Chapter 14

Compline, 79, 82 _Consrater_, 168 Constantinople (_see_ Byzantium), 41, 42, 46, 50, 51, 62 Convent, _see_ Nunneries Cookery, Medieval, 100, 112-17, 186 Corea, 49 _Corte Milioni_, 63 Cotswolds, 123, 125, 129, 136, 137, 138, 145, 147, 150 Cotton, Ann, 166 Court Rolls, 26 Coverdale, 165 Coxall, _see_ Coggeshall _Coxall's Whites_, 178, 197 Crimea, 42, 50 Croke, Mistress, 129 Crusader, Crusades, 41, 157

Dalmatia, 41, 42 Dalton, William, 141, 144 Damaghan, 180 Dancing: at clothier's wedding, 165; Church's attitude to, 30, 31, 88; in churchyard, 30, 31; of dancers of Kölbigk, 30, 176; of nun at Northampton, 93 Dandolo, Doge, Enrico, 41 Danube, River, 49 Danyell, John, 141 Dardanelles, 40 Dean, Forest of, 157 Decasoun, Benynge, 149 Dedham, 154 Defoe, 152, 167 Defuye, Gabriel, 149 Deloney, Thomas, 160, 163-4, 165, 167, 195 Delowppys, John, 149 Denys, St, Abbey of, 36; fair of, 36, 37 Destermer, John, 137 Dogs, 33, 90, 91, 103, 117, 147, 156 Dogaressa, 45 Doges, 42, 44-6, 63, 179 Dolman, Thomas, 161 _Domesday Book_, 20 Dominic, Dominican, 53, 66 Don, River, 180 Donata, _see_ Polo Doria, Lamba, 63

Edith, St, 176 Edward II, 75 Edward III, 19, 75 Eglentyne, Madame (_see_ Chapter IV _passim_), _see also_ Nunnery, Prioress Egypt, 40, 42 Einhard, 31, 32, 33, 174, 175 Elias, Master, 114, 116 Elizabeth, Queen, 120 Elmes, John, of Henley, 137, 156 England, 40, 121, 122, 123, 147, 152, 153, 155, 163 Ermentrude, wife of Bodo, 24-38, 175 Ermoin, 24 Eryke, Robert, 143 Essex, 140, 154, 168, 172, 197 Euric, King, 10 Ewen, Robert, 142 Exchange, rates of, 148-9 Exeter: Bishop of, 75, 184; Canons of, 82

Fairs, 36, 37, 147, 193. _See_ Marts Fantina, _see_ Polo Felmersham, wife of, 87 Fisc, 20 Flanders, 40, 121, 122, 123, 139, 142, 145, 150, 178 Flemings, 138, 145, 146, 147 Flodden Field, 163 Florence, 71, 145 Fo-Kien, 58 _Fondaco_, 71 Fortey: John, 123; Thomas, 123 Fortunatus, 12 ff Frambert, 24 France, French, 40, 42, 50, 78, 79, 108; _see also_ Gaul Franciscan: convents, 71; friars, 49, 70, 71; nuns, 129; tertiaries, 107 Franks, 12 ff, 27 Fredegond, 13 Friars: Austin, 93; of Chelmsford, 168; of Clare, 168; Crutched, of Colchester, 168; Franciscan, 49, 50; of Maldon, 168; of Sudbury, 168 Frisia, 37 Fuller, Thomas, 154, 162 Fyldes, Welther, 141

Gallo-Roman civilization, 5 ff Games, medieval, 168, 187 Gall, Monk of St, 32, 33, 174, 176 Gascon, 147 Gaul, 5 ff Genoa, 42, 63, 64, 145, 149, 179, 182 Georgia, 49 Germain des Pres, Abbey of, 19-23, 27-8, 174 Germans, Germany, 2, 4, 5, 7, 14, 40, 42 Gerbert, 23, 33 Ghent, 122 Gibraltar, 40 Gilds (_see also_ Companies); procession of, at Venice, 45, 48; restrictions of, 153 Gloucestershire, 136 Gobi, Desert of, 55 Goës, Benedict, 54 Golconda, 43 Golden Horde, 49, 50 Gooday (Coggeshall family), 159, 166 Goths, 7, 8 Gower, 123, 144, 190 Graunger, Thomas, 141, 144 Greece, 42 Gregory X, 53 Gregory of Tours, 12 ff Grève, Place de, 114 Grevel (Greville) William, 123 Griselda, 100, 104, 105, 118, 119 Groat (_see_ Coins), 48, 123, 148, 149 Guelder, Guilder, Gulden (_see_ coins), 123, 148, 149 Guntrum, King, 13

