volume vi, p. 276, note 84.

KICKAPU[251]

=Arm=, nenächkonn (_ach_ guttural).

=Arrow=, pequikihi.

=Belly=, näjäck (_j_ French).

=Bow=, måstahá (_a_ between _a_ umlaut and _o_ umlaut; _ha_ often barely audible).

=Breast= (the whole) ne-kå̍-kä (_ka_ short).

=Ear=, nettouakaian (_ua_ nasal; _kaian_ likewise).

=Eye=, neskescheck.

=Foot=, nekåtan (_n_ distinctly pronounced).

=Hair=, ninessónn.

=Hand=, nenä̍chkonn (_ach_ in the roof of the mouth).

=Head=, nehch (German).

=Knife=, peskoatéska (_ka_ without emphasis).

=Knife= (long), måtatä̍.

=Leg=, nemóttata (_a_ somewhat as if with umlaut).

=Leggings=, nekóchkuahan (_och_ German guttural).

=Mouth=, netohn.

=Nail= (on the hand), näskóssähk.

=Nose=, näkiuónn.

=Pipe= (tobacco), póakan (emphasis on _poa_).

=Skunk=, schekakw (_w_ barely audible).

=Sun=, kischess.

=Teeth=, nepitonn.

=Thunder=, kä̍hschko (_kahsch_ slightly drawled).

=Tobacco=, nessåman (_an_ French).

=Tomahawk=, popokiä̍.

=Tongue=, ninónni.

=Water=, neppé (final _e_ somewhat like _a_ umlaut).

_Numerals_

=One=, näkút.

=Two=, ni̍hsw (_w_ barely audible).

=Three=, nássue (_sue_ like _we_).

=Four=, niäua (nasal).

=Five=, nianan (nasal).

=Six=, noiká.

=Seven=, nohiká (nasal; _ka_ short).

=Eight=, nessua-siká (_ka_ short).

=Nine=, schohaká (_schoha_ indistinct; _ka_ short).

=Ten=, metaa-tue (_e_ short).

FOOTNOTES:

[251] Written from the pronunciation of a Ki̍ckapu. These Indians speak the same language as the Saukis and Foxes. According to Gallatin (_ibid._, p. 62), they do not now number over five hundred souls. They all live at present west of the Mississippi.--MAXIMILIAN.

KONSA[252]

=Arrow=, måh.

=Bear= (black), uåssóbä.

=Child=, schi̍nga-schi̍nga.

=Earth=, móhnika (_n_ nearly like _h_).

=Eye=, ischtá.

=Fire=, pähdjé (_j_ French).

=God=, wahkoͣ̍ndagä.

=Hair=, på-hi̍.

=Hand=, nom-pö̍ (_om_ French).

=Head=, påh.

=Island=, rumätschi̍.

=Man=, niká.

=Mountain=, påhü̍.

=Mouth=, hüh.

=Pipe= (tobacco), nåh-hi-ba.

=River=, wâti̍schka (_t_ often like _h_).

=Sun=, pih.

=Tomahawk=, må-sospä-jingá (_j_ French).

=Water=, nih.

=Woman= (wife), wåh-ko.

FOOTNOTES:

[252] The Konsas, or Kansas Indians have always lived on the river of that name (Gallatin, _ibid._, p. 127). For the past thirty years they have lived at peace with the Osages; and the two tribes have intermarried. They still number fifteen hundred souls, and possess a tract of three thousand acres. They speak the Osage dialect, which belongs to the Dacota linguistic group.--MAXIMILIAN.

KRIH, or Knistenau[253]

=American= (an), Ketsemohkoman (_e_ short and ½; otherwise German).

=Arm=, ospetonn.

=Arrow=, atúss.

=Autumn=, taquáhkinn.

=Bird=, piesiss (_i_ and _e_ separated; _e_ full value).

=Black= (the color), kaskitä̍hsu (_su_ short).

=Blind=, nanon-ski̍ssiko (_on_ French).

=Blood=, mich-kó (_mich_ short, like _mi_).

=Blue=, kaskitähuakinn.

=Bone=, oskánn; plural is oskanná.

=Bow=, adsabi̍ (_adsa_ soft).

=Brave= (adj), sohketäheu (_e_ ½; _eu_ short; _u_ barely audible).

=Brook=, sihpi-siss.

=Brother= (elder), niståhs.

=Brother= (younger), nissim.

=Child=, auáhsis (_sis_ short and low).

=Cold= (adj), kesinnau (_e_ ½; _au_ German and together).

=Dance= (v), neméhetu (second _e_ ½; _tu_ short).

=Day=, uapánn.

=Deaf=, kakehpi-teu (_pi_ like _pich_, guttural; _e_ and _u_ separated).

=Devil= (evil spirit), matsimann-tuh (short and run together).

=Die= (v), nepúh.

=Dog=, ati̍mm.

=Drink= (v), menih-kuä (final syllable short).

=Dumb=, namanich-tauéu (_manich_ short and guttural; _e_ and _u_ separated).

=Ear=, ochtauakay (_ch_ guttural; _aua_ separated; _kay_ German, with the rest of the word).

=Earth=, aski̍.

=Enemy=, ayachzi̍nuack (German; _a_ barely audible).

=Englishman=, Hakaiahsu.

=Evening=, otahgusinn (_gu_ German).

=Eye=, oski̍hsick.

=Father=, nochtauï (_noch_ nasal; _ch_ German, but barely audible).

=Feather=, meh-koánn (_koann_ very short and run together).

=Fire=, skuttéhu (_u_ barely audible).

=Fish=, kinussäu (_au_ separated and short).

=Flesh=, wuiïäs (_wui_ almost like _wi_ or _ui_).

=Forest=, sakao (_a_ and _o_ separated).

=Frenchman=, Wemstegosó (German; second _e_ short).

=Go= (v), pümontä̍.

=God=, keseh-mann-tóh (first _e_ short).

=Good=, mioassih.

=Great=, ki̍nussuh.

=Green=, zipätákassu.

=Gun=, pasksigan (soft).

=Hair=, uästöchaiah (rather indistinct).

=Hand=, otsä-tschih.

=Head=, ustekuáhn (_us_ very short).

=Healthy=, namoyáhkussu (_kussu_ low and short).

=Heart=, otä̍.

=Heat=, ksasteo (_eo_ short and half pronounced).

=Horns= (of a stag), hähskann.

=Horse=, mesatimm (_e_ ½).

=House= (lodge), uaskaëgan; i.e., house of the white man; matsehkin, a leather tent.

=Hunger=, notä̍-keteu (_keteu_ short; _u_ barely audible).

=Hunt= (v), máhtsíu (_u_ barely audible).

=I=, neia̍ (emphasis on _ia_, which is very short).

=Ice=, miskuami.

=Knife=, mohchkumann (_ch_ barely audible, guttural).

=Laugh= (v), páh-piu (_i_ barely audible).

=Lead= (ball), mosasinni̍.

=Leg=, oskáht.

=Lightning=, uauase-skutä̍-paiú (_e_ ½; emphasis on second word; last word lower).

=Live= (v; life?), pemah-tesuh (second _e_ ½).

=Man=, hiyenú.

=Meal= (to eat?), meh-tsú (_tsu_ very short).

=Moon=, tepiskao-pissi̍mm (_o_ barely audible).

=Morning=, kichsäpah.

=Mother=, enkauï (_e_ barely audible).

=Mountain=, uatsih.

=Mouth=, otóhn.

=Much=, meh-zett.

=Negro=, keskiteuias (_e_ short and ½; _e_ and _u_ separated).

=Night=, tipskao (_a_ and _o_ separated).

=Nose=, uskiuánn.

=One-eyed=, páskahpu (_pu_ short).

=Pipe= (tobacco), spoagánn (soft).

=Powder= (gun-powder), kaskitéu (_e_ and _u_ separated).

=Quick=, kiépa (_e_ ½; _pa_ short; _i_ and _e_ separated).

=Red= (the color), mechkossúh (_ch_ barely audible and with the point of the tongue).

=Relate= (v), a̍h-tsimo (last word short).

=River=, kistsissibi.

=Sick=, ahkussú.

=Small=, apsáhsinn (_sin_ very short and without emphasis).

=Smoke=, (n), kaskaba-teu (_e_ and _u_ separated).

=Snow=, kóhna (_na_ short).

=Spirits= (distilled), skutä̍-uapui (_pui_ run together).

=Spring= (the season), meiuskamin (short; _n_ French; _in_ almost like _i_ nasal).

=Star=, atsah-kossack (short and run together).

=Stingy=, sasahkiu (_i_ and _u_ separated).

=Stone=, assiniack (_i_ and _a_ separated).

=Summer=, nehpi̍nn.

=Sun=, pisi̍mm.

=Teeth=, uï̍pitt.

=Thunder=, piéh-su (pronounced together; _su_ without emphasis).

=Tobacco= (smoking), tstäman (_an_ French).

=Tomahawk=, tschi̍ga-hi̍ka-spoagánn.

=Tongue=, uttäh-eni̍ (_e_ ½).

=Trail=, mäskanó.

=Tub= (barrel?), machkaak (_ch_ guttural).

=Tub= (small), mach-kach-kuss (_ch_ guttural).

=Ugly=, mayahtan.

=War=, notintuock (_u_ and _o_ separated and barely audible).

=Water=, nipi̍.

=White= (color), wahpiskesu (_e_ ½).

=Wind=, jeoti̍nn (_ie_ German; run together).

=Winter=, pöpúnn or pipúhn.

=Woman= (wife), iskwä̍u (_au_ separated; _u_ barely audible).

=Wood=, mistick.

=Yellow=, ussáussu (_a_ and _u_ separated).

=Yes=, ähä̍.

* * * * *

=I eat=, nemitsonn.

=You eat=, kimitsonn.

=He eats=, meh-dsú (_ds_ soft).

=We eat=, nemitsunann.

=They eat=, mit-sú.

=Eat= (imperative), mihtissú.

_Months of the Year_

They reckon the months from one full moon to the next. [The order here given is that of the original.--ED.]

=November=, Kaskattinoh-pisimm; i.e., the ice moon.

=December=, Kaie-iequatä̍-pisimm.

=January=, Kesäh-pisimm (_e_ ½); i.e., the big moon.

=February=, Paua-zakenassis-pisimm (_a_ and _u_ separated; _za_ short and like _a_); i.e., the moon which shakes the trees.

=March=, Mekssiuh-pisimm (_e_ short and ½; _siuh_ almost like _suh_); i.e., the moon when the eagle comes.

----, Niski-pisimm; i.e., the moon of the wild geese.

----, Ayiki-pisimm; i.e., the moon of the frogs.

=May=, Opineya-uäu-pisimm (_uau_ separated), i.e., moon when the birds lay their eggs.

=June=, Opaskoh-pisimm; i.e., the moon when the geese shed their feathers.

=July=, Oochpahoh-pisimm (_ooch_ guttural); i.e., moon when the birds fly.

----, Onont-chicheto (_on_ French; _tch_ with the point of the tongue; _e_ ½); i.e., moon when the buffalo is in heat.

=October=, Opinna-skoh-pisimm; i.e., the moon when the leaves fall.

_Numerals_

=One=, pähek (_e_ ½).

=Two=, nehsu.

=Three=, nistó.

=Four=, neó (_e_ and _o_ separated).

=Five=, neanann (_e_ full value and separated from _a_).

=Six=, nguttuahsick (_n_ barely audible).

=Seven=, tähpakup (_up_ like _ufp_).

=Eight=, aehnaneu (_a_ and _e_ separated; _ne_ and _u_ separated and short).

=Nine=, kähkametatatt (_e_ ½).

=Ten=, mitahtat.

=Twenty=, nehsittano.

=Hundred=, mitahtat-tamittanoh.

=Thousand=, kich-tche-mta-tach-tommetano (_ich_, _tch_, and _ch_ with the point of the tongue; _e_ ½).

_Names of Animals_

=Antelope=, apestat-jéhkus (_e_ ½; _j_ French; _jeh_ with emphasis; _kus_ low and without emphasis).

=Bear= (black), kaskitäh-maskuá (_kua_ German).

=Bear= (grizzly), uapi̍h-maskuá.

=Beaver=, ami̍sk.

=Buffalo=, mostúss; the general term.

=Buffalo= (bull), japö̍h-mostúss.

=Buffalo= (cow), onintcháh-oniuack.

=Elk=, uauasskéhsu (_su_ short and barely audible).

=Elk= (stag), eyapeu-uauasskéhsu.

=Fox=, machkéhsiss (_ach_ guttural).

=Otter=, niki̍tt.

=Skunk=, sikáhk.

_A Few Phrases_

=Sit down=, a-péh.

=Sit down and smoke=, a-péh-pih-tuá.

=Sit down and smoke and relate to us=, a-péh-pit-tuá-ah-tsimo.

=Whence do you come?= tan-täh-kotuch-tann (_ch_ guttural).

FOOTNOTES:

[253] Written from the pronunciation of a Krih Indian.--MAXIMILIAN.

KUTANÄ, or Kutnehä̍[254]

=Arm=, achkusóttis (indistinct; _ach_ guttural).

=Arrow=, a̍hk (_k_ prolonged as a guttural).

=Black=, kamokoch-kukossni (_ch_ guttural; the whole very short and indistinct).

=Blood=, uann-muh (short and run together).

=Blue=, confused by most tribes with green and given the same name.

=Bow=, zü̍pil (_i_ very short, indistinct, and almost like _e_).

=Child=, skámmu (low and soft, guttural).

=Cold= (adj), uanéht.

=Day=, kiukiet (indistinct).

=Dead=, epinih.

=Ear=, akochkuates (_ch_ guttural).

=Earth=, a̍m-ma.

=Eye=, akaksisches (_es_ distinctly pronounced).

=Fire=, akingkóko (indistinct).

=Foot=, achksikkis (_ch_ guttural; _k_ clicked with the tongue; final _i_ like _e_).

=God=, núma.

=Green=, kekochmacha (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½).

=Hair=, akuksammus (_k_ lisped with the tongue).

=Hand=, achkehs (low and guttural).

=Head=, achksemnis (_k_ lisped; indistinct, short).

=Heart=, achkissuehs (_ch_ guttural).

=Hot=, jaehsukket.

=Ice=, a̍chkuitt.

=Leg=, akesokkes (_e_ barely audible).

=Man=, aks-macki (a slight pause after _aks_).

=Moon=, same word as for sun.

=Mouth=, achkesmaës (_ach_ guttural; _s_ lisped).

=Night=, zesmuiet (indistinct; _iet_ like _et_, distinctly pronounced but short).

=Nose=, achkúnes (_es_ distinct; _ch_ guttural).

=Pipe= (tobacco), achkússa (_ch_ and the whole guttural and low).

=Rain=, esuch-kukuttunn (very short and indistinct; guttural).

=Red=, kanóhs (_a_ almost like _e_; short and low).

=Snow=, achksoh (_ks_ like _sch_ with a clicking of the tongue).

=Star=, akisnohs (_s_ with a peculiar clicking sound).

=Sun=, natánnik (_k_ barely audible, only a slight guttural sound).

=Tomahawk=, achkensä (_ks_ with a clicking of the tongue, like _sch_).

=Water=, woh (short and abruptly ended).

=White=, kamonuckso (_so_ with a clicking of the tongue).

=Woman=, páski (_ki_ low and short).

=Yellow=, kemacktze (first _e_ ½; final _e_ distinctly pronounced).

_Names of Animals_

=Antelope=, nestukp.

=Bear= (black), népke.

=Bear= (grizzly), ksaus (German; _s_ with a clicking of the tongue, like _sch_).

=Beaver=, si̍nna.

=Bighorn=, kuisskussä (_kus_ short and indistinct).

=Buffalo=, jiámmo (first _i_ barely audible).

=Deer=, zupka (_u_ between _u_ and _o_).

=Deer= (black-tailed), aknesni̍nk (_s_ like _schw_).

=Dog=, cháhtsin (_ch_ guttural; _a_ almost as if with umlaut).

=Elk=, keskásse (_sk_ with a clicking of the tongue).

=Mountain goat= (white), zenúchcho (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Wolf=, kachki, or kachkin (_ch_ guttural).[255]

FOOTNOTES:

[254] Written from the pronunciation of the old Kutanä̍ Indian, Hómach-Ksáchkum, the Great Earth, of whom a most excellent likeness is given on Plate 79 of my Atlas. I have spoken of this people in several places in the first volume of this work. Parker (_ibid._, p. 304) says of the Kutonä̍s, Kutnehä̍s, or Kutanihs: "The Cootanies inhabit a section of country to the north of the Ponderas along M'Gillivray's river, and they are represented as an uncommonly interesting people. They speak a language distinct from all the tribes about them, open and sonorous, and free from gutturals, which are common in the language of the surrounding tribes. They are neat in their persons and lodges, candid and honest, and kind to each other. I could not ascertain their numbers, but probably they are not over a thousand." In Ross Cox, (p. 242), there is also information regarding them; but the missionary Parker (_ibid._, p. 286) seems to call this traveller's truthfulness in question. From my carefully copied words of the Kutanä language, it is evident that it is not easy to pronounce on account of its lingual clicking; and that it has a large number of guttural tones.--MAXIMILIAN.

