CHAPTER IV
AMBULATORY VAULTS
EARLY AMBULATORIES
It is not the province of this essay to enter into a discussion of the origin of the ambulatory and its introduction into the church plan.[402] It is sufficient to note that a passage around a semicircular apse appears even in Roman times in the imperial tribune of the so-called stadium of Domitian on the Palatine at Rome which dates from the second century A.D.,[403] and that a similar passage was added around the apse of San Giovanni in Laterano by Pope Sergius II (844-845).[404]
Such ambulatories were mere service galleries, not directly connected with the apse and in fact shut off from it by a solid wall, but when once adopted as a feature of the church plan, the ambulatory rapidly became an aisle around the apse corresponding in all respects to that which flanked the rectangular nave or choir.[405] It was natural, therefore, that this added aisle should have been vaulted and such is the case in the two earliest ambulatories of any size which still exist, namely, those in Santo Stefano at Verona (end of tenth century) and the cathedral of Ivrea (973-1001 or 1002),[406] while the early ambulatories in France, like those of Saint Martin at Tours (end of eleventh century) and the cathedral of Clermont-Ferrand, which have unfortunately been destroyed, were doubtless also vaulted.
ORIGIN OF AMBULATORY VAULTING
That the form which such vaulting assumes owes its origin to that of the concentric aisles in earlier buildings of circular plan would seem a most natural supposition since the problems in the two cases were precisely alike. As a matter of fact, a comparison shows that all or nearly all the methods of vaulting developed in the Roman or Byzantine period for the aisles of circular buildings were tried by the Romanesque builders when they added an ambulatory to the semicircular apses of their churches.
ANNULAR TUNNEL VAULTS
The principal Roman type would seem to have been the annular tunnel vault. An excellent example is to be seen in the amphitheatre at Nîmes in which the builders have even employed transverse arches of stone beneath the vault of brick.[407] Similar in character, though later in date and without transverse arches, is the fourth century annular vault of Santa Costanza in Rome. It is not surprising, therefore, to find the annular tunnel vault in a number of the earliest Romanesque ambulatories as, for example, at Ivrea and in the lower story of Santo Stefano at Verona, both dating from the close of the tenth century, and somewhat later at Vignory in France and in the gallery of the Tower chapel in London.[408] The annular tunnel vault never became in any sense a popular form, however, probably because it necessitated an impost above the level of the apsidal arches and exerted a continuous thrust throughout its whole extent. It is more often to be found in crypts, as in Saint Wipertus near Quedlinburg (936)[409] and in Chartres cathedral (1020-1028)[410] where there were no structural problems of support, or else with its imposts lowered and cut by lunettes into an interpenetrating form which is really an elementary groined vault and is later discussed.
AMBULATORIES WITH HALF TUNNEL VAULTS
Besides these annular vaults, there are a few examples of ambulatories with half tunnel vaults which may owe their origin to the desire of the builders to keep the outer impost of the vaults as low as possible and still raise the inner line above the apsidal arcade.[411] In any event such an ambulatory is occasionally found in churches where the aisles also are half-tunneled, as, for example, in the abbey church of Montmajour (cir. 1015-1018)[412] and in the twelfth century church of Saintes.[413] Though this type of vault apparently has no pre-Romanesque prototype, it is perhaps possible that the concentric aisle of the circular church of Rieux-Merinville (Aude) (eleventh century)[414] affords an earlier example of its use over a space of similar plan. There is also an interesting use of a half-tunnel vaulted triforium above the ambulatory and abutting the half dome of the apse which opens into it through five arches, in the church of Loctudy (Finistère) twelfth century.[415]
There are, however, circular buildings of the Byzantine and Carolingian periods with vaulted aisles which may well have furnished the prototypes for other methods of ambulatory vaulting which the Romanesque builders employed. One of these is the Royal Chapel at Aachen (796-804), in which the aisles are two stories high with the lower story covered by groined vaults of alternately square and rectangular plan with no transverse arches separating the bays.[416]
ROMANESQUE AMBULATORIES WITH ALTERNATING TRIANGULAR AND SQUARE BAYS
Although there appear to be no Romanesque churches with ambulatories of exactly this type, there are a number which are composed of triangular sections of an annular vault alternating with groined bays of practically square plan. One of these is the upper ambulatory of Santo Stefano (end of tenth century) at Verona, while a similar arrangement may be seen in the concentric aisle of the crypt of Saint Bénigne at Dijon (Côte d’Or) (1002-1018).[417] Moreover, the type at Aachen of alternate square and triangular groined bays, is to be seen at Paris with the addition of transverse arches between the bays, in Saint Martin des Champs (cir. 1136) and at Gloucester in the beautiful ambulatory of the cathedral (1089-1100). Furthermore, this alternation of square and triangular bays was of quite frequent occurrence in the ribbed vaulted ambulatories later described.
AMBULATORIES WITH TRANSVERSE TUNNEL VAULTS
The gallery of the Palatine chapel at Aachen is covered in still another manner by a series of ramping tunnel vaults alternately triangular and square in plan and springing from a series of transverse arches. Although never exactly copied in ambulatory vaulting, a similar system in which ramping groined vaults displace the simple tunnel form appears in the gallery of the north transept of San Fedele at Como (twelfth century)[418] while the system of ramping the vault had still another application in the trapezoidal groined vaults of San Tommaso at Almeno-San-Salvatore,[419] the evident object being to get a slant above the vaults suitable for an exterior roof which might rest directly upon them. But if ramping tunnel vaults were not used over the ambulatory, there are at least two instances of the employment of expanding transverse tunnel vaults in this position and these may well be products of the Aachen type. The ambulatory at Vertheuil[420] affords an example dating from about the middle of the twelfth century, which must soon have been followed by the gallery of the cathedral of Notre Dame at Mantes (beg. in 1160?).[421] Here the vaults are similar, but on a much larger scale, and with quite different transverse supports consisting of lintels, each resting upon two columns placed between the apsidal piers and the outer walls.[422]
AMBULATORIES WITH GROINED VAULTED TRAPEZOIDAL BAYS
All of the ambulatory types thus far described were but occasionally used in the Romanesque period. Far more common, and in fact the standard form, is that of simple four-part groined vaults over bays of trapezoidal plan. Here again the plan at least has a Byzantine prototype in the church of San Vitale at Ravenna where the concentric aisle is divided into trapezoids, though these in turn are cut by the radiating niches of the central nave and the groined vaults employed are therefore of irregular form.
Even without any prototypes, however, this arrangement of bays is a direct outcome of the use of an annular tunnel vault intersected by lunettes or transverse tunnels opposite the apsidal arches. Such vaults may in fact be seen at a comparatively early date in the churches of Bois-Sainte-Marie (Saône-et-Loire) (twelfth century), Champagne (Ardèche), and Preuilly-sur-Claise (Indre-et-Loire), and in a reversed sense at Saint Savin (Vienne) (cir. 1020-1040) where there is an early instance of a simple annular vault cut by expanding transverse tunnel vaults whose intrados at the smaller end corresponds to that of the apsidal arches but whose crowns rise higher than that of the vault which they intersect. There are no transverse arches and yet the vault is really composed of a series of trapezoidal bays. The ambulatory of Saint Sernin at Toulouse (choir consecrated 1096) shows this same system in its fully developed form. There are still no transverse arches, but the vault is no longer interpenetrating but fully groined, yet with practically level crowns, so that it still has the general form of intersecting tunnel vaults.
It was far more common, however, for the Romanesque builders to separate their trapezoidal bays by transverse arches, though their use would seem to have been optional rather than to indicate a more developed architectural type, since they are found at an early date in the ambulatory of Saint Philibert at Tournus (Saône-et-Loire) (1009-1019), where the form of the vault would otherwise be of interpenetrating type. It is, in fact, less developed than that at Saint Sernin, the transverse panels being considerably lower than the concentric portion of the vault thus forming simple lunettes above the window heads. In such a vault, the transverse arches are structurally valuable only in so far as they make possible the erection of the vault in sections and consequently serve as permanent centering and as a stiffening member between the apsidal piers and the outer walls. In the fully developed vaults with transverse arches, like those at Paray-le-Monial these arches serve still another purpose. Here it is evident that the vault was laid up in sections, for each bay is domed up at the crown and the transverse arch not only carries a little of the weight of the vault but also conceals what would otherwise be an awkward intersection line between one bay and the next. With this doming up of the vault crown and the use of pointed transverse arches to replace the awkward stilted form, the vault of Paray-le-Monial marks the highest point possible before the introduction of the diagonal rib in the Transitional and Gothic periods.
AMBULATORIES WITH RIBBED VAULTS
It has already been stated that it is not the purpose of this paper to discuss the origin of ribbed vaulting. In fact, it is rather the intention to accept the conclusions of Mr. Porter in his “Construction of Lombard and Gothic Vaults” that this innovation arose from the necessity for providing a centering where wood was not to be easily obtained or where the shape of the bays or their position in the church made a permanent centering of stone or brick far superior to, and easier of construction than, a similar centering in wood.[423] Accordingly the fact that some of the earliest ribbed vaults appear over the ambulatory is readily explained by the trapezoidal shape of the vaulting bays, for which a wooden centering would have been especially difficult to construct.
MORIENVAL
Of these rib-vaulted ambulatories, the earliest which has come down to us would seem to be that of the little church of Morienval (Figs. 77, 78, 79), which probably dates from about 1120-1130. A study of this ambulatory shows most clearly the gradual changes and adjustments which mark the development of perfected rib vaulting from its groined prototype. In size this is an insignificant work and yet historically most important. Perhaps its first noticeable feature lies in the use of slightly pointed apsidal arches (Fig. 77), showing that the builders grasped in at least a
rudimentary way the advantage to be gained in thus bringing these arches up to a point where they would be nearly, at least, on a level with the crown of a semicircular formeret. The use of these formerets or wall arches is a second advance in this vault at Morienval, and though these are unnecessarily heavy and in two orders (Fig. 78) they do reduce the width of the vaulting bays and furthermore they clearly define the wall line of the panels and may even have aided in the support of the wooden centering or _cerce_ on which the severies were laid up. They do not apparently support the actual masonry of the cell, which, as is clearly shown in the southwest bay, does not follow the curve of the formeret.[424] The transverse arches (Fig. 78) show little structural advance, for they are still round headed. They are however highly stilted yet in addition to this the builders have found it necessary to pile their crowns with masonry in the manner already described in connection with the vaults at Bury.[425] It is in the use and
arrangement of the diagonals (Fig. 79) that the chief interest in this early ambulatory lies. If not unknown in bays of rectangular plan, this was probably a first attempt to apply these intersecting ribs to bays of trapezoidal shape, a problem especially difficult when these bays had two curved sides. The ambulatory was so narrow and the wall piers with the two wall arches extended so far into its width that the space actually to be covered was of such a plan that ribs directly from the one pier to that diagonally opposite would have intersected almost against the crown of the apsidal arch. To avoid this awkward arrangement, and make the panels of more equal size, the builders either timidly broke the line of the rib, as in the second bay from the southwest (Fig. 79), or curved the ribs slightly away from the crown of the apse arches as in the northwest bay. Whether the builders were actually experimenting here at Morienval with the position of the diagonals and whether this little work of the early twelfth century had any influence upon later ambulatory vaulting may be an open question, yet it is a fact that the later ambulatories with ribbed vaults over trapezoidal bays show three distinct types in the arrangement of the diagonals according as these are left straight in plan, or curved, or broken to bring their crowns to a better point in relation to the crown line of the enclosing arches.
TRAPEZOIDAL AMBULATORY VAULTS WITH STRAIGHT DIAGONAL RIBS
Of the three types, the one with straight diagonals (Plate III-a) is perhaps most seldom seen, probably because of the awkward place at which its vault crown falls. It does appear, however, in the cathedral of Aversa near Naples[426], where the heaviness of the ribs would seem to denote an early date.[427] There are a few later examples elsewhere, among
them the cathedrals of Langres (Haute-Marne) (end of twelfth century) (Fig. 80) and Milan (beg. 1386), while a similar system with one or more added ribs in the outer severy is to be seen at Pontoise (Seine-et-Oise) S. Maclou (Plate III-h), in the cathedral of Rouen (Plate III-d), and in Saint Remi at Reims (Fig. 83), which are later described.
TRAPEZOIDAL AMBULATORY VAULTS WITH CURVED DIAGONAL RIBS
A little more common, perhaps, are the ambulatories with diagonal ribs of curved plan (Plate III-b). The earliest existing example subsequent to Morienval would seem to be that of the abbey church at Saint Germer-de-Fly (cir. 1130-1150).[428] Its ribs correspond in general to the curve of the groins which would be produced by the intersection of a transverse with an annular tunnel vault. Such ribs are naturally difficult to construct because of their curvature in plan as well as in elevation and as a result they are but seldom found, though an example on a large scale appears in Bourges cathedral (Plate IV-a).
TRAPEZOIDAL AMBULATORY VAULTS WITH BROKEN RIBS
The solution of the problem of covering a trapezoidal bay with ribbed vaults lay in the employment of the broken rib, or in other words, in the selection of a point of intersection from which four half arches were extended to the supporting piers (Plate III-c). This system, which was very possibly first employed at Saint Denis (1140-1144),[429] became the standard throughout the best Gothic period wherever trapezoidal bays were used, though there was a certain amount of variance in the position of the keystone. At Saint Denis, and in the great majority of the best Gothic churches it lies practically on the line of a curve through the crowns of the apsidal arches and concentric with that of the apse,[430] but in some instances, notably at Sens cathedral[431] and in the ambulatory of Canterbury[432] which was directly influenced by the first-named church, the point of intersection was moved outward to a point where the line from this crown to the transverse arch is practically perpendicular to the latter. The result is an equalizing in length of the four half ribs, but this is accomplished only at a considerable sacrifice in appearance.[433]
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION IN AMBULATORY VAULTS
The actual construction of ambulatory vaulting followed much the same course as that of vaults in the remainder of the church and especially those in the side aisles. Thus in the cathedral of Langres (Fig. 80), which dates from the close of the twelfth century and is somewhat south of the center of architectural development in the Transitional period, the ambulatory presents a number of rudimentary characteristics. In fact, judging from the awkward manner in which the diagonals rise from their
imposts, the exceptionally large size of the transverse arches, and the lowness of those opening into the apse, it would seem as though this aisle had been planned for domed up groined vaulting of the Bourgogne type, already seen at Paray-le-Monial, and that ribbed vaulting came in before the completion of the ambulatory and was therefore substituted. In any event, these straight diagonals and low apsidal arches combined with the heavy transverse arches and the decidedly domed up character of the vaults themselves produce a much more primitive appearance than is to be seen further north in the contemporary vaults of Saint Leu-d’Esserent (Fig. 81). In the latter, the builders have stilted the apsidal and transverse arches, thus greatly reducing the doming of the vaults. They have also provided an impost for the diagonals which are themselves of the broken type, and in fact the form of the vaults is practically perfected except in the matter of the transverse arches. These are still much heavier than the diagonals, a feature which continues to be manifest though in a less marked degree in many of the ambulatory vaults even of the thirteenth century. They correspond in this respect to side aisle vaulting.[434] Only occasionally, as in the splendid inner ambulatory of Le Mans cathedral (1218-1254), were the ribs all made of the same size. This advance combined with its height and general character may perhaps entitle the ambulatory of Le Mans to rank as the finest in Gothic architecture and the high water mark of the trapezoidal four-part broken ribbed vault.
