan, cavalry captain and honorary gentleman of the Chamber to King Charles X., and knight of the Legion of Honour. He married Mlle. de Frénilly in 1819.

PISCATORY, Théobald-Emile (1799-1870). He went to Greece under the Restoration to support the cause of independence. In 1832 he was elected deputy and afterwards voted with the Conservative majority. From 1844 to 1846 he was Plenipotentiary Minister in Greece and cleverly counteracted English influence. In 1846 he was made Peer of France and in 1847 Spanish Ambassador. He abandoned political life after the coup d'état of 1851.

PLAISANCE, the Duchesse de (1786-1854). Marie Anne Sophie, daughter of the Marquis of Barbé Marbois, married Lebrun, Duc de Plaisance. Witty and somewhat foreign in manner, she left France at an early age for Greece, where she died.

PLESSEN, Herr von. Died in 1837. In 1832 he was Minister of the Privy Council of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg, and negotiated the marriage of Princess Helena with the Duc d'Orléans.

POLIGNAC, Prince Jules de* (1780-1847). A Minister of Charles X. He signed the July Ordinances and was condemned by the Court of Peers, but released after the amnesty of 1837.

POLIGNAC, the Princesse de (1792-1864). Charlotte Parkyns, daughter of Lord Radcliffe, married as her first husband the Marquis de Choiseul and as her second, in 1821, Prince Jules de Polignac.

POMPONNE, the Marquis of (1618-1699). Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne, son of Arnauld d'Andilly; King's Councillor in 1644, he fell into disgrace with Fouquet, and was relegated to Verdun in 1662. Three years later he returned to favour, and was sent to Stockholm as Ambassador; afterwards the King appointed him Minister of Foreign Affairs, and under his administration the glorious peace of Nimwegen was signed. He again fell into disfavour and did not return to office until after the death of Louvois.

PONSONBY, Lord* (1770-1855). English Ambassador at Constantinople from 1822 to 1827.

PONTOIS, Comte Charles Edouard de (1792-1871). A French diplomatist under Louis-Philippe; he was Plenipotentiary Minister of France in Brazil and then in the United States; afterwards he was French Ambassador at Constantinople. In 1846 he entered the Chamber of Peers.

POTEMKIN, Ivan Alexiewitch (1778-1849). A Russian diplomatist and privy councillor. He was appointed Ambassador at Rome in 1840 and died at Naples.

POZZO DI BORGO, Count (1764-1842). A Corsican by birth, he was a diplomatist in the service of Russia, and well known as Ambassador at Paris.

PRASLIN, Marquis Charles Hughes Théobald de (1805-1847). He took the title of Duc on his father's death; became Knight of Honour to the Duchess d'Orléans in 1837; was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1839 to 1842, and was raised to the Peerage in 1845. In 1824 he married the daughter of Marshal Sébastiani. Both came to a tragic end in 1847, as M. de Praslin killed his wife in a fit of madness and then committed suicide.

PREISSAC, Comte François Jean de (1778-1852). Prefect of the Gironde and Peer of France in 1832. He married Mlle. de Francfort, daughter of a retired Colonel of a Royal Cavalry Regiment.

PRIMATE OF FRANKFORT, Prince Charles of Dalberg (1744-1817). He took orders and became Privy Councillor in 1772 of the Elector of Mayence, then Governor of Erfurth and coadjutor to the Archbishop of Mayence, whom he succeeded in 1802. In 1806 he became Prince Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine, Sovereign Prince of Ratisbon and Grand Duke of Fulda. Charles of Dalberg solemnised at Frankfort in April 1810 the marriage of the Princess of Courlande with the Comte Edmond de Périgord, afterwards Duc de Dino, and after his father's death Duc de Talleyrand.

PRUSSIA, Prince Frederick of (1794-1863). Only son of Prince Ludwig of Prussia and of Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise.

PRUSSIA, Princess Frederick of (1799-1882). Daughter of the Duke of Anhalt Bernbourg, she had married Prince Frederick in 1817.

PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1785-1846). Amelie Marianne, daughter of the Landgrave Ludwig of Hesse-Homburg, married, in 1804, Prince William of Prussia, brother of Frederick William III.

PRUSSIA, Prince William of (1797-1888). Second son of King Frederick William III. As his elder brother had no children, he assumed the title of Prince of Prussia in 1840, when Frederick William IV. came to the throne. He succeeded the latter as King in 1861, and in 1870 became the first Emperor of Germany of the House of Hohenzollern.

PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1816-1890). Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach married, in 1829, Prince William, son of Frederick William III. She afterwards became the Empress Augusta.

PRUSSIA, Prince Charles of (1801-1883). Third son of King Frederick William III. and of Queen Louise.

PRUSSIA, Princess Charles of (1808-1877). Marie, daughter of the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, married Prince Charles of Prussia in 1827.

PRUSSIA, Prince Albert of (1809-1872). Fourth son of King Frederick William IV., he married, in 1830, Princess Marianne of the Low Countries, whom he divorced in 1849. In 1853 he contracted a morganatic marriage with Fräulein von Rauch, who was given the title of Countess of Hohenau.

PRUSSIA, Princess Albert of (1810-1883). Marianne, daughter of the King of the Low Countries, married, in 1830, Prince Albert of Prussia, the youngest son of Frederick William III., by whom she had two children. On her divorce in 1849 she left the Prussian court.

PRUSSIA, Prince Adalbert of (1811-1837). Son of Prince William of Prussia, brother of Frederick William III. and of the Princess of Hesse-Homburg. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Prussian Navy. He contracted a morganatic marriage in 1850 with Therese Elssler, who received the title of Baroness of Barnim.

PRUSSIA, Princess Marie of (1825-1889). Sister of the foregoing. In 1842 she married the Crown Prince of Bavaria, who became King in 1848 under the name of Maximilian II., and died in 1864.

