Chapter 6

his examination by Parliament, 75; his property confiscated, 81; Pope's sketch of him, 74.

Bodinus, his persecution of witches, ii. 159.

Boerhave, his belief in Alchymy, i. 185.

Bohemund, his courage displayed in the Crusades, ii. 21, 28, 30, 31, 35, 38, 39; takes Antioch, by treachery in the garrison, 32; is made Prince of Antioch, 32, 41.

Böhmen, Jacob, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 177.

Bonfires on Tower Hill, on the committal of the South-Sea schemers, i. 79.

Booker, an astrologer, notice of, i. 244.

Boots, torture of the (_engraving_), ii. 131.

Borri, the Alchymist, memoir of, i. 179.

Bourdeaux, haunted house at, ii. 221.

Bourges, house of Jaques Coeur (_engraving_), i. 134.

Boyd, Captain, killed in a duel, ii. 293.

"Brabant Screen," the, a caricature of the South-Sea Bubble, i. 76.

Breda, siege of, i. 270.

Bremen, Nadel's escape from prison, ii. 257.

Brinvilliers, Madame de, her atrocious murders; escape from France; subsequent trial and execution, ii. 208-214; relics of her fate anxiously sought after, 305.

Brown, Sir Thomas, _portrait_ of; his belief in witchcraft, ii. 151.

Bubble Companies, contemporaneously with the South-Sea Scheme, their extravagant character, i. 52; profits of the promoters, 53; declared unlawful, 55, 86; companies dissolved, 57.

"Bubble Cards," or Caricatures, i. 60, 61.

Buckingham, Villiers, Duke of, his rise in the favour of James I., ii. 197; _portrait_ of, 198; suspected to have poisoned the king, 201.

Byron, Lord, his trial for the murder of Mr. Chaworth in a duel, ii. 292.

Byron, Lord, his poetical villains, ii. 259.

Cagliostro, memoir of, i. 206; his adventures in London, 209; _view_ of his house, 215; implicated in the theft of the diamond necklace, tried and acquitted, 216-220; again in London, imprisonment and death at Rome, 220.

Cagliostro, the Countess, i. 208; his accomplice; her wit, beauty, and ingenuity, 213-216.

Cambridge University, annual sermon against witchcraft, ii. 127.

Camelford, Lord, killed in a duel, ii. 297.

Camhel, Sultan, his generosity to the Christians, ii. 84, 85.

Campbell, Major, his duel with Capt. Boyd, and execution, ii. 293.

Candlemas Eve, superstitious customs, i. 258.

Cant phrases. (_See_ Popular follies.)

Cards. (_See_ Fortune-telling.)

Caricatures, referring to the Mississippi Scheme (_four engravings_), i. 25, 29, 37, 40, 44.

Caricatures of the South-Sea Bubble (_seven engravings_), i. 60, 61, 68, 70, 76, 82, 84.

Casaubon, his account of Dr. Dee's intercourse with spirits, i. 155.

"Chambre Ardente," instituted by Louis XIV. for the trial of poisoners, ii. 214, 283.

Change Alley during the South-Sea Bubble (_engraving_), i. 60.

Charlemagne, his edicts against witches, ii. 109.

Charles I. prevents a duel, ii. 287.

Charles II., his disgraceful conduct in reference to a duel, ii. 288.

Charles VI. of France, his studies in Alchymy, i. 117; his work on that subject, 136.

Charles IX. of France, his patronage of _Nostradamus_, i. 246; _portrait of_, ii. 119; his belief in witchcraft, 120.

Chaworth, Mr., killed by Lord Byron in a duel, ii. 292.

Chemistry, its connexion with Alchymy; valuable discoveries of the Alchymists, i. 207, 221.

Children in the Crusades; their personal bravery, ii. 45; are sold to slavery, 81.

Children executed for witchcraft, ii. 163, 179, 181.

Christina, Queen of Sweden, her patronage of Alchymy, i. 183, 185.

Clermont, Urban II. preaches the Crusade there; cathedral of (_engraving_), ii. 9.

Cock-Lane Ghost, history of the deception; _views_ of the "haunted house," ii. 228, 230.

Coeur, Jaques, memoir of, i. 132; his house at Bourges (_engraving_), 132.

Cohreddin, Sultan, his generosity to the Christians, ii. 84, 85.