TRAPEZOIDAL AMBULATORY VAULTS WITH ADDED RIBS
If there was one fault in the broken ribbed type of ambulatory vault just described, it lay in the form of its intersection with the outer wall. For example, if the ambulatory was comparatively low or the apsidal arches of wide span, this intersection became either segmental or semicircular or, at best a very low pointed curve, under which it was most difficult to arrange the exterior windows and still produce a pleasing interior effect. Thus in the ambulatory of Sens cathedral,[435] the two round headed windows do not fill the space beneath the wall rib and are in fact awkwardly placed beneath it, while in the ambulatory of Trinity chapel in Canterbury cathedral,[436] where the vaults are but slightly domed, the arrangement is even less pleasing. Of course when these arches opened into radiating chapels, their shape did not make so much difference since their supporting piers ran all the way to the floor and therefore gave a fairly good proportion to the arch. But if the entire space beneath them were occupied by a window extending only part way to the floor, it would be largely head and very little jamb and thus of displeasing proportions. Even in the ambulatory clerestory of Le Mans, where the transverse and diagonal ribs are all of very pointed section, the window is too broad for its height. It would seem, therefore, to have been with an eye to a more pleasing arrangement of the windows beneath these trapezoidal vaults, that many of the mediaeval builders subdivided the outer severy of extra ribs running out from the central keystone. This made possible two or more windows in the outer wall of each bay. Thus in the alternate bays of the ambulatory of Rouen cathedral (Plate III-d), where there are no radiating chapels, a single rib is added in the outer panel making the vault of five-part form, so that the heads of the two slender windows of the bay are
each situated in a separate cell. This same arrangement is characteristic of a number of other ambulatories, including the lofty inner one at Coutances cathedral (Fig. 82, and Plate III-e),[437] where the windows are limited in height by the elevation and would be of awkward shape were they not arranged in pairs under separate vault cells.[438] Nor did the mediaeval builders restrict themselves to a single added rib in this outer severy of the vault. In the ambulatory gallery of Saint Remi at Reims (Fig. 83) there is an excellent example of the subdivision of this panel into three window cells and in the church of Saint Germain and the cathedral at Auxerre (Fig. 84 and Plate III-f) there are excellent examples of a similar method, applied both in bays with exterior windows and in those which open into a radiating chapel. In the latter instance, the lofty and slender shafts between this chapel and the ambulatory with their many radiating ribs and arches give a charming appearance of grace and lightness to the design.
AMBULATORY VAULTS WHICH INCLUDE THE RADIATING CHAPELS
In all the churches thus far discussed, and, in fact, in the majority of those constructed during the Gothic period, the radiating chapels are separated from the rest of the ambulatory by arches directly across their entrances. But quite frequently these chapels, particularly when they were comparatively shallow, as in the cathedral of Chartres (Plate III-g), or
even when comparatively deep as at Saint Denis[439] and Saint Maclou at Pontoise (Plate III-h), were treated as part of the ambulatory and an added rib was introduced in vaulting them exactly in the manner described in connection with the trapezoidal bays of Rouen and Coutances. Furthermore, as the chapels were increased in size, more than one extra rib was added in the severy of the trapezoidal vault which embraced them so that there were, sometimes, two such ribs, as in the cathedral of Tournai (1240-1260) (Fig. 85).[440] Occasionally, also, as in the cathedral of Saint Quentin (after 1230) (Plate III-i), similar bays and vaults occur, with the addition of large radiating chapels opening off of the more shallow curves of the ambulatory bays, suggesting a combination of the Tournai type with that of Auxerre (Plate III-f). In some of the larger and deeper chapels there were even four added ribs as, for example, in the cathedral
of Bayonne (Fig. 86), where the ambulatory is further noteworthy because the builders, in an attempt to equalize the vaulting severies, have moved the keystones of the diagonals almost out to a point on the line of the outer walls. As a matter of fact, it was moved out to such a point in a number of instances (Plate III-j), as, for example, in Soissons cathedral[441] where it becomes the keystone of an arch directly across the entrance of the chapel as well as being the center for all the ribs both of this chapel and the ambulatory. Each trapezoidal bay is thus divided not into four but into three triangular panels, the chapel itself being covered by a fully developed five-part chevet vault for which the two ribs of the ambulatory bay act as buttresses. A similar but more logical vault appears in the ambulatory and two eastern chapels of Pamplona cathedral (begun 1397) (Plate III-k). This is a church with an axial eastern pier, and its radiating chapels are arranged so as to form perfect hexagons with the bays of the ambulatory. The keystone is then moved out, as at Soissons, to the crown of the chapel arch where it lies in the exact center of each hexagonal bay and thus produces a perfectly symmetrical vault.
AMBULATORIES WITH ALTERNATE SQUARE AND TRIANGULAR BAYS
Although the trapezoidal bay and its variants has been the only one thus far considered in the discussion of ribbed vaulted ambulatories, it was not by any means universally employed. The alternation of square and triangular bays, which had been used as early as the Carolingian period in the royal chapel at Aachen, and in the tenth century at Verona, in groined vaulted ambulatories, also played a considerable rôle after the use of ribs became general. This system afforded a number of structural advantages, the chief one being, of course, that the major bays were square or nearly so, and therefore presented no structural problems not already solved in other portions of the church, while the triangular divisions were of comparatively small size and could be covered in the same manner as in the Romanesque period, with three-part groined vaults, provided the builders wished to avoid attempting ribbed vaults over them.
Two general plans are noticeable in the use of this alternate ambulatory system. In the first, which appears at an early date in Saint Martin of Étampes (1165), Saint Remi at Reims (1170-1181), and Notre Dame
at Chalons-sur-Marne (end of twelfth century), the square bays alternate with two triangular bays or, in other words, the ambulatory is first divided into trapezoids by transverse arches and these in turn subdivided into a square and two triangles. This system may be understood from the plan of Saint Remi (Plate III-l) and the interior view of the same church (Fig. 87). Its most noticeable feature is the lack of ribs in the triangular bays, these remaining of simple Romanesque groined type. Exactly the same arrangement appears at Chalons-sur-Marne, except that here the arches into the apse correspond to the flat sides of a polygon, while those opening into the chapels are on a curve in order that the exterior wall of the triforium above them may be a semicircle.[442] In both these churches, the radiating chapels occupy all the space included beneath each group of three outer arches in a manner similar to that described in connection with the cathedral of Auxerre, but in Saint Martin at Étampes, the chapel is limited in width to the span of the central arch, making possible a window in the exterior wall of each of the triangular bays. A very similar arrangement appears in the outer ambulatory of Bourges cathedral (cir. 1195-1215) (Plate IV-a), except that here the chapels are so narrow as to give a reversed trapezoidal character to what would otherwise be a square bay like that at Étampes and Saint Remi. Even though the triangular severies are thus increased in size, the builders have left their vaults unribbed.
The second system of alternating square and triangular bays may be seen in the outer ambulatory of the cathedral of Le Mans (Plate IV-b) and in both ambulatories of the cathedral at Toledo (1227-seventeenth century).[443] It is the familiar early mediaeval system of a single triangular bay between two squares with the addition of ribs beneath the vaults in all the bays. The chief effect of this system upon the construction was to subdivide the outer line of the ambulatory into twice as many parts as there were in the apse. This created a certain difficulty in the adjustment of the buttresses, for the lack of any transverse arch directly across the ambulatory from the apsidal piers to the outer walls made necessary the subdivision of the flying-buttresses into two parts. This subdivision must have added considerably to the expense and difficulty of construction, though this was somewhat offset by the reduced size of the buttress piers and their position in the thickness of the chapel walls, where they in no way interfered with the introduction of windows directly in the outer walls of the triangular ambulatory bays. Though not extensively employed, this vaulting system which is to be seen at Le Mans shared with all others the tendency of the late Gothic period to add extra ribs to those forming the real framework of the vaults. Such added ribs are to be seen in Saint Willibrord at Wesel and Saint Lorenz at Nürnberg. Similar also to the
Le Mans type, but with the entire omission of the transverse arches between the triangular and trapezoidal bays, is the system at Saint Pierre-sur-Dives (Calvados)[444] which is thus like the outer ambulatory of Coutances cathedral (Plate III-e), except that the chapels are not included beneath the ambulatory vault and the portions containing the three half ribs are more in proportion to the larger cross ribbed severies.
AMBULATORIES WITH TRIANGULAR BAYS ONLY
Another method of ambulatory vaulting in the Gothic period consisted in the subdivision of the apsidal aisles into triangles by adding intermediate supports between each pier forming the outside corners of trapezoidal bays. This method, never had a wide popularity. It was used at a comparatively early date and on a large scale in the cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris (begun 1163) (Plate IV-c), where the triangular bays have no ribs beneath their masonry. It appears with the addition of three half ribs or even a still greater number, in a number of late Gothic churches, especially in Germany,[445] and was also used at Saint Eustache (1532-1637)[446] and Saint Severin[447] in Paris, whose builders may very probably have been influenced by the cathedral church of Notre Dame. In Notre Dame, where there are two ambulatories the doubling of the piers did not do away with the possibility of a central eastern chapel or window in the exterior wall. But in most cases, where there is but one aisle, as, for example, in the Marienkirche at Stargarde (end of fourteenth century) (Plate IV-d) or the old cathedral of Heidelberg,[448] an axial pier prevents this arrangement. Perhaps to avoid this the builders of Saint Steven at Nymwegen and of the cathedral at Brandenburg left the eastern bay trapezoidal so that there might be a central Lady chapel. At Kolin[449] where there is an axial pier in the apse a central chapel off the ambulatory naturally follows.
AMBULATORIES WITH MULTIPLE RIBBED VAULTS
As has been noted, the late Gothic passion for multiple ribs affected the ambulatory as it did the remainder of the church, and vaults of most complex character are to be found especially in certain German churches. Of these, Güben (Plate IV-e) and the cathedral of Freiburg (second half of the fifteenth century) (Fig. 88) are among the most elaborate.[450] In them, the structural purpose of the rib is totally subordinated to decorative principles and to a desire on the part of the builders to show their knowledge of the intricate problems of stereotomy. With such vaults as these, marking the decline of Gothic architecture, it is not surprising that there was such a complete reaction in vault construction on the part of the succeeding Renaissance builders.
With this discussion of the ambulatory, the study of mediaeval church vaulting is practically complete, but a few paragraphs should be added to give a short account of some unusual eastern terminations and a brief reference to the radiating chapels. Both of these, while presenting no great structural accomplishments, at least show the skill of the builders in meeting any and all requirements imposed by the plan.
EXCEPTIONAL EASTERN TERMINATIONS
Of the eastern terminations, a number are especially interesting. One is in the church of Saint Yved at Braisne (Aisne) (1180-1216) (Plate IV-f), where there is no ambulatory and yet two chapels have been so arranged with their axes at an angle of forty-five degrees to that of the choir aisle as to form a veritable series of four radiating chapels, two on either side of the principal apse. To cover the triangular bays immediately preceding these chapels, a two-part vault corresponding to one of the diagonal halves of a simple four-part vault, is employed, while the chapel itself is covered with a three-part chevet whose crown is abutted by the half rib of the preceding bay.[451] Occasionally, too, a similar arrangement of chapels is found even where there is an ambulatory as in the church of Saint Nicaise at Reims (now destroyed) and at Upsala. Another termination of interest is that in the church of Vigan (Lot)[452] (fifteenth century) where the apse with its chevet vault is west of the transept, into which it opens through its farthest bay while from the transept itself open five small chapels, a unique arrangement.
A third eastern termination of especial interest is that of the church of the Jacobins at Toulouse (Haute-Garonne) (Fig. 89 and Plate IV-g). Here there is a row of central piers the length of the church and the apse embraces the double nave thus formed. This apse the builders have subdivided into a series of triangular bays by arches springing from a pier at the center of its diameter. Each of these is again subdivided like the triangular ambulatory bays of Le Mans cathedral. This completes a vault of very beautiful character. It is not, however, an original product in Toulouse, for the crypt of Canterbury cathedral (1175-1184) affords a similar vault of earlier date and others on a circular plan may be seen in a number of English Chapter Houses.
THE VAULTING OF RADIATING CHAPELS
As for the radiating chapels, they were added to the ambulatory with the evident purpose of affording more space for altars especially in the great pilgrimage churches.[453] At the beginning of the eleventh century, three such chapels had already been built off the ambulatory of Saint Martin at Tours and only slightly later in date are those in La Couture at Le Mans followed by those of a great number of churches of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.[454] Nor are such chapels found only in churches with ambulatories. They frequently open directly off the apse, sometimes being merely recesses in the thickness of the outer wall[455] but more often extending beyond it.[456] Ordinarily, however, churches with radiating chapels have an ambulatory as well; but even so, there are occasional examples of chapels lying entirely within the thickness of the exterior wall[457] in which cases they are merely half-domed niches.