PÜCKLER, Prince Hermann Ludwig Heinrich (1795-1871). An officer in the Life Guards at Dresden in 1804; he entered the Russian service, in which he remained from 1813 to 1815, and married in 1817 the daughter of Prince Hardenburg, from whom he separated in 1826. In 1863 he became a Member of the House of Lords in Prussia. He travelled a great deal, and was a lover of parks and gardens.

PÜCKLER, Princess (1776-1854). Princess Anna Hardenberg married the Count of Pappenheim as her first husband in 1796. In 1817 she divorced him to marry Prince Hermann Pückler, from whom she separated in 1826.

PUTUS, Count Malte (1807-1837). Attaché to the Prussian Legation at Naples. He died of consumption. His sister was the Countess Lottum.

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QUATREMÈRE DE QUINCY, Antoine Chrysostome (1755-1849). At an early age he devoted himself to the study of antiquity and art, and produced important works on these subjects. He was Deputy at Paris to the Legislative Assembly of 1791; member of the Council of the Five Hundred in 1797; theatrical censor in 1815; Professor of Archæology in 1818; and he was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy of Fine Arts.

QUÉLEN, Mgr. de,* (1778-1839). Coadjutor to the Cardinal de Talleyrand Périgord, whom he succeeded as Archbishop of Paris in 1821.

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RACHEL, Mlle. (1820-1858). A great tragic actress. She was the daughter of a poor Jewish pedlar called Felix. After a youth spent in poverty she entered the Conservatoire, made her first appearance at the Gymnase, and was admitted in 1838 to the Théâtre Français, where she gave an admirable exposition of the finest parts of Corneille and Racine. In 1856 she undertook a tour in America and contracted a pulmonary disease, of which she soon died.

RACZYNSKI, Count Athanasius (1788-1874). A diplomatist in the Prussian service. For several years he was Minister at Lisbon and Madrid, showing the utmost unselfishness and never drawing his salary. The money thus accumulated is now in the hands of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and is of the greatest service to diplomatists in distress. Count Raczynski was a very wealthy man, and made a fine collection of pictures, which he bequeathed to the Crown. He wrote several books upon art; his political correspondence has also been published. In 1816 he married Princess Anna Radziwill. He was a member of the House of Lords and a Privy Councillor.

RADZIWILL, Princess Louise (1770-1836). Daughter of Prince Ferdinand of Prussia, youngest brother of Frederick the Great. She married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1796.

RADZIWILL, Prince William (1797-1870). An infantry general in the service of Prussia, he commanded in succession several army corps, and was a member of the House of Lords. His first wife, whom he married in 1825, was his cousin Helene Radziwill, who died in 1827. In 1832 he married the Countess Matilda Clary. He was the eldest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill and of Princess Louise of Prussia.

RADZIWILL, Princess William (1806-1896). Matilda, daughter of Prince Charles Clary-Aldringen and of the Countess Louisa Chotek, married Prince William Radziwill in 1832.

RADZIWILL, Princess Boguslaw (1811-1890). Léontine, third daughter of Prince Charles Clary, married, in 1832, Prince Boguslaw Radziwill, youngest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill.

RANTZAU, the Comte Josias de (1609-1650). He entered the French service in 1635 under King Louis XIII., having previously served the Prince of Orange, Christian IV., King of Denmark, Gustavus Adolphus, and the Emperor Ferdinand II. He was Marshal of France.

RANTZAU, Count Antony of (1793-1849). Chamberlain and captain in the service of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

RAQUENA, the Count of (1821-1878). Son of the Duke of Rocca, he bore this title after his father's death. He was a Spanish artillery officer, and afterwards served in the Royal Halberdier Corps and died with the rank of general. He was a great lord, a great gambler, and led a most adventurous life.

RATISBONNE, the Abbé Marie Théodore (1802-1884). Son of a Jewish banker of Strasburg, he had just concluded his study of the law when he was converted to Catholicism and took Orders. He was known as a writer and a preacher, and founded the congregation of Notre Dame of Sion.

RATISBONNE, Alphonse (1812-1884). Brother of Théodore Ratisbonne. He was also converted to Catholicism and entered the congregation of Notre Dame of Sion, founded by his brother.

RAUCH, Christian Daniel (1777-1857). A famous Prussian sculptor. He went to Rome in 1804 for study, returned to Berlin in 1811, where he was greatly patronised by the Court.

RAULLIN, M. French Councillor of State.

RAVIGNAN, the Abbé de (1795-1858). Born at Bayonne, he began his career in the magistracy. In obedience to a call he then left the world, entered the Jesuit seminary, and afterwards the Jesuit Order. He was distinguished for his lofty morality and his power as a preacher. He delivered the funeral oration of Monseigneur de Quélen, Archbishop of Paris.

RAYNEVAL, Maximilian de (1778-1836). A French diplomatist who received the title of Comte and the peerage for his services.

RAZUMOWSKI, the Countess. She was born Princess Wiasemski.

RÉCAMIER, Madame* (1777-1849). Famous for her beauty and for the deep friendship which united her with the greatest literary personalities of her time, in particular with Chateaubriand.

RECKE, the Baroness of (1754-1833). Elizabeth Charlotte, Countess of Medem, sister of the Duchess of Courlande, married, in 1774, the Baron of Recke. She was divorced from him in 1776 and lost her only daughter in the following year. She travelled a great deal in Italy and Germany, and was in connection with all the literary men of her age. She was herself the author of several works.

REDERN, the Countess of (1772-1842). Wilhelmina of Otterstaedt married Count Wilhelm Jacob of Redern and had two sons, William and Henry.