Hainault, Philippa of, 75 Halitgart, 175 Halstead, 154 Hangchow (_see also_ Kinsai), 45-8, 57, 61, 70, 71, 180 Hansard, 147 Haroun el Raschid, 33 Hautecourt, wedding of, 114 Hedin, Sven, 67 Henham, Thomas, 135, 140, 143, 145, 151 Henley, _see_ Elmes, John Henry VIII, 93, 120, 148 _Heptameron_, 187 Hildegard, 23, 24 Hiwen Thsang, 67 Hoangho, River, 47 Holake, _see_ Howlake Holme, _see_ Barton, John Holy Roman Emperor, 40, 42 Hormuz, 54 Horrold: Margaret, 166; Thomas, 166 House of Lords, 120 Howlake, Thomas, 140, 145 _Hugh, St, Tale of_, 94 Hull, 140, 141 Hun, 8, 49 Hungarian, 42, 49 Hundred Years War, 19, 155 Huntington, Ellsworth, 67

India, 47, 54, 57, 61, 70 Indian Ocean, 54 Indies, 43, 47 Indo-China, 43, 47, 49 Inns: the 'Dragon' (Coggeshall), 170; the 'Fleece' (Coggeshall), 154; the 'Tabard' (Southwark), 78; the 'Woolpack' (Coggeshall), 154 Ipswich, 143 Irminon, Abbot of St Germain des Pres, Estate book of, 19-25, 26, 28, 174 Islam, 71 Isomachus, 96, 97 Italy, Italian, 70; _see also_ Florence, Genoa, Venice, etc.

Jamui, Queen of Kublai Khan, 61 Japan, 67 Java, 49, 67 Jerusalem, 41, 53 Jews, 13, 37 Johnson, Doctor, 156 Judea, 37 Julian the Apostate, 2, 7 Justices, itinerant, 35, 36

Karakorum, 50, 57 Kashgar, 54 Kerman, 54 Khan: of Central Asia, 50; of Kipchak, 51; of Persia, 51, 52, (_see also_ Mangu, Kublai) Khorassan, 54 Khotan, 54, 67 Kinsai (_see also_ Hangchow), 45-8, 57, 59, 181 Kipchak, 51, 61 Kölbigk, dancers of, 30, 176 Kuan, 59 Kublai Khan, 52, 53, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71 Lagny, Abbot of, 114 Lajazzo, 54 Lamberton, _see_ Turbot, Robert Lancaster, Thomas of, 75 Langland, 26, 118 Laos, 67 Lauds, 79 Leadenhall, 140 Letters, _see_ Cely, Paston, Plumpton, Stonor Levant, 40, 42, 47, 48 _Libelle of Englyshe Policye_, 146, 189 Lincoln, 77, 89 Linwood, 123, 190 Lob, lake, 54 Lokyngton, John, 141 Lollington, John, 136, 141 Lombard, Peter, 119 Lombards, the, 42, 138, 139, 149 Lombard Street, 149 Lombardy, 37 London, 123, 129, 130, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 149 Louens, Renault de, 99 Louis, St, 36; the Pious, 30, 31 Louvain, 147 Lucca, 147 Lucolongo, Peter, of 71 Ludgater, Robert, 197 Lyndeshay, 137 Lyndwood (Lyndewode): John, 123, 190; William, 126 Lyndys, William, 141 Lynn, 156, 159 Lyons, 10