Whenever these radiating chapels are found there is considerable variance both in their number and ground plan. Sometimes there is but one,[458] sometimes two,[459] in the majority of cases three,[460] very seldom four,[461] but frequently five.[462] In plan, the chapels are generally semicircular with or without one or more preceding rectangular bays.[463] Naturally they are vaulted exactly in the manner used for the principal apse of the church or the minor apses of the transept at the time the chapels were built. The usual Romanesque form is the simple half dome like that in Saint Nicolas at Blois, which is especially interesting because it still retains its painted decoration. As the ribbed half dome came in in apse vaulting it appeared in a number of radiating chapels, at Domont and Saint Martin of Étampes, for example, but the usual Gothic form was the chevet vault which corresponds exactly with that over the major apse, except when it is combined with the ambulatory vault in the manner already described,[464] or is of square,[465] circular, polygonal, or irregular plan.[466] In such cases the vaulting is adapted to the plan without any great structural changes from the types found in the remainder of the church. The cathedral of Auxerre (Fig. 84 and Plate III-f), for example, shows the use of a ten-part vault over a square chapel, while Saint Germain also at Auxerre and Saint Remi at Reims (Fig. 87 Plate III-l) have chapels of almost circular plan covered with a vault which is virtually a double Gothic chevet like that of the transept chapels of Soissons and Laon cathedrals already described.[467]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This bibliography contains in large measure only titles referred to in the text. For further references see bibliography in Porter, Medieval Architecture. The abbreviations listed in the first column are those used in the notes.
Baum Julius Baum
Romanesque Architecture in France
Baudot and A. de Baudot and A. Perrault-Dabot Perrault-Dabot
Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historiques
Bond Francis Bond
Gothic Architecture in England
Borrmann and Richard Borrmann und Joseph Neuwirth Neuwirth
Geschichte der Baukunst. 2 vols.
Bumpus T. Francis Bumpus
A Guide to Gothic Architecture
Butler Howard Crosby Butler
Abbeys of Scotland
Cattaneo Raphael Cattaneo
l’Architecture en Italie du VIe au XIe Siècle
Caumont Arcis de Caumont
Abecedaire ou Rudiment d’Archaeologie
Choisy Auguste Choisy
Histoire de l’Architecture. 2 vols.
Cummings Charles A. Cummings
A History of Architecture in Italy. 2 vols.
C. M. H.
Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historique. 1855-72
Dartein Fernand de Dartein
Etude sur l’Architecture Lombarde et sur les origines de l’Architecture Romano-Byzantine. 2 vols.
Dehio and von G. Dehio und G. von Bezold Bezold
Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes. 2 vols., text and 360 plates
Enlart Camille Enlart
Manuel d’Archaeologie Française. 2 vols.
Gosset Alphonse Gosset
Les Coupoles d’Orient et d’Occident
Gaudet Julien Gaudet
Elements et Theorie de l’Architecture
Gurlitt Cornelius Gurlitt
Die Baukunst Frankreichs. 8 vols.
Madrazo-Gurlitt D. Pedro de Madrazo (Spanish text) Cornelius Gurlitt (German text)
Die Baukunst Spaniens
Gwilt Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A. F.R.S.A.
An Encyclopaedia of Architecture. Revised by Wyatt Angelicus van Sandau Papworth
Hamlin A. D. F. Hamlin
A Text-book of the History of Architecture
Hartung Hugo Hartung
Motive der Mittelalterlichen Baukunst in Deutschland
Isabelle Charles Edouard Isabelle
Les Edifices circulaires et les Domes
Joseph D. Joseph
Geschichte der Architektur Italiens
Kugler Franz Theodor Kugler
Geschichte der Baukunst
Lasteyrie R. de Lasteyrie
l’Architecture Religieuse en France a l’Epoque Romane. Ses origines, son developpement
Lenoir Albert Lenoir
Architecture Monastique in Collection des Documents inedits sur Histoire de France
Lefevre-Pontalis Eugène Lefevre-Pontalis
l’Architecture Religieuse dans l’Ancien Diocèse de Soissons au XIe et au XIIe Siècle
Lubke Wilhelm Lubke
Outlines of the History of Art. 2 vols. Edited and revised by Russell Sturgis
M. H.
Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historique
Michel André Michel
Histoire de l’Art depuis les premiers temps Chrétiens jusqu’á nos jours. Published under direction of André Michel by a number of collaborators
Moore Charles Herbert Moore
Development and Character of Gothic Architecture Charles Herbert Moore
Mediaeval Church Architecture of England Charles Herbert Moore
Character of Renaissance Architecture
Mothes Oscar Mothes
Die Baukunst des Mittelalters in Italien
Nesfield W. Eden Nesfield
Specimens of Medieaval Architecture. Drawings
Osten Friedrich Osten
Die Bauwerke in der Lombardei vom 7ten bis zum 14ten Jahrhundert
Porter Arthur Kingsley Porter
Mediaeval Architecture. Its Origins and Development. 2 vols.
Arthur Kingsley Porter
The Construction of Lombard and Gothic Vaults
Prior Edward Schröder Prior
The Cathedral Builders in England
Prioux Stanislas Prioux
Monographie de St. Yved de Braine
Pugin Augustus Pugin
Specimens of the Architecture of Normandy. New Edition edited by Richard Phené Spiers
Ramée Daniel Ramée
Histoire Générale de l’Architecture. 3 vols.
Reber Franz von Reber
History of Mediaeval Art
Revoil Henry Revoil
Architecture du Midi de la France
Rickman Thomas Rickman
Gothic Architecture, or An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England from the Conquest to the Reformation
Rivoira G. Teresio Rivoira
Lombardie Architecture, translated by G. McN. Rushforth
Ross Frederick Ross
The Ruined Abbeys of Britain
Ruprich-Robert V. Ruprich-Robert
L’Architecture Normande aux XIe et XIIe Siècles. En Normandie et en Angleterre
Sharpe Edmund Sharpe
The Seven Periods of English Architecture
Simpson F. M. Simpson
A History of Architectural Development. 3 vols.
Strange Edward F. Strange
The Cathedral Church of Worcester. A description of the Fabin and a brief history of the Episcopal See
Street Geo. Edmund Street
Gothic Architecture in Spain
Sturgis Russell Sturgis
A History of Architecture
Uhde Constantin Uhde
Baudenkmaeler in Grossbrittannien. 2 vols. Plates
Constantin Uhde
Baudenkmaeler in Spanien und Portugal
Viollet-de-Duc Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc
Dictionnaire Raisonné de l’Architecture Française du XIe au XVIe Siècle. 10 vols.
Willis R. Willis
On the construction of the vaults of the Middle Ages (in the Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Vol. I, Part II).
INDEX
Abbreviations.--Ch., Church; Cath., Cathedral; Ab. Ch., Abbey Church; N. D., Notre Dame; S. M., Santa Maria, Saint Mary, etc.
Aachen--Royal Chapel, 26, 36, 160, 161, 176.
Agliate--Ch., 16 note 35.
Aigues-Vives--Ch., 21.
Airaines--Ch., 48 note 160, 161, 49.
Aisles--vaults of, 96 _et seq._
Albi--Ch., 80, 81 note 221, 143 note 35, Fig. 34.
Almeno-San-Salvatore--San Tommaso, 161.
Alternate Supports--system of, 47.
Ambert--Saint Jean, 148.
Ambroise--Saint Florentin, 104.
Ambulatory--vaulting of, 158 _et seq._
---- origin of vaulting of, 159.
---- with annular tunnel vaults, 161.
---- with half tunnel vaults, 160.
---- with transverse tunnel vaults, 161.
---- with groined vaulted trapezoidal bays, 162.
---- with ribbed vaults, 163 _et seq._
---- with vaults with added ribs, 171.
---- with multiple ribbed vaults, 181.
Amiens--Cath., 79, 80, 86, 100, 123, 137 note 29, 145, Fig. 69.
Anclam--Ch., 182 note 50.
Angers--Cath. Saint Maurice, 48, 51 57, 123 note 54, 155, Figs. 19, 74.
---- La Trinité, 70, 71, Fig. 30.
---- Saint Serge, 51, 55, 104, Fig. 21.
Angoulême--Cath. of Saint Pierre, 5, 6, 7, 8, 105, 106, Figs. 3, 4.
Anjou--Churches of, 49 _et seq._
Antwerp--Saint Jacques, 150.
Anzy-le-Duc--Ch., 39.
Apse--vaults of, 124 _et seq._
---- vaulted with half domes, 124.
---- with ribbed half-domes, 125.
---- with “groined” half-domes, 128.
---- with four-part ribbed vaults, 129.
---- with a central pier, 152.
Arbona--Ch., 122.
Arles--17.
---- Saint Trophime, 20, 146, 180 note 44.
---- Saint Honorat in Les Alyscamps, 125, 126.
---- Saint Jean-de-Moustier, 126 note 3.
Assisi--San Francesco, 52, 57.
Auvergne--School of, 16, 25 _et seq._
Auxerre--Cath., 123, 142 note 34, 152, 156, 173, 174, 178, 184, Figs. 75, 84.
---- Saint Germain, 173, 184.
---- Saint Pierre, 152.
Aversa--Cath., 166.
Avesnières--Ch., 49.
Avignon--chapel of the Pont Saint-Benezet, 99 note 275.
---- Cath. N. D. des Doms, 115, 126.
Azy--Chapel, 34 note 101, 132.
Barcelona--Cath., 104 note 279, 147, 148.
Barletta--Cath., 26 note 74.
Bath--Ab. Ch., 92, 123.
Bayeux--Cath., 122 note 53, 148, 153.
---- Seminaire, Chapel of, 148 note 48.
Bayonne--Cath., 123, 148, 176, Fig. 86.
Beaugency--Saint Étienne, 113.
Beaulieu--Ab. Ch., 127.
Beauvais--Basse-Oeuvre, 74.
---- Cath., 69 note 190, 86, 101, Fig. 46.
---- Saint Étienne, 67, 69, 74, 96, 99, Figs. 32, 44.
---- Saint Lucien, 110 note 15.
Beeskow--Ch., 180 note 44.
Belem--Ab. Ch., 104 note 279.
Bénévent-l’Abbaye--Ch., 36, 115.
Bernay--Ch., 42 note 138.
Berne--Minster, 85 note 233, 94.
Bernières-sur-Mer--Ch., 64.
Berzy-le-Sec.--Ch., 127 note 7.
Beurey-Beauguay--Ch., 1.
Beverley--Minster, 79.
Béziers--Cath., 151, 155.
Blois--Château, chapel, 83, 93.
---- Saint Nicolas, 117, 184, Fig. 56.
---- Cath. Saint Louis, 145 note 41.
Boisney--Ch., 113.
Bois-Sainte-Marie--Ch., 162.
Bologna--San Francesco, 69, 142 note 34, 151.
---- San Petronio, 57 note 175.
Bonnes--Ch., 127 note 7.
Boppart--Ch., 74.
Bordeaux, Cath., 114.
---- Saint Michel, 123 note 54.
Boscherville--See Saint Martin-de-Boscherville.
Bourges--Cath., 68, 137, 142, 153, 156, 169, 178, Fig. 76.
---- Maison de Jacques Coeur, 93.
---- Saint Pierre-le-Guillard, 72 note 200, 138, 147.
Bourgogne--School of, 11, 16, 18, 26 note 77, 31 _et seq._
Boxgrove--Priory Ch., 48.
Bragny-en-Charollais--Ch., 39 note 121.
Braisne--Saint Yved, 121, 182.
Brandenburg--Cath., 180.
Brantôme--Ch., 48 note 160.
Brauveiller--Ch., 42 note 136.
Breda--Groote Kerk, 172 note 36.
Bremen--Cath., 71.
Brescia--Duomo Vecchio, 161 note 16.
Breslau--Heiligekreuze, 111 note 16.
Bristol--Cath., 101. _Berkeley Chapel_, p. 95, note 272.
---- Saint Mary Redcliffe, 85, 87.
Bruges--Cath. Saint Sauveur, 138, 172 note 36.
Brunembert--Ch., 108 note 7.
Bruyères--Ch., 127 note 7.
Burgos--Cath., 120, 172 note 36.
Bury--Ch., 52, 54, 164, Figs. 22, 23.
Caen--Abbaye-aux-Dames, see La Trinité.
---- Abbaye-aux-Hommes, see Saint Étienne.
---- La Trinité, 39, 40, 43, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 78, 107, Fig. 27.
---- Saint Étienne, 43, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 76, 77, 103, 108, 135 note 25, 137, 144, 145, 146, Figs. 26, 70.
---- Saint Nicolas, 39, 129.
---- Saint Pierre, 94, 150, 151.
Cahors--Cath., 5, 6 note 21, 7 note 23.
Cambrai--Cath., 138.
Cambridge--King’s College chapel, 91 note 252, 92.
---- Saint Sepulchre, 116.
Canosa--San Sabino, 13 note 30, 14.
Canterbury--Cath., 69, 129, 141, 169, 183.
---- _Trinity Chapel_, 171.
Carcassonne--Saint Nazaire, 17, 19, 157 note 61.
Caryatid Supports--for ribs, 54.
Casamari--Ch., 69 note 194, 122.
Caudebec-en-Caux, N.D., 152.
Cavaillon--Ch., 36.
Centering--of Perigord domes, 7.
Cerce--48.
Cerisy-la-Forêt--Ch., 64 note 180, 112 note 23.
Chalons-sur-Marne--N.D., 103, 177, also note 41.
---- Notre Dame-de-l’Épine (near), 149, Fig. 71.
---- Saint Alpin, 147.
Champagne--Ch., 12 note 29, 27 note 78, 162.
Chapelle-sur-Crécy, La--Ch., 152.
Chapels--transept, vaults of, 112.
Chartres--Cath., 137, 144, 145, 159, 173, Fig. 68.
Chateauneuf--Ch., 29 note 87.
Chatel-Montagne--Ch., 26, 29 note 87, and note 89.
Chatillon-sur-Seine--Ch., 36.
Chaumont--Ch., 104 note 279.
Chauvigny--N.D., 114.
---- Saint Pierre, 25.
Chelles--Ch. 127 note 7.
Chester--Cath., 84.
Chevets--110, 131 _et seq._
---- square, 108.
---- radiating-ribbed, 132, 137.
---- broken-ribbed, 138.
---- buttressing-ribbed, 141.
---- diagonal-ribbed, 144.
---- with added ribs, 146.
---- impost level of vault ribs, 153.
---- shape of cells in, 154.
---- with pierced panels, 156.
Chichester--Cath., 65 note 184.
Clermont-Ferrand--Cath., 114, 158.
---- Notre Dame-du-Port, 27, also note 80, 106, 115, Fig. 49, 50.
Cléry--Ch., 178 note 42.
---- Chapel of Saint Jacques, 95, Fig. 42.
Cluny--Ab. Ch., 31, 33, 40, 105.
---- N.D., 121.
Cologne--Cath., 122 note 50.
---- Saint Mary of the Capitol, 110.