[255] The Kutanä̍s, or Kutunä̍s, also Kutnehä̍s, dwell in the Rocky mountains beyond the sources of Maria river; and on their mountains lives the white mountain goat. They are said to call themselves Kutonachä; the French know them as Coutonais; and the Blackfeet call them Kutanä̍. They are few in number, having only some forty lodges. Among their ornaments they highly prize cylinders cut from mussel-shells, especially those cut from the shell of the dentalium, which they obtain from the western seacoast. The Blackfeet, especially the Blood Indians, are their declared enemies. They do not live on the flesh of the buffalo, which is not found in their mountains; but in their country many beaver are obtained, excellent fish (trout), and several other species of animals, especially the orignal (_cervus alces amer._), the white mountain goat, and the bighorn; also many kinds of roots and berries serve them as food. They raise large numbers of strong and handsome horses; they are well clothed; and are expert beaver hunters. They are skilful in making bows and arrows. Their language is difficult to learn. The words are spoken softly and indistinctly; in addition there are many clicking tones and hollow gutturals; and they also lisp.--MAXIMILIAN.

MANDAN, or Númangkake[256]

=Abode= (dwelling place), iwakschúntusch.

=Above=, a̍hkitta.

=Abyss= (precipice), pähúsch.

=Ahead=, untihä̍ddisch (_un_ French, like _oun_).

=Aim= (v; take aim), mitáhrusch.

=All= (everything), ekúnhä (_n_ French, like _oun_); all men, or people, a̍mbä (_m_ French).

=Alone=, jï̍cha (_ch_ guttural).

=Always=, amánkahu-sch (_an_ French; _husch_ run together as a final syllable).

=American= (n), Mánhichtä (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural); i.e., Long Knife.

=Animal= (quadruped), wáhockschukkä.

=Another=, táhonsch (_on_ French; _honsch_ lower and shorter than _ta_).

=Anxiety= (fear), wohkarachka (_ch_ guttural).

=Approach stealthily= (v), cherúhradéhusch (_che_ guttural; _r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Arm=, a̍hdä.

=Arrow=, manna-máh-hä (the whole pronounced together).

=Ashes=, uáraschuntä.

=Ask= (v), kiimáhche-sch (_ch_ guttural).

=Awake= (v, intr), i̍wakschuntusch (_un_ German).

=Awake= (v, tr), kittáhrusch.

=Axe=, o̍hmanatä.

=Back= (n), (v; to move with a jerk?), nápp-chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Back= (adv), kiri̍je (_je_ French); i.e., he is back, (_il est deretour_).

=Backward=, naschi̍tta (_ta_ short).

=Bad=, warákä-ächkasch (_e_ full value).

=Bald=, pah-e-sérroko-sch (_e_ ½ and barely audible).

=Ball= (for playing), mihp-toht-kisch (pronounce together); the game is called by the same name.

=Ball= (same word as for lead), uáhtöschemáhhä (_o_ almost like _e_; _e_ only ½).

=Ball-game of the women=, mi̍hptott-kä̍; ball, mi̍hptodä̍.

=Basket= (leather; used by women for carrying), chä̍hank (_ch_ guttural).

=Bear= (v; give birth), éhtu-sch (_eh_ long).

=Beard=, hi̍h.

=Beautiful=, schi̍naschusch.

=Behind=, náschitero (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Belly=, ä̍hchi (_ah_ long and accented; _ch_ guttural).

=Below= (beneath), mánpeta (_an_ French; _e_ ½; _ta_ short).

=Bend= (v), kihskóppohärrisch (_arrisch_ barely audible).

=Berdash=, mi̍hdäckä.

=Beside= (near), mipä̍chtihsch (_ach_ guttural).

=Best= (man), koschi̍sch (final _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Between=, nastá.

=Big= with young, same word as for pregnant.

=Bile= (the yellow water on the stomach), wáh-sih-dä (_da_ low and short).

=Bill= (bill or beak of a bird), same word as for nose.

=Billiard game= (Billard-spiel), skóhpe (_e_ ½).

=Bird=, mándeck-sukkä̍ (_an_ French); wild-fowl, menickä̍.

=Bite= (v), naschä-sch (run together; _ch_ slightly hissed).

=Bitter=, páhrusch.

=Black=, psi̍h.

=Bladder=, i̍hdächä (_ch_ guttural).

=Blind= (adj), istá-chädetosch (_ch_ guttural; _chade_ short; the whole run together).

=Blond=, pahi̍n-si̍hdusch (_n_ French; _hin_ like _hi_ nasal).

=Blood=, i̍hdä (_da_ short).

=Bloody=, i̍h-kerréje (_je_ French).

=Bloom= (v), hóh-säddähosch (_hoh_ accented; second word short; _sch_ sometimes slightly hissed).

=Blue=, tohä̍.

=Blush= (v), stassä̍härreh (_st_ with the point of the tongue).

=Boil= (v), umpä̍sch (_sch_ sometimes slightly hissed).

=Bone=, wahúhdä.

=Bough=, does not occur in the singular; boughs, o̍hchancha (_ch_ guttural).

=Bow=, woraërúhpa (_e_ full, distinct, and short), or waraërúhpa; this is the bow of elm.

=Bow= (strengthened with elk or sheep horn), wahú-erúhpa.

=Bow-lance=, erúhpa-hichtä̍ (_ich_ guttural).

=Box on the ear=, rotkä̍sch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Braid= (v), kaschkä̍-sch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Brain=, nathenu (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Break= (v; shatter), pä̍hrusch.

=Breast=, táchärächä (_ch_ guttural; _r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Breath=, o̍nnihä.

=Bridge= (tree-bridge), mánna-achkini̍hnde (second word without emphasis; _ach_ guttural).

=Bridle= (of a horse), mani̍ssikaskä.

=Brilliant= (splendid), éduchtukosch.

=Broad=, pchi̍hrusch (_ch_ guttural).

=Brook=, passán-kschuck (_an_ French); kschuck, narrow.

=Broom=, i̍ngka-gischka (_ing_ German; second word low).

=Brother= (eldest), mong-ká.

=Brother= (youngest), pschong-ká.

=Brown=, tkópp: that is brown, anttkopposch (_an_ French); it is brown, tkópposch.

=Bud= (n), aschi̍ngkohsch.

=Burn= (v), ratsiposch: the prairie burns, máh-ódisch; i.e., the prairie is colored black.

=Burn= (v, tr or intr; destroy by fire), náchuhdusch (_ch_ guttural).

=Buttock=, i̍h-ta (_ta_ very short).

=Buy= (v), wikáhrusch.

=Call= (v; shout), ruhä̍rrisch (short).

=Calm= (n), i̍hpatta-häschkasch.

=Canoe= (of leather), minnánke (_an_ French; _ke_ short and low).

=Carrion= (a dead animal), kómmahä.

=Catch= (v; capture), owáschakosch.

=Caught= (taken prisoner), i̍hnissä.

=Cave= (house in the rock), mi̍hsánnakeh-kúhsta-auti-túhsch.

=Chew= (v), rapsáhkosch.

=Child=, suck-chámahä.

=Chin=, i̍hku.

=Circle= (n), o̍hkamischkakusch.

=Clear=, karáschäkosch (_sch_ but slightly audible).

=Clouds= (masses of cloud), háhdä.

=Coal=, bä̍chchä (_ch_ guttural).

=Cold= (adj), schi̍nnihusch.

=Collar=, warapening-gä (_e_ ½; the whole run together).

=Colt=, u̍npa-manisini̍hka-sch (_n_ French).

=Comb=, pai̍wachunkä (_ch_ guttural; _ai_ together; _ka_ short).

=Come= (v), kuhóhsch, or kuhosch.

=Come here= (imperative), hú-ta (first syllable long; last syllable very short).

=Console= (v), kehápp-herrisch (_e_ distinctly pronounced; _herrisch_ short; the whole run together).

=Convenient= (comfortable), o̍hmannaka-schi̍hsch (second word spoken lower).

=Corpse=, uattä̍h-hädde (_e_ distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

=Cough= (v), hokä̍rukä.

=Count= (v), pakkiri̍hdusch.

=Cover= (v; ornament), a̍h-kuposch (_osch_ barely audible).

=Cowardly=, wakarrachkáhsch (_rr_ with the point of the tongue; _ach_ guttural).

=Crack= (v; crack a whip), karaparaschusch (_r_ full, with the point of the tongue).

=Crooked=, skóposch.

=Crow= (way of wearing the hair), pahi̍n-okaskäsch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Cure= (v), kimikóh-sch.

=Curly=, minni̍menihsch (_e_ ½).

=Curry= (v), ruhi̍ntu-sch (_ruhintusch_).

=Cut= (v), pauä̍-schusch (run together; _paua_ short; _a_ and _u_ separated).

=Cut down= (v), pauïschosch (short).

=Cut down= (a tree), mánna-kassähherrisch (_herrisch_ very short and run together; the last two words pronounced together).

=Dance= (n), uáhnapä.

=Dark=, hapä̍hreschka (_pah_ long; _ka_ half short).

=Daughter=, suck-mi̍h-husch; i.e., maiden.

=Day=, kaschä̍kosch.

=Day after to-morrow=, mahtke-óhmaestá (_e_ barely articulated, heard only as a light sound).

=Dead=, ottä̍hrusch.

=Deaf=, nakóckä-sidikosch (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Dear= (costly), i̍scha-hähónsch (_on_ French).

=Dearest= (i.e., "the most beautiful"), suck-mi̍hä-koschi̍naschämi̍hkasch.

=Death=, tä̍hrusch.

=Deceive= (they say "he has not paid his debts"), i̍hscha-häuahma-kuï-néhchusch (_ch_ guttural; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Decoy= (v; an animal), wattáchakhuhrosch (_ch_ guttural); i.e., because I imitate their call, I make them come.

=Delay= (v; make late), o̍hhi-kahunuahärrisch (_hun_ run together, like French _oun_; the whole short and pronounced together).

=Demolish= (v; e.g., take down a lodge), ohséhrusch (_rusch_ low).

=Destroy= (v; ruin, spoil), tellepóhsch.

=Devil= (evil spirit), o̍mahank-chikä̍ (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Dew=, béddädä (_e_ distinctly pronounced; the whole short).

=Die= (v), tä̍hrusch.

=Dirty= (v), tkappoahärrisch (pronounced very short).

=Dirty=, warát-keddisch (run together; _keddisch_ short; _e_ full value).

=Dish= (of wood), mánna-pachä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Dive= (v), kschi̍ppo-sch.

=Divide= (v), i̍hkappähdusch.

=Do= (v), isä̍kosch; do not do it, káhdä-isä̍ckta.

=Door=, béddähä (_da_ and _a_ short).

=Double=, náhta-sch (_natusch_; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Drag= (v), paschi̍h-husch (run together).

=Draw= (v; draw water), i̍nnisusch (run together; short).

=Dream= (n), same word as for verb.

=Dream= (v), chi̍ckhäddähsch (_ch_ guttural).

=Drink= (v), hi̍hndosch (_n_ French).

=Drive= (v), kochä̍hrutosch.

=Drop= (n; e.g., of water), sä̍hhusch.

=Drown= (v; to be drowned), numangkáke-kámahä.

=Drum= (n), mánna-berächä̍ (_e_ distinctly pronounced; _ch_ guttural).

=Dry= (adj), sáhkosch.

=Dung=, ä̍hde (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Dumb=, uáhronächa (_ch_ guttural).

=Dust=, uaratä̍; it is dusty, uaratä̍dachingkosch.

=Ear=, nakóchä (_ch_ guttural and short).

=Ear-ornament=, uóhkaske (_e_ distinctly pronounced and short).

=Early= (of time), koskäch-chámahä (_ch_ guttural).

=Earth=, máhhankä (_an_ French; _ka_ short and low).

=Egg= (bird's), mándeck-suck-ni̍ï̍tka (_an_ French).

=Elbow=, akschi̍sche-náhde (first _e_ ½; final _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Embroider= (v), ni̍hhä-ohwaptäsch.

=Empty= (adj), okikóhhä.

=Enemy=, uï̍hratandä (_an_ French).

=Englishman=, Uaschi̍, or Waschi̍mihsiháhkta; i.e., a Frenchman from the north.

=Enough=, a̍ntechksach (_e_ ½; _ech_ guttural).

=Entangle= (v; involve), i̍hki-ruhmenisch.

=Even= (flat), kahósta; really a level prairie or plain.

=Evening=, istúnhä-dähus (_n_ French).

=Everywhere=, äkunhä-ahkskä-üahä̍rrisch (the two last words short and run together).

=Expectorate= (v; vomit), oksóhkusch.

=Eye=, istá; both eyes, istómmi.

=Eyelid=, istá-rupchä (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Face= (sight), istá.

=Fade= (v; grow pale), sterruckäschä̍h.

=Fade= (v; wither), dachi̍hdusch (_ch_ guttural).

=Fail= (v; miss), kakáhon-sch (_kakahonsch_; _on_ French; _honsch_ short and low).

=Fall= (v), dóhbchösch (_chosch_ short and guttural).

=Fall= (v; of the leaves), haráhrusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue): mánna-ahpöharáhrusch, the leaves are falling; mánna-ahpó, the leaves.

=Fan=, i̍hkärä-hädittä̍ (_ka_ short).

=Far= (distant), téhhan-sch (_tehhansch_; _an_ French).

=Far= (remote), ruhchäddäta (_ta_ short).

=Fat= (melted), ihkiri̍.

=Fat= (stout), si̍hndä.

=Father=, kóhtä (_o_ full; _ta_ short).

---- (his), kóhtosch.

---- (my), wáhtosch.

---- (your), ráhtosch (_r_ with the point of the tongue); the plural is never used, they say instead "the father."

=Feather=, si̍h.

=Feel= (v), paschkáttusch.

=Female= (of animals), mi̍hkasch.

=Fin=, póssi.

=Find= (v), onóppohsch.

=Finger=, ungkáh-hä (_ha_ very short and lower).

=Finger= (fore), ungkóh-mihä̍ (_mi_ short).

=Finger= (fourth), unghnátsä-mingkä̍.

=Finger= (little), ungkni̍-ingka (run together).

=Finger= (middle), ungknátka-kánachkah (_ach_ guttural).

=Fire=, uáradä (_ua_ nearly like _wa_; _da_ distinctly pronounced and short).

=Fire-brand= uára-rakschä̍.

=Fish=, pó.

=Fish= (v; catch fish), póhru-pschikóhsch (first _e_ with the point of the tongue).

=Fish= (v), póhrup-schi̍kohsch.

=Fish-hook=, poïkinnih (short).

=Fist=, ongkirrussa-nakä (_russa-naka_ very short).

=Flame=, uára-kapi̍dihä.

=Flat=, pschi̍hdä (_da_ short).

=Flatter= (v), i̍hkiri-áhkawaschusch (_ch_ guttural).

=Flea= (insect), péschki.

=Flee= (v; escape), ptähó-sch (_ptahosch_; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Flesh=, mánskapö (_an_ French).

=Flint=, máhkick-schukä̍.

=Flood= (v; overflow), mönnih-suckhä̍ddisch.

=Flute= (with holes for fingering), i̍h-wochka (_och_ guttural).

=Flute= (without holes), i̍h-koschka.

=Fly= (v), kikárehdusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Foam=, puchtä̍ (_ch_ guttural; _ta_ short).

=Fog=, masihsch.

=Food= (something to eat), wóhruté.

=Foot=, schi̍h.

=Foot-path=, nánko (_n_ French).

=Force= (v; compel), si̍n-hin-kehde (_e_ distinctly pronounced; _in_ in both cases like _i_ nasal; the whole run together).

=Forehead=, ithakä (_ka_ short and low).

=Forest=, mánna-rucktá.

=Forget= (v), ikihanchikusch (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Free= (he is no slave), waïnihsi̍hnichosch (_ch_ guttural).

=Freeze= (v), ktáhohsch.

=Frenchman=, Waschi̍, or Uaschi̍.

=Friend=, manuká (_a_ ½).

=Frost= (hoar-frost), istúnhä-uáhätúhsch (_n_ French; _ua_ together).

=Full=, ohi̍hsch.

=Full moon=, mi̍hnangkä-okahi̍ (short and run together); it may also be written, mihnang-ga.

=Fully=, ráttacosch.

=Game= (play), ki̍hni.

=Gay-colored=, puhsä̍; it is gay-colored, or spotted, puhsä̍hsch.

=Go= (v), déh-husch.

=Go hunting= (v; go on a hunt), schánterähusch (_an_ French; _e_ ½; _ra_ short).

=God=, o̍hmahank-numákschi (_an_ French); literally the lord or chief of the earth.

=Good=, schihsch (_sch_ often slightly hissed; but not regularly).

=Grandchild=, tauï̍hangka-sch (_hankasch_; _sch_ slightly hissed), or tauï̍h-hangkasch.

=Grape-vine=, hasch-huhdä (_a_ short).

=Grass=, chahä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Grave=, there is no such word; burial scaffold, maschóttä; see below, under "inter."

=Gray=, chóttä (_ch_ guttural).

=Gray-haired=, pahi̍n-chóttä (_ch_ guttural).

=Great= (tall), haschkasch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Green=, wi̍ïratohä.

=Ground=, mánpeterroh (_an_ French; _e_ ½; _terroh_ short and low).

=Grow= (v), ini̍hndusch (first _i_ rather long).

=Gums=, hiddó-sä (very short and run together).

=Gun=, wáhta-schirúhpa, or erúhpa (_e_ sometimes pronounced like _i_); rifle, ehrúhp-achtä̍ (the whole run together).

=Gut= (intestines), sihpä.

=Gut= (v; gut an animal), pokkanáhhusch.

=Hail= (n), rakánnandeh (_kannan_ short; _an_ French).

=Hair=, pahi̍n (_n_ French; somewhat like a nasal _pahi_).

=Half=, i̍hschanhä (_an_ French).

=Hand=, ung-kä̍.

=Hard=, kahsäsch (_sch_ sometimes slightly hissed).