REDERN, Count William of (1802-1880). A great Prussian landowner, a member of the House of Lords, and afterwards High Chamberlain at the Court of the Emperor William I.

REDERN, the Countess of (1811-1875). Bertha Ienisz, daughter of a Senator of Hamburg, married, in 1834, Count William of Redern. She had only one daughter, who died when a minor.

REEDE, the Countess of (1769-1847); _née_ Krusemacht, daughter and sister of two Prussian generals of that name. In 1823, when the Crown Prince of Prussia was married, she was appointed chief lady at the Court of the Crown Princess.

REINHARD, Count Charles Frederick (1761-1837). Born at Würtemberg, he studied at the University of Tübingen and knew Goethe. He entered the French diplomatic service in 1792 and was Plenipotentiary Minister at Florence in 1797, and in 1799 replaced the Prince de Talleyrand at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was made a Peer of France in 1832, after having been made Count in 1814. He was a Member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy of Moral and Political Science.

REUILLY, M. A lawyer, Mayor of Versailles, and Knight of the Legion of Honour. In 1840 he was Deputy for Seine-et-Oise, and was member of the Constituent Assembly in 1848.

RÉMUSAT, Comte Charles de* (1797-1875). French writer and politician.

RETZ, the Cardinal de* (1614-1679). He played a great part during the Fronde and left some remarkable memoirs.

REUSS-SCHLEITZ-KOESTRITZ, Prince Henry LXIV. (1787-1856). General and Field Marshal in the service of Austria and divisional commander at Prague. He led the 7th regiment of Hussars.

RUESS-SCHLEITZ, Princess Sophie Adelaide. Born in 1800; daughter of Prince Henri LI. of Reuss-Ebersdorff.

RIBEAUPIERRE, Count Alexandre de (1785-1865). Born of a family of French Switzerland. His grandfather went to Russia in the suite of the Princess Sophie of Zerbst, afterwards Catherine II. His father had married the sister of General Bibikoff; he was Major-General when he died at the siege of Ismail. Alexandre de Ribeaupierre devoted himself to diplomacy, and became Russian Minister at Constantinople and Berlin. He was made a Count in 1856 and married Mlle. Potemkin.

RICHELIEU, the Duc de (1696-1788). Marshal of France and a brilliant figure at the Court of Louis XIV. and XV. In 1720 he entered the French Academy and became a friend of Voltaire. On the female side he was a great-great-nephew of the Cardinal, godson of Louis XIV. and of the Duchesse de Bourgogne. He first saw service under Villars. While Ambassador at Vienna he showed dexterity in arranging an agreement between France and Austria. After some military exploits in Germany during the Seven Years War, he spent the remainder of his life in intrigue and pleasures.

RIGNY, Comte Henri-Gauthier de* (1783-1835). French admiral. Several times Minister and Ambassador at Naples.

RIGNY, Vicomte Alexandre de (1790-1873). Son of a cavalry officer and of the sister of the Abbé Louis, he left the military school at Fontainebleau in 1807, and took part in the campaigns of Prussia, Poland, Austria, and Spain. As field-marshal in 1830, he joined the first expedition to Constantinople in 1836, and though he displayed incontestable bravery during the retreat, the gravest charges were brought against him by General Clausel. The Council of War unanimously acquitted him in 1837, but he was relegated to the command of the subdivision of the Indre until 1848 and placed on the retired list in 1849.

RIGNY, Mlle. Auguste de. She was the daughter of General de Rigny and heiress of her uncle, Baron Louis.

RIVERS, Lady, died in 1866. Susan Georgiana Leveson Gower, daughter of Lord Granville. She married in 1833 George Pitt, Lord Rivers.

ROHAN, the Duc de (1789-1869). Fernand de Rohan Chabot followed his father into exile while a child. He then returned to France and entered the army at the age of twenty with the rank of sub-lieutenant of Hussars. At that time bearing the title of Prince de Léon, he was present at the battle of Wagram and became aide-de-camp to the Emperor. In 1814 he was made a prisoner but was exchanged soon afterwards. Under the Restoration he became aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, then first equerry to the Duc de Bordeaux, and finally Field Marshal in 1824. After 1830 he retired.

ROOTHE, Madame de. Famous for her beauty. She married the Duc de Richelieu who was then more than eighty years of age and whose third wife she was.

ROOTHE, M. de. Son of the first marriage of the Duchesse de Richelieu.

ROSAMEL, M. de (1774-1848). Claude Charles Marie du Camp de Rosamel. A French sailor; Captain in 1814 and Rear-Admiral in 1823. He went through the Algerian campaign in 1830; in 1836 he became Naval Minister in the Molé Ministry, and in 1839 entered the Chamber of Peers.

ROSSE, Lawrence, Lord (1758-1841). In 1797 he married Miss Alice Lloyd. He was distinguished in the Irish Parliament for his popularity and his eloquence. On his father's death he succeeded to his seat in the House of Lords in 1807. He was the father of the learned astronomer William Rosse.

ROSSI, the Countess (1803-1854). Henriette Sontag, of Swedish origin, was a famous singer. In 1830 she abandoned the theatre on her marriage with Count Rossi and was then a leading figure in aristocratic salons by reason of her intellectual grace and her dignified conduct. In 1848 pecuniary losses reduced her to reappear upon the stage in Paris and London. Afterwards she went to America and died of cholera in Mexico.

ROTHSCHILD, Madame Salomon de* (1774-1855). She had married the second son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, who founded the branches of the banking house in Vienna and Paris.

ROTHSCHILD, James de (1792-1868). Fourth son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, settled at Paris.

ROUGÉ, Marquis Alexis de (1778-1838). Peer of France in 1815, he married in 1804 Mlle. de Crussol d'Uzès.