---- Saint Maurice, 42 note 136, 79, 80.
Como--Sant’ Abondio, 126, 127 note 7.
---- San Fedele, 161.
Constantinople--SS. Sergius and Bacchus, 117, 128.
Corneto-Tarquinia--Ch., 69, 127.
Coutances--Cath., 101, 119, 172, 174, also note 39, 180, Figs. 59, 82.
Creully--Ch., 43, 66.
Crossing--vaults of, 113 _et seq._
---- towers over, 114 _et seq._
---- rib-vaulted, 122.
Culhat--Ch., 20 note 46, 22.
Cunault--Ch., 24, 125.
Cyprus, 5 note 15.
Dijon--Notre Dame, 69 note 191.
---- Saint Bénigne, 161.
Dinan--Cath., 138.
Dol--Cath., 122 note 53.
Domes--on spherical pendentives, 1, 2.
---- on squinches, 2, 8, 9.
---- comparison of Perigord and Byzantine, 3.
---- exterior roofing of, in Perigord, 5.
---- centering of, in Perigord, 7.
---- gored, 9.
---- ribbed, 115.
---- lobed, 116.
---- “Gothic,” or Double Chevets, 117.
Domont--Ch., 78 note 217, 184.
Dorat, Le--Ch., 114, 115.
Durham--Cath., 69 note 102, 75, 76, 77, 78, 85, 99, Fig. 33.
Eastern Terminations--Exceptional, 182.
Ely--Cath., 84, 87.
Épinal--Ch., 108 note 7.
l’Épine--in Notre Dame-de-l’Épine.
Erfurt--Frankiskanerkirche, 72 note 201.
Essen--Ch., 26.
Étampes--N.D., 144.
---- Saint Gilles, 122 note 53.
---- Saint Martin, 127 note 7, 176, 178, 184.
Evreux--Cath., 119.
Exeter--Cath., 85, 86, 89, 106, Fig. 37.
Farges--Ch., 33 note 98.
Ferté-Bernard--Chapelle de la Vièrge, 95.
Firouz Abad--palace, 2.
Florence--Baptistery, 110.
---- Cath. S. M. del Fiore, 57, 58, 127 note 5.
---- S. M. Novella, 57, 58, 122 note 50 _Pazzi Chapel_, 117, Fig. 57.
Fontenay--Ch., 36.
Fontevrault--Ch., 4 note 12, 6 note 21.
Fontfroide--Ch., 20 note 43.
Fontgombault--Ch., 30 note 91.
Forest--l’Abbaye--Ch., 129 note 14.
Fortunatus--114.
Fossanova--Ab. Ch., 122.
Fountains Abbey--37.
Freiberg-in-Sachsen--Cath., 94 note 263, 104 note 279.
Freiburg--Cath., 94, 150, 181, Figs. 72, 88.
Fréjus--Cath., 48.
Fulda--Saint Michael, 26.
Gebweiler Saint Legerius, 48.
Gelnhausen--Saint Marien, 119 note 44.
Gensac--Ch., 6 note 21, 7 note 22.
Germigny-des-Prés--Ch., 2, 16 note 35.
Gerona--Cath., 81 note 221.
Gloucester--Cath., 43, 82, 87, 99, 161. _Lady Chapel_, 87. _Cloister_, 91, 92, Fig. 40.
Gmund--Ch. of Holy Cross, 94, 104.
Gonesse--Ch., 172 note 36.
Gourdon--Ch., 39 note 121.
Gregory of Tours--114.
Grenoble--Saint Laurent, 16 note 35, 129.
Güben--Ch., 181.
Guebviller--Ch., 42 note 136.
Hauterive--Ch., 36.
Heidelberg--Old Cath., 180.
---- Peterskirche, 104 note 279.
Hereford--Cath., 85, 89.
Hieroskypos--Ch., 5 note 15, 8 note 25.
Ile-de-France--Transitional Chs. of, 66, 67.
Issoire--Saint Paul, 20 note 46, 106 note 4.
---- Saint Austremoine, 27 note 82.
Ivrea--Cath., 158, 159.
Javarzay--Ch., 37.
Jedburgh--Ab. Ch., 105.
Jerusalem--Saint Anne, 40.
Jouaignes--Chapel, 34 note 101.
Jumèges--Ab. Ch., 26 note 76, 43, 121. Saint Pierre, 26.
Kaschau--Ch., 182 note 50.
Keisheim--Ch., 180 note 44.
Kirkstall--Ab. Ch., 112.
Kolin--Ch. 180.
Laach--Ch., 41 notes 131, 132.
Laffaux--Ch., 127 note 7.
Lagny--Ch., 174 note 39, 182 note 50.
Landshut--Saint Martin, 104 note 279.
Lanfranc--59.
Langres--Cath., 168, 169, Fig. 80.
Lantern Towers--114.
---- with Eight-Part Vaults, 120.
Laon--Cath., 69 note 191, 103, 112, 121, 184, Figs. 48, 54, 60.
---- Church of the templars, 116. Fig. 55. _Bishops Palace, Chapel of_, 133, Fig. 62.
Largny--Ch., 132.
Larnaca--Ch., 5 note 15.
Laval--La Trinité, 48 note 160.
Lérins--La Trinité, 110 note 12.
---- Saint Honorat, 17 note 38, 19.
Lescar--Cath., 36.
Lessay--Ch., 43, 77.
Lesterps--Ch., 22.
Lichfield--Cath., 84, also note 232, 93, 101.
Lighting--of tunnel-vaulted churches, 18.
---- in naves with square bays, 57.
---- of half domed apses, 124.
Limburg--Cath., 71, 108.
Limoges--Saint Martial, 27 note 81, 29 note 87.
Lincoln--Cath., 65 note 184, 69, also note 192, 72 note 200, 82, 83, 84, 101, note 276, Figs. 35, 36.
Linköping--Cath., 104 note 279.
Lisseweghe--Ch. 182 note 50.
Loches--Saint Ours, 14, 15, 55, Figs. 9, 10, 24.
Loctudy--Ch. 160.
Loire--School of, 29 _et seq._
Lombardy--24.
---- School of, 26 note 77, 42, 44 _et seq._
London--Tower Chapel, 22, 159.
Louis VI--74.
Lübeck--Saint Jakob, 182 note 50.
Lucheux--Ch., 48 note 160, 161.
Ludinghausen--Ch., 182 note 50.
Lusignan--Ch., 37.
Magdeburg--Cath., 72, 100, 101, 172 note 36.
---- _Brunnenkapelle_, 157.
Mainz--Cath., 41 note 133.
---- Saint Stephen, 104 note 279.
Malmo--Ch., 174 note 39.
Mans, Le--Cath., 47, 93, 171, 178, 180, 182.
---- La Couture, 48 note 160, 49, 50, 55, 57, 151 note 52, 183, Fig. 20.
---- N.D. du Pré, 64 note 180.
Mantes--Cath., 37, 69 note 191, 102, 146, 161.
Marburg--Saint Elizabeth, 104, 111 note 16.
Marseilles--La Major, 115 note 37.
Meaux--Cath., 26 note 74.
Mehun-sur-Yevre--Ch., 184 note 65.
Melle--Saint Pierre, 22, 24 note 60.
Mézières--Ch., 94.
Milan--Cath., 79, 80, 155, 168.
---- Sant’ Ambrogio, 16 note 35, 41, 44, 46, 59, 60, 78 note 217, Fig. 18.
---- San Babila, 24 note 63.
---- Sant’ Eustorgio, 24 note 63.
---- San Nazzaro, 52 note 169.
Minden--Cath., 104 note 279.
Moissac--Ab. Ch., 138.
Molfetta--Cath., 13 also note 30, 20.
Mollèges--Saint Thomas, 17 note 37.
Monasterio de la Oliva--Ch., 127.
Montagne--Ch. 116 note 39.
Montiérender--Ch., 26.
Montmajour--Ch., 17 note 37, 127 note 7, 160.
Mont Saint Vincent--Ch., 35 note 103.
Morienval--Ch., 74, 78 note 219, 127, 152, 163, 166 note 26, 168, Figs. 77, 78, 79.
Moulins--Cath., 138, 147.
Nantes--Cath., 114.
Nantille--N.D., 116 note 39.
Naples--Cath. _Baptistry_, 2.
Narbonne--Cath., 114.
Naves--vaults of, 1 _et seq._
---- and aisles of equal height, 104.
---- vaulted with domes on squinches, 8.
---- without side aisles, 48.
Nesle--Ch., 72 note 200.
Neubourg--Ch., 152 note 54, 178 note 42.
Neufchâtel--Ch., 111 note 19.
Nevers--Cath., 55, Fig. 25.
---- Saint Étienne, 18 note 39, 29, 106, 125 note 2.
Nîmes--17.
---- amphitheatre, 159.
---- Nymphaeum, 17.
---- temple of Diana, 17, 126 note 3.
Normandy--59.
---- School of, 26 note 77, 42.
Norwich--Cath., 87, 184 note 65.
Notre Dame-de-l’Épine--Ch., 149, 150, Fig. 71.
Nouaille--Ch., 22 note 58.
Noyon--Cath., 67, 78 note 217, 99, 103, 110, 136 note 28, 141, 144. _Chapel of_, 94, Fig. 41.
Nürnberg--Saint Lorenz, 178.
Nymwegen--Ch., 26, 180.
Omonville-la-Rogue--Ch., 108 note 9.
Oppenheim--Ch., 182 note 50.
Orange--Cath., 37.
Orcival--Ch., 107, 115, 184 note 60.
Orleans--Saint Euverte, 123.
Ouistreham--Ch., 64.
Oxford--Cath., 87, 93.
---- Christ Church staircase, 91 note 253.
---- Proscholium, 87.
---- Schools, 86 note 236.
Paderborn--Cath., 104 note 279, 111 note 16.
Padua--Sant’ Antonio, 13 note 30, 148, 151 note 52.
Palestine--40.
Palognieu--Ch., 35 note 103.
Pamplona--Cath., 176.
---- San Saturnino, 146.
Paray-le-Monial--Ch., 32, 34, 163, 170, Figs. 14, 15.
Paris--Cath. N.D., 68, 103, 114, 122 note 50, 142, 180.
---- Sainte Chapelle, 56, 80, 104 note 279.
---- Saint Étiennne-du-Mont, 123.
---- Saint Eustache, 94, 180.
---- Saint Germain-des-Pres., 139, 141.
---- Saint Martin-des-Champs, 127, 135 note 25, 136 note 28, 138, 139, 141, 161, Fig. 65.
---- Saint Severin, 150, 180.
Parthenay-le-Vieux--Notre Dame, 20 note 46, 22.
Pavia--Certosa, 69, 72, 100.
---- San Lanfranco, 47.
---- San Michele, 46, 58 note 176, 60.
---- San Teodoro, 57 note 175.
Pendants--92.
Pendentives--3.
---- domes on spherical, 1.
Perigord--school of, 2, 6, 7, 51.
Périgueux--2.
---- Cath. of Saint Front, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 36 note 108, 105, 114, Figs. 1, 2.
---- Saint Étienne, 6, 7.
Peristeroma--Ch., 5 note 15, 8 note 25.
Perpignan--Cath. Saint Jean, 148.
Perugia--Cath., 104 note 279.
Peterborough--Cath., 89, 90, 91, 92, 99, Fig. 39.
Petit Quévilly, Le--Ch., 65, 66.
Pirna--Hauptkirche, 150 note 51.
Poitiers--Cath., 48 note 160, 51, 104.
---- Notre Dame-la-Grande, 24, 125 note 1.
---- Saint Hilaire, 11, 12, 36 note 105, 112 note 22, 125 note 1, Figs. 7, 8.
---- Sainte Radegonde, 48 note 160, 51, 57.
Poitou--21.
---- School of, 16, 23 _et seq._
Pontaubert--Ch., 39 note 121.
Pontoise--Saint Maclou, 168, 174.
Pontorson--Ch., 77.
Prenzlau--Marienkirche, 104 note 279.
Preuilly-sur-Claise--Ch., 162.
Provence--School of, 16, 17 _et seq._, 125.
Provins--Saint Quiriace, 72, 140, 152, 153, Fig. 31.
Puiseaux--Ch., 108 note 9.
Puy, Le--Cath. of Notre Dame, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 35, Figs. 5, 6.
Quedlinburg--Saint Wipertus (near), 159.
Querqueville--Ch., 110 note 13.
Quimperlé-Sainte Croix, 159 note 7.
Radiating Chapels--Vaulting of, 183.
Ravenna--Palace of Theodoric, 24 note 63.
---- San Vitale, 2, 162.
Reims--Cath., 79, 80, 143, 152, 153.
---- Saint Jacques, 69, Fig. 29.
---- Saint Nicaise, 182.
---- Saint Remi, 37, 112 note 23, 135 note 25, 136, 141, 143 note 36, 154, 168, 173, 176, 177, 178, 184, Figs. 64, 83, 87.
Rhenish Provinces--School of, 26 note 77, 41.
Ribe--Cath., 71.
Ribs--transverse, function of, 99.
---- use of wall, in Gothic ribbed vaulting, 136.
---- ridge, in Anjou, 49.
---- impost level in chevet vaults, 153.
Rieux-Merinville--Ch., 160.
Ripon--Cath., 82.
Rivolta-d’Adda--Ch., 41, 44, 58 note 176.
Roberval--Ch., 108 note 7.
Rochester--Cath., 26 note 74, 69 note 192.
Rolduc--Ch., 110.
Rome--Basilica of Maxentius, 36, 78 note 217.
---- Domus Augustana, 2.
---- Lateran Baptistry, 25.
---- Palace of the Caesars, 2.
---- Santa Costanza, 159.
---- San Giovanni in Laterano, 158.
---- S. M. sopra Minerva, 138.
---- Stadium of Domitian, 158, 159 note 6.
---- Temple di Siepe, 129.
---- Thermae of Caracalla, 2.
Ronceray--Ch., 36.
Rosheim--Ch., 42 note 136.
Rouen--Cath., 26 note 74, 79, 100, 143, 171, 174.
---- Lycée Corneille, 111.
---- Saint Maclou, 121.
Rue--Chapel of Saint Esprit, 95.
Rys--Ch., 108 note 9.
Saint Aignan--Ch., 54 note 171.
Saint Astier--Ch., 6.
Saint Avit-Sénieur--Ch., 6, 50.
Saint Barnabas--Ch., 5 note 15.
Saint Benoît sur Loire--Ch., 18 note 39, 22, 30, 125 note 2, Fig. 13.