Coke, Chief Justice, _portrait_ of, ii. 199; the poisoners of Sir Thomas Overbury tried by him, 198.

Collins, Joseph, contriver of mysterious noises at Woodstock Palace, ii. 224.

Comets regarded as omens, i. 223, 225; actually dangerous, 228.

Conrad, Emperor of Germany, joins the Crusades, ii. 56; reaches Jerusalem, 60; returns to Europe, 62.

Constance, _view_ of the town gate, ii. 116; witches executed there, 117, 160.

Constantinople during the Crusades, ii. 17, 23-26, 56, 77-80; _view_ of, 78.

Contumacy (refusing to plead to a criminal charge); its severe punishment, ii. 199.

Cornhill at the time of the South-Sea Bubble (_engraving_), i. 51.

Cosmopolite, the, an anonymous alchymist, memoir of, i. 163.

Cowley's poetical description of the tulip, i. 86; his lines on relics of great men, ii. 308.

Craggs, Mr. Secretary, _portrait_ of, i. 64; his participation in the South-Sea Bubble, 64, 71, 73, 77, 78; his death, 80.

Craggs, Mr., father of the above, his participation in the fraud; his death, i. 80.

Criminals, anxiety to possess relics of their crimes, ii. 306. (_See_ Thieves.)

Cromwell, Sir Samuel, his persecution of "The Witches of Warbois," ii. 126.

Cross, trial or ordeal of the, ii. 264.

Cross, the true. (_See_ Relics.)

CRUSADES, The, ii. 1-100; differently represented in history and in romance; pilgrimages before the Crusades, ii. 2; encouraged by Haron al Reschid; pilgrims taxed by the Fatemite caliphs; increase of pilgrimages in anticipation of the millenium, 3; oppressions of the Turks; consequent indignation of the pilgrims, 4; Peter the Hermit espouses their cause; state of the public mind in Europe, 5; motives leading to the Crusades, 6; Peter the Hermit stimulates the Pope; his personal appearance, 7; council at Placentia, 8; the Pope preaches the Crusade at Clermont, 9; enthusiasm of the people, 10; increased by signs and portents, 11; zeal of the women, 12; crowds of Crusaders, 13; "The truce of God" proclaimed; dissipation of the Crusaders, 14; popular leaders; Walter the Penniless, and Gottschalk, 15; conflicts with the Hungarians, 15, 16; Peter the Hermit defeated; arrives at Constantinople, 17; the Emperor Alexius; dissensions and reverses of the first Crusaders, 18; Peter the Hermit assisted by Alexius, 19; fresh hordes from Germany and France; their cruelty to the Jews, 20; defeated in Hungary; fresh leaders; Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh count of Vermandois, Robert duke of Normandy, Robert count of Flanders and Bohemund, 21; the immense number of their forces; Hugh of Vermandois imprisoned, 23; his release obtained by Godfrey of Bouillon, 24; insolence of Count Robert of Paris; weakness of Alexius, 25; the siege of Nice, 26; barbarity of the Crusaders and Musselmen; anecdote of Godfrey of Bouillon, 27; Nice surrenders to Alexius; battle of Doryloeum, 28; improvidence and sufferings of the Crusaders, 29, 30; the siege of Antioch, 29, 31; Crusaders reduced to famine, 30; Antioch taken by treachery in the garrison (_engraving_), 32; the city invested by the Turks, 34; increasing famine and desertion, 35; Peter Barthelemy, his pretended vision, and discovery of the "Holy Lance" (_engraving_), 35-37, 40; revival of enthusiasm, 38; battle of Antioch, and defeat of the Turks, 38; dissensions, 40; fate of Peter Barthelemy, 41; Marah taken by storm, 42; shrine of the nativity at Bethlehem, (_engraving_), 43; first sight of Jerusalem (_engraving_), 44; the city besieged and taken, 45; Peter the Hermit's fame revives, 46; Jerusalem under its Christian kings, 48; Godfrey of Bouillon succeeded by Baldwin; continual conflicts with the Saracens; Edessa taken by them, 50.

_Second Crusade_:--Society in Europe at its commencement, 52; St. Bernard's preaching; Louis VII. joins the Crusaders, 53-55; receives the cross at Vezelai (_engraving_), 54; is joined by Conrad emperor of Germany and a large army, 56; their reception by Manuel Comnenus, 57; losses of the German army, 58; progress to Nice, and thence to Jerusalem, 60; jealousies of the leaders; siege of Damascus, 61; further dissensions; the siege abandoned, 62.