ROUSSEAU, J. J. (1712-1778). Famous writer and philosopher. Son of a watchmaker at Geneva, his education was greatly neglected. With Voltaire he was an important revolutionary influence in the eighteenth century.

ROUSSIN, Admiral* (1781-1854). Peer of France, Ambassador at Constantinople from 1832 to 1834 and Naval Minister in 1840.

ROVIGO, the Duc de (1774-1833). Anne Jean Marie René Savary. Aide-de-camp to General Bonaparte in Egypt, and afterwards commander of the picked bodyguard of the First Council. He was ordered to carry out the death sentence pronounced upon the Duc d'Enghien in 1804, and was then appointed General. After the battle of Friedland, he was made Duc de Rovigo; in 1810 he succeeded Fouché as Minister of Police. After 1815, the English refused to send him to St. Helena with Napoleon and the Restoration condemned him to death, but he escaped and was afterwards acquitted. In 1831 he commanded the army of Algeria, terrorised the natives by his severity, and constructed fine strategical roads.

ROY, the Comte Antoine (1764-1847). A lawyer and afterwards deputy he became Finance Minister in 1818, and introduced valuable reforms into this department. He was a Member of the Chamber of Peers under the Restoration and under the July Monarchy.

ROYER COLLARD, Pierre Paul* (1763-1845). French philosopher statesman and Member of the Academy.

RUBINI, J. B.* (1795-1854). Famous Italian tenor.

RUMFORD, Madame de (1766-1836). Mlle. de Paulze married the scientist, Lavoisier, as her first husband. He died upon the scaffold of the Revolution, and in 1804 she married Rumford, a German physician and philosopher. In 1814 she was left a widow. Her drawing-room at Paris was famous.

RUMIGNY, Comte Marie Théodore de (1789-1860). He took part in the wars of the First Empire and was aide-de-camp to General Gérard in 1812. In 1830 Louis-Philippe appointed him Field Marshal; after 1848 he accompanied the King to England and then lived in retirement.

RUSSELL, Lord William* (1799-1846). English diplomatist and Ambassador at Berlin.

RUSSELL, Lord John.* English statesman, member of several Ministries and twice Prime Minister.

RUSSIA, Empress Marie of (1759-1828). Marie Feodorovna, formerly Sophie, daughter of Duke Frederick of Würtemberg, second wife of the Emperor Paul, mother of Alexander I. and of Nicholas I. She was left a widow in 1801.

RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Constantine of (1781-1831). Julienne, Princess of Saxe Coburg Gotha married in 1796 the Grand Duke Constantine of Russia and was baptized under the name of Anna Feodorovna.

RUSSIA, the Emperor of (1796-1855). Nicholas I.*

RUSSIA, the Empress of (1798-1860). Charlotte, daughter of Frederick William III. of Prussia, married in 1817 the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia, who ascended the throne in 1825.

RUSSIA, Grand Duchess Helena of (1807-1873). Daughter of Prince Paul of Würtemberg and of his first wife, a princess of Saxe Altenburg. She married in 1824 the Grand Duke Michael of Russia, youngest son of the Emperor Paul.

RUSSIA, the Grand Hereditary Duke of (1818-1881). Alexander, son of the Emperor Nicholas, whom he succeeded in 1855 as Alexander II., married in 1841 the Princess of Hesse Darmstadt.

RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Olga of (1822-1892). Daughter of the Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia. She married in 1846 the Hereditary Prince of Würtemberg, who succeeded his father in the same year.

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SAGAN, the Duchess of (1781-1839). Wilhelmina, eldest daughter of Peter, Duke of Courlande. She was married three times: (1) In 1800 to Prince Henri de Rohan; (2) to Prince Troubetskoi, and (3) to Count Charles of Schulenburg who survived her. She died suddenly at Vienna and left no children.

SAINT AUGUSTINE (354-430). Bishop of Hippo, son of Saint Monica and one of the fathers of the church.

SAINT BLANCARD, the Marquis de (1814-1897). At one time page to King Charles X. He married Mlle. de Bauffremont.

SAINT CYRAN, the Abbé de (1581-1643). Jean Duvergier de Hauranne studied in the University of Louvain and became connected with the Jansenists, whose doctrines he ardently embraced, and obtained the Abbey of Saint Cyran in 1620. Among his numerous disciples and friends were Arnauld, Lemaistre de Sacy, Bignon, etc. He attacked the Jesuits in several works and Richelieu kept him in prison for four years.

SAINTE ALDEGONDE, the Comtesse Camille de* (1793-1869). Widow of an aide-de-camp of King Louis-Philippe.

SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comte de* (1778-1854). Peer of France, diplomatist, and Ambassador at Rome, Vienna and London.

SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comtesse de. _Née_ Louise Charlotte Victoire de Grimoard de Beauvoir du Roure-Brison. She married in 1809 M. de Sainte Aulaire, who was already a widower.

SAINT LEU, the Duchesse de* (1783-1837). _Née_ Hortense de Beauharnais, she was the widow of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland and mother of Napoleon III.

SAINT PRIEST, the Comte Alexis de,* diplomatist and French writer and member of the French Academy.

SAINT SIMON, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de (1675-1755). A lord at the Court of Louis XIV. He wrote famous memoirs, important to the history of his time.

SALERNO, the Prince of (1790-1851). Leopold de Bourbon, brother of Francis I., King of Naples, was Inspector-General of the Royal Guard and leader of the 22nd Regiment of Austrian Infantry. In 1816 he married the Archduchess Maria of Austria, and had a daughter who became the Duchesse d'Aumale.

SALERNO, the Princess of (1798-1880). Maria, daughter of the Emperor Francis I. of Austria.

SALVANDY, the Comte de* (1795-1856). French man of letters and politician; Ambassador and several times Minister.