Saint Bertrand-des-Comminges--Ch., 81.
Saint Denis--Ab. Ch., 66, 67, 75, 78, 169, 174.
Saint Dié--42 note 136.
Saint Gabriel--Ch., 64.
Saint Genou--Ch., 18 note 39, 22, 30.
Saint Germer-de-Fly--Ch., 43, 67, 78, 79, 101, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 153, 154, 168, Fig. 63. _Sainte Chapelle_, 137.
Saint Gilles--Ch., 99 note 275.
Saint Guilhem-du-Désert--Ch., 19, 20.
Saint Hilaire--Saint Florent.--Ch., 51.
Saint Jean-au-Bois--Ch., 108 note 7.
Saint Jouin-de-Marnes--Ch., 22 note 58.
Saint Leu d’Esserent--Ch., 54 note 170, 141, 170, Fig. 81.
Saint Loup-de-Naud--Ch., 25 note 66, 40.
Saint Martin-de-Boscherville--Saint Georges, 39, 64, 108, 112, also note 23, 121, 127, 138, Figs. 51-61. _Chapter-house,_ 108, Fig. 52.
Saint Martin-de-Londres--Ch., 17 note 37, 110 note 12.
Saint Nectaire--Ch., 27 note 82, 106 note 4, 115.
Saint Nicholas-du-Port--Ch., 94, 108, 123 note 57.
Saint Paul-Trois-Châteaux--Ch., 20 note 44, 21 note 49.
Saint Pierre-de-Redes--Ch., 17 note 37, 127 note 7.
Saint Pierre-sur-Dives--Ch., 180.
Saint Pons-de-Mauchiens--Ch., 40.
Saint Quentin--Cath., 148, 174.
Saint Saturnin--Ch., 27 note 79, 106 note 4.
Saint Savin-sur-Gartempe--Ch., 24, 125, 162.
Saint Vincent-des-Prés--Ch., 33 note 98.
Saintes--Saint Eutrope, 21, 36 note 105, 40, 160.
Salamanca--Old Cath., 51, 55 note 173, 117 note 42.--New Cath., 94, 117.
Salisbury--Cath., 79, 101 note 276.
San Galgano--Ch., 69 note 194.
San Martino--Ch., 69 note 194.
Santiago-de-Compostella--Ch., 29 note 86, 55 note 172.
Saragossa--Cath., 120.
Sarvistan--palace, 2.
Saumur--Saint Pierre, 116 note 39.
Schlestadt--Ch., 42 note 136.
Séez--Cath., 138.
Segovia--Cath., 94.
Semur-en-Auxois--N. D., 143 note 35.
Senlis--Cath., 67, 102, 141 note 33, Fig. 47. _Chapel of_, 95, Fig. 43.
Sens--Cath., 67, 98, 122 note 50, 141, 142, 169, 171, Figs. 28, 45.
Severac-le-Châteaux--Ch., 40.
Sherborne--Ab. Ch., 90, 92.
Silvacane--Ch., 20, 30.
Simiane--Château, 116 note 40.
Soest--S. M. zur Wiese, 104 note 279.
Soissons--Cath., 78, 79, 111, 112, 122 note 50, 135 note 25, 136 note 28, 137, 141, 142, 143, 176, 184, Fig. 67.
Solignac--Ch., 6 note 21, 7 note 22, 114.
Souillac--Ch., 6 note 21, 105.
Southwell--Minster, 101 note 276.
Souvigny--Ch., 18 note 40, 22, 34, 93.
Speyer--Cath., 41 note 133, 42, 58.
Spoleto--San Salvatore or del Crocifisso, 114.
Squinches--domes on, 2.
Stargarde--Marien-kirche, 148, 180.
---- Johanniskirche, 180 note 44.
Stendal--S.M., 104 note 279.
Strassburg--Cath., 178 note 42.
Tag-Eivan--35.
Tarascon--Saint Gabriel, 17.
Tewkesbury--Ab. Ch., 87, 89, 150, 178 note 42, Fig. 38.
Thor--Ch., 127 note 7.
Tivoli--Villa Adriana, 2, 117, 128, 129.
Toledo--Cath., 178.
Torcy--Ch., 127 note 7.
Toro--Ch., 117 note 42.
Toul--Saint Gengoulf, 182 note 50.
Toulon-sur-Arroux--Ch., 39 note 121.
Toulouse--Jacobins, 182, Fig. 89.
---- Saint Nicholas, 81.
---- Saint Sernin, 18 note 41, 20 note 46, 28, 29, 112 note 23, 125 note 2, 162.
Tour--Ch., 108 note 9.
Tournai--Cath., 110, 133, 138, 169 note 29, 174, Figs. 53, 85.
Tournus--Saint Philibert, 34, 36, 162.
Tours--Saint Martin, 29 note 87, 114, 158, 183.
Trani--S. M. Immacolata, 13 note 30 and 32.
---- S. M. dei Martiri (near), 13 notes 30 and 32.
Transepts--Vaults of, 105, _et seq._
---- semicircular vaults of, 110.
---- with tunnel vaults, 105.
---- with five-part vaults, 107.
Tréguier--Cath., 106.
Tremolac--Ch., 105.
Treptow--Ch., 180 note 44.
Trier--Liebfrauenkirche, 182 note 50.
Triforium--Origin and use, in Auvergne, 25.
---- vaults of, 101.
Troyes--Cath., 123, 143 note 35.
---- Saint Urbain, 101, 108, 153, Fig. 73.
Tulle--Cath., 83, 93.
Upsala--Ch., 182.
Utrecht--Cath., 174 note 39.
Vaison--Cath., 20, 30.
Valentigny--Ch., 108 note 7.
Vauciennes--Ch., 108 note 7.
Vaults and Vaulting--tunnel, 16.
---- transverse over nave, 34.
---- transverse over aisles, 36.
---- Romanesque schools of tunnel-vaulted churches, 16.
---- tunnel with cross ribs, 37.
---- apse, 124 _et seq._
---- pyramidal, 14.
---- groined, naves with, 37.
---- with Added Ribs--Outside of England, 93.
---- Fan Vaulting, 89.
---- ribbed, 43.
---- of side aisles, 96.
---- Tracery Vaults, 89.
---- Sexpartite, 58 _et seq._
---- Pseudo-sexpartite, 62.
---- Eight-part, 72.
---- with Added Ribs, 81.
---- Tierceron Vaulting, 84.
---- Lierne Vaulting, 87.
---- Interpenetrating multiple ribbed, 88.
---- Five-part, 100, 107.
---- of triforia, 101.
---- of transept, 105.
Vauxrezis--Ch., 127 note 7.
Vendeuvre--Ch., 108 note 7.
Venice--Cath. San Marco, 13 note 30.
---- Frari, 57.
---- SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 57 note 175.
Verberie--Ch., 108 note 7.
Verona--Cath., 57 note 175.
---- Santo Stefano, 158, 159, 160, 166 note 26.
Vertheuil--Ch., 161.
Vézelay--La Madeleine, 34, 38, 39, 40, 43, 101, 137, 140, 154, Figs. 16, 17, 66.
Viborg--Cath., 71.
Vicenza--SS. Felice e Fortunato, 24 note 63, 47.
Vieil-Arcy--Ch., 127 note 8.
Vieux Mareuil--Ch., 105.
Vigan--Ch., 182.
Vignory--Ch., 26, 152, 159.
Villemagne--Saint Gregoire, 64 note 180.
Villeneuve-le-Comte--Ch., 182 note 50.
Vizeu--Cath., 93.
Voulton--Ch., 74 note 203.
Voute-par-tranches--4.
Wells--Cath., 89.
Wesel--Saint Willibrord, 178.
Westminster--Ab. Ch., 79, 83, 147. _Islip’s Chapel_, 92. _Henry VII’s Chapel_, 92.
William of Sens--69.
Wimpfen--Stadkirche, 94.
Winchester--Cath., 87, 88, 104 note 279, 112 note 23.
---- Saint Cross, 108.
Windsor--Saint George’s Chapel, 89.
Worcester--Cath., 65 note 184, 83, 84, 101.
Worms--Cath., 119, 127 note 5, Fig. 58.
---- Liebfrauen kirche, 180 note 44.
Xanten--Ch., 182 note 50.
Ypres--Saint Martin, 151.
Zamora--Cath., 116, 117 note 42.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Rivoira I, p. 29, et seq.; also Lasteyrie, p. 272, et seq.
[2] Lasteyrie, p. 274, and Fig. 268.
[3] Lasteyrie, p. 270.
[4] Early ex., Umm es-Zeitun illustrated in Rivoira, I, p. 35, Fig. 51.
[5] Rivoira, I, p. 193, Fig. 273.
[6] Rivoira, I, p. 57, Fig. 82.
[7] Rivoira, I, p. 33, Fig. 46.
[8] Rivoira, I, p. 35, Fig. 50.
[9] Lasteyrie, p. 465 et seq.
[10] Lasteyrie, p. 470.
[11] Lasteyrie, p. 472, Fig. 489.
[12] Exception to this at Fontevrault, see Reber, p. 358.
[13] See Choisy, I, p. 20.
[14] See Fig. 4.
[15] Other examples, all in Cyprus:
1) Peristeroma. 2) Hieroskypos. 3) Saint Barnabas. 4) Larnaca. Enlart, I, p. 210, and p. 286, note 3.
[16] Lasteyrie, pp. 473, 474.
[17] Lasteyrie, Figs. 491 and 498. Also cathedral of Cahors (original state) Fig. 495.
[18] See Lasteyrie, p. 473 and Enlart, I, p. 211, note 1.
[19] Lasteyrie, p. 474, Fig. 490.
[20] See Lasteyrie, p. 475.
[21] Among them, Cahors (Lot) Cath. (consecrated 1119); Souillac (Lot) Ch., Plan, Lasteyrie, Fig. 493; Fontevrault (Maine et Loire) Ab. Ch., Plan, Lasteyrie, Fig. 494; Gensac (Charente) Ch. (wooden roof over dome), Plan, Lasteyrie, Fig. 356. Section Lasteyrie, Fig. 496; Solignac (Haute-Vienne) Ch., (consecrated 1143).
[22] See also Gensac, Lasteyrie, Fig. 496, and Solignac, Fig. 264.
[23] Also Cahors Cath.,--Périgueux Saint Étienne, etc.
[24] See comparison of Périgueux, Saint Front, and Venice, San Marco in Lasteyrie, p. 470, Fig. 486 and p. 471, Fig. 487.
[25] Also Peristeroma (Cyprus), Enlart, I, p. 210 and p. 286, note 3; Hieroskypos (Cyprus), Enlart, I, p. 210 and p. 286.
[26] The clerestory is omitted in the earlier bays and the crossing has peculiar vaulting described in a later chapter.
[27] See Rivoira, I, p. 35, Fig. 51 and Lasteyrie, p. 267, Fig. 259 for examples of this awkward type.
[28] See Fig. 7. There is one rectangular bay at the end of the transept aisles and this is covered by an interpenetrating vault at the level of the transverse nave arches.
[29] In France, at Champagne (Ardèche), there is a church vaulted in a manner similar to Le Puy, but it is doubtful whether such a method was the original intention of the builders, since each dome is placed over two rectangular nave bays. Enlart, I, pp. 289-291. Plan, Fig. 120. This is, however, a most interesting church for the domes are very segmental in section, are supported upon squinches and have transverse arches through their centers. There is also no clerestory and, in fact, the entire church is of the standard Auvergne type except for the vaults. A reference to the drawings in Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, Vol. V, pl. 27, will show this peculiar system.
[30] Among these may be cited: Venice, San Marco, reconstructed 1052 or 1071, dedicated Dec. 8, 1094, but added to and decorated in the twelfth century and later. Canosa, San Sabino (1101). Trani, Santa Maria Immacolata (twelfth century). Santa Maria dei Martiri (near Trani) (also twelfth century). Molfetta, Cathedral (late twelfth and early thirteenth century). Padua, Sant’ Antonio (thirteenth century) Byzantine-Gothic type, numerous Sicilian churches, etc.
[31] Plan, in Cummings, II, p. 18, Fig. 248. Interior in Michel, I, p. 542, Fig. 273.
[32] Similar churches: Trani, Santa Maria Immacolata, plan in Dehio and von Bezold, I, p. 354. Santa Maria dei Martiri, Ch.
[33] Rarely the case in Byzantine architecture.
[34] Choisy (Choisy, II, p. 201) thus accounts for the vaults, which would then be variants of Perigord domes, but the plan and supports of the pyramids suggest the influence of Le Puy.
[35] Examples in France: Grenoble, Saint Laurent (crypt of the seventh or eighth century), Germigny, des-Prés (ninth century), etc. Examples in Italy: Milan, Sant’ Ambrogio (choir of the ninth century), Agliate, etc.
[36] For illustrations of Romanesque churches and vaults, the reader is advised to consult Lasteyrie, Dehio and von Bezold, and Enlart.
[37] See also Montmajour (Bouches-du-Rhône); Saint Martin-de-Londres (Hérault); Saint Pierre-de-Redes (Hérault); Mollèges (Bouches-du-Rhône), Saint Thomas. See Reber, pp. 337, Figs. 201-202.
[38] Also Lérins (Alpes-Maritimes), Saint Honorat (portion).
[39] Early examples: Saint Genou, choir (end of eleventh century), Saint Benoît-sur-Loire, choir (begun 1602), Nevers, Saint Étienne.
[40] The double-aisled abbey church of Souvigny, which has a clerestory, might be cited as an exception to this statement, but judging from the narrowness of its inner aisles (Fig. 19) it would appear as if its nave had originally been deprived of direct light, and that the present clerestory must have been introduced with or without a vault above it, either before or at the time when the outer aisles were added. If so, it would not prove an exception to the rule. The present nave vault is an addition of a late Gothic period.
[41] As in Saint Sernin at Toulouse.
[42] Reber, p. 341, Fig. 205a, and Lasteyrie, p. 413, Fig. 431.
[43] Reber, p. 342, Fig. 260a. See also, Abbaye de Fontfroide, Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, V, pl. 41.
[44] Found also in St. Paul-Trois-Châteaux, Lasteyrie, p. 412, Fig. 429.
[45] See pp. 13, 14.