=Hate= (v), woráttehusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Haul= (v; fetch), kittáhhusch, or kichkararusch (_ich_ guttural).

=Head=, pá (short).

=Headache=, panáhrusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Hear= (v), ä-sch (run together; but _sch_ is sometimes prolonged).

=Heart=, nátka.

=Hearty= (stout-hearted), kakáhhonsch (_on_ French; _sch_ often a little prolonged).

=Heat= (n), dádeschusch (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Heat= (v; inflame), manassinko-sch (_manassingkosch_; _sch_ slightly hissed); i.e., I am warm.

=Heaven= (sky), cháre-toho-sch (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½; the whole run together).

=Heavy=, tkä̍hsch.

=Heel=, schirúttä; plural, schirutosch.

=Help= (v), o̍hta-iuássakusch (pronounced together).

=Hem= (v; clear one's throat), háuikissekusch (the whole run together).

=Hide= (v), achawéhsch (_ch_ guttural).

=High=, wáh-kohrusch.

=Hoarse=, hoh-chikóhsch.

=Hole=, o̍hoh-pusch (_o_ full; the whole run together).

=Hollow= (adj), chówokosch (_ch_ guttural).

=Hoof=, scháh-hä (_ha_ short).

=Hoop= (of a barrel), mánna-bihduckä-i̍h-kamenihnde (first _e_ ½).

=Hope= (v), iwatéhrusch.

=Horns=, ansä̍ (_an_ French).

=Horse=, u̍mpa-meni̍ssä (_m_ French; _e_ ½).

=Hot=, dádähschusch.

=House= (lodge), oti̍.

=Hunger=, warúhtä-sch.

=Hungry=, wawarútä-sch; i.e., I am hungry.

=Hunt= (n), schántä (_an_ French).

=Hunt= (v), wáhnin-déhusch (_a_ full; _nin_ German).

=Hunter=, kaschánteka (_an_ French; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Hurricane=, schächtä-sch (_ach_ guttural), or schächtäsch.

=I=, mi̍h.

=Ice=, chóhde (_ch_ guttural; _de_ distinctly pronounced), or chóhdä.

=In= (come in), dóbcheta (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½; _ta_ short).

=Incurable=, o̍hkemick-härrächi̍hkusch (_ch_ guttural).

=Indistinct=, ihi̍nnikosch.

=Inter= (v; place on the scaffold), omáhchä-dähhereje (_ch_ guttural; _hereje_ barely audible; _je_ French; _e_ barely pronounced); ohmáhchä, or maschótta, the burial scaffold.

=Interior=, kúhschta.

=Intoxicate=, russidi̍hrusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Iron=, uáhtasche (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Island=, uittká (_ka_ short).

=Itch= (n), schirúhha (_ha_ short).

=Jar= (of clay), berä̍chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Jaw=, dóhhupa.

=Joy=, nettkaschi̍-sch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Kernel= (of a fruit or seed), tsúhnta (_n_ French; _ta_ short; _uhn_ somewhat nasal).

=Kidneys=, pi̍cksukkäh.

=Kindle=, raptähärri-sch (_harrisch_ very short and indistinct).

=Knee=, súhpachä.

=Kneel= (v), súhpachä-natannakosch.

=Knife=, man-hi̍ (_man_ French; often nearly _ma_ with superior _o_).

=Know= (v), i̍hua-hähkohsch (_ih_ together; _ua_ separated).

=Know= (v; be acquainted with), i̍hwahäkosch.

=Knuckle=, assóh-keninde (first _e_ ½; _in_ German; final _e_ distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

=Lame= (limping), onni̍-ndächi̍kosch (_ch_ guttural).

=Lament= (v; they say "he has pain, he weeps"), náhdä-irratahusch (_ch_ guttural; _r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Lance=, mánna-hiteruck-schukkä.

=Land=, same word as for earth.

=Laugh= (v), ihkchanhosch (_ch_ guttural).

=Lay= (v), makhä̍rrähsch.

=Lead=, same word as for ball.

=Leader= (chief), numákschi.

=Leaf=, a̍hpä.

=Leap= (v; spring), skä̍-sch.

=Leave= (imperative; go out of the way), húh-ketá.

=Left= (adverb), nusúskasch.

=Leg=, oti̍h.

=Lick= (v), pédeh-sch (first _e_ distinctly pronounced but short).

=Lie= (v; deceive), schähäkóhsch.

=Life=, nán-kesch (_an_ French; _kesch_ moderated; the whole run together).

=Lift= (v), ruhchóhku-sch.

=Light= (n), i̍ddä-ä̍chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Light= (v), i̍hdä-chä̍waharisch.

=Lightning=, chä-kúhnde (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½).

=Like= (v), wati̍hkidasusch.

=Lip=, i̍hchdobchi (_ch_ guttural).

=Little=, sánkasch (_an_ French).

=Liver=, pi̍h.

=Long=, hánschka (_an_ French; _ka_ short; usually pronounced _haschka_).

=Loose= (of clothes), pchi̍hdä (_pchi_ guttural; _da_ short).

=Lungs=, koppähk (_o_ between _a_ and _o_).

=Maiden=, suck-mi̍h-husch (the whole run together).

=Maize=, kóhchantä (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French).

=Man=, númangkohsch, or númangkosch.

=Man=, (human being), numangkáhkesch.

=Marry= (v), they say "he has taken a wife," or "she has taken a husband."

=Meal= (to eat?), warrutó-sch, (_warrutosch_; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Medicine=, chóppeni (_ch_ guttural).

=Medicine-feast=, machóppenihuahäddisch.

=Medicine-lodge=, ti-chóppenisch (_ch_ guttural; pronounced together).

=Medicine-man=, numánk-chóppenisch (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½).

=Melt= (v), raschedä̍hsch.

=Merchant=, kaui̍kahka (_aui_ separated; _u_ short).

=Messenger=, kasäddä̍hsch; i.e., I employ him in order to send him.

=Mirror=, ih-mi̍ngkiäsch (run together).

=Mistake= (v; lose one's way), chi̍qua-härrisch (_ch_ guttural).

=Money=, matáschä-schóttä; i.e., the white metal: or okihkikidasusoch; i.e., that which the white men love very much.

=Moon=, istú-menahke (first _e_ ½; final _e_ distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

=Moon= (which is full), mi̍hnangkäokahi̍sch.

=Moonshine=, istú-menahke-iddäechosch (_e_ ½; _ch_ guttural; the last two words short and run together).

=Morning=, mámpsita (_amp_ French; _ta_ short).

=Mother=, kohúhndä (_n_ French; _da_ short).

---- my, mihúhndä.

---- your, nihúhndä.

---- his, ih-kohúhndä.

---- (plural), kohúhnka (_n_ French).

=Mountain=, maháhk-chtä̍sch (_ch_ guttural; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Mouth=, i̍h-hä.

=Much=, hunsch (_un_ like French _oun_).

=Murder= (v; same word as for kill), tä̍hrusch.

=Music=, there is no such word; they say "song."

=My=, uawakáhrusch, or uáwaka-s.

=Nails= (on the feet), ung-ka-hä̍.

=Nails= (on the hands), ung-ka-hä̍.

=Naked=, ikara-súh-ninakosch (_r_ with the point of the tongue; the whole run together).

=Name=, dássä.

=Nape= (of the neck), náhkuttä.

=Narrow=, kschukó-sch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Navel=, dähp-ta-súh.

=Neck= (throat), itaïnú.

=Needle= (for sewing), mihstuheräóhhopä-túhsch (short).

=Negro=, waschi̍psi; i.e., the black man who has everything.

=Nest= (of birds), tachánde (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural; _e_ distinctly pronounced and short).

=Net= (fish-net), pó-i̍kuhndä (_n_ French; _da_ very short).

=New=, nánkasch (_an_ French).

=New= moon, mi̍hnangkä-nangkanakóhsch.

=Night=, istú-hunsch (_istu_ very short; _hun_ like _houn_ in French).

=Noon=, hapánnatosch.

=Northern lights=, wauawáschirutä.

=Nose=, páhchu (_pah_ a nasal tone between French _ah_ and _an_, the same in _mahchsi_, eagle; _chu_ guttural).

=Nostril=, páhchu-suh.

=Not= (nothing, none), mikóhsch; chosch (_ch_ guttural) is the French _pas_, or not.

=Old=, chihósch (_ch_ guttural).

=Old man=, wáratohka-chihósch (_chi_ guttural).

=Old woman=, rokánka-chihénn (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Oldest= (the), koráttorusch.

=On the other side=, kutá.

=Once=, máchana-iï̍cha (_ch_ guttural).

=Over=, a̍hkita.

=Oversleep= (v; neglect by sleeping), o̍wakinate-kahun-husch (first _a_ distinctly pronounced; _n_ French like _oun_; the whole short and run together).

=Pain= (n), wahúhde-náhdusch (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Paint= (v), uå̍hkapusosch (_a_ somewhat like å, or full).

=Pair=, nupschá.

=Palate= (roof of the mouth), nuti̍ske-okissángka (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Partizan= (leader of a war party), karókkanakah.

=Peace=, herróhka-härri-sch (run together; lisped).

=People= (lowest people), wáhchikanaschä̍ (_ch_ guttural); this is the most abusive word used by the Mandans.

=Pinch= (v; to carouse?), rúschkapusch.

=Pipe= (big medicine pipe), i̍h-hinkchóppenih (_ch_ guttural; _ihhink_ run together).

=Pipe= (tobacco), i̍h-hink-ossúhä (run together); usually ih-hingkä (the whole run together).

=Pitch= (rosin), ohruschkop.

=Plant= (v), uå̍hkihäddäisch (_haddaisch_ short).

=Play= (v), meni̍cheni (_ch_ guttural).

=Pluck= (v; feathers), pachkä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Point= (v; with the finger), hä̍hmeni-häddisch.

=Pointed=, schi̍h-husch.

=Poison=, there is no word for it.

=Polish= (v), ihkich-kánusch (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French).

=Pond= (or pool), mö̍nnih-chä̍dochä (_ch_ guttural).

=Pouch= (of leather), i̍hdukä.

=Pouch= (painted, of leather), i̍hwatarrackä.

=Powder= (gun-powder), waráschuntä.

=Prairie=, o̍h-karachtah (_ach_ guttural).

=Pregnant=, ähchichtä̍ (_ah_ rather long; _ch_ guttural; _ta_ short).

=Press out= (v; to express?), i̍hkastatusch.

=Pretty=, schi̍hnaschusch.

=Prick= (v; or sting), rápäsch.

=Prisoner=, iniss-hä̍ddisch.

=Proud=, tahuichtä-schi̍hkerisch (_u_ and _i_ separated; _ch_ guttural; _ta_ short; final _e_ ½).

=Pulse=, katink-tink-kanáhgisch (run together).

=Push= (v; thrust), patkä̍h-sch.

=Quarrel= (v; fight), ráhpusch.

=Quarter= (of the moon), mi̍hnangkä-kaschúra-déhusch.

=Quick=, kattuscho-sch (_scho-sch_ like a subdued _schosch_).

=Quiver= (for arrows), schuntháschk-ichti̍ckä (_ch_ guttural).

=Race= (contest in running), pti̍hhing-kikéhrusch.

=Rain= (n), chä̍h-husch (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Rainbow=, chä̍h-ikuhndä (_ch_ guttural; _da_ short).

=Rattle= (sysyquoy, gourd rattle), i̍nahdä (_nah_ occasionally like _nan_ in French, nasal).

=Ready= (completed), wakingkosch; it is not ready, wáuakin-ki̍nichosch (_n_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Reconcile= (v), härróhka-härrisch (run together).

=Red=, sä̍hsch, or sä-sch.

=Refuse= (v; deny), rúhkahusch.

=Revenge= (v), taüi̍hscha-hätúhsch.

=Rib=, dút-huh-dä (_da_ short; the whole run together).

=Ring= (v), ni̍hhä.

=Ripe= (of fruit), ráttakosch.

=River=, passan-hächtä̍ (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural; usually run together, then pronounced _passachta_, _ach_ guttural).

=Roast= (v, or n), roki̍nni.

=Rock= (cliff), i̍hschanschekeh (_an_ French; first _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Rocky= Mountains, Mi̍hndämánkä (_an_ French).

=Root=, mánna-hissä̍.

=Rot= (v), tä̍rräpo-sch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Rotten= (lazy?), natkachi̍hpo-sch (_ch_ guttural; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Round= (adj), sánnakohsch.

=Row= (v; paddle), ihuachákasch (_ih_ together).

=Run= (v), ptä̍-husch (run together).

=Saddle= (for a horse), mannissáhganakä (run together).

=Salt= (v; or sweeten), skuhóhsch.

=Sand=, mapúschakohsch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Scalp=, padóbchi (_ch_ guttural).

=Scalp-dance=, ui̍hskäkä-náhpisch (_uihs_ long; _kaka_ short).

=Scar=, ocha-túhsch (_ch_ guttural).

=Scratch= (v), ungkáh-härrisch (_harrisch_ low; the whole run together).

=Scream= (v), saráhrusch.

=Sea=, mönni̍h-kerre, or monni̍h-kärrä (_kerre_ low, even, and without emphasis; _e_ distinctly pronounced but short; _r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Secret= (adj), achawä̍hsch (first _ch_ guttural).

=See= (v), hä̍-sch.

=Servant= (marmiton, kettle-tender), kapä̍chka (_ach_ guttural).

=Shade= (shadow), a̍hkunchä (_n_ like French _oun_; _ch_ guttural).

=Shake= (v; rock), kati̍dirischusch.

=Shallow= (water), mönni̍h-psi̍hkasch.

=Sharp= (keen), schi̍h-husch (run together).

=Shave= (v), hi̍hkirukess.

=Shed tears= (v; or n, tears?), istámönni-húhrusch (the whole run together).

=Shield= (pare flèche), waki̍hdä.

=Shin= (shin-bone), dobkáhgä (_g_ guttural; _ga_ short).

=Shiver= (v; with cold), kachóhkahárra-wáhankisch (_an_ French).

=Shoot= (v; with a bow), mánnamahni̍hndusch.

=Shoot= (v; with a gun), eruhpákahtä (run together).

=Shooting-star=, chkäkä-rohhankadéhhusch (the whole run together).

=Shore= (bank), mö̍nnih-wakáchta (_kach_ a strong nasal sound).

=Short=, sánnakosch.

=Shoulder=, ahki̍ttä.

=Show= (v; instruct in a matter), i̍kikuhntäsch.

=Sick=, ahgä̍nnadusch (also with _rusch_ instead of _dusch_).

=Side= (of the body), dóh-i̍schanhä (_an_ French; the whole run together).

=Sigh= (v), i̍nihä.

=Sing= (v), wakanáhrusch.

=Sister= (youngest), ptánka (_an_ French); eldest sister, menúkä (_e_ ½).

=Sit= (v), ki̍kanakä.

=Skin= (hide of animal), dohbchi̍h (_ch_ guttural).

=Sledge= (dog-sledge, travail), man-i̍ssischan (_an_ French, but often like _a_).

=Sledge= (sled), mánna-uïratahne.

=Sleep= (v), hánnarusch.

=Sleepy=, hannaruck; I am going to sleep, wahánna-edúck-sanhúsch (_an_ French; the whole short and run together).

=Slow=, chä̍hrusch (_ch_ guttural; _rusch_ low and short).

=Small= (short), chámahä (_ch_ guttural).

=Smell= (v; sniff, scent), ui̍hhä.

=Smoke= (n), pi̍h-husch.

=Smoke= (v; tobacco), manóschhi̍hndusch (short and run together).

=Smooth=, sánhisch (_an_ French).

=Snarl= (v; growl), channah-hahosch (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Snow=, wáh-hä.

=Sole= (of the foot), schirokä.

=Son=, konickä̍.

=Song=, wakánnarusch.

=Sore-throat=, itäï-nunahrusch.

=Spark=, uarani̍hka (_ua_ almost like _wa_ in the word for fire).

=Speak= (v), róhdä.

=Spirits= (distilled), mönni-páhre (_e_ short).

=Spittle=, óksohkä.

=Spoon=, mansä̍ (_an_ French); if it is of the horn of the buffalo or bighorn the name of the animal is added.

=Spot= (v), a̍hksehusch (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Spring= (the season), bäh-hinundä (_n_ French; the whole run together).

=Spring= (source), mannahinni̍h.

=Spy= (v), mi̍nnakochä-uakärup-schä-sch (_sch_ slightly hissed).

=Squint= (v), istáck-chä̍kohsch (_ch_ guttural; _a_ short).

=Star=, chkäkä (_ch_ begins as a guttural).

=Start= (v; to start an animal), kachä̍rutosch (_ch_ guttural).

=Steep= (adj), kascháppähschkasch.

=Step-father=, called father; likewise step-mother is called mother.

=Sterile=, o̍hro-mikohsch.

=Stick= (n), mánna-kschúkä.

=Stifle= (v; choke, repress), russi̍ng-ko-sch (_russingkosch_; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Still=, happoähärohn-nkúnihusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Stinginess=, schi̍rukohsch.

=Stirrup=, maniss-iwachungkä.

=Stomach=, tachárachä (_ch_ guttural).

=Stop= (v; stop up), pattarókosch (_r_ with the point of the tongue; _o_ accented).

=Stone= (n), mi̍sannakä.

=Storm= (they say "a bad day," or "bad weather"), hapä̍h-chikóhsch (_ch_ guttural).

=Straight=, schóhrusch (_sch_ often slightly hissed).

=Strike= (v), dótkihsch.

=Strong= (of drink or other things), páhrusch.

=Strong= (physical strength), sinhusch (_in_ nasal like _i_).

=Stump=, sónkohsch.