SALVANDY, the Comtesse de. Julie Ferey, daughter of a manufacturer and politician, married the Comte de Salvandy in 1823.

SANDWICH, Lady, died in 1853. Louisa, daughter of Lord Belmore, married, in 1804, George John Montagu, Lord Sandwich, who died in 1818. One of his daughters was the first wife of Count Walewski.

SAULX-TAVANNES, Duc Roger Gaspard de (1806-1845). He became a peer in 1820 on his father's death, but took no share in the work of the Chamber, and committed suicide at the age of thirty-nine, when his old ducal family became extinct.

SAUZET, Paul* (1800-1876). Lawyer, Deputy, and Minister of Justice in 1836.

SAXE-WEIMAR, Duke Bernard of (1792-1862). Infantry General in the service of the Low Countries.

SAXONY, Augustus II., the Strong, Elector of (1670-1733). Afterwards King of Poland, elected after the death of John Sobieski by intrigue and bribery, and crowned at Warsaw in 1697.

SAXONY, Princess Augusta of, born in 1782.

SAXONY, Princess Amelia of (1794-1870). Sister of King Frederick Augustus and of Prince John of Saxony.

SAXONY, King Frederick Augustus II. of (1797-1854). Ascended the throne in 1836, after having been co-regent since 1830, and promulgating a liberal Constitution for his people. An enlightened, liberal, and well-educated prince, he died in consequence of a fall from his horse, leaving no children.

SAXONY, the Queen of (1805-1877). Maria, daughter of King Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of King Frederick Augustus II.

SAXONY, Prince John of (1801-1873). This prince succeeded his brother, King Frederick Augustus, in 1854. He had married Princess Amelia of Bavaria, by whom he had several children, and was distinguished throughout his life for his great virtue and his learning.

SAXONY, Princess John of (1801-1877). Amelia, daughter of King Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of Prince John of Saxony.

SCHÖNBURG, Princess (1803-1884). Louise Schwarzenberg, sister of the Cardinal of that name, married, in 1823, Prince Edward of Schönburg Waldenburg.

SCHÖNLEIN, Dr. Jean Luc (1793-1864). Doctor of medicine at Zurich. He was summoned to Berlin, where he obtained a great reputation.

SCHRECKENSTEIN, Baron Maximilian of (1794-1862). For a long time first Gentleman at the Court of Princess Stephanie of Baden, and governor of the houses and property of this princess.

SCHULENBURG-KLOSTERRODE, the Count of (1772-1853). He served in the Austrian diplomatic service and died at Vienna. He had married his cousin, the Countess Armgard of Schulenburg.

SCHULENBURG, Count Charles Rudolph of (1788-1856). Austrian lieutenant-colonel; he married the Duchess Wilhelmina of Sagan, the eldest daughter of the last Duke of Courlande; this marriage was soon dissolved. In 1846 he undertook to administer the property of the Duchesse de Talleyrand. He died at Sagan of an apoplectic stroke and was buried there.

SCHWARZENBERG, Charles Philippe, Prince of (1771-1820). First a soldier and then Austrian Ambassador at Paris. He negotiated the marriage of Napoleon with the Archduchess Maria Louisa. On the occasion of this marriage, in 1810, he gave a large ball, which had a fatal conclusion owing to a fire at the Embassy, when his wife perished in the flames.

SCHWEINITZ, Countess of (1799-1854). Fräulein Dullack, married, in 1832, Count Hans Hermann of Schweinitz and became, in 1840, chief lady at the Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth the Princess of Saxe-Weimar.

SÉBASTIANI DE LA PORTA, Marshal* (1775-1851). Ambassador at Constantinople, Naples, and London.

SÉBASTIANI, wife of the foregoing, died in 1842. A daughter of the Duc de Gramont. She had become an _émigré_ at the age of sixteen with the Bourbons. Her first husband had been General Davidow, whom she married at Milan, and her second husband was General Sébastiani, whose second wife she was.

SÉGUR, the Comtesse de (1779-1847). Félicité d'Aguesseau, sole heiress of the last Marquis of this name, she married Count Octave de Ségur, major on the Staff of the Royal Guard, who died in 1818.

SÉMONVILLE, the Marquis de* (1754-1839). Chief referendary of the Court of Peers.

SERCEY, the Marquis de (1753-1856). Pierre César Charles Guillaume de Sercey was a very distinguished sailor. On the return of the Bourbons, in 1814, he was commissioned to treat with England for the exchange of the French prisoners. He was then appointed Vice-Admiral and entered the Chamber of Peers.

SÉVIGNÉ, the Marquise de* (1626-1696). One of the most distinguished ladies at the Court of Louis XIV. and author of remarkable letters.

SFORZA, Ludovico (1451-1508). Known as the Moor, he was the opponent of the House of Aragon in Italy, and summoned Charles VIII. there in 1494. After betraying the French he was attacked by Louis XII., who deprived him of his states and forced him to flee into Germany. The unpopularity of Trivulzo in the Duchy of Milan allowed Sforza to reconquer that province, but in 1500 he was defeated and captured at Novaro by the French. He was imprisoned at Loches, and died ten years later.

SIDNEY, Lady Sophia,* died in 1837. Countess of Isle and of Dudley, fifth child of William IV. of England and of Mrs. Jordan.

SIEYÈS, the Abbé (1748-1836). Vicar-General of Chartres and politician during the Revolution.

SIGALON, Xavier (1790-1837). Historical painter. He was commissioned by the Government in 1833 to go to Rome and copy Michael Angelo's fresco of the Last Judgment. This magnificent reproduction, a tenth less in size than the original, is at the School of Fine Arts in Paris.

SIMÉON, the Comte Joseph Balthazar (1781-1846). Master of requests at the Council of State and Peer of France in 1835; he had strong artistic tastes.