Madagascar, 43, 70 Maidstone, 140, 141, 142 Major, _see_ Steward Malabar, 43, 47, 57 Maldon, 168 Manchuria, 49 Manji, 43, 61 Mangu Khan, 49 Mann, John, 170 Manor, _see_ Bodo, 150 Manse, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25 Mansi. _See_ Manji Marcus Aurelius, 2, 3, 4 Marignolli, John, 70 Marino Faliero, 63 Mark Lane, 140, 150 Markshall, 168 Marmora, Sea of, 42 Marts, 147, 150, 193. _See_ Fairs Mass, 44, 71, 80, 99, 117 Matins, 79, 82 Mechlin, 122 Mediterranean, 15, 42, 43 Medway, 140, 142 'Meg', a hawk, 138 Melaria, 64 _Melibeus and Prudence_, 99, 186 Ménagier de Paris, Chap. V _passim_ 127, 185; on accounts, 188; on cookery, 100, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 186; on deportment, 99, 102-3, 116; on duty to husband, 99, 101, 103-7, 118; on extermination of insects, in, 112; on games, 101, 117, 187; on garments and household linen, 98, 99, 102, 111, 112, 117, 188; on management of farm, 100; on servants, 100, 102, 107-111, 114, 115, 117, 118; on wife's second marriage, 98, 114 Mercers, 149 Merchant Adventurers, 122, 193 Merchant: Arab, 47; Chinese, 46, 47, 58, 71; English, _see_ Betson, Company Merchant Adventurers, Paycocke, Staple; Indian, 47; Italian, 149; Roman, 1 ff; Spanish, 149; Venetian, _see_ Venice, trade of, marks of, 153, 157, 158, 159; repair of roads by, 169 Merovingian, 13 Meung, Jean de, 99 Middleburgh, 142 Middle classes: growth of, 158; houses of, 158, 159; ménagier as type of, 158 Midwinter, William, 136, 137 Milhall, 140 Milton, 140 Minoresses, 129 Minstrels, 31, 32, 38 _Missi dominici, see_ Justices Money, _see_ Coins Mongol, 58, 60, 178, 182 Mongolia, 49, 55, 57, 67 Monte Corvino, John of, 70 Montfort, Simon de, 75 More, Lewis, 149 Moreta. _See_ Polo Moslem, 42, 49 Mosul, 54 _Myroure of Our Ladye_, 83, 185 Navarre, Margaret of, 187 Navy: Genoese, 42, 63; Vandal, 15; Venetian, 45, 64 Nestorian, 49, 182 Netherlands, 122, 123, 152 Newark, 138 Newbury, 161; Jack of (John Winchcomb), 152, 162, 163-4, 195 Newhithe, 141 Nicobar, 70 Nile, 40 None, 79 Norman, Normandy, 155 Northampton, 93, 141 Northleach, 123, 136, 137, 138 Norwich, 154

Nunneries, Chap. IV _passim_, and 129, 184; of Minoresses, 129; at Stainfield, 82; of Syon, 83; of Wilton, 176; bishops' visits to, 76-8; Chaucer's sources for study of, 74; dissolution of, 78, 93; fashions in, 88, 89; management of, 85-7; mentioned in wills, 157; paying guests in, 87, 91; pets in, 90, 91; schoolgirls in, 80, 92; silence hours in, 80; sources for study of, 184 Nuns (_see_ Eglentyne, Nunneries, Prioress, Chap. IV _passim_), 200; clothes of, 88, 89; complaints of, to bishop, 76-8, 85, 92; dowries of, 78-9; intercourse of, with the world, 92-4; meals of, 79; offices of, 79; periods of silence of, 80; pets of, 90, 91; recreations of, 88; work of, 80

Orewelle (Orwell), 142 Orleans, Bishop of, 35 Orosius, 9 Ovington, 169, 170 Ovis Poli, 54 Oxbridge, Goddard, 140 Oxus, River, 51, 54

Paris, 23, 36, 73, 100, 107, 108, 114 Parliament, 190 _Pask_ (Pasche) Mart, 147, 193 Paston, John, 126; Letters, 125, 190 Pattiswick, 168 Paulinus, St, of Nela, 5 Paycocke: Emma, 166; John, 157, 165; John, jun., 166; Margaret, 165, 166; Robert, 166; Robert, jun., 166; Thomas, jun., 157; Thomas, Chap. VII _passim, see also_ Cloth; bequests of, 168, _see_ Will of; brasses of family of, 157, 195; burial ceremonies of, 171-2; character of, 167; child of, 166, 171; _consrater_ of Crutched Friars, 168; death of, 166, 171; friends of, 168; house of, 156, 158, 165, 170, 195, 200; merchant mark of, 158, 159; repairs roads, 169; second wife of, 166, 169, 171; wedding of, 165; will of, 157, 158, 159, 166, 167, 168, 169, 195, 196 Pegolotti, Francis Balducci, 71 Peking (_see also_ Cambaluc, China, Polo), 49, 57, 60, 71; ambassadors sent to, 60; Archbishop of, 70; description of, by Oderic of Pordenone, 70; papal legate, to, 70; Tartar rule in, 49 Pembroke, William, Earl of, 99 Perpendicular architecture, 152, 155, 159 Perpoint, Thomas, 161 Persia, 40, 42, 49, 51, 54, 61, 67 Peter the Tartar, 66 Petrarch, 100, 179, 180 Piacenza, Tebaldo di, 53 Pian da Carpine (_see_ Piano Carpini) Pierre an Lait, 114 _Piers Plowman_, 84, 169 Pilgrims' Way, 140 Piano Carpini, John of, 50, 181 _Pleasant History of Jack of Newbury_, 162, 195 Plumpton Letters, 190 Polo: Bellela, Donata, Fantina, Moreta, 65 Maffeo, 50-7 Marco, _see_ Chap. Ill _passim_, 177, Kublai Khan; attendant on Khan, 55; book of, 54 ff, 63, 67, 185, 198; death of, 66; departure from China of, 60; father of (_see_ Maffeo), 50-75; governor of Yangchow, 57, 182; interest in Tartars, 48-50; journeys of, 54-62, 181; mention of, in Venetian records, 65; nicknamed _Il Milione_, 63; prisoner of Genoese, 64-5; released by Genoese, 65; return to Venice of, 62; sent on mission by Khan, 57; stories of, about Khan, 64-6; uncle of, 50-7, 181; wife and family, 65 Nicolo, 50-71 _Polyptychum_, 174 Pope, 40, 41, 50, 52, 53, 70, 93 Pordenone, Ordoric of, 58, 70, 180 Porte-de-Paris, 114 Prester John, 49, 181 Prioress, _see_ Eglentyne, Nunneries, Nuns, Chap. IV _passim_, 183; in bishop's registers, 74-8; clothes of, 88, 89, 90; complaints by nuns of, 76-8, 85, 92; entertainment of visitors by, 86, 87; intercourse of, with world, 92, 93-4; pets of, 90, 91; treatment of nuns by, 84; work of, 85, 86, 87, 92 Prime, 79 Prologue: of _Canterbury Tales_, 73-4, 89, 94, 95, 113, 130, 142, 186; of Ménagier de Paris, 97