=Stupid=, ochka-sch (_ochkasch_; _och_ guttural; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Summer=, ráskikä.

=Sun=, maháp-mi̍h-nangkä (the whole run together).

=Sunrise=, mi̍hnangkä-ti̍hsch.

=Sunset=, mi̍hnangkä-opókkohusch.

=Surround= (v; enemies), ikisánpasch (_an_ French).

=Swallow= (v; choke), oschárroposch.

=Swamp= (or lake), manichtä̍; a dirty place, tuntukosch.

=Sweat= (v), dássing-kohsch (run together).

=Sweet=, skunhó-sch (_hosch_ abruptly ended; _un_ like _oun_ in French).

=Swim= (v), paschún (_n_ French; _un_ like French _oun_).

=Swollen=, páh-hosch (run together; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Tail= (of bird), i̍hpä (_pa_ short).

=Tail= (of animal), schunntä̍ (_ta_ short).

=Teach= (v), ikkikúhntä (_ta_ short).

=Tear= (v; tear or break to pieces), ruchángkosch (_ruchangkosch_).

=Tear out= (v), pachkä̍; same as to pluck.

=Tears=, istá-mönni-húhrusch (the whole run together).

=Teeth=, hi̍h.

=Testicle=, asútka.

=There= (yonder), e̍tta.

=Thick= (stout), chtä̍-sch (_ch_ guttural; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Thin=, pampi̍h-sch (_pampisch_; _sch_ slightly hissed; _am_ or _an_ French).

=Throat=, nutiskä.

=Thumb=, umká.

=Thumb=, umpkä̍.

=Thunder=, chä̍-i-nihä (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Tickle= (v), ruksicksikusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Tie= (v; fasten), kaskéhje (final _e_ barely audible; _j_ French).

=Tinder-box=, mi̍hka-de (low and short).

=Tobacco=, mannaschä̍.

=Tobacco= (mixed with red willow), mánna-séka.

Tobacco (mixed with sakkakomi or bear-berry), mannaschot-kuschä̍.

=Tobacco-pouch=, mánnaschä-dockä̍.

=Toe=, schi̍-nihka.

=To-morrow=, máhtke (_e_ distinctly pronounced, but short).

=Tongue=, dä̍hsike (_e_ ½).

=Toothache=, hi̍h-náhrusch.

=Top= (summit), mahakáhgitta.

=Toughness=, käddä̍hrusch.

=Track= (of an animal), oni̍hnde (_de_ short; _e_ nearly full value).

=Trade= (n), uïh-karusch.

=Trap= (for animals), a̍hchkatachka (_ka_ short; _ch_ guttural).

=Tree=, mannáh, or mánna.

=Tremble= (v), kati̍derischusch.

=True=, tkuschósch.

=Turn= (v, twist), mi̍h-nuptakohsch (run together).

=Turn back= (v, return), kiptáhanni-kuhosch (the whole run together).

=Ugly=, chikósch (_ch_ guttural), or chikóhsch.

=Unhealthy=, uáhschi-chi̍hsch (run together; _ch_ guttural).

=Unripe=, schánhohsch (_an_ French).

=Until= (unto), o̍hdähä.

=Urine=, dä̍chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Valley=, o̍wako-pä̍.

=Vein= (artery), ji̍dukkä, or hissä̍ (German throughout).

=Void= (adj; stale; or cool, moderate), nahnka-wawarut-tenech-osch (first _e_ French and so somewhat nasal; _e_ distinctly pronounced; _ch_ guttural).

=Wait= (v, await), kiháhnakosch.

=War=, there is no such word; to fight, ki̍ddack-sahndusch.

=War-club= (of stone), mi̍h-kaské.

=War-club= (of wood), mánna-paui̍schä.

=War-club= (small iron tomahawk), o̍hmanat-tchámahä (_ch_ guttural).

=War-club= (with iron point), mono-pschi̍hdä, or mánna-ókatanhä (_an_ French).

=Warm=, dadéschusch (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Warmth=, same word as for warm.

=Warrior= (a brave fighter), kirak-san-charakusch (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural; _r_ with the point of the tongue).

=War-whoop=, scheddekóhsch.

=Wash= (v), kirúskikusch.

=Water=, mönni̍h; occasionally, menni̍h.

=Water-jar=, mönni-mi̍hnda (_da_ short).

=Wax=, o̍hkerusche-schi̍pka-o̍hdä-chä (_e_ in _sche_ ½).

=Weary=, ïua-hatésch (_iua_ separated; _h_ barely audible; _e_ distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

=Weather= (fair), happe-schiéhsch (_e_ ½; run together without break); i.e., it is fair weather.

=Weep= (v), rattachósch (_ch_ guttural).

=Wet=, skapposch.

=What= (or how), taschká-tl (_tl_ lisped as in Mexico).

=Whip= (for horses), i̍h-kaparaschä.

=Whirlpool=, mö̍nnih-ruhmenischka (_e_ ½)

=Whistle= (v; or pipe), i̍hkoschä.

=White=, schóttä.

=White-man=, waschi̍, or uaschi̍; i.e., he who has everything, or everything good.

=Whole=, ekún-ha (_n_ French; _ha_ short).

=Widow=, they say "the husband is dead."

=Wind= (n), schä.

=Wind= (v; of game), i̍hkamenihn-dusch (_e_ ½).

=Wing= (n), ahpcha (_ch_ guttural; final _a_ almost as if with umlaut, short and low).

=Winter=, máhna.

Wither (v), ráhsakosch.

=Woman= (wife), mi̍h-hä; this is a woman, mii̍h-husch.

=Wood=, mánna.

=Work= (v), wai̍sakosch (_wai_ pronounced together).

=Wound= (v), u̍hsch.

=Wound= (v), o̍hcha-tu-kä̍rähusch (_ch_ guttural); i.e., he went away wounded.

=Wrap up= (v), ikikáhmenisch (_e_ ½).

=Wrinkle= (n), si̍hpo-sch (_sihpohsch_).

=Yawn= (v), ichbedä̍hrusch (_ch_ guttural; _sch_ slightly hissed).

=Year=, máhna: there is really no word for year; they say "winter,"--"I am so many winters old."

=Yellow=, si̍hdä (_da_ short).

=Yellowish=, chi̍hdä (_ch_ guttural).

=Yes=, hon (_on_ French), or hau (pronounced as in German).

=Yolk= (the yellow in the egg), mándeck-suck-ni̍ïka-kuhschta-ossiidä.

=Young=, suck-chámahusch.

=Young animal=, koni̍hnka (second _n_ French; _ihn_ somewhat nasal).

_Animals_

=Antelope= (general term), kokä̍; the buck, kockberockä̍.

=Antelope= (with horns), kokástu.

=Badger=, mahtä̍ckä.

=Bat=, háhchurahdä (_ch_ guttural).

=Bear= (black), ischii̍dda (_da_ short).

=Bear= (grizzly), mató.

=Beaver=, uárapä, or wárapä.

=Bighorn=, ansechtä̍ (_an_ French; _e_ barely audible; _ch_ guttural; _ta_ very short; the whole therefore almost _anschta_).

=Buffalo= (bull), berockä̍.

=Buffalo= (calf), ni̍hka.

=Buffalo= (cow), ptihndä, orpti̍hnde.

=Crane=, tä̍hräcke (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Crane=, (white), tä̍hräck-schóttä.

=Crow=, chóhchichanka (_ch_ Dutch guttural throughout).

=Deer= (black-tailed), schumpsi.

=Deer= (common), máhmanakuh.

=Duck=, pattóhä.

=Eagle= (bald-headed), pattáckä.

=Eagle= (old war-eagle), kichká (_ch_ guttural).

=Eagle= (war-eagle), máhchsi (_mah_ almost like _man_, French nasal; _ch_ guttural).

=Eagle= (young bald-headed), chtachtáha (_ch_ and _ach_ guttural).

=Elk=, o̍mpa, or u̍mpa (_om_ French, _um_ like _oum_ in French).

=Elk= (doe), o̍mpa-mi̍hkasch.

=Elk= (stag), o̍mpa-berockä̍.

=Fisher= (mustela pennantii), ichti̍ck-psi̍h (_ch_ guttural).

=Fox= (black), hirútt-psii̍h.

=Fox= (cross-fox), hirútt-chack-chäh (_ch_ guttural).

=Fox= (grey), hirútt-chóttä (_ch_ guttural).

=Fox= (prairie), o̍hcha (_ch_ guttural).

=Fox= (red), hirútt-sä̍.

=Frog=, psánka (_an_ French).

=Goose= (white), mi̍hhan-schóttä.

=Goose= (wild), mii̍hhan-kschukkä̍ (_an_ French).

=Gopher= (arctomys hoodii, striped prairie squirrel), maschirónika.

=Hare= (white), máhchtikä (_ch_ guttural; _ti_ short).

=Horse=, u̍mpa-meni̍ssä (_um_ like _oum_ in French; _e_ ½).

=Horse=, (young), u̍mpa-meni̍ssini̍hkasch (_sch_ sometimes slightly hissed).

=Humming-bird=, manasch-chóhpkocháchka (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Lizard=, mi̍hkanatka.

=Lynx=, schontä̍-pussä̍.

=Magpie=, uihkchák-chäkä (_ch_ guttural).

=Mink=, mönnika-súnntackä.

=Mole= (gopher), machtóhpka (_ach_ guttural; _o_ full).

=Moose=, páhchub-ptaptá (_ch_ guttural).

=Mouse=, mi̍htickä.

=Mule=, schúmpsi-mani̍sseh.

=Nighthawk= (goatsucker), pi̍hska.

=Otter=, pä̍hchtekeh (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½; _keh_ somewhat prolonged).

=Owl= (German uhu, strix bubo; western horned owl?), ichki̍hä (_ch_ guttural).

=Panther=, schuntä̍-háschka; literally the long tail.

=Pelican= (great, or "scheteck"), nuthkuchtä (_uch_ guttural); i.e., the thick throat.

=Pigeon= (passenger-pigeon), uárawit-chtä̍.

=Pigeon= (turtle-dove, columba carolinensis), uárawit-kschukä̍.

=Rabbit= (lepus americanus), máhchtikä (_ch_ guttural; _ti_ short).

=Rat=, mi̍htick-chtä (_ch_ guttural).

=Raven=, kä̍hka.

=Skunk=, schóchtä (_och_ German guttural).

=Snake=, wahchkeruchká (_ch_ guttural; _e_ distinctly pronounced and short).

=Snake=, (rattle-snake), matáh-chóppenih (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½).

=Swan=, mandéh-chóppenih (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural); i.e., the medicine bird.

=Swine=, waschi̍ta-mató; i.e., the white man's bear.

=Titmouse=, patáhpsi.

=Toad=, chatká (_ch_ guttural).

=Troupial= (red shouldered), a̍hpcha-sä (_ch_ guttural).

=Turkey= (wild), máhnu (_a_ rather full, almost as if with superior _o_).

=Turkey buzzard=, ruh-hah-deh.

=Turtle=, ki̍psandä (_an_ French; _da_ short).

=Waxwing=, o̍hpa-kótika (_oh_ and _o_ full).

=Weasel= (stoat), máhchpach-pi̍rakä (only slightly separated; _ch_ guttural).

=Weasel= (the small weasel), machschipka (_ach_ guttural).

=Wolf= (black), cháhratä-psi̍h.

=Wolf= (gray), cháhratä-chóttä.

=Wolf= (prairie), schähä̍ckä, or schähä̍cke (_e_ short).

=Wolf= (white), cháhratä-schóttä.

=Wolverene= (gulo borealis), matóka (_ka_ abruptly ended; run together).

=Woodpecker=, tóschka.

_Plants_

=Ash=, tapsá.

=Birch=, wáhchochä (_ch_ guttural).

=Negundo maple=, mi̍hnchka-tah-manaka, (_n_ French, barely audible; last word short and run together).

=Oak=, itá-huhdä.

=Poplar=, wáhchä (_ch_ guttural).

=Prairie turnip= (pomme blanche), mahä̍ (short).

=Reed=, wi̍h-puhdä (_puhda_ lower; _da_ short).

=Willow= (salix), háchsä-huhdä (_hach_ with emphasis and nasal; _sa_ and _huhda_ low; _ach_ guttural).

_Clothing and Implements_

=Bracelets of metal=, u̍nki-tanhä̍ (_n_ and an French; _un_ like _oun_).

=Breechcloth=, nókkä.

=Buffalo robe=, mahi̍tu, or mi̍h-ihä.

=Cache= (hiding place), mochä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Girdle= (belt), i̍chparakä (_ich_ guttural).

=Gloves= (or mittens), ogi̍chtikä (_gich_ guttural).

=Hair-ornament= (for the front part of head), itáhua-schúngkä (_ua_ separated).

=Head-dress= (the long feather hood), máhchsi-akub-háschka (German throughout).

=Leather shirt=, wapánpi-i̍maschottä (_an_ French).

=Leggings=, wapánpi-húnschi (_an_ and _n_ French, like _oun_).

=Moccasins=, humpä̍ (_um_ like French _oum_).

=Necklace of bear's claws=, matóunknappi-nihudä (the last two words run together).

=Place in a cache= (v), mochdaráhkosch (_och_ guttural).

=Pouch= (for ammunition), mánhä-i̍hdukä, or assóh-kacherúkkä (_ch_ guttural).

=Scraper= (for cleaning hides), i̍hwachipka (_ch_ guttural).

=Snow-shoes=, mánna-humpä̍.

=War-whistle=, i̍hkoschka.

_Kinship_

=Cousin=, same words as for brother and sister.

=Daughter-in-law=, ptaui̍h-hangkasch (_au_ together; _ih_ with emphasis).

=Father-in-law=, ptútt.

=Father's brother=, same word as for father.

=Father's sister= (aunt), kotóminikohsch.

=Grandfather=, táttä-chihä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Grandmother=, nan-chihä̍ (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Mother-in-law=, ptó-hinix (run together).

=Mother's brother= (uncle), ratodé.

=Mother's sister=, same word as for mother.

=Son-in-law=, roh-hángkasch.

_Names of Rivers_

=Cannonball=, Passáchtä.

=Chayenne= (Great Chayenne), Passáchtä.

=Grand=, Wáraschunt-pássahä.

=Heart=, Nátka-pássahä.

=Knife=, Mánhi-pássahä.

=Little Missouri=, Máhtach-schukä̍.

=Missouri=, Mántahä (_an_ French, rather nasal, like _ah_).

=Muddy=, Mattúhntu-pássahä.

=Muscleshell=, Tóhki-pássahä.

=Rivière à Moreau=, Pássahä-i̍htahi.

=Rivière au castor=, Mattúhntu-pássahä.

=Rivière du rempart=, Manáhmeni-pássahä.

=Teton= (Little Missouri), Mönnichä̍h-pássahä.

=Upper White earth=, Matáck-pássahä.

=White=, Mönni̍h-schott-pássahä; literally Water-white river.

=Yellowstone=, Mi̍hsi-pássahä.

_Names of Tribes_

=Assiniboins=, Hósika.

=Blackfeet=, Schipsi̍.

=Chayennes= (Chats of the French), Tamáh-ónruschkahpe (_on_ French; _e_ distinctly pronounced; last word low and short; the whole run together).

=Crows=, Hä̍hderuka (_e_ ½).

=Dacota=, Hahä-numangkosch (run together).

=Grosventres of the prairies=, Arrapahó, or Ächichtä-numangkake (_ich_ guttural).

=Kayaüas=, Káy-ua (the whole run together; _u_ and _a_ separated): the French call them Gens des ptat-côtés [_sic_].

=Krihs=, Schahi̍.

=Omahas=, O̍hmaha.

=Otos=, O̍hto.

=Pánis=, Cháratä-numangkä; i.e., the People of the Wolf, or of the Wolves.

=Snakes, or Shoshonés=, Wáhkiruchka-númangkä (_uch_ guttural).

FOOTNOTES:

[256] I am indebted to the untiring patience of Mr. Kipp, who is thoroughly familiar with this language, for this extensive vocabulary which I wrote down with the help of several Mandans. My attempt at a grammar, as I have already said, was interrupted by illness. Mr. Gallatin (_ibid._, p. 125) includes the Mandans with the Minnitarris; but he had no vocabulary of their language and could, therefore, in no wise form a correct judgment. The signatures to the treaty which he mentions (pp. 125 and 379) were translated into the Minnitarri language because of the lack of a Mandan interpreter. This is shown clearly from the words _matsa_ (man) and _lahpeetzee_, or _lachpitzi_ (bear), both of which are pure Minnitarri words. I hope by means of the following examples of the Mandan language to refute many of the errors regarding this people which were formerly spread abroad.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ For a brief biography of James Kipp, see our volume xxii, p. 345, note 319.

Notes on the Grammar of the Mandan Language[257]

_Prepositions_

=From= (German, von; French, de), tá.

=Near= (German, unweit; French, proche, près de), askásch.

=To= (German, nach; French, à), óh.

Examples:

I come from Ruhptare: Ruhptáre ä̍ta wa huh-rusch; i.e., Ruhptare from I come.

I go to Ruhptare: Ruhptáre hiddä wa dä̍hhusch; i.e., Ruhptare to I go.

For "close to" or "hard by," they say also "on the margin of." On the margin of Ruhptare: Ruhptáre i̍wakachta (_ach_ guttural); from i̍wakachta, on the margin of the water, a pond, etc.

_Interjections_

There are nearly as many interjections as in our language.

=Ä̍h-hä-hä!= (run together), an expression of surprise.

=Ji̍a= (nasal), used in case of exertion which is not wholly successful.

=Héi! héi! héi!= (German, shrill, pronounced with the tongue), thank you, thank you.