_Third Crusade_:--Progress of chivalry, 62; successes of Saladin, 63; Barbarossa defeats the Saracens, 64; Crusade joined by Henry II. and Philip Augustus, 64; they meet at Gisors (_engraving_), 65; the Crusade unpopular, 66; delayed by war between France and England, death of Henry II.; Richard and Philip proceed to Palestine, 67; Richard attacks the Sicilians, 68; arrives at Acre, 69; siege and surrender of the city, 71; dissensions, Philip returns to France, Saladin defeated at Azotus, 72; Crusaders reach Bethlehem (_engraving_), retreat agreed on, 73; Jaffa attacked by Saladin and rescued by Richard, peace concluded, Richard's imprisonment and ransom, 74.

_Fourth Crusade_, undertaken by the Germans; its failure, 75.

_Fifth Crusade_:--Foulque, Bishop of Neuilly, enlists the chivalry of France; assisted by the Venetians; siege of Zara, 76; Crusaders expel Alexius III. from Constantinople, 77; Alexius IV. deposed, 78; Murzuphlis defeated by the Crusaders and Venetians, 79; Baldwin count of Flanders, elected emperor; Pilgrimages to Jerusalem; children undertaking the Crusade are betrayed to slavery, 80.

_Sixth Crusade_, prompted by the Pope, 81; undertaken by the King of Hungary; pursued in Egypt; Damietta taken, 82; Cardinal Pelagius and John of Brienne, 83; dissensions and reverses; Damietta abandoned, 84.

_Seventh Crusade_:--Undertaken by Frederick II. of Germany, 84; intrigues against him; he is excommunicated, 85; crowns himself King of Jerusalem, 86; supported by the Templars and Hospitallers (_engraving_), 86; returns to Germany, 87.

_Eighth Crusade_, commenced in France, 87: battle of Gaza; Richard earl of Cornwall; truce agreed on; the Korasmins take Jerusalem, 88; they subdue the Templars, but are extirpated by the Syrian sultans, 90.

_Ninth Crusade_, began by Louis IX., 90; joined by William Longsword (_engraving_), 91; the Crusade unpopular in England, 91-97; Damietta taken, 93; battle of Massoura; Louis taken prisoner by the Saracens; his ransom and return, 94; excitement in France, 95.

_Tenth Crusade_, by Louis IX. and Prince Edward of England, 95; Louis dies at Carthage, 96; Edward arrives at Acre, 97; defeats the Turks at Nazereth; is treacherously wounded; the legend of Queen Eleanor, 98; her tomb at Westminster (_engraving_); a truce concluded; Edward returns to England; subsequent fate of the Holy Land, 99; civilising influence of the Crusades, 100.

Currency in France, the Mississippi scheme, i. 4.

D'Aguesseau, Chancellor of France, his opposition to the Mississippi scheme, i. 11; _portrait_ of; his financial measures, 33.

Damascus, besieged by the Crusaders (_engraving_), ii. 61.

Damietta besieged by the Crusaders, ii. 83, 93.

Dances of witches and toads, ii. 108, 109.

D'Ancre, the Maréchale, executed for witchcraft, ii. 166.

Dandolo, Doge of Venice, his encouragement of the Crusaders, ii. 76.

D'Apone, Pietro, his studies in alchymy; his command of money; charged with heresy, is tortured, and dies in prison, i. 104; _portrait_ of, ii. 140.

D'Argenson, French minister of finance, a supporter of the Mississippi scheme, i. 11, 42; _portrait_ of, 42.

Dead, the. (_See_ Raising the Dead.)

De Bouteville, a famous duellist, _temp._ Louis XIII., ii. 280; beheaded by the justice of Richelieu, 281.

Dee, Dr., memoir and _portrait_ of, i. 152; his "shew-stone" in the British Museum (_engraving_), 154.

De Jarnac and La Chataigneraie, their famous duel, ii. 273.

Deleuze, M., his absurd theories on animal magnetism, i. 291.

Delisle, Alain, an alchymist, i. 102.

