PART III.

_Of the Diseases of the Indian Army in Egypt_ 99

FIRST, THE ENDEMIC DISEASES OF EGYPT.

_Of the Plague_ 100-146

_Of the Ophthalmia of Egypt_ 146-159

_General Remarks on the Diseases_ 160-161

SECONDLY, OF THE OTHER DISEASES OF THE INDIAN ARMY.

_Fever_ 162-170

_Hepatitis_ 171-180

_Dysentery_ 181-192

_Pneumonia and Rheumatism_ 193-194

_Small-Pox_ 195-197

_Diarrhœa_ 198

_Scurvy_ 199

_Syphilis_ 200-201

_The Guinea-Worm_ 202-217

_Ulcers_ 218

_Tetanus_ 219-222

_General Remarks on the Yellow Fever, and the Resemblance which this Disease bears to the Plague_ 223-238

TABLE I. _The Points of Resemblance between the Plague and the Yellow Fever._

TABLE II. _State of the Diseases and Deaths in the Indian Army._

ERRATA.

Page 6, line 17, for _time_ read _service_. — 9, — 6, for _Ghenna_ read _Ghenné_. — 15, — 3, from bottom, for _Ghiza_ read _Damietta_. — 23, — 1, _et passim_, for _Thiza_ read _Ghiza_. — 26, last line, for _typhaid_ read _typhoid_. — 47, — 11, for _prevent_ read _prevents_. — 48, — 7, for _Hepiopolis_ read _Heliopolis_. — 48, — 7, for _B El Hadje_ read _Birket El Hadje_. — 50, — 12, dele _the_. — 73, — 14, for _the matter_ read _it_. — 73, — 15, for _quantity_ read _piece_. — 83, — 12, dele _where_. — 86, — 12, for _gums_ read _germs_. — 94, — 4, for _inspired_ read _imposed_. — 101, — 3, from bottom, for _prevent_ read _preventing_. — 103, — 4, from bottom, for _goal_ read _jail_. — 122, — 12, from bottom, for _appears_ read _appear_. — 128, — 6, from bottom, for _viluces_ read _vibices_. — 129, — 5, after _often_ a _comma_. — 129, — 6, after _perceptible_ a _comma_. — 133, — 13, for _patient_ read _patients_. — 137, — 9, dele the first _as_. — 151, — 11, after _flowed_ insert _down_. — 166, — 5, for _healthiness_ read _unhealthiness_. — 171, — 7, for _decubities_ read _decubitus_. — 190, — 8, from bottom, note, for _instantly_ read _constantly_. — 191, — 10, for _man_ read _men_.

Transcriber’s Note: the above errata have been corrected, and in addition, those listed below. Where there were two spelling variants in use in equal measure (e.g. diarrhœa/diarrhæa; Signior Positti/Posetti), both are left as printed.

Page

22 “conside-derable” changed to “considerable” (mortality of the month was very considerable).

23 “fumegation” changed to “fumigation” (regarding cleanliness and fumigation).

44 “O’Farrol” changed to “O’Farrel” (Mr O’Farrel, who had charge of the pest-house).

45 “O’Farrol” changed to “O’Farrel” (went to Aboukir to relieve Mr O’Farrel).

98 “medidicine” changed to “medicine” (the practice of medidicine is more simple).

99 “occured” changed to “occurred” (cases of the plague, which occurred).

103 “diminsh” changed to “diminish” (will tend to diminish).

113 “fom” changed to “from” (some matter from the bubo).

117 “medecine” changed to “medicine” (he could not get him to swallow any medicine).

117 “inflamation” changed to “inflammation” (I discovered some inflammation of the glands).

122 “prevost’s” changed to “provost’s” (The provost’s guard and his prisoners).

126 “abcess” changed to “abscess” (an abscess, of the size of a pigeon’s egg).

130 “succeded” changed to “succeeded” (that he had never succeeded in exciting sweating).

136 “medecine” changed to “medicine” (a morsel of food nor any medicine).

137 “spunging” changed to “sponging” (washing their patients with vinegar and sponging them with it).

138 “possesion” changed to “possession” and “infalliable” changed to “infallible” (I am in possession of an infallible remedy).

139 “veneral” changed to “venereal” (an old venereal complaint).

145 “nitrie” changed to “nitric” (When our stock of nitric was at length exhausted).

153 “camphir” changed to “camphor” (a weak solution of sugar of lead, or of camphor).

158 “medecine” changed to “medicine” (Mr Paton, previously to embracing the military profession, had studied medicine).

160 “GENERAL REMARKS ON THE DISEASES.” Heading added.

161 “convalecents” changed to “convalescents” (convalescents would frequently suffer a relapse).

223 “GENERAL REMARKS ON THE YELLOW FEVER, AND THE RESEMBLANCE WHICH THIS DISEASE BEARS TO THE PLAGUE.” Heading added.

Footnote 5 duplicated word “down” removed (On being brought down to Rosetta).

INTRODUCTION.

In consequence of orders, from the Court of Directors to the Government in India, it became my duty to give some account of the health of the troops employed on the late expedition from India to Egypt, and to describe the prevailing diseases.

The sources of information, to which I had recourse, were the reports made to me, and an extensive correspondence with the medical gentlemen of the army; particularly those employed in the pest-establishments. Besides these, to which my situation, at the head of the medical department of the army from India, gave me access, other sources of information, regarding the plague, were open to me, as a Member of the Board of Health in Egypt.