[46] Exs., Issoire (Puy-de-Dôme), Saint Paul, see Enlart, I, p. 269, Fig. 102, or Choisy II, p. 209. Toulouse (Haute-Garonne), Saint Sernin, see Choisy, II, p. 212. Culhat (Puy-de-Dôme), Ch. Lasteyrie, p. 250, Fig. 241. Parthenay-le-Vieux (Deux-Sèvres), Notre Dame, ill. in Choisy, I, p. 205, etc.
[47] Enlart, I, p. 267, Fig. 100 and Lasteyrie, p. 413, Fig. 430.
The clerestory at Vaison is hardly worthy of the name, for its windows are cut entirely _above_ the imposts of the vault, which is of pointed section, and therefore does not acquire thickness so rapidly as to render the windows too deep to admit a reasonable amount of light. The construction of such a clerestory consists merely in taking advantage of the pointed form of vaulting without presenting structural advances. Its windows are necessarily small and deep set and the system is not a satisfactory solution of the lighting problem.
[48] Revoil, II, pl. XVIII.
[49] Semicircular vaults were sometimes used, however. Example, Saint Paul-Trois Châteaux (Drome), Cath. (first half of the twelfth century), Lasteyrie, p. 412, Fig. 429, etc.
[50] Choisy, II, p. 206, Fig. 14.
[51] Enlart, I, p. 268, Fig. 101.
[52] Choisy, II, p. 205, Fig. 13.
[53] Lasteyrie, p. 250, Fig. 241.
[54] See statement to that effect in Rivoira, II, p. 106.
[55] See Dehio and von Bezold, p. 260.
[56] Ruprich-Robert, p. 8, Fig. 45, and Reber, Fig. 235.
[57] Lasteyrie, p. 455, Fig. 473.
[58] Lasteyrie, p. 456, Fig. 474, also Saint Jouin-de-Marnes (Deux-Sèvres), Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 32, and Nouaille (Vienne), Ch., Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 37.
[59] For example, the aisle vaults seldom carry the tile of the roofs outside of Provence and Auvergne.
[60] This arrangement is general in the school and may be understood by referring to the illustration of Melle, Saint Pierre, Lasteyrie, p. 455, Fig. 473. A number of churches which are exceptions to this rule have already been noted under Provence (see pp. 21, 22).
[61] See Lasteyrie, p. 454, Fig. 471.
[62] The three western bays of the church are early twelfth century and have transverse arches.
[63] Rivoira (Rivoira, I, p. 97) says that such arches were used beneath groined vaults as early as the eighth century in the palace of Theodoric at Ravenna, and gives as tenth century examples (p. 176) the aisles of Sant’ Eustorgio at Milan and the nave and aisles of S.S. Felice e Fortunato, at Vicenza, and as examples of the early eleventh century, the nave and aisles of San Babila, also at Milan.
[64] It is a question whether the transverse arches actually carried much or any of the weight of the vault. (See discussion of this point as regards crypts in Porter, Construction of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, pp. 17-18.) They did, however, strengthen the church by tying together the piers and walls besides saving centering as above stated.
[65] Lasteyrie, p. 455, Fig. 472.
[66] The influence of the Poitou system was quite extensive, however, as is shown by the little church of Saint Loup-de-Naud (Seine-et-Marne) (eleventh and twelfth centuries), Choisy, II, p. 207, Fig. 15.
[67] See Choisy, II, p. 210. The great objection to this is that they are not found in the neighboring provinces, in which much the same reason for having them must have existed.
[68] See Lasteyrie, pp. 388-391, for account of the latter.
[69] Rivoira, II, p. 283, Fig. 727.
[70] Michel I, p. 444, Fig. 208.
[71] Enlart I, p. 255, Fig. 94.
[72] Lasteyrie, p. 330, Fig. 354.
[73] Rivoira, II, p. 47, Fig. 410.
[74] Other examples showing extent of the method are, Barletta cathedral in Italy, and Rochester Cathedral (twelfth century) in England, while Rouen and Meaux cathedrals furnish Gothic instances. See also Enlart, I, p. 257, note 1.
[75] It is also worthy of note as showing the architectural influence of Lombardy and the Rhenish provinces upon Auvergne, that Chatel-Montagne has the alternate system of supports, a Lombard-Rhenish-Norman characteristic rarely found outside of these schools.
[76] This would also explain the elevation and vaulting of the aisles of Jumièges-Abbey church, which are unlike those of the other churches of Normandy and yet not truly Lombard in type. See p. 43.
[77] It is also characteristic of the churches of Normandy, Bourgogne and the Rhenish provinces, all more or less strongly Lombard.
[78] An exception to this is to be seen in the church of Champagne (Ardèche), see note 29.
[79] See section of Saint Saturnin (Puy-de-Dôme), Lasteyrie, p. 437, Fig. 454.
[80] Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme), Notre Dame-du-Port, Choisy, II, p. 230, Fig. 30.
[81] Example, Limoges (Haute-Vienne), Saint Martial, Lasteyrie, p. 251, Fig. 242.
[82] See also Issoire (Puy-de-Dôme), Saint Austremoine (early twelfth century), Michel, I, p. 461, Fig. 218. Saint Nectaire (Puy-de-Dôme) (eleventh century).
[83] Partly because the half tunnel vault in this part of the church required a strong and continuous impost.
[84] Already seen in Poitou.
[85] See discussion of this form of crossing on p. 106
[86] Saint Sernin served as a model for the Spanish church of Santiago-de-Compostella (eleventh and twelfth centuries), which shows the extended influence of Auvergne.
[87] Other examples are: Chatel-Montagne (Allier), Ch., Chateauneuf (Saône-et-Loire), Ch. Choisy, II, p. 245, Limoges (Haute-Vienne), Saint Martial, (destroyed, see Enlart, I, p. 256, note 5), without windows according to Lasteyrie (see Lasteyrie, p. 251, Fig. 242), Tours (Indre-et-Loire), Saint Martin (probable system).
[88] Illustrated in Baum, p. 154.
[89] See also Chatel-Montagne (Allier), Ch., Lasteyrie, p. 330, Fig. 354.
[90] Lasteyrie, p. 338, Fig. 360.
[91] The church of Fontgombault (Indre) (Baum, p. 265) is a similar church, but of later date (consecrated 1141), which might be classed as belonging to the “Loire school.”
[92] See Lasteyrie, p. 424.
[93] Reber, p. 351.
[94] Rivoira, II, p. 106.
[95] Rivoira, II, p. 106, Fig. 490.
[96] The plan as given in Guadet, p. 265, Fig. 1127, shows groined vaults in both aisles, and the portion of the church remaining would make it seem probable that it originally had groined aisles in one story, but the matter is of little importance here.
[97] Lasteyrie is of the opinion that these walls were raised to make it possible to place straight wooden beams across the church above the vaults (see Lasteyrie, p. 340, and also Choisy, II, p. 162, Fig. C.), but even if this were one reason, they also materially aided by their downward pressure, in offsetting the outward thrust.
[98] Pointed nave arcade arches were used as early as the eleventh century in Bourgogne in such churches as Farges and Saint Vincent-des-Prés (Saône-et-Loire); see Lasteyrie, p. 428.
[99] These lie along the line between Bourgogne and Auvergne, and the influence of the latter school may account for the preference shown in them for round headed arches.
[100] See Enlart, I, p. 275.
[101] Azy (Aisne), Chapel. Jouaignes (Aisne), Chapel. See Enlart, I, p. 445, note 1.
[102] Enlart, I, p. 270, Fig. 103, and Porter, I, p. 278.
[103] A few examples are found, among them: Mont Saint Vincent (Saône-et-Loire) Ch. (eleventh century), see Enlart, I, p. 272, and Lasteyrie, p. 248; Palognieu (Loire) Ch. (twelfth century), Enlart, I, p. 272, and Michel, I, p. 475; see also Enlart, I, p. 272, for other examples.
[104] Choisy, II, p. 198.
[105] “See also Saintes (Charente-Inférieure) Saint Eutrope (Crypt of the twelfth century restored in the thirteenth), Enlart, I, p. 294, Fig. 120 bis; Poitiers, Saint Hilaire (aisles added in the nave), Choisy, II, p. 199, Fig. 9.
[106] See p. 5.
[107] See p. 21.
[108] This was also the original method of vaulting in the aisles of the wooden roofed basilica church of Saint Front at Périgueux (cir. 988-991), according to Rivoira, II, p. 113.
[109] Enlart, I, p. 271, Fig. 104, and Michel, I, p. 475, Fig. 236.
[110] Dehio and von Bezold, I, p. 258.
[111] Lasteyrie, p. 249, Fig. 239.
[112] See Lasteyrie, p. 248, and note 3.
[113] Section in Dehio and von Bezold, I, p. 529.
[114] Borrmann and Neuwirth, II, p. 163.
[115] Enlart, I, p. 239.
[116] According to Reber (p. 367), but according to Rivoira (Vol. II, p. 117) they were originally wooden roofed.
[117] Lasteyrie, p. 261, Fig. 251.
[118] Common to many transitional vaulting systems. See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, pp. 12-14.
[119] Viollet-le-Duc, IV, p. 26.
[120] This can be seen by a glance at the transverse arches as shown in Fig. 17.
[121] See Lasteyrie, p. 427. Other examples are: Pontaubert (Yonne) Ch., Enlart, I, p. 277, Figs. 109-110; Gourdon (Saône-et-Loire) Ch., Lasteyrie, p. 255, Fig. 246; Toulon-sur-Arroux (Saône-et-Loire) Ch. Bragny-en-Charollais (Saône-et-Loire) Ch.
[122] The side aisles of La Trinité are shut off from the choir and covered with tunnel vaults, a method which is sometimes found in this school. See Ruprich-Robert, I, p. 61.
[123] Bond, p. 293.
[124] See Lasteyrie, p. 540.
[125] See Enlart, I, p. 445, note 2.
[126] Choisy, II, p. 206, Fig. 14.
[127] See Choisy, II, pp. 220-222.
[128] See Rivoira, II, p. 122.
[129] Dehio and von Bezold, I, p. 414.
[130] See Dehio and von Bezold, I, p. 415.
[131] The abbey church of Laach (begun in 1093 but work neglected somewhat until its resumption in 1112) is an exception, having been planned from the ground for vaulting. This is not of domed-up type, but seems to have been inspired directly by that of Vézelay. See Rivoira, II, pp. 330-331 and Fig. 781.
[132] See Laach, Abbey Ch. south aisle in Rivoira, II, p. 328, Fig. 777.
[133] Mainz, Speyer, etc.
[134] See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults.
[135] Alternate piers, eaves-galleries, etc.
[136] See also Cologne, Saint Maurice (before 1144) Lasteyrie, p. 518; Brauveiller; Guebviller; Rosheim; Schlestadt; Saint Die. See Enlart, I, p. 279, note 2.
[137] Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, pp. 20-21.
[138] See aisles of Bernay (Eure), Abbey Ch., Ruprich-Robert, I, p. 61.
[139] Although this arrangement would seem to reflect Lombard influence, the form of the triforia and of the vaults is much more like those of Auvergne.
[140] Illustrated in Bond, p. 293.
[141] Illustrated in Bond, p. 293.
[142] See also the aisles of Bernay choir in Ruprich-Robert, I, p. 61.
[143] In St. Étienne at least. Gloucester cathedral may or may not have been vaulted before the transformation of its interior from Romanesque to Perpendicular Gothic.
[144] See Fig. 63.
[145] See p. 101, 102.
[146] Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXVII.
[147] Rivoira, I, p. 225.
[148] Rivoira, I, p. 224, Figs. 330, 331.
[149] Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vault.
[150] Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, p. 22.
[151] Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, p. 23.
[152] See Cattaneo, p. 227.
[153] The word square is used to denote bays which are approximately as well as actually equilateral.
[154] See list in Enlart, I, p. 264 note 2 and note 3. Examples of transverse arches of earlier date exist in Syrian and Early Christian architecture, but not with a regular alternate system.
[155] This was especially important to the Lombard builders, who always preferred the semicircular arch, which could thus be employed for all six ribs of the vault and would cause the crown to be domed up just high enough to permit the construction of the entire vault by means of a simple centering from rib to rib. See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults.
[156] See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults.
[157] Illustrated in M. H.
[158] Illustrated in Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Fig. 19.
[159] See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, p. 13.
[160] Examples include: Laval (Mayenne), La Trinité; LeMans (Sarthe), La Couture; Poitiers (Vienne), Cath. (portion); Poitiers, Sainte Radegonde; Brantôme (Dordogne), Ch.; Lucheux (Somme), Ch.; Airaines (Somme), Notre Dame.
[161] They are, perhaps, the earliest of the Anjou group. Enlart (Vol. I, pp. 435, note 1 and 445, note 1) gives an earlier date for Lucheux and Airaines, but the appearance of their vaults does not seem to bear out this assertion.
[162] See Choisy, II, p. 277 and p. 276, Fig. 8--A. B. C.
[163] Enlart, I, p. 437, Fig. 205.
[164] Enlart, I, p. 444, Fig. 210. See also p. 446, note 1.
[165] Lasteyrie, p. 474, Fig. 490.
[166] Ill. in Bond, p. 328, Fig. 4.
[167] See Street, p. 80, and Fig. 7, opp. same.
[168] Examples could be cited in Belgium, Holland, Norway, Spain, etc., in fact, wherever Lombard, Rhenish or Anjou influence was strong.
[169] See also Milan, S. Nazzaro. Cummings, I, p. 116.
[170] Similar building-up of the arches may be seen in the nave at Bury (Fig. 22), and in the narthex of St. Leu d’Esserent (Oise). See Moore, p. 68 and p. 69, Fig. 24.
[171] Very interesting examples occur also at Saint Aignan (Loire-et-Cher), Ch.
[172] Similar angels are found in the porch of Santiago-de-Compostella illustrated in Uhde, Baudenkmaeler in Spainen und Portugal; also in Madrazo-Gurlitt, pl. 166. These latter are Angels of Judgment, forming part of the sculptural scheme of the three portals.
[173] Similar figures also appear at Salamanca, in the old cathedral. See Street, p. 80 and Fig. opp. p. 80. Uhde, _op. cit._, Fig. 119, p. 50.
[174] See p. 57.
[175] Other examples include: Bologna, San Petronio, ill. in Joseph, p. 172, Fig. 132; Verona, Cath. See Bond, p. 321; Pavia, San Teodoro (1150-1180), see Bond, p. 321; Venice, SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Cummings, II. p. 192.
[176] See also Rivolta d’Adda--Rivoira, I. p 234, Fig. 331; Pavia, S. Michele, Porter, I, ill. 104, opp. p. 204.