SOLMS-SONNENWALD, Count William Theodore of (1787-1859). Cavalry captain and Chamberlain, son of the Countess Ompteda by her first marriage.

SOLMS-SONNENWALD, the Countess of, born in 1790. By name, Clementina, daughter of the Count of Bressler.

SOPHIA, the Archduchess (1805-1872). Daughter of King Maximilian of Bavaria. She married, in 1824, the Archduke Francis, and was the mother of the Emperor Francis Joseph I.

SOULT, Marshal* (1769-1852). One of the most famous soldiers of the Empire and a Minister under Louis-Philippe.

STACKELBERG, Count Gustavus of, Privy Councillor and Chamberlain to the Emperor Alexander I. He became Russian Ambassador and took part in the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In 1805 he married Mlle. Caroline de Ludolf, daughter of the Ambassador of Naples at St. Petersburg.

STACKELBERG, the Countess of (1785-1868). _Née_ Caroline de Ludolf, she married Count Stackelberg in 1805; when she was left a widow she settled at Paris.

STANLEY, Lady. Henrietta Maria, daughter of Viscount Dillon, married in Italy, in 1826, Sir Edward John Stanley, member of the English Parliament.

STOPFORD, Robert (1768-1847). An English Admiral who became famous in the chief naval campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. In 1840 he bombarded Saint Jean d'Acre.

STROGONOFF, Countess Julia. She had married a Spaniard, the Count of Ega, with whom she lived at Madrid, when she made the acquaintance of Count Gregory Strogonoff, who carried her off and married her. She was well received in St. Petersburg society, but owing to her false position, she could not obtain for a long time the Order of St. Catherine, which was her great ambition. She died at an advanced age between 1860 and 1870, after carefully tending her husband, who had become blind.

STURMFEDER, Frau von (1819-1891). Camilla Wilhelmena of Münchingen had married the Baron of Sturmfeder and of Oppenweiller, and was Chief Lady at the Court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.

SUTHERLAND, the Duchess of,* died in 1868. _Née_ Lady Carlisle. She was mistress of the robes to Queen Victoria.

SYRACUSE, the Comte de (1813-1860). Léopold de Bourbon, son of Francis I., King of Naples and of Maria Isabella of Spain. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General, though he never received any command.

SYRACUSE, the Countess of (1814-1874). _See_ Carignan, Philiberte de.

T

TALARU, the Marquis de (1769-1850). M. de Talaru, on the return from exile in 1815, was called to the Peerage and became French Ambassador at Madrid in 1823. In 1825 he was Minister of State and a member of the Privy Council of Charles X., but went into retirement upon the Revolution of 1830. He had married Mlle. de Rosière-Saraus, widow of the Count of Clermont-Tonnerre, by whom he had no children, so that the house of Tonnerre became extinct with him.

TALLEYRAND-PÉRIGORD, Cardinal of* (1736-1821). Alexandre Angélique, second son of Daniel de Talleyrand-Périgord, was Archbishop of Reims in 1777 and of Paris in 1817.

TALLEYRAND, Charles Maurice, Prince de* (1754-1838). Prince of Benevento. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs, High Chamberlain of France, member of the Institute and Ambassador. He had abandoned the church into which he had been forced to enter, and was one of the best politicians of his time.

TALLEYRAND, the Princesse de* (1762-1835). _Née_ Catharine Werlée, of English origin, she went through a civil marriage in 1802 with the Prince de Talleyrand, by the order of the Emperor Napoleon, a marriage which was immediately dissolved.

TALLEYRAND, the Duc de (1762-1838). Known as _le bel Archambaud_. He married in 1779 Mlle. Sabine de Senozan de Viriville, who was executed in 1793 during the Revolution.

TALLEYRAND, the Comte Anatole de, died in 1838. Son of Baron Augustin de Talleyrand and of Adélaide de Montigny.

TASCHERAU, M. (1801-1874). A French deputy. He first studied law; some interesting publications gained him a great reputation among scholars; he became chief administrator of the Imperial Library upon its reorganisation.

TATITCHEFF, Demetrius Paulowitch de (1769-1845). A Russian diplomatist. Minister at Madrid in 1815, then at Vienna where he remained until 1845. He then became Councillor of State and Lord Chamberlain to the Emperor Nicholas.

TAURY, the Abbé Francois Louis (1791-1859). Priest of Chauvigny; he was selected in 1832 by the Abbé Tournet, founder of the community of the Sisters of Saint Andrew, to succeed him as Superior General of that community. In 1845 he was appointed Vicar-General at Niort. He died of an apoplectic stroke when he was descending from the pulpit and about to celebrate Mass.

TAYLOR, Sir Herbert* (1775-1839). Private Secretary to King George III., George IV., and William IV. of England.

THERESA, the Archduchess (1816-1867). Daughter of the Archduke Charles and of the Princess of Nassau Weilburg. The Archduchess Theresa became the second wife of Frederick II., King of Naples, who married her in 1837.

THIARD DE BUSSY, the Comte de* (1772-1852). French Marshal, liberal deputy, appointed French Minister of Switzerland in 1848.

THIERRY, Augustin (1795-1856). Famous French historian; author of "Letters on the History of France," and "Narratives of Merovingian Times."

THIERS, Adolphe* (1797-1877). French statesman and historian.

THIERS, Mme.* (1815-1880). Elise Dosne, daughter of the stockbroker.

THORWALDSEN, Barthélemy* (1769-1844). Famous Danish sculptor.

TOCQUEVILLE, Comte Alexis de (1805-1859). Member of the Chamber of Deputies under Louis-Philippe where he supported the Opposition. On the _coup d'état_ of December 2, he joined the representatives who signed the act of accusation against Louis Bonaparte and was imprisoned at Vincennes. He was released a short time afterwards and returned to private life. He was the author of "Democracy in America," and of the _Ancien Régime_.