Some may think the present a very short, and many may think it an incomplete account; but, I trust, it will not be found incorrect. I have purposely avoided doubtful speculations and hypotheses. Anxious, above all things, to adhere closely to facts, and keep these unmixed with any notions of my own, I have, in most cases, published the extracts from letters to me, without altering a word of the correspondence.

Of the numerous imperfection of these Sketches, I am abundantly sensible. The life of a medical man in the army is at no time very favourable to literary pursuits; mine has been peculiarly unfavourable; and I have had little time or opportunity, since I first entered the army, to attend to the ornaments of diction. For the last fifteen years of my life; mostly spent in the East Indies, West Indies, or at the Cape of Good Hope; sometimes at sea, sometimes on land; my time has been occupied in a laborious attention to my duty in the army.

Some necessary avocations oblige me to dismiss this tract in a more imperfect form than it might have appeared in, perhaps with more leisure. As it is, it conveyed to government, in India, all the information which they required; and I must mention, that it comes before the public very nearly in the state in which I presented it as a report in India. From materials in my possession, I could have enlarged most parts of it, and rendered the whole more complete; but, when I drew up the following account in India, it never occurred to me, that my imperfect Memoir would be the only medical account of the Egyptian expedition. I expected, on my arrival in England, to have found complete histories of the climate and diseases of Egypt, during the time that it was occupied by the English, from some of the medical staff of the British army; several of whom were known to be fully equal to the task. If any of these gentlemen should hereafter give to the world the medical history of this renowned campaign, my Memoir may stand in some stead: it gives some facts and it will supply some information to which no one but myself had access.

At the present moment, I have not leisure to enlarge or alter it; and some friends, who have seen the manuscript, press its publication at the present time.

In the execution of my duty, during a long and perilous voyage, and alter the most fatiguing marches, I sometimes laboured under difficulties; but my duty was in every instance much facilitated, and it would be unjust in me not to mention it. I acknowledge my obligations to all the medical gentlemen of the Indian army, by whom I was most cordially and well seconded in all that I undertook.

From the nature of the prevailing diseases, the campaign in Egypt was, in a particular degree, a service of danger. To their regret, the Indian army arrived too late in Egypt to share in any other dangers than those arising from the diseases of the country; and here, the medical gentlemen had the post of honour. The zeal, attention, and perseverance, displayed, particularly by those employed in the plague-establishments, deserve every praise. Nothing can so powerfully incite the exertions of medical men, in such circumstances of danger, as the consciousness of co-operating with the best and most enlightened of mankind, for the alleviation of human misery. Intrepidity is more a military than a medical virtue; but seldom I believe has there been a greater display of it than among the medical officers, in Egypt, whose duty it became to reside in the pest-houses.[1]

There are two names which I cannot pass over with general praise. At a period of universal alarm, and of real danger, when the plague was committing the greatest ravages, two gentlemen stepped forward, and generously volunteered their services in the pest-houses. It so happened, too, that, from their acquirements, these two were the best calculated, of any in the army, to succeed in this dangerous duty. Dr Buchan had acquired a perfect knowledge of the disease in the former year; and while on duty at the pest-house, at Aboukir, had got the infection there, soon after the memorable landing of Sir Ralph Abercrombie. Mr Price had made the history of the plague his particular study, and, from his acquaintance with the oriental languages, was peculiarly calculated to be master of every thing relating to it. As will be seen hereafter, in the execution of his duty at El-Hammed, he, likewise, caught the infection. To the exertions of these two gentlemen, the service owes much; their country very much. I would fain hope, that from them, who are so able to do it, we may look for something like a history of the plague in Egypt.

Dr Shapter, who was for some time in charge of the medical department of the Indian army, and who succeeded Mr Young, as head of the medical staff of the English Army, deserves our thanks for his very ready accommodation on every occasion, and compliance with every request for assistance, and for many things, of which an army which had traversed an immense desert was necessarily destitute.

Thus far I have discharged debts which I felt that I owed. I must add a few words more, in explanation.

To some, it may appear that, in the following Sketches, I have given too large a space to the journal; and that I have been too copious in my extracts from letters. Both of these are, no doubt, to many, dry and uninteresting; but, as statements of facts, from which every one can form deductions for himself, as they stand, they appeared to me much more useful than any conjectures which I might hazard to advance. It is to be feared that, too often, facts and details are made to bend to preconceived opinions and theories.

On the causes of diseases, I have dwelt a shorter time than to some may have appeared necessary. But I thought that, while the general causes of the diseases of soldiers and sailors have been so ably handled by a Pringle and a Lind, a Cleghorn and a Huxam, a Blane and a Hunter—from me, little could be expected. All that appeared necessary for me to do, was, to assign the extraordinary causes—those incidental to the expedition, or peculiar to Egypt; those, in fine, which rendered the service treated of different from former services, either on the continent of Europe, or in tropical climates.

It will be observed, that the diseases which occurred in the Indian army were but few; and, except on the plague, I detain the reader but a short time on this part of my subject. A long description of the symptoms, or of the history, of dysentery, diarrhæa, hepatitis, or ophthalmia, appeared to me superfluous; when, besides the very clear and perfect nosological account of the illustrious Cullen, we have many complete histories of these diseases, in books which are in the hands of every person.

Finally: in justice to myself, and in extenuation of errors in these Sketches, I must mention, that, when they were preparing for the press, I laboured under many and very considerable disadvantages. I was on duty in a remote corner of the kingdom, and have been, necessarily from the same reason, at a distance from the press, since, and while the printing went on: circumstances which, I hope, will conciliate the indulgence of readers in general, and shield me from the severity of criticism.

_MEDICAL SKETCHES, &c. &c._