[177] See pp. 39 and 42.
[178] Omitting for the present the cathedral of Durham.
[179] These windows like others of the Norman school are actually to one side of the center of the bay but not far enough to make the difference apparent. In fact, they would seem to have been moved over for the purpose of making them appear in the center since the inward curve of the diagonal, which lies on one side of them only, would make them appear to be out of center were they placed on the axis of the bay.
[180] Enlart gives several examples, though not in churches with a regular pier system. Among these are: Cerisy-la-Forêt (Manche), Enlart, I, p. 261, Fig. 97; Le Mans, N. D. du Pré (original state); Villemagne (Hérault), Saint Gregoire (ruined), see Enlart, I, p. 264, note 2.
[181] Illustrated in Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXIX.
[182] Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXVIII.
[183] Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXI.
[184] In England, where thick walls are an important factor in vault support even at a comparatively late date, this same form of vaulting conoid is frequently found, for example in Chichester, Cath. (ill. in Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 110, Fig. 91), Worcester, Cath. choir, (ill. in Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. XX), Lincoln, Cath., E. Transept (see Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 116), etc.
[185] Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXVIII.
[186] Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXVII.
[187] Flying-buttresses had to be added not long after their construction, to keep them from falling.
[188] Even these vaults have suffered from reconstruction in the thirteenth century.
[189] See Moore, p. 130 et seq. for discussion of this point.
[190] A later instance does appear and this, too, on a very large scale in the rebuilt choir vaults of Beauvais cathedral (1284), but the six-part vaults of this church are entirely due to the subdivision of four-part rectangular vaults in order to obtain greater stability.
[191] Among the more important examples not mentioned are: Laon (Aisne), Cath.; Mantes (Seine-et-Oise), Cath.; Dijon (Côte-d’Or), Notre Dame, etc.
[192] Other examples are: Lincoln, Cath. choir; (Fig. 35) Durham, Cath. east transept; Rochester, Cath. presbytery, (Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. XVIII), etc.
[193] Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Figs. 58-60.
[194] Other Italian examples are: Casamari, Ch.; San Galgano, Ch.; San Martino, Ch.; etc.
[195] This bay was rebuilt (cir. 1237-1239) after the fall of the tower and is, therefore, later than the transept (cir. 1200).
[196] In La Trinité there are no side aisles, but a series of chapels constitutes virtually the same arrangement.
[197] Lubke, I, p. 440, Fig. 313.
[198] Sturgis, II, p. 435, Fig. 382.
[199] Sturgis, II, p. 439, Fig. 386.
[200] See also one bay of Lincoln choir (Fig. 35) rebuilt cir. 1239, also Bourges, S. Pierre-le-Guillard, early thirteenth century, vaults rebuilt on original lines in the fifteenth century. Nesle (Somme) Ch. also has this vaulting form according to Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 114, note 1.
[201] See also Erfurt, Frankiskanerkirche.
[202] Gurlitt, pl. 83.
[203] Ex. Voulton (Seine-et-Marne), Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, I, pl. 62.
[204] Bumpus, illustration opp. p. 92.
[205] Ill. in Moore, p. 51.
[206] See p. 96 and Fig. 44.
[207] Bond, p. 643.
[208] Rivoira, II, pp. 235-243.
[209] Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 25.
[210] Lasteyrie, p. 497, note 1.
[211] Bond, p. 370.
[212] Bond, pp. 315 and 319.
[213] Bond, p. 319.
[214] The system, moreover, is complete with a transverse arch which might seem to indicate that it was later than that at Durham.
[215] The other three are, the sexpartite and pseudo-sexpartite vaults and the irregular four-part method employed at Durham.
[216] Moore, p. 80, Fig. 32.
[217] Whether these concealed buttresses were first used in Normandy or the Ile-de-France is an open question, but in either case their origin would seem to be traceable to such prototypes as the ramping walls above the transverse aisle arches of such Lombard churches as Sant’ Ambrogio at Milan and perhaps even to Roman monuments like the basilica of Maxentius at Rome. The really important question is to learn when these concealed buttresses were first raised above the aisle roofs to constitute true flying-buttresses. This would seem to have taken place in the Ile-de-France, perhaps at Domont as Porter suggests (Porter, II, pp. 91-92), or at Noyon towards the middle of the twelfth century.
[218] Ill. in Moore, p. 76.
[219] An example of the heavy ribs used in early work may be seen at Morienval, Fig. 77.
[220] These and the following churches are chosen at random merely for the purposes of comparison.
[221] For example in the cathedral of Albi, where the nave is sixty feet in width, and in that of Gerona (Spain), where it is over seventy.
[222] See pp. 49 and 70.
[223] See Bond, p. 336.
[224] See Bond, p. 335.
[225] See Bond, p. 336.
[226] As a matter of fact these in their turn help to support the ridge rib.
[227] See Street, p. 78 for a drawing (from Wilde) of this vault before its restoration.
[228] See p. 93 for examples.
[229] So far as the writer knows there are no examples of the simple transverse ridge rib in England, where one would naturally expect to find it used.
[230] Moreover the tiercerons at Worcester would seem to have been an afterthought. See Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 175.
[231] Illustrated in Bond, p. 327.
[232] Illustrated in Bond, p. 327. See also Lichfield’s Cath. nave for similar transverse rib.
[233] Not without their influence, however, as a number of late churches could be cited in which there is no true transverse rib, as for example the minster at Berne (Switzerland), (illustrated in Michel, III, p. 52, Fig. 31).
[234] See Bond, p. 333.
[235] Dehio and von Bezold, II, p. 234, Fig. 1.
[236] A larger number of tiercerons is frequently found but not in vaults without liernes, except in very rare instances such as Oxford Schools Tower, where there are three pairs of tiercerons in each severy. Plan in Bond, p. 324-8.
[237] Bond, p. 340.
[238] Illustrated in Bond, p. 329.
[239] Illustrated in Bond, p. 331.
[240] Michel, III, p. 27, Fig. 17.
[241] Illustrated in Bond, p. 329.
[242] Illustrated in Bond, p. 330.
[243] See also illustration in Bond, p. 332.
[244] See illustration of Gloucester choir in Bond, p. 334.
[245] See illustration in Bond, opp. p. 132.
[246] See illustration of Tewkesbury nave, Wells choir (Bond, p. 332) and Gloucester choir (Bond, p. 334).
[247] Illustrated in Bond, p. 330.
[248] Illustrated in Bond, p. 332.
[249] Illustrated in Bond, p. 332.
[250] Illustrated in Bond, p. 333.
[251] Illustrated in Bond, p. 333.
[252] See also Cambridge, King’s College chapel, illustrated in Bond, p. 333.
[253] See also Oxford, Christ Church staircase, illustrated in Bond, p. 348.
[254] Illustrated in Willis, p. 50.
[255] Illustrated in Bond, p. 333.
[256] The vaults are modern but the church was planned to have this type.
[257] Illustrated in Bond, opp. p. 348, also Willis, pl. III, opp. p. 54.
[258] Illustrated in Bond, p. 297. See also Oxford, Divinity School, illustrated in Bond, p. 331 and Henry VII’s Chapel, illustrated in Bond, opp. p. 348.
[259] For an extended discussion of English vaulting see Bond, English Church Architecture, Vol. I, Chap. V, pp. 279-384.
[260] The diagonals of many vaults in France and Spain and especially in England had been decorated with carving, particularly in the early Gothic period.
[261] Illustrated in Michel, IV, p. 858.
[262] Enlart, I, Fig. 318, opp. p. 558.
[263] Lubke, I, p. 540, Fig. 373. See also Freiberg-i-Sachsen, Cath. (Hartung, I, pl. 5).
[264] Plan in Street, pl. IV, opp. p. 104.
[265] Plan in Street, pl. XII, opp. p. 194.
[266] Michel, III, p. 10, Fig. 4.
[267] Michel, III, p. 52, Fig. 31.
[268] Hartung, II, pl. 114.
[269] So far as the writer is aware.
[270] Michel, IV, p. 567, Fig. 376.
[271] Enlart, I, pp. 598-599, Fig. 323.
[272] Enlart, I, pp. 676-677, Fig. 345. See also Bristol cathedral, Berkeley Chapel (cir. 1340) illustrated in Bond, p. 329.
[273] See Dehio and von Bezold, II, p. 82.
[274] Perhaps as early as between 1124-1140 when there was a reconstruction of the cathedral. The character of their construction certainly would not be inconsistent with such a date.
[275] Ribs rising in a somewhat similar manner are to be found in the south of France, in the crypt of the church of Saint Gilles (Gard.) (Ill. in Lasteyrie, p. 263, Fig. 253) or the chapel of the Pont Saint-Benezet at Avignon (Vaucluse), where they mark the intersection of two flattened tunnel vaults.
[276] Lincoln, Cath. nave aisle. Plan in Bond, pp. 308-9; Salisbury, Cath.; Southwell, Minster.
[277] Hartung, I, pl. 16.
[278] Illustrated in Bond, p. 329.
[279] Examples include: Linköping, Cath.; Paderborn, Cath.; Minden, Cath.; Mainz, S. Stephen; Landshut, Saint Martin; Prenzlau, Marienkirche; Heidelberg, Peterskirche; Paris, Sainte Chapelle (lower church); Chaumont, Ch.; Perugia, Cath.; Winchester, Cath. (Lady chapel); Belem (Portugal) Ab. Ch.; Barcelona, Cath.; Freiberg-i-Sachsen, Cath. (1494-1501); Hartung, I, pl. 5; Soest, Sta Maria zur Wiese, Hartung, I, pl. 49; Stendal, S. Maria (cir. 1450), Hartung, II, pl. 69.
[280] Hartung, III, pl. 126.
[281] Illustration in Lubke, I, p. 540, Fig. 373.
[282] See Butler, p. 78.
[283] See Lasteyrie, p. 480 and notes 1-2.
[284] From its elevation, this would seem to have been added later.
[285] Other examples include: Issoire, Saint Paul, and the churches at Saint Saturnin and Saint Nectaire (Puy-de-Dôme).
[286] Illustrated in Lasteyrie, p. 445, Fig. 463.
[287] Illustrated in Enlart, I, Fig. 318, opp. p. 588.
[288] Saint Jean-au-Bois (Oise) (twelfth century); Épinal (Vosges) (thirteenth century); Valentigny and Vendeuvre (Aube); Roberval, Vauciennes, and Verberie (Oise); Brunembert (Pas-de-Calais); etc.
[289] See p. 131, note 16 for explanation of the use of the word chevet.
[290] See also Tour (Calvados), Ch. Illustrated in Dehio and von Bezold, II, p. 187. Rys (Calvados), Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot II, pl. 12; Omonville-la-Rogue, Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 46; Puiseaux (Loiret), Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, III, pl. 28.
[291] Hartung, III, pl. 134.
[292] There is a similar vault in the transept.
[293] Among them: Lérins, Chapelle de la Trinité. Illustrated in Revoil I, pl. 1; St. Martin-de-Londres, Ch. Revoil, I, pl. XXXIII.
[294] For example: Querqueville (Manche).
[295] See Lasteyrie, p. 530.
[296] An earlier transept with similar vaulting may have existed in church of St. Lucien at Beauvais (1090-1109), but this church was unfortunately destroyed during the Revolution. See Enlart, I, p. 480, note 3.
[297] Similar transepts at Breslau, Heiligekreuze; Paderborn, Cath.; Marburg, St. Elizabeth.
[298] The development and construction of chevet vaults is discussed in Chapter III.
[299] Apparently later than the chevet.
[300] See Enlart, I, p. 490 note 3 and Lasteyrie, pp. 285 and 522 for lists. Also Neufchâtel (Seine Inférieure) fifteenth century. Porter, II, p. 95.
[301] Plan in Gurlitt, p. 22.
[302] See Enlart, I, p. 480 note 3 and Lasteyrie, pp. 285 and 522 for further examples.
[303] In rare instances, as in Saint Hilaire at Poitiers, there are aisles along the west wall only, but this is due to a rebuilding of the church.
[304] Toulouse, Saint Sernin; Reims, Saint Remi (originally) (see Lasteyrie, p. 282); Winchester, Cath. (1079-1093) (Rivoira, II, p. 205). Tribunes are also to be seen in churches without a triforium gallery along the transept walls as for example in Saint Georges-de-Boscherville, Cerisy-la-Forêt (1030-1066), etc. See list in Enlart, I, p. 236, note 1.
[305] See Lasteyrie, p. 539 and Enlart, I, p. 265, note 1.
[306] See Ruprich-Robert, II, p. 3.
[307] Lasteyrie, p. 271, Fig. 264.
[308] For other examples see Lasteyrie, p. 335, notes 3-4-5.
[309] Lasteyrie, p. 336, Fig. 359.
[310] See Lasteyrie, p. 270.
[311] See Enlart, I, pp. 123, 124.
[312] See Rivoira, II, pp. 27, 29.
[313] Lasteyrie, p. 445, Fig. 463.
[314] Lasteyrie, p. 316, Fig. 338.
[315] See p. 106.
[316] Lasteyrie, p. 249, Fig. 239.
[317] Lasteyrie, p. 336, Fig. 359.
[318] See also Marseilles,--La Major.
[319] See p. 124.
[320] Either with or without a lantern beneath them. Examples: Montagne (Gironde); Nantille, Notre Dame; Saumur, St. Pierre. See Michel, II, p. 108 and Lasteyrie, p. 479.
[321] See also such other buildings as the Château de Simiane (Basses-Alpes) (apparently twelfth century). Illustrated in Revoil, III, pl. VIII.
[322] See p. 125.
[323] Similar domes may be seen in the old cathedral of Salamanca (finished before 1178). (Moore, Character of Renaissance Architecture, p. 57, Fig. 28.) [Street, (Fig. 7, op. p. 80) shows this dome as having flat severies, and does not mention the fact that they are curved, as he takes pains to do in regard to Zamora]; and the collegiate church at Toro (begun cir. 1160-1170, finished in thirteenth century), (Michel, II, p. 108, Fig. 76). It is difficult to tell from the photograph whether this last example has the lobed vault surface.
[324] Illustrated in Simpson, II, p. 104.
[325] There is an earlier and somewhat similar crossing vault in the church of S. Marien at Gelnhausen (1225-on) Hartung, III, pl. 145.
[326] Michel, IV, p. 829, Fig. 546.
[327] Michel, IV, p. 828, Fig. 545.
[328] It is possible that this vault is of wood.