Quentin, la'Quentine, Jehanne, 105, 187 Quincey, de, 26, 175

Rade, Daniel and Peter van de, 145 Ragenold, 24 Rainham, 140, 141 Ramsbotham, Elizabeth, 127 Ramusio, 62, 182 Raynold, John, 149 Reading, Thomas of, 152, 195 Reformation, 30, 170 Remy, Saint, 147 Renault de Louens, 99 Revolution, Industrial, 120, 154, 120 Reyner, 169 Rialto, 43, 64 Ricimer, 8 Riche: Anne, 130; Elizabeth, 125, _see_ Stoner, Elizabeth, Jane, 131 135; Katherine, 126-33, 140, 150, 151 Rigmarden, John, 127 Roman: civilization, 2; Emperor 1-17; villa, 3, 6, 155

_Roman de la Rose_, 99 Rome, Chap. I _passim_, 46, 87, 155 Roman Empire, 1-17, 27, 42, 155 decline of, 1-17; reasons for disintegration of, 14-17; trade of, 1 ff? Romsey Abbey, 91 Rotherhithe, 140 Rouen, 37 _Round Table_, 32, 65 Rubruck, William of, 50, 54, 181 Rumania, 42 Rumney wine, 131 Russell, Richard, 137 Russia, 42, 49 Rusticiano, 64, 65, 182

Salvian of Marseilles, 8 St Gothard Pass, 40 St Sophia, 42 Saleby, Grace de, 127 Samarcand, 50 Sanly, Peter, 149 Sandwich, 143 Sext, 79 Shalford, 154 Shandu, Xanadu, 57 Shansi, 56, 59 Shensi, 47, 56 Ships, 136, 140, 142, 143, 192; masters of, 141, 142; names of, 136, 141-3 Siam, 67 Siberia, 49, 70 Sicily, 42 Sidonius Apollinaris, 5, 8 ff; and his villa, 9; and siege of Clermont, 10 ff Socrates, 96 _Sohrab and Rustum_, 51 Soldaia, 50 Somerset House, 150, 155 Sordyvale, William, 134 Spain, Spaniards, Spanish, 37, 122 spices, 47, 48 Spice Islands, 70 Spooner, Thomas, 170 Stainfield, 82 Stamford, 144 Staple, Chap. VI _passim, see_ Betson, merchant; banking facilities of, 148; benefits of, 121, 122; brasses of merchants of, 123, 156; business of merchants of, 120-51; competition of, with Merchant Adventurers, 122; history of company of, 189; location of, 121; Merchants of the, Chap. VI _passim_; organization of, 121; regulations of, 121, 139, 140, 144, 145; wills of merchants of, 123; _see also_ Betson, Wills Starkey, Humphrey, 134 Stein, Sir Aurel, 67 Stepney, 135 Steward: Charlemagne's instructions to, 19, 22, 24, 36; Master John the, 100, 108-9, 115-16; of Villaris, 20, 21, 22-4 Stoke Nayland, 168 Stonor: Dame Elizabeth, 129, 130 131, 132, 133, 135; Humphrey, 160; Letters, 125, 136, 145, 189; Sir William, 125, 129-30, 134, 136, 145 Strabant, Gynott, 149 Stratford-Atte-Bowe, 73, 78 Strossy, Marcy, 149 Suchow, Sugui, 48, 51, 64 Sudbury, 154 Suffolk, 153 Sugui, _see_ Suchow Sumatra, 61, 63, 67 Sung dynasty, 46, 59, 61 Superstition (_see_ Charms), 27-9, 175 Symmachus, 5, 6 _Synxon_ (Synchon) Mart, 147, 193 Syon Abbey, 83 Syria, 37, 40-2 Szechuen, 56