=Wáh i sack chárackä!= (_ch_ guttural), oh, my God (German, mein Gott)!

=Schá!= oh (German ach).

=Wáh-ah!= or =o̍hsch!= ho there!

_Conjunctions_

=And=, káni.

=Or=, does not occur in our form; at least, it is difficult to discover.

Examples:

A man and a dog, numánk kani manissuérutä.

The one or the other, kotä̍wäcktosch; kitosch signifies that the event is yet to happen.

Kotä̍wa, which is it? in this expression it is difficult to find our word "or."

_The Definite Article_

Singular Plural

_Nom._, =the man=, numangkä. _Nom._, =the men=, númank-keréhsch. _Gen._, =of the man=, numangkä-óh. _Gen._, =of the men=, numangkáke. _Dat._, =to the man=, numangkä. _Dat._, =to the men=, numank-keréhsch _Accus._, =the man=, numangkä. _Voc._, =O! thou man=, numangkä. _Abl._, =from the man=, numank-dä̍ta.

Examples:

_Gen._ The knife of the man whom I have seen: numank uahä̍ssiro óh támanhisch; i.e., the man whom I have seen, this is his knife.

_Dat._ I will give this to a man and not to a woman: numangkä wáh kuhk tusch mi̍hhä wah wach kuhnichtusch; i.e., to a man I will give it woman I will not give.

_Accus._ I saw a man do this: numangkä áhska uáhissache uahähsch; i.e., a man this do I have seen.

_Abl._ The knife comes from the man to whom you have given it: numank dä̍ta mánhi sakuh-rusch-idä̍ta waruschesch.

_The Indefinite Article_

_Nom._, =a man=, numánk.

_Gen._, =of a man=, numánk.

_Dat._, =to a man=, numánk-ä, or numankä̍.

_Accus._, =a man=, numank.

Example:

_Gen._ The head of a man, numank-pa.

Remark. No difference in form is made for sex; and in the case of human beings, appears to be only occasionally indicated by an ending. They say: a man, numánk-máchana; and in exactly the same way, a woman, mi̍hha-máchana; an egg, máh-ni̍hka-máchana. The case where the sexes are indicated is when, for instance, some one addresses a person and tells him he should do something; if it is a man the syllable _tá_ is affixed, if a woman the syllable _na_.

_Auxiliary Verbs_

=To be=, kitóhsch. This word does not occur frequently.

Examples:

To be rich: wá kah dä hun; i.e., much wealth.

To be tall is good: háschka kä schihsch; i.e., tall that is good.

=I am tall=: máh káschkasch; máh, I.

=You are tall=: ni̍h káschkasch.

=He is tall=: ih káschkasch.

=We are tall=: núh dä̍ta háschkasch.

=You are tall=: ni̍h dä̍ta haschkasch.

=They are tall=: i̍h dä̍ta háschkasch.

=To do=, isä̍kosch:

=I shall do it=: waë wasácktosch.

=You will do it=: wa idá sácktosch.

=He will do it=: ih wah esácktosch.

=We shall do it=: nuh dä̍ta esácktosch.

=You will do it=: nih dä̍ta i̍hda sä̍cktosch.

=They will do= it: ih dä̍ta ih säcktosch.

Dä̍ta always signifies the plural in this use.

=Do not do it=: (imperative): káhdä isä̍ckta.

=To do=: isä̍ckosch.

=Done=: kúhrusch.

=Doing=: isäkka-mánkahusch (_an_ French).

=To have=, wakáhtosch.

=I shall have him= (or it): wa káhktosch.

=He will have him= (or it): ih wa káhktosch; or, in káhktosch (_n_ French; _in_ nasal).

=We shall have him= (or it): núh káhktosch.

=You will have him= (or it): wa ra káhktosch.

=They will have him= (or it): ih onn na káhktosch.

=I shall not have him= (or it): wa wa kánechosch (_ch_ guttural).

=I shall have=: wa káhktosch.

_Nouns_

Singular

=The old man=: waratóhka-chihosch (_ch_ guttural).

=The old woman=: rokánka-chihénn (_ch_ guttural).

=The fish-hook=: poïkini̍h (_o_ and _i_ separated).

=The arm=: a̍hdä.

=The branch=: o̍hchancha (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French).

=The eye=: istá.

=The eyelid=: istá-rupchä̍.

=The axe=: óhmanatä.

Plural

=The old men=: waratóhka-keri̍sch; really keréhsch.

=The old women=: rokánke-keri̍sh.

=The fish-hooks=: poïkini̍h-keréhsch.

=The arms=: a̍hdä-keréhsch.

=The branches=: o̍hchancha-keréhsch.

=The eyelids=: istá-rupchi-keréhsch.

=The axes=: o̍hmanat-keréhsch.

=A great forest=: mánna-keréhsch; i.e., many trees, from mánna, tree.

Remark. From these instances it is easy to derive the rule that to form the plural of nouns the word keréhsch is affixed. It is occasionally pronounced kerisch, and denotes plurality.

Exceptions:

Máhna, the year; the plural is not mána-keréhsch, but manáhna, the years, or better, the winters.

Both arms, i.e., the arms, are called in the plural, a̍hdä-náhta; the legs, dóhke-náhta. This exception is due to the fact that the number of arms on the body is definitely known; they are never more than two, so the plural is "both."

The word keréhsch also signifies in some few cases that objects of only one kind are included, yet always in the plural. Thus, when one enters a lodge where old men or women are assembled, he would say waratóhka-keréhsch, only old men; or rokánka-keréhsch, only or merely old women; waschi̍-keréhsch, merely white men; waschipsi(_waschi-psih_)-keréhsch, merely negroes, etc.

_Declension of the Noun_

Singular

_Nom._, =the man=, númang-kä.

_Gen._, =of the man=, numank-ä̍da.

_Dat._, =to the man=, o̍h-numank.

_Accus._, =the man=, númank-kä.

_Voc._, =O man!= numánk.

_Abl._, =from the man=, númang-kä.

Plural

_Nom._, =the men=, numang-kä̍rrä.

_Gen._, =of the men=, o̍h-numang-kä.

_Dat._, =to the men=, númang-kärrä-tá.

_Accus._, =the men=, numang-kärrä.

_Voc._, =O men!= numang-káke.

Singular

_Nom._, =the bow=, woraërúhpa.

_Gen._, =of the bow=, woraërúhpa-dä.

_Dat._, =to the bow=, woraërúhpa-ä̍ta.

_Accus._, =the bow=, woraërúhpa.

_Voc._, =O bow!= woraërúhpa.

_Abl._, =from the bow=, woraërúhpa-tá.

Plural

_Nom._, =the bows=, woraërúhpa-keréhsch.

_Gen._, =of the bows=, woraërúhpa-kärrä-tá.

_Dat._, =to the bows=, woraërúhpa-kärrä-ätá.

_Accus._, =the bows=, o̍h-woraërúhpa-keréhsch.

_Voc._, =O bows!= woraërúhpa-keréhsch.

_Abl._, =from the bows=, woraërúhpa-kärrä-tá.

The word "from," motion towards the speaker, is expressed by tá; as in hutá, come here. The word "to," motion from the speaker, is expressed by the word ä̍ta.

Exception:

Idä̍ta-keréhsch, the others; in this expression keréhsch is usually omitted, and only idä̍ta used.

_Proper Names_

The names of these Indians always have a meaning, and often include a whole phrase. All familiar objects and their different states are drawn upon for the names of persons, and these are often very vulgar. I have given some of them above.

_Adjectives_

Adjectives are placed after the nouns; e.g., meni̍ss-schóttä, horse white, not as in German and English, the white horse.

Examples:

Mandeck suck-sä (_an_ French), the red bird; i.e., bird the red.

Numank-chárakä (_ch_ guttural), the brave man.

Passán-schi̍hsch (_an_ French), the beautiful river.

Mani̍ssuarut-psi̍hsch, the black dog.

_Comparison_

The comparative degree is formed by affixing the word opáchadehsch, or opáchádähsch (_ch_ guttural), i.e., more. The superlative degree is formed by affixing the word mi̍hkasch, i.e., the most.

=Good=, schihsch: better, schi̍h-opa̍chadehsch: best, schi̍h-mi̍hkasch.

=Bad=, chi̍cosch: worse, chikä̍-opáchadehsch: worst, chi̍k-ä-mi̍hkasch.

=Near=, askahá: nearer, aská-opáchadähsch: nearest (next), aská-mihkasch.

=Much=, hunsch: more, hun (_un_ like French _oun_)-opáchadähsch: most, hun-mi̍hkasch.

=Old=, chihósch (_ch_ guttural): older, chihä-opáchadähsch: oldest, chihä-mi̍hkasch.

=Sure= (certain), does not occur: they say instead, true, tkúschosch; truer, tkschä̍-opa̍chadäsch: truest, tkuscha-mihkasch.

=Great= (tall), háschka: greater, háschka-opáchadähsch: greatest, ha̍schka-mi̍hkasch.

=Wise=, schi̍rukosch: wiser, schi̍ruko-pa̍chadähsch: wisest, schi̍ruko-mi̍hkasch.

Remark. Occasionally the comparative and superlative are used together in order to give greater emphasis.

Example:

The most beautiful river: pa̍ssanhä(or pássahä)-koschi̍-opachadäh-mi̍hkasch.

_Use of Adjectives as Nouns_

=The rich man=, ko-wakáhdä-hunsch; ko, the.

=The poor=, ko-áhchkereh-keri̍sch (_ch_ guttural; second _e_ ½).

=The divine= (godlike), máh-choppenih-tá.

=The beautiful=, they say "the good," ko-schi̍hsch.

The colors are expressed in the plural just as in German and English.

Example:

The greens (the various greens), wi̍hra-tohä̍-tatá-keréhsch; i.e., wi̍hra-tohä̍, green; tatá, the various.

_Indefinite Numerals_

These answer the question, how many times? or; how often?

=Once=, schanáhre-máchanasch.

=A single one=, máchana-i̍ncha (in the second word, _in_ almost like _i_ nasal).

=Twice=, schanáhre-numpóhsch; and so on to and including ten. First, second, third, etc. are expressed in like manner.

=Stosch= (with the point of the tongue), a single one.

_The Positive Degree_

=That is large= (great): äth-háschkasch.

=That is good=: äth-schi̍hsch.

=That is bad=: äth-chikósch (_ch_ guttural).

=That is much=: äth-hunsch (_un_ like French _oun_).

=It is long=: háschkasch.

=It is thick=: chtä̍hsch; from the word chtä̍, thick.

=It is beautiful=: schi̍hsch; from schi̍h, beautiful.

In these instances, therefore, _sch_ is added [to form the positive].

_Numerals_

Cardinals

There are as many expressions for them as in the language of civilized peoples, from one to 1,000,000, etc.

=One=, máchana (_ch_ guttural).

=Two=, numpä̍ (_m_ French, _um_ like French _oum_).

=Three=, náhmeni (_e_ ½).

=Four=, tóhpe (_e_ ½); often shortened to tóhp; tóhposch, there are four.

=Five=, kächón (_ch_ guttural; _on_ French).

=Six=, ki̍hma.

=Seven=, kúhpa.

=Eight=, tä̍ttake (_e_ or _a_ umlaut).

=Nine=, máchpe (_ach_ guttural; _e_ about ½).

=Ten=, pitágh (_gh_ guttural); really pi̍rakosch, but it is very much shortened.

=Eleven=, a̍hga-ma̍chana (_ga_ guttural).

=Twelve=, a̍hga-numpä̍.

=Thirteen=, a̍hga-náhmeni.

=Fourteen=, a̍hk-tóhp.

=Sixteen=, a̍h-ki̍hma.

=Seventeen=, a̍h-kúhpa.

=Eighteen=, ahk-tä̍ttake.

=Nineteen=, a̍hga-ma̍chpe (_ch_ guttural).

=Twenty=, nompá-piráhg (_om_ French).

=Twenty-one=, nompá-pirákä-roh-máchana.

=Thirty=, na̍hmeni-ampi̍rakosch.

=Forty=, tóhpa-pi̍rakosch.

=Fifty=, kächón-ampi̍rakosch.

=Sixty=, ki̍hma-ampi̍rakosch.

=Seventy=, kúhpa-ampi̍rakosch.

=Eighty=, ta̍ttake-ampi̍rakosch.

=Ninety=, máchpe-ampi̍rakosch.

=One hundred=, éhsuck-máchana.

=One hundred and one=, éhsuck-máchana-roh-máchanasch.

=One hundred and two=, éhsuck-máchana-roh-numpóhsch.

=Two hundred=, éhsuck-numpá.

=Three hundred=, éhsuck-náhmeni.

=One thousand=, isúkki-kákohi.

=One thousand and one=, isúkki-kákohi-roh-máchanasch.

=One thousand one hundred=, isúck-áhga-máchanasch; i.e., eleven hundred.

=Two thousand=, isúck-ikákohi-numpóhsch.

=Ten thousand=, isúck-ikákohi-pi̍rakosch.

=One hundred thousand=, isúck-ikákohi-isuck-mácha-pi̍rakosch; i.e., one thousand ten times one hundred.

Ordinals

=The first=, ko-ónti (_on_ French).

=The second=, ko-númpä-hank.

=The third=, ko-náhmeni-hank.

=The fourth=, ko-tóhp-hank.

They continue in like manner, Ko, the, is always prefixed; and hank is always affixed; it is equivalent to German "te," or French ième.

=The thousandth=, ko-sukkikáhkohi-hank.

=The last=, ko-i̍hkaháhschä.

Fractions

=One half=, i̍hschanhä (_an_ French).

There is a word for half; the other fractions are expressed by saying "a part."

_Pronouns_

[No attempt has been made by the translator to rearrange these confused forms.]

I, you, he, we, you, they; she and it are lacking.

Singular

=I=, mi̍h.

=You=, ih.

=He=, ih.

Plural

=We=, nuh.

=You=, ni̍h-ä̍tta.

=They=, i̍h-ä̍tta.

First Person Singular

_Nom._, =I=, mi̍h.

_Gen._, =of me=, man-nan (_an_ French, nasal like _ah_).

_Dat._, =to me=, mó (rather full).

_Dat._, =to me=, róh-dätá.

_Accus._, =me=, uáck. _Abl._, =from me=, roh-ätá.

First Person Plural

_Nom._, =we=, núh.

_Gen._, =of us=, nuétta.

_Accus._, (or dative; German, uns), =us=, nuétta.

Second Person Singular

_Nom._, =you=, i̍h.

_Gen._, =of you=, nittá.

_Dat._, =to you=, ni̍h.

_Accus._, =you=, ni̍h.

Example:

Mi̍h ni̍h rotkä̍, I shall strike you; i.e., I you shall strike.

Example of the first person:

You are ashamed of me: man-nan i̍hnkidichihsch (_n_ French; _ch_ guttural); i.e., of me you are ashamed (German, shame yourself).

Third Person Singular

_Nom._, =he=, i̍h.

_Gen._, =of him= (his), i̍hta.

_Dat._, =to him=, i̍hta.

_Accus._, =him=, i̍h.

Third Person Plural

_Nom._, =we=, núh.

_Gen._, =of us=, nuthá.

_Dat._, =to us=, róh.

_Accus._, =us=, róh.

Example:

His eye has served him ill: i̍hta istá i̍h kirúchikosch; i.e., his eye him has served ill; i̍hta istá, his eye.

These notes were interrupted by sickness.

_Addenda_

=I eat=, wawarutóhsch.

=You eat=, wararustosch.

=He eats=, i̍hwarutohsch.

=We eat=, wanurutohsch.

=You eat=, i̍hwarutochedesch.

=They eat=, roh-waruta-mankahusch.

=I have eaten=, wawarut-makibchasch (_ch_ guttural).

=I shall eat=, wawarustosch.

=I would eat=, ihua-haraposch (run together).

=Eat= (imper sing), warustá (_ta_ short).

=Eat= (imper plur), wárutenistá.

=Eating=, warútta-mánkahusch.

FOOTNOTES:

[257] These were discontinued owing to illness, and are, therefore, incomplete.--MAXIMILIAN.

Mandan Village Dialects

[The two villages are Mih-tutta-hángkusch and Ruhptáre; the variants are distinguished by prefixing thereto (M) and (R) respectively.--TRANS.]

=Blanket= (white woolen): (M) manhi̍chtä-schóttä; (R) waráchschóttä (_ach_ guttural).

=Board= (plank): (M) mánnaopschi̍hdä; (R) mánna-gapschi̍hdä.

=Boat=: (M) minnanke (_an_ French; _ke_ short); (R) mánna-kinihnde (_de_ distinct and short).

=Bow=: (M) woraërúhpa, waraërúhpa, or baraëruhpa; (R) warauïruhpa-gapschihde (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Child=: (M) suck-chámahä (_ch_ guttural); (R) sucke-hi̍nnichä (_e_ ½).

=A child who cries constantly=: (M) suck-chámahä-nattach-sinhusch (_ach_ guttural; _n_ French): (R) suckchinick-saráh-sinhusch (_e_ ½; in the second word _n_ is French).

=Cloth= (blue or black) (M): manhi̍chtä-psi̍h; (R) warách-psi̍h.

=Cloth= (green): (M) wi̍ratohä; (R) warách-tohä̍.

=Cloth= (scarlet): (M) manhi̍chtä-sä̍; (R) warách-sä̍.

=Clothes= (article of dress): (M) i̍hmaschuntä (_un_ like French _oun_); (R) ihmakotä̍.

=Cotton cloth= (Indian): (M) maächtepáhpe; (R) marachpáhpina (_ach_ guttural).