[329] Simpson, II, Fig. 68, opp. p. 104.
[330] Simpson, II, Fig. 69, opp. p. 164.
[331] Examples are furnished by: Florence, S. M. Novella; Sens, Cath. (Fig. 28); Paris, N. D.; Soissons, Cath.; Cologne, Cath.; to cite but a few churches.
[332] Cummings, II, p. 141, Fig. 330.
[333] Cummings, II, p. 149, Fig. 335.
[334] For example in Dol, Cath.; Étampes, Saint Gilles; Bayeux, Cath., etc.
[335] For example in Angers, Cath. (Fig. 19); Bordeaux, Saint Michel, etc.
[336] Numerous illustrations may be found in Bond, Gothic Architecture in England and English Church Architecture.
[337] Most of the vaulting is modern but built as originally planned.
[338] An example of this arrangement may be seen at Saint Nicolas-du-Port (Meurthe-et-Moselle). Enlart, Fig. 318, opp. p. 588.
[339] See also Poitiers, Saint Hilaire (Fig. 7) and Notre Dame-la-Grande, etc.
[340] See also Toulouse, Saint Sernin; Saint Benoît-sur-Loire (Fig. 13); and Nevers, St. Étienne, etc.
[341] They may have been inspired by the salient arches of such a tunnel vault as that in the Temple of Diana at Nîmes, and in any event would seem to owe their origin to classic prototypes and to be largely decorative, a theory which is strengthened by the appearance of such a vault as that in the little church of Saint Jean-de-Moustier, at Arles (probably of the ninth century) (Revoil, I, pl. XVI), where these radiants very closely resemble Corinthian pilasters.
[342] Dartein, pl. 76.
[343] Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Fig. 62. There are also a number of churches of the more developed period in which somewhat similar ribbed half domes are found, though these are frequently laid up in flat gores over polygonal apses. Examples include: Worms, Cath.; west apse, see Fig. 58; Florence, Cath. east and transept apses.
[344] Madrazo-Gurlitt, pl. 178.
[345] Examples include Berzy-le-Sec and Laffaux (Aisne); Chelles (Oise) and Bonnes (Vienne) all dating cir. 1140-1150; Bruyères, and Vauxrezis (Aisne) probably of about the same date, and Torcy (Aisne) dating from the second half of the twelfth century; Étampes, St. Martin, radiating chapel. All of these are illustrated in Lefevre-Pontalis. Examples with three ribs include Thor (Vaucluse) and Saint Pierre-de-Reddes (Hérault), both illustrated in Revoil. Example with four ribs, Como, Sant’ Abondio. Example with five ribs, Montmajour (Bouches-du-Rhône), Ab. Ch. Revoil, II, pl. XXXI. For further examples, see Porter, II, p. 78.
[346] For instance, at Vieil-Arcy, Ch. (Lefevre-Pontalis, pl. XLV), where there are no ribs beneath the half dome; and in the last five churches with two ribs listed in the preceding note.
[347] Lasteyrie, p. 450, Fig. 470.
[348] Rivoira, II, p. 38, Fig. 399.
[349] Rivoira, II, pp. 39-40.
[350] Rivoira, II, p. 93.
[351] Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 15, Fig. 11.
[352] Forest-l’Abbaye (Somme) (plan in Enlart, I, p. 447, Fig. 211) furnishes one example of this and others are listed in Enlart, I, p. 447 and note 2 at the foot of that page.
[353] There are occasionally to be found some late examples showing the survival of the half dome as an apse vault, but these are exceptional after cir. 1150, until the Renaissance period.
[354] The word chevet is used here and elsewhere as referring to the ribbed vaulting developed and applied to the apse of the Gothic churches.
[355] See p. 128, 129.
[356] See p. 110.
[357] Lefevre-Pontalis, pl. XXIX.
[358] Lefevre-Pontalis, pl. LI.
[359] At Laon the remaining bays of the chapel are groined and if their vaults are original, this presents one of the few examples of a church completely groined and especially of one with the combination of groined vault and ribbed chevet.
[360] Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. 1, opp. p. 19. Variously dated 1130-1150.
[361] Illustrated in Moore, pp. 72 and 73, Figs. 26, 27.
[362] See Moore, p. 130, et seq., and Porter, II, p. 80.
[363] See also the apses of Saint Étienne at Caen, of Saint Martin-des-Champs at Paris and of Soissons cathedral transept. Other churches were probably originally designed without the flying-buttresses, among them Saint Remi at Reims. See Porter, II, p. 209 (from Lefevre-Pontalis).
[364] This type of vault is later discussed. See p. 153.
[365] The chevet vault is chosen for this discussion merely because the photographs are handy for reference. Similar vaults could, however, be found in all the other portions of the church.
[366] For example, in Soissons transept. In certain other examples, the formeret does not follow the vault curve. See Paris, St. Martin-des-Champs (Fig. 65), Noyon transept, etc.
[367] A vault of similar character may be noted in the name of Amiens and numerous other instances could be cited outside of the chevet vaults.
[368] The eastern bay in this particular church was widened to give a broad opening into the Lady chapel.
[369] It may be noted that La Madeleine also resembles St. Germer in having a groined triforium.
[370] Vaults with just such doming were to be used side by side with those with higher window cells, as is later shown.
[371] Unfortunately the vaults of Sens and Noyon have been rebuilt though apparently in the original manner, while those of Senlis, which would have been of much value, have been reconstructed in a later style.
[372] Examples include: Bologna, San Francesco; Auxerre Cath. (planned for six-part type of vaults), etc.
[373] Other examples not mentioned include Albi (Tarn) cath.; Troyes (Aube) cath.; Semur-en-Auxois (Côte-d’or), Notre Dame.
[374] It is possible that it owes this arrangement to the church of Saint Remi (Fig. 64).
[375] Although not originally planned for four-part vaults in the choir, its present arrangement illustrates the combination referred to.
[376] This is not a noticeable fault with sexpartite choir vaulting since the crowns of all the window cells form similar angles.
[377] Porter, II, p. 83, Fig. 176.
[378] In referring to chevet vaults, the terms three-celled, four-celled, etc., refer to the number of window panels or severies, while the terms four-part, five-part, etc., refer to the total number of severies in the vault, generally one more than the number of window cells.
[379] See also the five-part chevet in the cathedral of Saint Louis at Blois (Loire-et-Cher) which is, however, of much later date.
[380] This may explain the fact that the buttressing rib type of chevet persisted side by side with this fourth form.
[381] In St. Étienne this rib would seem to be an addition to the original chevet.
[382] Street, pl. XXV. op. p. 408.
[383] Bond, p. 63.
[384] This church has a rather exceptional chevet in that it is considerably more than a semicircle in plan.
[385] Plan in Street, pl. XVI, opp. p. 306.
[386] The double apse of the Chapel of the Seminaire at Bayeux (thirteenth century) (Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 44) has two chevets of similar character.
[387] Plan in Caumont, p. 590.
[388] See the illustration in Bond, p. 165.
[389] See also Pirna, Hauptkirche (1502-1546), Hartung, I, pl. 57.
[390] See also Le Mans, Notre Dame-de-la-Couture: Padua, Sant’ Antonio.
[391] And sometimes in churches where this arrangement is not found.
[392] See also Neubourg (Eure). Plan in Enlart, I, Fig. 317.
[393] Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, I, pl. 46.
[394] See Fig. 31.
[395] The vault has been recently reconstructed along original lines.
[396] A feature which certainly enhances the present appearance of the cathedral, though it is quite possible that the builders originally intended to shut off this vista by a high reredos behind the altar.
[397] Compare for example the chevet of Reims with that of Saint Urbain.
[398] Needless to say, no flying-buttresses are necessary with such a vault as the thrusts are easily absorbed by the piers.
[399] Similar openings are to be seen in the apse of Saint Nazaire at Carcassonne.
[400] For other examples showing the employment of this feature even in the Renaissance see Enlart, I, p. 506, note 2.
[401] Hartung, I, pl. 15.
[402] For a discussion of this point see E. Gall’s series of articles on the ambulatory in Monatschefte fur Kunstwissenschaft, beginning with the fifth volume, 1912, pp. 134-149.
[403] See Rivoira I, p. 184.
[404] Now destroyed. See Rivoira I, p. 184.
[405] Some examples of the walled off ambulatory are found, however. See Enlart, I, p. 234, note 5.
[406] See Rivoira, I, p. 183, for dates of Santo Stefano and Ivrea.
[407] An annular tunnel vault also covered the passage around the tribune of the so-called stadium of Domitian already mentioned. See Rivoira, I, p. 184.
[408] For other examples, see Enlart, I, p. 266, note 6. A similar vault is sometimes found in the aisles of circular churches, as for example in Ste. Croix at Quimperlé (eleventh century). Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 5.
[409] See Rivoira, II, p. 289.
[410] At intervals this vault is cut by lunettes or groined bays but it is fundamentally an annular tunnel vault.
[411] Exactly as has been suggested in regard to similar side aisle vaults.
[412] See Enlart, I, p. 266, note 6.
[413] Enlart, I, p. 34, Fig. 14.
[414] Revoil, I, pl. XLVIII.
[415] Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 25.
[416] Rivoira, II, p. 270, Fig. 718.
[417] See Rivoira, II, p. 8. See also the Duomo Vecchio at Brescia (Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Fig. 49).
[418] Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Fig. 53.
[419] Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Fig. 52.
[420] Enlart, I, p. 273, Fig. 105.
[421] The date of this cathedral is uncertain and the exceptional character of its triforium leads to the suspicion that it may not now retain its original arrangement, though the writer has no proof of this suggestion.
[422] In some instances these lintels have been cut through with an arch running up into the surface of the vault between the bays.
[423] Previous to Porter there had been suggestions of this origin of the ribbed vault in Choisy’s work and in Rivoira’s Lombardic architecture, but their studies had been largely confined to vaults whose ribs were sunken into the masonry panels.
[424] See discussion of this point on p. 136.
[425] See p. 53, 54.
[426] Plan in Rivoira, I, p. 222, Fig. 327.
[427] If Signor Rivoira is correct in his attribution of this ambulatory to the third quarter of the eleventh century (Rivoira, I, pp. 222, 223), it affords not only an extremely early example of the straight ribbed type but an instance of a ribbed vaulted ambulatory of large size antedating that at Morienval by half a century. I am not prepared to accept this early date. The general elevation of the piers and ribs, the geographical situation of the church, the lack of any similarly vaulted ambulatories in the fifty years following its construction and the very form of the vaults, which may easily have once been of the groined type to be seen in the gallery of Santo Stefano at Verona with ribs added at a later date or reconstruction (note lower imposts of diagonal ribs and expanding soffits of transverse arches like those at Verona) together with many other details a discussion of which the limits of this paper forbids, make it seem most improbable that this ambulatory dates from 1049-1078. As a matter of fact, the date is of little importance in the present connection, since it is the type of vault employed with which this study is largely concerned.
[428] Plan and interior view in Moore, pp. 72, 73, Figs. 26, 27.
[429] Plan in Moore, p. 83, Fig. 34.
[430] This may be plainly seen at the cathedral of Tournai (Fig. 85).
[431] Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 96, Fig. 82 and pl. XV, opp. p. 104.
[432] Crypt illustrated in Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 94, Fig. 80, Trinity chapel, p. 103 Fig. 86 and pi. XIV. opp. same page.
[433] See Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pp. 94-95.
[434] See p. 99 for theory regarding this.
[435] Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. XV, opp. p. 104.
[436] Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. XIV, opp. p. 103.
[437] Ambulatories vaulted in a similar manner appear in Saint Sauveur at Bruges, the Groote Kerk at Breda, the cathedral of Burgos, the church at Gonesse (Seine-et-Oise) (plan in Enlart, I, p. 486, Fig. 233) etc. Also, in Magdeburg Cath. (Hartung I, pl. 16), there is an instance in which the intermediate rib is shortened evidently to admit the greatest possible amount of light.
[438] This is also a church employing the lancet type of window common in Normandy and England and the subdivision of the ambulatory thus made possible windows of general lancet shape. Furthermore, it carried the subdivision of the triforium arcade into the clerestory above. (For a large photograph of this ambulatory see Gurlitt, pl. 84).
[439] Plan in Moore, p. 83, Fig. 34.
[440] Similar vaults appear at Coutances Cath., outer ambulatory, Utrecht Cath. (ridge ribs added), Malmo, Ch., and Lagny, Ab. Ch. (illustrated in Lenoir, part II, p. 207).
[441] Plan in Enlart, I, p. 505, Fig. 244.
[442] Violet-le-Duc (Vol. IV, pp. 75-77) calls attention to the architectural refinements in this church, mentioning the use of arches flattened on their inner face and curved on the outer between the apse and triforium. It is also interesting to note that here as in Saint Remi the vault of the triforium differs from that of the ambulatory proper. The arrangement at Saint Remi has been described, that at Chalons consists of a simple four-part vault of trapezoidal form with outer and inner sides curved.
[443] Examples at Strassburg, Cath., Neubourg (Eure), ch. (irregular type of ch. with central pier and triangular apse. See plan in Enlart, I, p. 590, Fig. 317) and Tewkesbury Abbey (here even the triangular bays open into chapels). See also Cléry (Loiret) (fifteenth century) (plan in Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, III, pl. 60).
[444] Plan in Caumont, p. 396.
[445] Examples not mentioned include, Beeskow; Keisheim; Stargarde, Johanniskirche (slightly elaborated); Treptow (considerably elaborated); Worms, Liebfrauenkirche; Arles, Saint Trophime, etc.
[446] Plan in Gaudet, III, p. 247, Fig. 1108.
[447] Plan in Gaudet, III, p. 240, Fig. 1104.
[448] These two churches not only show the vault with simple added ribs but the last named is most interesting as showing an ambulatory equal in height to the apse, a most unusual arrangement.
[449] This church also presents certain changes in the arrangement of the ribs but these are unimportant.
[450] See also Kuttenberg.
[451] A similar plan on a smaller scale and with only two side chapels occurs at Ville-neuve-le-Comte (Seine-et-Marne) (plan in Enlart, I, p. 485, Fig. 232) and the same arrangement in churches with central plan appears at Trier in the Liebfrauenkirche while other examples include Lisseweghe; Toul, Saint Gengoulf; Xant; Oppenheim; Ludinghausen; Anclam; Lübeck, Saint Jakob; Lagny (Seine-et-Marne) (illustrated in Lenoir, Part II, p. 207) and Kaschau (Hungary) (illustrated in Lenoir,