Delisle, Jean, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 189; his success in transmuting metals, attested by the Bishop of Senes, 193; his imprisonment and death, 197.

Delrio, his persecution of witches, ii. 159.

De Meung, Jean, author of the _Roman de la Rose_, his study of alchymy, his libel on the fair sex, i. 112.

Demons, popular belief in, ii. 105; their powers and propensities, 106, 107; their meetings or "Sabbaths," 107. (_See_ Witchcraft and the Alchymists.)

De Nogent, his description of Peter the Hermit, ii. 7; of the enthusiasm of the first Crusaders, 12, 23.

De Rays, Maréchale, the alchymist, memoir of, i. 125.

De Rohan, Cardinal, his patronage of Cagliostro, i. 213-215; his connexion with Marie Antoinette and the diamond necklace, 216-220.

D'Eslon, a pupil of Mesmer, i. 276, 280.

Desmarets, Minister of France, his belief in alchymy, i. 192.

Devil, the, old popular notions of, ii. 103; various forms assumed by him, 106, 107; presided at the witches' "Sabbath," 108; his appearance to De Rays and Agrippa, i. 129, 142.

De Villeneuve, Arnold, his skill as a physician, astrologer and alchymist (with _portrait_), i. 103.

D'Horn, Count, murders a broker, and steals his Mississippi bonds (_engraving_), i. 21; efforts to save his life, inflexibility of the Regent, his execution, 22, 23.

Diamond, famous, purchased by the Regent Orleans, i. 27.

Diamond Necklace of Marie Antoinette, history of the theft, i. 206-220.

Diamonds worn by the Count St. Germain, i. 203; his power of removing flaws in, 204.

Digby, Sir Kenelm, a believer in the virtues of "weapon-salve," i. 265.

Diseases cured by imagination, i. 262, 272; pretended influence of magnetism, 262. (_See_ the MAGNETISERS.)

Divination, its popularity; by cards, the tea-cup, the palm of the hand, the rod, and other modes, i. 251.

"Domdaniel," or Witches' Sabbath. (_See_ Witchcraft.)

Dorylæum, battle of, ii. 28.

Dowston, John, an English alchymist, i. 136.

Dramas on the adventures of thieves; their popularity and evil influence, ii. 253, 257-260.

Dreams, interpretation of, i. 253.

Dreams on particular nights, i. 258.

Dream-books, their extensive sale, i. 254.

Du Pompadour, Madame, and the Count de St. Germain, i. 201.

Dupotet, M., his account of Mesmer's experiments, i. 279, 285.

Drummer of Tedworth. (_See_ Haunted Houses.)

Du Barri, Vicomte, killed in a duel at Bath, ii. 293.

DUELS AND ORDEALS, ii. 261-301; the ordeal by combat, or trial by battle, its natural origin; authorised by law, 262; discouraged by the clergy, 263; the oath upon the Evangelists, 264; judgment by the cross, 264; fire-ordeal, 265; ordeals used by modern Hindoos, 265; water ordeal, 265; the _corsned_, or bread and cheese ordeal, 266; ordeals superseded by judicial combats, 267; duels of Ingelgerius and Gontran (_engraving_), 269; De Montfort and the Earl of Essex, 270; Du Guesclin and Troussel (_engraving_), 261, 271; Carrouges and Legris, 272; La Chataigneraie and De Jarnac, 273; L'Isle-Marivaut and Marolles, 276; the Dukes de Beaufort and de Nemours, 282; Count de Bussy and Bruc, 282; frivolous causes of duels, 270, 271, 276, 282, 292, 296; their prevalence in France, 276, 277, 279, 280, 282; the custom opposed by Sully and Henry IV.; council at Fontainebleau (_engraving_), and royal edict, 277-279; efforts of Richelieu to suppress duelling, 280; De Bouteville, a famous duellist, beheaded by the justice of Richelieu; opinion of Addison on duelling, 281; duels in Germany, 282; severe edict by Louis XIV., 283; singular laws of Malta, 284; judicial combat in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; Lord Bacon opposes duelling, 285; Lord Sanquir's duel with Turner; his execution for murder; combat between Lord Reay and David Ramsay prevented by Charles I., 287; Orders of the Commonwealth and Charles II. against the practice; Duke of Buckingham's duel with Earl Shrewsbury; disgraceful conduct of Charles II., 288; practice of seconds in duels fighting as well as principals, 280, 288; arguments of Addison, Steele, and Swift, 288; duels in England; Sir C. Deering and Mr. Thornhill; Duke of Marlborough and Earl Pawlet; Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun; trial of General Macartney, 289-292; Wilson killed by John Law, i. 3; Mr. Chaworth killed by Lord Byron, ii. 292; Vicomte Du Barri by Count Rice, the Duke of York and Colonel Lennox, 293; Irish duels, 294; Major Campbell executed for the death of Captain Boyd, 296; Macnamara and Montgomery; duels of German students, 297; Best and Lord Camelford, 297; Frederick the Great and Joseph II. of Austria opposed to duelling, 298; other European edicts; laws of America, 299; general reflections, 300.