Tabriz, 62 Tacitus, 4 Tana, 71 Tangut, 55, 57, 59, 63 Tartar(s), 49-52, 57, 62, 66-71, 178, _see also_ Marco Polo; attitude of West to, 49; embassy of, 52; fall of dynasty of, 71; modern books on, 178; Peter the, 66; power of, 49; princess, 61, 70; slaves, 66 Tartary, 49, 50, 63 Tate, John, 134, 137 Taylor, Robert, 160 Templars, 53 Temyngton, 144. _Testamenta Eboracensia_, 157, 154, 191, 196 Thames, 156 Theodulf, Bishop of Orleans, 35 Tibet, 43, 47, 49, 57, 66, 67 Tiepolo, Doge Lorenzo, 44, 45, 50 Tierce, 79 Timochain, 61, 180 Tittivillus, 83-4 Torneys, Robert, 144 Trade, _see_ Merchant Trebizond, 40, 42, 62 Tripoli, 42 Turbot, Robert of Lamberton, 137 Turcomania, 54 Turkestan, 49 Tuscan, 42 Tyre, 40, 42

Udine, 70 Underbay, 137 _f_ Uppcher, Margaret and Robert, 166

Vandals, 15 Venice: Venetian, 39-44, 44-8, 51, 53, 62-5, 70, 71, 145, 177-8; Cassiodorus on, 39; Chronicler of, _see_ Canale, Martino da; Doge of, 4, 44-6, 63; excommunication of, 41; history of, 39-46, 50, 178; merchants of, at Hangchow, 70, 71; modern works on, 177; Polos' return to, 53, 63; procession of gilds in, 45, 48, 50; records of, 65; rivalry of, with Genoa, 42, 63-4; trade of, 37, 40, 41, 42-3, 47, 70, 145, 178; wedding of, with sea, 40, 41; wool dealers of, 145 Vespers, 79 Villaris, 23, 24, 25 _Villicus, see_ Steward Villein, Villeinage, 19, 21, 158 Visigoths, 10

Walberswick, 140 Walpole, 156 Wang Wei, 182 _Way of Poverty and Wealth_, 100 Wedding feasts, 115-16, 164-5 Welbech, William, 151 West: Riding, 167; Street, Coggeshall, 170, 171, 172 Whyte of Broadway, 137 Wido (_see also_ Bodo), 23, 27, 29, 33 Wilkins (Wylkyns) Henry, 140 William I, 20 Wills: of John Barton of Holme, 191; of Thomas Betson, 134, 151, 194; of bishops, 158; of Paycockes, 157, 166-9, 195, 196; of villeins, 158; general sources for, 157, 191, 196 Wilton, 176 Winchester, St Mary's, Abbess of, 86 Winchcomb, John (_see_ Jack of Newbury) Wood, Lieutenant John, 54 Wool (_see_ Betson, Cely, Merchan Staple); export of, 122, 123 Gower on, 123, 144; inspection of, 144; lives of merchants of, 151 (_see_ Betson); packing and shipping of, 139-44; ports from whence sent, 140; private bargains in, 138; private letters or export of, 125; purchase of, 136-7, regulations concerning, 139-44; revenues from, 121; sale of, 138, 145-9; tombs of merchants of, 123; where grown, 123, 136 Woolsack, 120 Wykeham, William of, 92

Xanadu (_see_ Shandu), 57 Xenophon, 96

Yangchow, 57, 182 Yangtze river, 46 Yarkand, 54 Yellow River, 49 Yezd, 43 York, 94, 137 Yorkshire, 136, 137, 153 Ypres, 122 Yuan dynasty, 58 Yule, Sir Henry, 67, 177 Yunnen, 57

Zaiton, 54, 60, 71 Zanzibar, 70 Zara, 41 Zealand (Seland), 142, 146 Zeno, Renier, 44