=Cover the fire=: (M) uáradä-wakatachta; (R) uaráhdä-wáchkuhárata (the two last words run together).

=Covering of a lodge=: (M) ti̍hähnachtah (_ach_ guttural; _ta_ long); (R) tihä̍h-karastáh.

=Cut meat for drying= (v): (M) wahgap-chi̍hda (_ach_ guttural); (R) wahgap-schi̍hdä.

=Dress yourself= (imperative): (M) i̍nni-maschuntä̍-okáwaschacktá; (R) onni̍wakottä-okawakostá.

=Dried meat=: (M) móh-ihp-ka; (R) wah-i̍h-hip-kä.

=Ear of corn= (maize): (M) húhpatka; (R) húhpan.

=Entrance to a lodge= (tambour): (M) berrä-páhchu (_r_ with the point of the tongue; _ch_ guttural); (R) berrä-óschiduhdä.

=Fort= (of the white men): (M) mannach-kinihnde (_ach_ guttural; _e_ distinctly pronounced); (R) mannách-kini̍hnde (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Four inner posts of a lodge=: (M) tidock-húhdä; (R) mahun-kih-häddä (_un_ like French _oun_; the last three syllables run together.)

=Give me water=: (M) mönnih-mámakutta; (R) mönni̍h-mam-makúhta.

=Go and tell this=: (M) náhha-ki̍nahta; (R) náhha-kiki̍nihta.

=He beats the drum=: (M) bäräch-dot-kisch (_ach_ guttural; _r_ with the point of the tongue); (R) bärächt-ki̍h-osch (_ach_ guttural; _r_ with the point of the tongue).

=He dances=: (M): wánapisch; (R) wáh-ana-pohsch.

=He has arrived=: (M) kirihsch; (R) kiri-osch.

=He is dead=: (M) tä̍hrusch; (R) tä̍h-isch.

=He is here=: (M) mánkahusch (_an_ French); (R) a̍hkamehusch (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=He is victorious=: (M) wachkaná-hrusch; (R) wachkanná-asch (_ach_ guttural).

=He rises= (stands up): (M) nán-teh-isch (_an_ French); (R) náh-etosch (_e_ barely audible).

=He seeks= (tries): kichkárarusch (_ich_ German); (R) kikáraasch.

=Hoe=: (M) chúnapa; (R) a̍hhudäne (_e_ ½).

=I have found the bones=: (M) wahuh-kärrewa-huhsch; (R) húh-kärräwáni-isch (the two last words run together).

=I have given= (rejeté): (M) kahärre-isch; (R) kahä̍rre-usch.

=I have said it= (said so): (M) ä̍h-pisch; (R) wahä̍nni-waä̍h-äs (run together).

=I have scraped it= (a hide): (M) warrúh-hintuhsch; (R) wapácho-husch (_ch_ guttural).

=I have seen=: wahähsch; (R) waháusch (German).

=I sell=: (M) wi̍h-káhrusch: (R)wi̍h-tusch.

=I sew=: (M) i̍wa-tarakosch; (R) kikáh-akosch (_a_ barely audible).

=I shall tell him= (say to him): (M) wakinnahktusch (run together); (R) waki̍kinihktusch.

=I sleep=: (M) wahánarusch; (R) wahána-asch.

=I talk with you=: (M) waháh-dohrusch; (R) wáhko-haráhrusch.

=I think it is so=: (M) on-usch-ka-iwa-paschidéhhusch (_n_ French); (R) o̍nschka-ewadehusch.

=I throw out the dirt=: (M) wapattikosch; (R) wacktóhsch (_wack_ short).

=I sit=: (M) wakich-kanakosch (_ich_ guttural); (R) kikánakosch.

=It is sold= (the meat): (M) dá-cherä-pusch (_ch_ guttural; _r_ with the point of the tongue); (R) dáhktun-wehdusch (_un_ like French _oun_).

=Lower part of a hill=: (M) káh-werisch-kat (_e_ ½);(R) mahä̍h-kar-astá (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Medicine=: (M) chóppenih (_ch_ guttural); (R) chóppenih-hosch (_ch_ guttural).

=This is medicine=: (M) chóppenisch (ch guttural); (R) chóppeni-osch (_e_ short and ½).

=One year old buffalo cow=: (M) ninkiï-patú (_in_ like _i_ nasal; _ii_ separated); (R) ninkiï-páhtune (_e_ barely audible).

=Otter=: (M) pä̍hchtekeh, or pä̍chtackä (_ach_ guttural); (R) chóhpäckä (_o_ full).

=Pray go there!= (M) dahhini-ä̍häta; (R) hä̍nni-ä̍äta.

=Pretty=: (M) schi̍h-óchadisch (run together); (R) schi̍do-óchorusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Put on your leggings and moccasins=: énni-ki̍htata; (R) onni̍h-kihtata.

=Robe=: (M) mi̍h-ihä (run together); (R) má-i-hä.

=Scaffold= (frame): (M) maschóttä; (R) waschtähn (_w_ like _ua_; occasionally an _e_ is heard at the end).

=Seat yourself=: (M) kichkánackta (_ich_ German); (R) nunschiman-hihárata. (_n_ and _an_ French).

=Shield=: (M) waki̍h; (R) waki̍hdä, or wähkachkopä (_ach_ guttural).

=Small brook=: (M) passách-kschukkä (_ach_ guttural); (R) passá-ihi̍nikän.

=Sow= (v): (M) wahih-häddisch; (R) bóhwachtosch (_ach_ guttural).

=Thank= (jemand zum danke streichen): (M) wáhki-ähsch; (R) owáh-kuhunsch (_un_ like French _oun_).

=The water is high= (or deep): (M) mönni̍h-pä̍hosch; (R) monnih-kuwuhosch.

=They come=: (M) hóhrusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue); (R) hóh-usch.

=They have shot=: (M) erúhpa-ka-tähsch (_r_ with the point of the tongue); (R) erúhpa-ka-tamm-unusch (_un_ like French _oun_).

=They strike one another violently=: (M) o̍hki-sa-charakosch (_ch_ guttural; _r_ with the point of the tongue); (R) ki̍hkawo-sin-hosch (_in_ like _i_ nasal).

=Thread= (n): (M) wäï-wattarakänn; (R) wi̍hkikankähne (_n_ French; _e_ ½).

=We have arrived=: (M) núhtisch; (R) wä̍h-te-usch (_e_ distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

=You have said= (singular): ähtisch; (R) ähto-sch.

=You tell the truth=: (M) on-usch-kasch; (R) unsch-kusch (_un_ like French _oun_).

=Young cow=: (M) ptin-chámahä (_in_ like _i_ nasal; _ch_ guttural); (R) ptin-ihi̍nikä (_n_ as before).

MINNITARRIS, or Grosventres[258]

=Abode= (dwelling place; shooting stand), uakö̍h-schähs.

=Above=, a̍h-kuka (_ah_ strongly emphasized).

=Abyss= (precipice), awarä̍ta-dach-api̍hsäs.

=Ahead= (forward), wi̍h-akuwatáhs.

=All= (the whole, all together), ä̍hsa (_sa_ short).

=Alone= (single), i̍chsaki (_saki_ short).

=Always=, ti̍h-achkuss.

=American=, Mahtschi-ichti̍ä.

=Another=, iháh-s (_s_ slightly hissed).

=Answer= (v), wih-a-kákiwähs (the whole short and run together).

=Antelope park= (the), o̍h-chidäi (_dai_ run together).

=Anxiety= (fear), wah-erei̍chu-pascháhsis (_sis_ distinctly pronounced).

=Approach stealthily= (v), uïtadähs (_ui_ somewhat separated).

=Arm=, a̍hra (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Arrow=, bi̍dda-arúhtischa (_scha_ short).

=Ashes=, wirásipa (the whole short).

=Ask= (v), kiwáschusch (_wa_ very short; _chusch_ low).

=Awake= (v, intr), mah-kä̍i-sähs. (_kai_ shrill, with the point of the tongue).

=Axe=, waïpsá.

=Back= (adverb), kiï̍ss (_ii_ separated); i.e., he is back.

=Back= (n, or v; to move with a jerk?), äschitá.

=Backward=, epéhtïqua (_e_ ½; _qua_ run together and short).

=Bad= (angry), natatähs.

=Bald=, a̍hchtu-rukotis (_ahch_ long).

=Ball= (bullet), o̍hwassa-werúchaarúhtischa; or simply arúhtischa.

=Ball= (for playing), maóh-tape (run together; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Ball-game of the women=, ma-úhtape (_e_ distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

=Bathe= (v), wirichpi̍ (_pi_ short).

=Bear= (v; give birth), eïmattúhäs (indistinct and short).

=Beard=, ih-ih-tass (pronounced together).

=Beautiful=, saki̍chtiss (_ich_ with the point of the tongue).

=Behind= (back of us), wapi̍-tikua.

=Belly=, i̍hchi.

=Below= (beneath), mechtáhchqua (_e_ ½; _qua_ together).

=Bend= (v), rúhskupiss.

=Berdash=, biatti̍ (_ti_ short; _bi_ separated from _a_).

=Beside= (near), watáh-óhtiruch.

=Best= (all genders), akussaki̍ss.

=Between=, nu-uáh-taru (the whole run together; _taru_ low and without emphasis).

=Big with young=, same word as for pregnant.

=Bile=, wáh-aruschi̍de (_schi_ long; _de_ short and low).

=Billiard game= (Billard-spiel), máh-kache (_e_ ½; the whole short).

=Bird=, sakkanka.

=Bitter=, arauiss.

=Black=, schüpi̍scha (_scha_ short).

=Bladder=, arachi.

=Blind=, ischtá-läjiss (_ji_ French); i.e., no eyes.

=Blond= (of hair), arrasi̍hdiss.

=Blood=, i̍hdi; bloody, i̍hdi-saki̍ss.

=Bloom=, (v), ohrakapakiss.

=Blow out= (v; blow), kah-sahs.

=Blue=, tóhhiss.

=Blush= (v), ehtu-wihähs.

=Boil= (v), birruáss (very short; _ass_ soft).

=Bone= (n), hädú (_du_ very short and explosive; _ha_ almost like German _hai_).

=Bough=, birá-arukaká(_kaka_ short).

=Bow=, berúcha-paruiï̍.

=Bow-lance=, bidúcha-háski.

=Box on the ear=, ji̍h-tarricki̍ (_ii_ separated; second word short).

=Braid= (v), naksútti.

=Break= (v; shatter), irúchupiss.

=Breast= (female), a̍hsi (_si_ short).

=Breast= (the whole breast), i̍hwaki (_ki_ short, almost like _ke_).

=Breath=, idi̍achis (_i_ with emphasis).

=Brilliant= (splendid), hopháh-hischötts (second word low and short).

=Broad=, schúchkass.

=Brook=, ahji-karischtá (_ji_ French).

=Broom= (for sweeping), mahchschi̍a-i̍hcha.

=Brother= (eldest), ih-akáss.

=Brother= (youngest), hä̍hderusch (_r_ with the point of the tongue, as always).

=Brown=, takápiäs (_i_ and _a_ somewhat separated).

=Bud= (n), bi̍dda-ächpú (the whole short).

=Burn= (v, reflexive), a̍hotiss (_ah_ and _o_ separated).

=Burn= (v, tr or intr; destroy by fire), arach-púpiss (run together).

=Buttock=, ischi̍ttarucka (_tarucka_ short).

=Buy= (v), mah-éh-ho.

=Call= (v; call anyone), haä̍hdaha (_a_ and _ah_ separated; _daha_ short).

=Calm= (n), há-hei-hischess (_hei_ German, together; _ha_ with emphasis; the whole pronounced together).

=Candle= (light), biddá-i-awacháhtä (the whole run together).

=Canoe=, máhn-ti (_mahn_ nasal; _n_ French; _ti_ short).

=Carrion= (a dead animal), wah-puhä̍s (_s_ barely audible).

=Catch= (v; capture), dúhchsiss.

=Caught= (taken pri̍soner), náhchke (_nahch_ long and with emphasis; _e_ ½ and short).

=Chew= (v), marúchtuas (_as_ moderated).

=Child=, máh-karischtá.

=Chill= (v; be cold, freeze), mih-áhkapahts (run together).

=Chin=, wi̍hchka.

=Circle= (n), kaki̍chis (short).

=Clap= (v; with the hands), lacksútti.

=Clasp= (v; enclose), kidachpáhs.

=Claws= (of an animal), isä̍chpo.

=Clear=, kischi̍ss.

=Clear= (bright), awacháhtis.

=Clouds= (masses of cloud), achpáhchä (_cha_ short).

=Coal=, bi̍dda-apuckschá (_scha_ short and explosive).

=Coals= (glowing), bi̍dda-arra-áracha (the whole run together, short explosive).

=Cold= (adj), siddi̍h-as (first word with emphasis; _as_ moderated).

=Color= (n), o̍hdä.

=Comb= (n), máh-ara-ä̍chkidochokä.

=Come= (v), húhs; come here, hú.

=Console= (v), di̍ddä-ätá (the whole short).

=Corpse=, tä̍es (_a_ and _e_ separated).

=Cough= (v), máh-hoáss (last word short).

=Count= (v), kirruwi̍ss.

=Cover= (v; cover up), i̍ruchupiss.

=Cowardly=, maä̍h-sa-kiáss.

=Crooked=, schakupi̍ (_pi_ very short).

=Crop= (maw), ahpichti̍a (_ich_ German, not guttural; final _a_ ½).

=Cure= (v), kirai̍schachkais (_rai_ and _kais_ run together; the whole short).

=Curly= (of hair), araschiki̍äs (emphasis on _i_).

=Curry= (v; tan), mánpachu (_an_ French; _pachu_ low and short).

=Cut= (v), pá-sakiss (run together).

=Cut down= (v), wahk-ksakkes (run together; _kes_ short).

=Cut down= (v; fell), bidda-rachkoáss.

=Dance= (n), mahdischi̍ (_schi_ short, explosive).

=Dark=, haphähischäs.

=Daughter=, same word as for maiden.

=Dawn= (daybreak), lackscháhwaräs (run together; _ras_ not very short).

=Day=, áhtas.

=Dead=, arrutä̍hs.

=Deaf=, ach-ko-chi-táh-us (the whole run together).

=Dear= (costly), ei̍hwassi-akuss (_e_ short; _ih_ with strong emphasis; the whole run together).

=Death=, tä̍es (_a_ and _e_ separated).

=Death's head= (totenkopf), dokaráhcha-atú (_atu_ short and explosive).

=Decoy= (v; an animal), watáhchiwahuhs.

=Delay= (v; make late), arrukü̍hdak-schüpi̍ss.

=Dependent=, awahä̍hrichka (_ka_ short).

=Devastate= (v), háh-wihä̍hs.

=Devil= (evil spirit), i̍hsichka-wahä̍ddisch.

=Dew=, bi̍ddi-bitáss (_tass_ with strong emphasis).

=Die=, (v), tä̍es (_a_ and _e_ separated; _e_ ½).

=Dirty=, awach-sákiss (words pronounced in quick succession).

=Dirty= (v), awachsákkis.

=Dive= (v), sippi̍ss.

=Divide= (v), i̍hwakisshähs (most of the word without emphasis).

=Door=, biddä̍.

=Double=, rúhpassakua (_kua_ together, German, short).

=Drag= (v), rúh-sirruä (_ru_ and _a_ separated; _a_ very short).

=Draw= (v; draw a load), dúh-särruäs (_u_ separated from _as_).

=Draw= (v; draw water), aúschähs (_au_ almost like full _o_; _s_ indistinct).

=Dream= (n), same word as for verb.

=Dream= (v), mah-schi̍hrähs.

=Dress= (clothing), wa-ich-kikschiss (the whole pronounced together), or wikit-schi̍wiss (_schiwiss_ short).

=Drink= (v), hä̍-ihs (_ha_ loud cry; _ihs_ lower).

=Drive= (v), nak-hi̍as (_hi_ and _as_ separated; _i_ with strong emphasis).

=Drop= (of water; or v), chä̍hs.

=Drown= (v; be drowned), nachpáhka-nacksá.

=Drum= (n), biddá-charriki (the whole very short).

=Dry= (adj), u̍hsiss (_siss_ short).

=Dumb=, idä̍htas.

=Dung=, pä̍hri (_ri_ very short).

=Dust=, abá.

=Ear=, achpá (_pa_ very short).

=Ear-ornament=, wa-achpóhksche (_o_ very full; _e_ ½).

=Early=, a̍ntarähts (_an_ French; _tarahts_ low, especially _rahts_).

=Earth=, auá (strong emphasis on _a_; _a_ and _u_ separated, almost like _awa_).

=Egg= (of a bird), sakkáh-karáhka; or sakkáh-kanáhka.

=Elbow=, ischpachä̍.

=Empty= (adj), wa-aúscha-rä̍hschi̍s (_au_ together).

=Enemy=, mah-ehá (_e_ almost like _i_).

=Englishman=, Waschi̍-pachsi̍ttako (_sittako_ very short).

=Enough=, kochk-kats (_k_ half modulated; _kats_ low; the whole run together).

=Entangle=, (v; involve), chachaodi̍ss.

=Entertain= (v), sakkii̍uahs.

=Even= (flat), arusuchka.

=Evening=, o̍hksies (_o_ full; _sies_ distinctly pronounced; _e_ ½).

=Everywhere=, chakáhäta.

=Exchange= (v; or mistake), koatóhk-madiäsisch-eschiwáhwarähs (_o_ full; _i_ and _a_ separated; _i_ with emphasis; _a_ ½).

=Expectorate= (v; vomit), aruschúha (final _a_ short).

=Eye=, ischtá.