TORENO, the Count of* (1786-1843). Spanish statesman, deputy in the Cortes and several times Minister.

TOUR ET TAXIS, the Princesse de la. Born in 1773. Theresa, daughter of the Grand Duke Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louisa of Prussia, married in 1789 Prince Charles de la Tour et Taxis, Privy Councillor to the Emperor of Austria and Postmaster-General, an office which had been in his family since 1695.

TROGOFF, Madame de. A Russian lady, a great friend of the Duchess Wilhelmina of Sagan, whose companion she had been. She lived at Versailles.

TUSCANY, the Grand Duke of (1797-1870). Leopold II., Archduke of Austria, succeeded his father the Grand Duke Ferdinand III., in 1824. His first wife was a Princess of Saxony, and in 1833 he married the Princess Antoinette of the Two Sicilies.

V

VALÉE, Marshal Sylvain Charles (1773-1846). Fought in the campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire with distinction, and received the title of Comte from Napoleon. He supported the Second Restoration, and Charles X. made him a peer of France. In 1837 he gained his Marshal's baton at the capture of Constantine and then became Governor-General of Algeria. In 1840 he resigned this command in favour of General Bugeaud.

VALENÇAY, Madame de. Wife of Jacques d'Etampes, Marquis de la Ferté-Imbault, Marshal of France, who lived from 1590 to 1668.

VALENÇAY, the Duc de* (1811-1898). Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord, Duc de Talleyrand and de Valençay, Duc de Sagan after the death of his mother, eldest son of Edmond, Duc de Talleyrand and of Princess Dorothea of Courlande.

VALENÇAY, the Duchesse de* (1810-1858). _Née_ de Montmorency.

VALENÇAY, Yolande de (1833-1835). Daughter of the Duc and Duchesse de Valençay; she died of scarlatina when young.

VANDOEUVRE, Baron William de (1779-1870). Auditor to the Council of State in 1806 and then deputy for the Aube; he became Peer of France in 1837. He married Mlle. Dassy.

VATRY, the Baron de (1793-1871). Alphée Bourdon Vapereau de Vatry, aide-de-camp to Prince Jérôme Bonaparte. He left the army under the Restoration, became a stockbroker and made a large fortune. He was a deputy from 1835 to 1848.

VATRY, the Baronne de. Died in 1881. She was the daughter of M. Hainguerlot, and married Baron Alphée de Vatry who died in 1871.

VAUGUYON, Mlle. Pauline de la (1783-1829). Daughter of the Duc de la Vauguyon; she married in 1810 the Baron of Villefranche of the house of Carignan. She died of burns received in an accident at her villa at Auteuil and left three children: (1) a daughter who married Prince Massimo of Arsoli; (2) another daughter who married the Count of Syracuse of the house of Naples; (3) a son by name Eugène, who was recognised by the King of Sardinia as a prince of the blood.

VÉRAC, the Marquis de (1768-1858). Armand de Vérac served for some time in the army of the Princes and then returned to France; he was exiled by Napoleon to Belgium eight years later. Under the Restoration he became a Peer of France and Governor of the Château of Versailles.

VERNET, Horace (1789-1863). A famous French painter who followed the Algerian campaign and painted several battle scenes illustrating it.

VERQUIGNIEULLE, the Marquise de. Flore Marie de Proudhomme et d'Harlay de Verquignieulle, married in 1836 M. Ancillon whose third wife she was. On his death in 1837, she returned to live in Belgium, her native country.

VERTOT, the Abbé de (1655-1735). Réne Aubert de Vertot first entered a religious vocation and became in succession a Capuchin monk under the name of Father Zacharie, a Premonstratensian and a member of the Order of Cluny. Then, being tired of the cloister life, he joined the secular clergy and became priest of Croissy-la-Garenne and of other places. He published a "History of the Revolutions in Portugal," but his favourite work was a "History of the Roman Republic."

VESTIER, Phidias (1796-1874). Architect and Inspector of the historical monuments in the department of Indre-et-Loire. He was made a Knight of the Legion of Honour after building the railway station at Tours in 1849. He was the grandson of a painter, several of whose works are in the Louvre. Largely supported by the Duchesse de Talleyrand, he built numerous residences at Paris and several country houses in the valley of the Loire.

VICENCE, the Duc de (1815-1896). Armand Alexandre Joseph Adrien de Caulaincourt first entered upon a diplomatic career, which he abandoned in 1837. Under the July monarchy he was a deputy, under the Second Empire a Senator, and was made Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1868.

VILLEFRANCHE, Comte Eugène de (1753-1785). This prince of the house of Carignan served in the French Army and was given by Louis XVI. the command of an Infantry Regiment which took the name of _Savoie Carignan_. He incurred the royal disfavour on account of his marriage with Mlle. Magon Laballue, left the army and died at an early age, and in obscurity at Domart in Picardie.

VILLEFRANCHE, Baron Joseph Marie de (1783-1825). Son of the foregoing. He had a brilliant career in a cavalry regiment under the Empire, which was continued under the Restoration, and in 1823 he followed the Duc d'Angoulême into Spain. He died suddenly in a carriage of an apoplectic stroke. He had married the daughter of the Duc de la Vauguyon.

VILLEGONTIER, Comte Louis de la (1776-1849). Prefect of the Allier in 1816, then Prefect of Ille-et-Vilaine and Peer of France in 1819; he took the oath to the Government of Louis-Philippe and supported his policy until 1848, when he retired into private life.