Du Guesclin and Troussel, their duel (_engraving,_) ii. 261, 271.

Du Fresnoy's history of the Hermetic Philosophy, i. 95, 96.

Duncan, Gellie, and her accomplices tried for witchcraft; their absurd confessions, ii. 129-135.

Duval, Claude, popular admiration of; Butler's ode to his memory, ii. 255.

Earthquakes prophesied in London, i. 224, 230.

Edessa taken by the Crusaders, ii. 30; retaken by the Saracens, 50.

Edward I., his great seal (_engraving_), ii. 97.

Edward II. joins the last Crusade, ii. 95; arrives at Acre, 97; treacherously wounded, 98; his patronage of Raymond Lulli the alchymist, i. 108; its supposed motive, 135.

Edward IV., his encouragement of alchymy, i. 135.

Edward VI., his patronage of Dr. Dee, i. 152.

Egypt, the Crusaders in, ii. 83, 84, 90, 92, 93.

Elias claimed as a Rosicrucian, i. 175.

Elixir Vitæ. (_See_ Alchymists.)

Eleanor, Queen of Edward II., her tomb at Westminster (_engraving_), ii. 99.

Elizabeth, Queen, her patronage of Dr. Dee, i. 153, 162.

Elwes, Sir Jervis, his participation in the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury, his execution, ii. 194, 197, 199.

End of the world prophesied in the year 999, i. 222; by Whiston in 1736, 223.

Epigrams on John Law and the Mississippi Scheme, i. 24, 37.

Essex, Countess of, afterwards Countess of Somerset. (_See_ Somerset.)

Executions for witchcraft. (_See_ Witchcraft.)

Ezekiel claimed as a Rosicrucian, i. 175.

Falling stars regarded as omens, i. 223; falling stars and other meteors before the Crusades, ii. 11.

Faria, the Abbé, the magnetiser, i. 294.

Fashion of short and long hair, beards, and moustaches, i. 296-303.

Female Crusaders. (_See_ Women.)

Feudalism at the commencement of the Crusades, ii. 5.

Fian, Dr., tortured for witchcraft, ii. 131.

Finance in France; the Mississippi scheme, i. 2, 6.

Fire-ordeal. (_See_ Duels and Ordeals.)

Flamel, Nicholas, the alchymist, memoir of i. 113.

Florimond on the prevalence of witchcraft, ii. 115.

Flowers, fruits, and trees, their significance in dreams, i. 254.

Fludd, Robert, the father of the English Rosicrucians, memoir of, i. 173; introduces "weapon-salve" in England, 265.

Follies of great cities; cant, or slang phrases, ii. 239-248.

Fontainebleau, council held by Henry IV. and edict against duelling (_engraving_), ii. 278.

Food, its necessity denied by the Rosicrucians, i. 176.

Forman, Dr., his participation in the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overbury, ii. 194.

FORTUNE-TELLING, i. 242-258; presumption of man; his anxiety to penetrate futurity, 242. _Judicial astrologers_: Lilly, 243. Astrology in France, Louis XI., Catherine de Medicis, Nostradamus (_portrait_), 246; the Medici family, 247; Antiochus Tibertus, 247; horoscope of Louis XIV. 249; Kepler's excuse for astrology, 249. _Necromancy_, _Geomancy_, _Augury_, _Divination_, 250; various kinds of divination; cards, the palm, the rod, &c., 251; interpretation of dreams, 253.

Foulque, Bishop of Neuilly, promoter of the fifth Crusade, ii. 76.

France, its finances in the eighteenth century; the Mississippi scheme,