=Eye-ball=, ischtárusche-pischa (_e_ ½).

=Eye-lash=, ischách-pi.

=Eyelid=, ischtarach-pé.

=Face= (sight), jïtá.

=Fade= (v; wither), chéhdis (_cheh_ with strong emphasis; _dis_ short and low).

=Fail= (v; miss a shot), dachkisi̍ss.

=Fall= (v), patthiss.

=Fall= (v; of the leaves), beréhpehahsi̍ss (second _e_ ½).

=Fan= (of feathers), o̍hhiddi-ächkidda-kóhdi (_iddi_ and _idda_ very short).

=Far= (distant), téh-i-schiss (run together).

=Far= (distant), téh-schiss.

=Fat= (stout), schuwi̍ (_wi_ very short and with strong emphasis).

=Father=, a̍htuch (_ah_ nasal).

=Feather=, maïs-chóhki (the whole pronounced together).

=Female= (of animals), wuü̍chka.

=Festival= (corn festival), wah-rui̍kohke (_u_ and _i_ separated; _e_ distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

=Fin=, wóa-éschu (_schu_ short).

=Find= (v), óhrapiss (_o_ full; _piss_ indistinct and low).

=Finger=, maschákke-arussáwi (_e_ ½).

=Finger= (fore), mati̍-wa-óhwi (_waohwi_ together).

=Finger= (little), maschákke-káhscha (_a_ only ½, almost like _e_).

=Finger= (middle), maschákke-eruhaski (the whole very short and run together).

=Finger= (third), maschákke-náhschidasche (_e_ ½); i.e., the finger without a name.

=Fire=, bidá-a (_da-a_ short and explosive).

=Fire-brand=, bida-assá (_assa_ short and explosive).

=Fish= (n), buá (_a_ with strong emphasis and rather full, like _o_).

=Fish (v), wóhrak-schi̍ass (_ass_ like _att_ and indistinct=).

=Fish= (v; catch fish), wóhrak-schi̍es (_es_ together; and distinctly pronounced).

=Fish-hook=, woh-ich-tikúhe (pronounced together).

=Fist=, scháhki-waóhpa-kichkähs (_ich_ German, with the point of the tongue; the whole run together).

=Flame=, bi̍da-adaä̍ëchi (_e_ ½).

=Flat=, súhchkas.

=Flatter= (v), saráhki-páhchus (_ki_ and _us_ lower in tone).

=Flee= (v; escape), karáhs (_s_ barely audible).

=Flesh=, erúkschitti (short; _schitti_ short and low).

=Flint=, o̍wassa-widuchá.

=Flood= (v; overflow), biddi-uhahahs.

=Foam=, biddi-puchä̍ (_biddi_ short).

=Fog=, nakahotä̍.

=Force= (v; compel), issi̍h-achkehs (the whole short, indistinct, and run together).

=Forehead=, ih-chi̍.

=Forest=, bi̍dda-wahukáh.

=Forget= (v), uichkaráhchischess.

=Foot=, ittsi̍ (_si_ very short).

=Foot-path=, adii̍h (_a_ short).

=Free=, arrudi̍tass (_di_ accented; _tass_ sinks in tone).

=Freeze= (v), maruchán-kapan (_an_ French; _kapan_ indistinct and lower).

=Frenchman=, Uaschi̍, or Waschi̍.

=Friend=, marakoá (_koa_ short).

=Frost= (hoar frost), macháurakiss (_au_ together).

=Full=, ma-ássiss.

=Full-moon=, wáhch-kubbedi̍h-áhchkakóhri (_ri_ pronounced lower).

=Fully=, a̍otti (_a_ and _o_ separated; _ti_ low and short).

=Gay-colored= (variegated), pohji̍ss (_j_ French).

=Go= (v), dähts (indistinct and low at the end).

=God= (lord of life), ehsich-kawáh-hiddisch (_hiddisch_ without accent or emphasis and low; _ich_ German and not guttural).[259]

=Good=, sakki̍ss (_kiss_ very short; _ss_ barely audible).

=Grandson=, matauapi̍scha.

=Grape-vine=, bi̍dda-páheri (_pah_ together; _e_ ½; _ri_ short).

=Grass=, miká (_mi_ very short; _ka_ strong explosive).

=Gray=, sáotta.

=Gray-haired=, arrahascheháh-attakits (_e_ ½; _its_ low; the whole short).

=Great=, hatskits (low).

=Green=, maëilö̍üichka (_ich_ with the point of the tongue).

=Ground=, same word as for earth.

=Gums=, ihch-schá-arúh-idú (last four syllables run together; _idu_ very short).

=Gun=, o̍hwa-tsawirúcha (second word short and low); rifle, a̍rruhappissúa (_u_ and _a_ separated).

=Gut= (intestines), schi̍hpa (_pa_ short).

=Gut= (v; gut an animal), ehri-hatáhs.

=Hail= (n), múhkach-pittauï̍ (run together).

=Hair=, ará (nasal).

=Half=, súhta (_ta_ short and low).

=Hand=, waschaki̍.

=Hard=, sa-su-ki̍ss (_sa_ short; the whole short and run together).

=Hate= (v), arre-ä̍-wahs (_arre_ short; _e_ ½; the whole pronounced together).

=Haul= (v; fetch), kiki̍hriss.

=Head=, ah-tú (_ah_ nasal; _tu_ very short explosive).

=Headache=, ah-tú-areä (_e_ ½; last word short and indistinct).

=Hear= (v), ui̍hkikess.

=Heart=, waratá.

=Hearty= (stout-hearted), uútahs (_uu_ separated; _s_ somewhat like _t_).

=Heat= (n), sauä̍hs (_a_ and _u_ separated).

=Heat= (v; inflame), mi̍h-sa-uähs.

=Heaven= (sky), achpáhchi-tóhä.

=Heavy=, taksi̍äs (_as_ short; _i_ and _as_ separated; _i_ with emphasis).

=Heel=, issä̍hki (_ki_ short).

=Help= (v), a̍h-pewahais (second word pronounced softly and short; _hais_ German, together; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Hem= (v; clear one's throat), áhpatsekickschiss (strong emphasis on _ah_; _e_ ½).

=Hide= (v), a-áchoass (_ass_ low; the whole run together).

=High=, wáhkuss.

=Hill of the children=, Máh-karistáhti.

=Hoarse=, erúhschiäs (short and run together; final _s_ distinct).

=Hole=, máh-arhoppe (_e_ has almost full value).

=Hollow= (adj), cháhkupiss.

=Hoof= (cloven), esi̍chpu (_e_ like _i_).

=Hoop= (of wood), wirrawáh-apé (_ape_ very short; _e_ ½).

=Hope= (v), ihwati̍ss.

=Horn=, aaschi̍ (_aa_ separated); or aanschi̍; (_a_ and _an_ French and separated).

=Horns=, máhroka-ánschi (_an_ French; second _a_ barely audible).

=Hot=, sawáis (German; the whole short and run together).

=House= (lodge), atti̍, (_i_ short).

=Hunger=, wah-ahri̍tis; i.e., they are all hungry; mari̍htis, I am hungry.

=Hunt= (v), wáhri-iwaráhs (second _i_ barely audible).

=Hunter=, wáhri-irakurähs (second _i_ barely audible).

=Hurl= (v; or overthrow), mih-pati̍ss.

=Hurricane=, hóhsi-ichti̍as (_ich_ German and not guttural; _i_ with strong accent; _i_ and _a_ separated).

=I=, mi̍h.

=Ice=, warúchi.

=In= (come in), bidä̍ht.

=Incurable=, arrukischidä̍hset (_dah_ prolonged with emphasis; _arru_ short).

=Indistinct= (of seeing), i-ä̍ss.

=Interior=, awahuká (_awa_ short).

=Intoxicate=, waráchapahs.

=Iron=, u̍hwassa (_sa_ short).

=Island=, wiritáhä.

=Itch= (n), chediä̍ss (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Jar= (vessel), biddachá.

=Jaw=, mara-oróhpa (_o_ full; the whole run together).

=Joy=, naatássakiss (_aa_ separated).

=Kernel=, súhwa (_wa_ short).

=Kindle= (v), arachahähs.

=Knee=, wachóh-acha (_choh_ together; the whole pronounced together).

=Kneel= (v), äschuwissä̍.

=Knife=, máhtsi.

=Know= (v), ahchkähs (first _a_ ½, almost like _a_ umlaut).

=Know= (v; be acquainted with), a̍wachkähs (_kahs_ low and moderated).

=Knuckle= (n), watsi̍-orussáh (short and run together).

=Lame= (limping), ashkáus (_kaus_ almost like _kohs_).

=Lament= (v), arra-aki̍wiät; i.e., he weeps from pain.

=Lance=, bi̍dda-tirutä̍ (last word short).

=Land=, same word as for earth.

=Laugh= (v), káhs (German throughout).

=Lay= (v; lay down), rúhscha (_scha_ short).

=Leader= (chief), uassä̍-issis.

=Leaf=, a̍hpa.

=Lean= (v), ihtáhkachta (_ta_ short).

=Leap= (v; spring), sich-chi̍ss (_sich_ short; _chiss_ likewise).

=Left= (adverb), i̍rach-ki̍scha (the whole short; _scha_ short).

=Lick= (v), náhsipiss.

=Lie= (v; deceive), wittapáss.

=Life=, nachkúss.

=Lift= (v), dóhkiss (rather indistinct).

=Light= (v), awachath-hähs (run together).

=Light (nimble=), dagóchtiss (_go_ German guttural).

=Lightning=, karichkáhs (_ich_ hissed as in German and not guttural).

=Like= (v), kiráschiss.

=Lip=, i̍hdä-ätá (_ta_ short).

=Little=, kohsch-táss (_o_ full).

=Long=, háski; this word was undoubtedly borrowed from the Mandans.

=Loose= (of clothes), ichti̍ass (_ich_ German, with the point of the tongue; _i_ with emphasis and separated from _ass_).

=Maiden=, bi̍h-akáhsa (final _a_ ½); they also use akáhscha for akáhsa.

=Maize=, kóhchatä (_o_ full); this word was certainly borrowed from the Mandans.

=Man=, matséh, or matsä̍h.

=Man= (human being), massä̍, or matsä̍h.

=Meal= (eat?), babuti̍ss.

=Medicine=, chupáhs (_ch_ guttural).

=Medicine-feast=, mah-chupáh-ääs.

=Medicine-feast= (the Okippe of the Mandans), akupéhri (_ku_ very short; _ri_ short and with the point of the tongue).

=Medicine-lodge=, atechupáhs.

=Medicine-man=, madséh-akuchupáhs.

=Medicine-stone=, wi̍hdä-katachi̍ (_da_ and _chi_ very short).

=Melt= (v), suki̍ss.

=Messenger=, dáchkahts (_a_ peculiarly modulated).

=Milk= (n), ma-áhtsi-biddi̍ (short and run together; _biddi_ very short).

=Mirror=, ma-ich-ki̍h-ka (_ich_ with the point of the tongue; _ka_ short).

=Mistake= (v; lose one's way), wachkaráhchisschess (_schess_ low and soft).

=Moon=, wáhch-kubbedi̍h (the whole short and run togeher; _e_ ½).

=Moonshine=, wáhch-kubbedi̍h-sihsah (_sah_ lowered).

=Morning=, kirahkutá (_ta_ short).

=Mother=, ächká (_ach_ not guttural, but _ch_ hissed).

=Mountain=, awacháüi (the whole together).

=Mouth=, bi̍h.

=Much=, ahúss.

=Murder= (v; kill), tawahs (_wa_ like _ua_).

=Music= (beat the drum), wi̍rrachárriki (the whole short).

=My=, watawá.

=Nail= (on the hand), wascháckächpú.

=Nail= (on the foot), wassi̍chpu.

=Naked=, widdi-bikkikoáejes (_e_ ½; _a_ and _e_ separated; _je_ French; _s_ ½).

=Name=, náhji (_nah_ with emphasis; _ji_ French, low and short).

=Nape= (of the neck), machpóh-ottä (together; _otta_ short).

=Narrow=, kari̍schtass (_ss_ indistinct).

=Navel=, watarächpá.

=Neck= (throat), a̍hperu (_peru_ very short).

=Negro=, waschi̍h (or uaschih)-ischüpi̍scha.

=Nest= (of bird), ichki̍schi (_schi_ short).

=Nettle= (n), wáh-ächáhke (_e_ ½).

=New=, hiddáhs (short, _s_ low).

=New-moon=, wáhch-kubbedi̍h-kiddahi̍ss.

=Night=, aúk-sïe (_auk_ together, with emphasis; _u_ somewhat like _i_; _si_ together; _e_ ½, separated and somewhat like _a_).

=Noon=, widdiwáh-péirapi (_pei_ together and shrill; the whole short and rapid); i.e., the sun is in the middle.

=Nose=, apá (short).

=Nostril=, apáre-hopö̍ (_e_ ½; the whole short).

=Not= (no), dä̍hsches (_e_ ½; _s_ soft).

=Old=, chiäs (_as_ soft and low).

=Old man=, itháka-chiäs.

=Old woman=, káhru-chiäs.

=Oldest= (the oldest), akouáh-ichti̍äs (_o_ and _u_ separated; _ch_ guttural; _ti_ together; _as_ together).

=On the other side=, tsóo-ka (_ka_ lowers in tone, short; _oo_ somewhat separated).

=On the other side of the hill=, awa-itá-sohqua (_qua_ together).

=Outside= (without), atáhjikua (_ji_ French; _kua_ together).

=Over=, máh-kuka (run together).

=Oversleep= (v; neglect by sleeping), hä̍ddauitti̍äs (_ti_ and _as_ separated, _ti_ with emphasis).

=Pain= (n), hädú-ade-ä̍ss (_e_ ½; strong emphasis on _ass_; the whole run together).

=Paint= (v), warahk-hiriss.

=Pair=, rúhpassa (_passa_ low and short).

=Palate= (roof of the mouth), nóotisch-karuscháscha (_oo_ separated and full; _karuschascha_ short; _scha_ sinks in tone).

=Pardon= (v; forgive), kirä̍h-schachkähs (run together).

=Partizan= (leader of a war party), akuri̍hdi (_di_ short).

=Past= (over; go past), eischiss (_ei_ very shrill, with the point of the tongue, with strong emphasis).

=Peace=, make-itteruchpahk-hatsch (_e_ ½; _hatsch_ low and indistinct, like _hahts_).

=People= (men, folk), ruchpáhga (_ga_ German guttural).

=Pinch= (v; to carouse?), wirúskapis (_pis_ distinctly pronounced).

=Pipe= (tobacco-pipe), éikipi (_ei_ very shrill, almost like _i_ and with strong accent; _kipi_ low and short).

=Plant= (v), awa-áuschess (_au_ together).

=Play= (v), bidáchatichke (_ich_ German, with the point of the tongue; _e_ ½).

=Pluck= (v; feathers), i̍hruketiss (_e_ ½).

=Pointed=, apsáss.

=Polish= (v; adorn), ächkikschi̍ss.

=Pond= (or pool), bi̍ddicha-kúp-hä.

=Pouch= (for ammunition), beädse-i̍schi (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Pouch= (painted, of leather), wákiischi (run together).

=Pouch= (of leather), wassitó-üschi.

=Powder= (gun-powder), birá-sipa.

=Prairie=, ama-awesuchka (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Pregnant=, äcdichti̍äs (_i_ with emphasis; _i_ and _as_ separated).

=Press= (v), sasuck-hähs (run together).

=Press out= (v; express?), núhbiris.

=Pretty=, sacki̍chtiss (_ich_ with the point of the tongue).

=Prick= (v; or sting), mah-aráchpüwiss.

=Prisoner=, náhkehäs (_e_ ½).

=Proud=, ichóa-ischi-saki̍ssas (_o_ and _a_ separated; _ischi_ short).

=Pulse=, dúschi-schi̍äs (_i_ with strong accent; _i_ and _as_ separated).

=Push= (v; thrust), páki-di̍äs (_di_ and _as_ separated; the whole run together).

=Quarrel= (v; fight), aúk-schass-hähs (_auk_ with strong emphasis; the whole run together).

=Quarter= (of the moon), wáhchkubbedi̍h-erúschkapiss.

=Quick=, hih-itats (run together; _tats_ low; the whole short).

=Quiver=, arúhtischa-i̍schi.

=Rain= (v), charä̍hs.

=Rainbow=, bi̍ddi-apóka; i.e., the cap of the water.

=Rattle= (sysyquoy, gourd rattle), éi-poh-chä (_ei_ like _ai_, together; a loud, shrill fore-tone).

=Reconcile= (v), make-ikáh-as (_e_ ½; the whole pronounced together).

=Red=, heischi̍ss (_hei_ together and pronounced very shrilly with the point of the tongue).

=Refuse= (v; deny), e-ischi̍-arähs (the whole run together); i.e., I will not.

=Rib=, wirrúh-tirrú (the whole very short).

=Ring= (v), tawóes (_o_ and _e_ separated; _es_ together and ½).

=Ripe= (of fruit), a̍otiss (_ao_ separated; the whole short and run together).

=River=, a̍nji-ischti̍äss (first _i_ often silent; _j_ French).

=Roast= (v; or n), wahweriti̍ (_e_ ½).

=Rock= (cliff), bi-hách-pa (_hach_ guttural, yet almost like _ha_).

=Root=, äscháhwichkä (_wich_ German, with the point of the tongue).

=Rot= (v), karä̍hs.

=Rotten= (lazy), nah-ta-chéh-piss.

=Row= (v; paddle), wáh-tirachóhke (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Run= (v), tiriä̍s (_s_ very low and barely audible).