VILLÈLE, Comte Guillaume Aubin de (1770-1840). Brought up in the Seminary of Saint Sulpice, he became an _émigré_ during the Revolution and was ordained priest at Düsseldorf; when he returned to France in 1802 he devoted himself to preaching. Louis XVIII. appointed him Bishop of Soissons; in 1824 he became Archbishop of Bourges and entered the Chamber of Peers at the same time. After 1830 he remained adverse to the new Government, and refused the Cross of the Legion of Honour in 1839. When Don Carlos was driven from Spain and interned at Bourges, the Archbishop offered him his palace for his residence, and received from this Prince the grand cordon of Charles III.

VILLEMAIN, Abel François* (1790-1870). French professor, writer, and politician.

VINCKE, Frau von (1766-1845). Fräulein von Vincke married her relative, Herr von Vincke, and became lady-of-honour to Queen Louise of Prussia, who was very fond of her. After the death of this Princess she held a high position at court and in Berlin society.

VIVIEN, Alexandre François Auguste (1799-1854). In 1840 he was Minister of Justice in the Thiers Ministry, and lent his name to the decree suppressing the deputy judges for the Court of the Seine.

VOLTAIRE, Arouet de* (1694-1778). A French philosopher who exerted a vast influence upon the history and literature of the eighteenth century.

W

WAGRAM, Prince Napoleon Louis de (1810-1888). Son of the famous Marshal Berthier. He was a Peer of France in 1836 and Senator in 1848.

WALEWSKI, Comte Alexandre (1810-1868). French politician and Minister under Napoleon III. He was the natural son of the Emperor Napoleon I., and of the Countess Marie Walewska, whom the Emperor had known at Warsaw in 1807.

WALLENSTEIN (1583-1634). A famous soldier, born in Bohemia, and one of the greatest generals during the Thirty Years War.

WALSH, Countess Agatha. Left a widow as early as 1806, she became first lady at the court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden and did not retire until 1839. Her son, Theophilus, was a constant visitor at the Baden court.

WALTER SCOTT (1771-1832). A Scotch novelist.

WASA, Princess (1811-1854). Louise Stephanie, daughter of the Grand Duke Charles of Baden and of the Grand Duchess, _née_ Stephanie of Beauharnais.

WEIZEL, Mlle. de. A very intimate friend of the family of Entraigues and of the Baron and Baronne Finot, who lived near Valençay.

WELLINGTON, the Duke of* (1769-1852). A famous English General, the opponent of Napoleon and several times a member of the Cabinet.

WERTHER, Baron* (1772-1859). Prussian diplomatist, Ambassador at Paris, and afterwards Minister of Foreign Affairs at Berlin.

WERTHER, Baroness* (1778-1853). By birth the Countess Sophia Sandizell.

WERTHER, Baron Charles (1809-1894). Son of the foregoing. In 1869 he took the place of the Count of Golz as Ambassador at Paris, and through his instrumentality a breach in relations took place, which led to the outbreak of the 1870 war. In 1874 he was appointed Ambassador at Constantinople, and retired to Munich in 1877.

WEYER, Sylvan van de* (1803-1874). Belgian statesman and man of letters.

WITTGENSTEIN, Prince William of Sayn- (1770-1851). Household Minister to King Frederick William III. of Prussia, and one of the most important personages at the Berlin court.

WOLFF, Herr von. Councillor to the Prussian Ministry of the Interior for many years.

WOLFF, Frau von. Daughter of the Councillor of Justice. Herr Hennenberg.

WOLOWSKI, Louis (1810-1876). Born at Warsaw, he was naturalised in France after the Polish revolution of 1830, and devoted himself to the study of law and economic problems, in which he became a master.

WORONZOFF-DASCHKOFF, Count Ivan (1791-1854). Russian Minister at Munich from 1824 to 1828, and at Turin till 1832. He then became Councillor of the Empire at St. Petersburg and Chief Master of Ceremonies at the Court. He was an enlightened patron of the arts.

WURMB, Herr Friedrich Karl von (1766-1843). Staff Officer at Berlin. He resigned to marry Fräulein von Göcking, and became land agent to the Duchesse de Dino at Deutsch-Wartenberg.

WURMB, Frau von (1783-1862). Wilhelmina of Göcking, daughter of the Councillor of State to the Finance Ministry.

WÜRTEMBERG, Duke Alexander of (1804-1855). He entered the Austrian Military Service, but after contracting a morganatic marriage in 1835 with a Countess Rheday he settled at Paris.

WÜRTEMBERG, the King of* (1781-1862). William I.

WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Maria of* (1816-1863). Daughter of King William I. and wife of General Neipperg.

WÜRTEMBERG, Princess Sophia of* (1818-1877). Sister of the foregoing. She married William III., King of the Low Countries. She was a very distinguished Princess, and an intimate friend of the Emperor Napoleon III.

WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Paul of (1785-1852). Brother of King William I. He married, in 1825, Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Altenburg, by whom he had several children. He afterwards contracted a morganatic marriage with an English woman and settled at Paris.

WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Frederick of. Born in 1808, and son of the foregoing. He remained in the service of Würtemberg.

WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Augustus of. Born in 1813, and brother of the foregoing. He entered the Prussian service.

X

XIMENES DE CISNEROS, the Cardinal of (1436-1517). A famous Spanish statesman and Archbishop of Toledo. He performed the greatest services to Charles V., who showed himself most ungrateful, and dismissed him after using his influence to procure his nomination as King of Castile and of Aragon.

Z

ZEA-BERMEDEZ, Don Francisco* (1772-1850). Spanish diplomatist. He belonged to one of the most ancient families of the reconquest.

ZEA-BERMEDEZ, Doña de.* Died in 1848. By birth she was Doña Maria Antonia de Anduaga, of a family living in Guipuscoa, which included several diplomatists among its members. She was Lady Noble of the Order of Maria Louisa.

ZOÉ. A negress in the service of the Vicomtesse de Laval and then in the service of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency, with whom she ended her life.

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