=Saddle= (for a horse), matanáh-chukchä-rubidá.

=Sand=, póhcha-ka (_ka_ short).

=Scaffold= (for the dead), mánsachti (_man_ French, long; _ti_ very short).

=Scalp= (n), biddarú (_ru_ with the point of the tongue, short, and soft).

=Scalp= (v), addadúhs.

=Scar=, oh-áttass.

=Scratch= (v), rúchkapiss.

=Scream= (v), saski̍ss.

=Sea=, bi̍ddi-akichti̍a (_biddi_ very short; first _a_ barely audible; _ti_ and _a_ separated).

=Secret= (adj), a-achóas (together; _as_ ½ and low).

=See= (v), i̍kahs.

=Seize= (v; attack), wapach-ti̍siss.

=Shade= (shadow), arru-oͣhkse (_e_ ½; _o_ between _a_ and _o_).

=Shake= (v; rock), chakáhrachkuss.

=Shallow= (water), biddi-chä̍hpis.

=Sharp= (keen), apsáss (second _a_ modulated).

=Shield= (pare-flèche), widáhki (_ki_ short).

=Shin= (shin-bone), wassóhpa (_pa_ short).

=Shiver= (v; with cold), wi̍htarichtiss (_ich_ German, with the point of the tongue).

=Shoot= (with a bow), bi̍dda-arúhschischa-iwáhre-i̍ss (_e_ ½).

=Shoot= (with a gun), o̍hwassabérucha-ihwáhre-i̍ss (_e_ ½).

=Shooting-star=, ichkaró-han-kar-ä̍hs (_ich_ German, with the point of the tongue; _an_ French; the whole run together).

=Shore= (bank), biddi-däh-tadu; (first and last words very short).

=Short=, párruwi (short and rapidly pronounced).

=Shoulder=, ah-tirú (_tiru_ very short).

=Show= (v; instruct in a matter), kikúhs-ki̍ss (short and run together).

=Sick=, ächurä̍hs (_u_ and _a_ separated).

=Side=, itá-sú (_su_ very short).

=Sigh= (v), idi̍ahiss (_di_ and _a_ separated; emphasis on _i_).

=Sing= (v), mah-páh-hiss.

=Sister=, ittawi̍a (first _i_ barely audible; _i_ and _a_ separated, emphasis on _i_ not very strong).

=Sit= (v), amáhgis (_mah_ very long; _gis_ German guttural).

=Skin= (hide of animal), dachpi̍.

=Sledge=, bi̍dda-wa-ádussadua (the whole run together; the last word indistinct and short).

=Sleep= (v), hi̍ddawiss, or heidabi̍ss (_hei_ shrill, with the point of the tongue).

=Slow=, hóp-ha (_ha_ short).

=Small=, kari̍schta.

=Smell= (v; sniff, scent), wúhpiss.

=Smoke= (n), pi-ä̍hs.

=Smoke= (v; tobacco), aúpe-hihs (_ua_ together; _e_ ½).

=Smooth=, a̍h-atats (run together).

=Snarl= (v; growl), eháhte (final _e_ distinctly pronounced; first _e_ short).

=Sneeze= (v), mahhachpi̍ss.

=Snore= (v), appatáhchis.

=Snow= (n), máh-a (short and run together).

=Sole= (of the foot), ittsi̍-wahú (_wahu_ very short).

=Son=, idischá.

=Sore-throat=, a̍hperu-arreä̍ss (first _e_ distinctly pronounced; last word very short).

=Spark= (n), bi̍dda-alánka (_bidda_ very short; _an_ French; _lan_ prolonged).

=Speak= (v), i̍ddähs.

=Speech= (language), máh-arúhdä (run together).

=Spirits= (distilled), widi̍h-araüi.

=Spittle=, arukschuá (strong accent on _a_).

=Split= (v; wood), bi̍dda-kiriki.

=Spring= (the season), ama-arä̍hs (run together).

=Spring= (source), mahá.

=Spy= (v; listen), achkochä-ruktahs.

=Squint= (v), ischtä̍rruchtahs.

=Star=, ichká (_ich_ German, with the point of the tongue; _ka_ short).

=Start= (v; start game), kárahäs.

=Steep=, nacháppäischass (_a_ and _i_ somewhat separated).

=Step-father=, same word as for father.

=Step-mother=, same word as for mother.

=Stick= (n), bidda-káhscha (_scha_ short).

=Stifle= (v; choke, repress), dút-hapiss.

=Still=, há-chä-hi-schi̍ss (pronounced together).

=Stinginess=, márachzats (_zats_ low and indistinct; the whole nasal).

=Stomach=, bi̍hwaki (_bi_ with stronger accent; _i_ short; _waki_ sinks in tone).

=Stone= (n), bih-i̍ (_i_ very short and explosive).

=Stop= (v; stop up), kipáhtakiss.

=Storm= (n), maapischi̍a (_aa_ separated; final _a_ short and low).

=Straight=, zawóchtsitz (_tsitz_ low).

=Strike= (v), niki̍ss.

=Strong=, iss-hi̍h-äs (run together; strong emphasis on _hih_; _as_ very short and low).

=Stump=, schohkiss (_o_ full and long).

=Stupid=, wahruchtahs.

=Summer=, abba-adä̍hs (_abba_ very short).

=Sun=, maápi-widdi̍ (_aa_ separated).

=Sunrise=, widdi̍-atä̍hs (_widdi_ very short).

=Sunset=, widdi̍-eihwachpiss (_ei_ shrill; pronounced together as in German).

=Swallow= (v; choke), dáh-aschúhtis.

=Swamp=, biddichti̍a-karä̍hs (_i_ with strong emphasis; _ti_ and _a_ separated).

=Sweat= (v), sabähs.

=Sweat-medicine=, bih-óh-aku-es (the whole short and run together; _oh_ with strong accent; _akues_ sinks in tone; _es_ short and low).

=Sweep= (v; clean), maschi̍-arachahs.

=Sweet=, si-kóh-as (_si_ and _as_ short).

=Swim= (v), biddi-di̍hris (_biddi_ very short; the whole run together).

=Swollen= (swell), póh-ats (_ats_ very soft and low).

=Tail= (of a bird), i̍hpi.

=Tail= (of a quadruped), si̍hta (second _i_ barely audible; _ta_ short; _sih_ long).

=Tattooing= (n), arukpi̍ (_pi_ with strong emphasis and very short).

=Teach= (v), kikúhs-ki̍ (_ki_ very short, explosive).

=Tear= (v; tear or break to pieces), duuchä̍hschis (_uu_ separated; _schis_ low).

=Tear out= (v), rúhkitiss.

=Tears=, istá-biddi-huhs (short and run together).

=Teeth=, ihch-schá (_ihch_ German, with the point of the tongue; _scha_ short and explosive).

=Testicle=, a̍hschuka (_ka_ short).

=There=, hidóhs.

=Thick= (stout), ichti̍häs (_tih_ together).

=Thin=, chahpis.

=Thorn=, wah-apsáh.

=Throat=, nóhtischka (_ka_ short).

=Thumb=, scháhkitta, or mascháktá (_ta_ very short).

=Thunder=, tachúrakiss.

=Tickle= (v), wihscheschúkhäs (_e_ ½; _has_ soft and modulated).

=Tie= (v; fasten), warut-hiss (run together).

=Tinder-box=, bi̍discha (_scha_ short).

=Tobacco=, aópi (_ao_ somewhat separated; _pi_ short).

=Tobacco-pouch=, áopischi.

=Toe=, ittsikansa (_an_ French, and prolonged; _sa_ short).

=To-morrow=, a̍htaruck.

=Tongue=, däh-eschi (_dah_ with strong emphasis, _e_ ½; and short; _eschi_ short; the whole run together).

=Toothache=, ihch-schá-adä̍hs.

=Top= (summit), awa-áhguka (_awa_ nasal; _gu_ guttural; _guka_ short).

=Toughness=, erúhpupiss.

=Track= (of an animal), etsitti̍.

=Trade= (n), maschaki̍ (_i_ short).

=Trader=, akuwa-éh-hu (_kuwa_ and _hu_ short).

=Tree=, widá (_da_ short and with emphasis), or bida.

=Tremble= (v), tadichti̍ss (_ich_ German, with the point of the tongue).

=True=, káh-tähs.

=Ugly=, i-schi̍-äs (run together).

=Unmarried=, u̍h-arä̍hschis; i.e., he has no wife.

=Unripe=, sáhs (nasal).

=Until= (unto), arudähs.

=Urine=, wä-ä̍h-chiss (_chiss_ guttural, short, and low).

=Valley=, arúcha-kupi̍ (_pi_ short).

=Vein= (artery), akáhscha.

=Village=, awati̍ (_ti_ short).

=Void= (adj; stale; or cool, moderate), wi̍htau-auschirähsches (_wih_ with emphasis; _au_ together).

=Wait= (v; await), áh-kuch-takahs (_ah_ nasal, with strong emphasis).

=War=, matauáh-ehá (_e_ ½; _aua_ has each vowel separated); i.e., they are my enemies.

=War-club= (casse-tête; with the iron point), bi̍dda-i̍hktärrä (_tarra_ very short; _bidda_ likewise), or bi̍dda-aspapsá.

=War-club= (of stone covered with leather), biï̍-dakútse (_bii_ very short; _e_ ½), or wa-óh-upake (_e_ distinctly pronounced; the whole run together).

=War-club= (of wood with knots), bi̍dda-pahuachi (the whole short).

=War-whistle=, i̍h-akóhschi (short).

=War-whoop=, i̍h-kiriki̍ss.

=Warmth=, same word as for warm.

=Warrior=, wassaréhrickschack.

=Wash= (v), kiruski̍schis.

=Water=, biddi̍, or bidi̍.

=Weary=, wahr-häkatis (the whole run together).

=Weather= (it is good weather), wáhpe-saki̍ss (_e_ ½, almost like _i_).

=Weep= (v), éhwüass (_eh_ with strong emphasis).

=Wet=, scharä̍hs.

=What? how?= toháhsi (nasal).

=Whip=, mata-i̍hki.

=Whirlpool=, bi̍ddi-arúhwiddi (_widdi_ very short; likewise _biddi_).

=Whirlwind=, hoh-si-paruwi̍ (_wi_ short).

=Whistle= (or flute), bi̍dda-kóhotse (_o_ full; _ot_ short; _e_ ½).

=Whistle=, (v; or pipe), i̍h-akóhsche (_a_ barely audible; _e_ ½).

=White=, ächóhtakiss (_o_ full; _takiss_ short).

=Whole=, chákahä-tan (_an_ French).

=Widow=, there is no corresponding word.

=Wind= (n), hoh-si̍ (_si_ short).

=Wind= (v; of game), mah-wóh-piss.

=Wing= (n), ächpá (_pa_ very short).

=Winter=, má-arahts.

=Woman= (wife), bi̍a (_a_ subdued).

=Wood=, biddá, bidá, or widá.

=Work= (v), wah-hid-a̍hch-kuss (German).

=Wound= (n), oh-átta (_ta_ short).

=Wound= (v), uh-uss.

=Wrap up= (v), wah-ipúh-wiss.

=Wrinkle= (n, or adj; wrinkled), chi̍hpiss.

=Turn= (v; twist), wipatáh-üiss (run together).

=Turn back= (v; return), kiwi-achkúhs (run together).

=Yawn= (v), büidahts (_u_ and _i_ separated; the whole indistinct).

=Year=, máh-ara (the whole run together; _ara_ very short).

=Yellow=, zi̍hdits (_dits_ very low).

=Yes=, äi̍ (together; a shrill sound).

=Young=, they say small.

_Clothing and Ornaments_

=Bracelets of metal=, itråuwassa (_sa_ short; the whole short).

=Breechcloth=, edde̍-ipschake (_edde_ very short; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Buffalo robe=, waschi̍.

=Buffalo robe= (painted), waschi̍-i̍rutsicki.

=Girdle= (belt), ma-i-páschagih (_gih_ guttural).

=Gloves= (or mittens), chu-ti̍ (_ti_ short and explosive).

=Hair-ornament= (flat ornament for the back of the head), arraúhwassa (_arra_ with the point of the tongue; in last word _a_ is only ½).

=Hair-ornament= (on the temples), ächidúhwassa.

=Head-dress= (feather crown), wahaschu-lakukárahä.

=Leather-shirt=, wacháhpi-wa-itóhchi.

=Leggings=, wacháhpi-hu-psi̍h.

=Moccasins=, huupá (_uu_ somewhat separated).

=Necklace of bear's claws=, lachpitzi̍-sichpo-ahpöä (run together).

_Plants_

=Ash=, wüschpá.

=Poplar=, máhchku.

=Prairie turnip= (pomme blanche, psoralea esculenta), ahi̍.

=Reed= (arundo), wüskapa-ah.

=Willow= (salix), bi̍dda-hahsi̍ (_si_ very short).

_Animals_

=Antelope= (cabri̍), u̍hchi; or o̍hchiki̍hdapi (_dapi_ short).

=Badger=, amakáh.

=Bat=, äschuattischi̍a (short).

=Bear= (black), haschidá.

=Bear= (grizzly), lachpitzi̍.

=Beaver=, wi̍rapa.

=Bighorn=, ansichti̍a (_ti_ and _a_ separated; strong emphasis on _ti_; first _i_ barely audible).

=Buffalo=, witä̍.

=Buffalo= (bull), ki̍hrapi (_pi_ short).

=Buffalo= (calf), nahksi̍hdi.

=Buffalo= (cow), üichti̍a (_ich_ with the point of the tongue, German; _i_ and _a_ separated).

=Crane= (gray), api̍ssa.

=Crane=, (white), api̍ssa-tocki (_tocki_ lower and short).

=Crow=, a̍hrischa (_scha_ short).

=Deer= (black-tailed), si̍h-tschüpischa.

=Deer= (common; general term), si̍h-tatacke (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Deer= (stag or buck), si̍h-tatacke-ki̍hrape (_e_ distinctly pronounced); the doe, si̍h-tatackte-mi̍chka (_ich_ German, with the point of the tongue).

=Dog=, maschúkka.

=Duck=, mi̍hchahka.

=Eagle= (war eagle), mah-eschó (_e_ short).

=Fox= (black), éhchokuschi-sü̍pischa.

=Fox= (cross-fox), éhchokuschi-cháchi.

=Fox= (gray), éhchokuschi-sáotta.

=Fox= (prairie), éhchochka.

=Fox= (red), éhchokuschi.

=Gopher= (arctomys hoodii), dáhksassi (_sassi_ even and without accent).

=Hare= (white), i̍htaki.

=Hedge-hog=, apäh-dii (run together; _dii_ slightly separated, almost like _di_).

=Horse=, eisóh-waschukka (_ei_ very shrill, with the tongue; second word very short).

=Horse= (young), éhsu-wassucka-náhnka (some pronounced first word _ehsu_, others _eisoh_).

=Lizard=, wahkachpa.

=Lynx= (wildcat), si̍h-ta-chahe (_sih_ with strong accent; _e_ ½; the whole run together).

=Magpie= (pica), i̍h-pe (_ih_ with strong emphasis; _e_ ½).

=Mink=, dacksúa (_u_ with strong emphasis; _u_ and _a_ separated).

=Mole=, appa-apsá.

=Mole= (gopher), kippapúhdi.

=Moose= (orignal), apatapá.

=Mouse=, éhtaho (_taho_ low and short; _eh_ with strong emphasis).

=Mule=, achichtia (_ich_ German, with the point of the tongue).

=Muskrat=, zi̍h-zirúkka (strong accent on _zih_).

=Nighthawk= (goatsucker, caprimulgidae), péhriska, or pä̍hriska.

=Otter=, bi̍dda-póhkä.

=Owl=, etáh-kupä̍.

=Owl= (German uhu, strix bubo; western horned owl?), itáhkupä.

=Panther=, itupáh-ächti̍a (_ach_ with the point of the tongue; _i_ and _a_ separated; _i_ with strong emphasis).

=Pigeon= (great), máh-adach-kakichti̍a.

=Prairie-dog=, sihchpá.

=Prairie-hen=, sihská.

=Rabbit=, i̍htach-schüpi̍scha.

=Raccoon=, si̍h-tachächä (_sih_ with strong emphasis).

=Rat= (common, or house rat), ä̍hta-hichti̍a (_ti_ with strong accent, and separated from _a_).

=Rat= (wood rat), ai̍hta-hiti̍a (_ti_ and _a_ separated; _i_ with emphasis).

=Skunk=, chúchkä.

=Snake=, mapúckscha (_scha_ short).

=Snake= (rattle-snake), arrussidi̍awattú (the whole very short; _i_ and _a_ separated; _i_ with strong accent).

=Swan=, dúhwisch-scha (the whole run together; _duh_ long and with emphasis; _sch_ very short).

=Toad=, schánke-káhru (_an_ French; _e_ ½; likewise _u_).

=Troupial= (red-shouldered), ichpáhka-hischi̍.

=Turkey= (wild), sihs-kichti̍a (run together; _ich_ with the point of the tongue; _ti_ and _a_ separated).

=Turtle=, wattáchä.

=Waxwing= (bombycilla), máhsi-pi̍schakurúhti.

=Weasel= (stoat), o̍hsisa (_oh_ with special emphasis and force).

=Wolf= (black), sä̍h-tschüpischá.

=Wolf= (gray), sä̍hscha (_scha_ short).

=Wolf= (prairie), bóh-sa (_boh_ long and full; _sa_ very short).

=Wolf= (white), sä̍hsch-attácki.

=Wolverene= (gulo), eh-tupáh.

=Woodpecker=, toschká.

_Names of Tribes_

=Arrapahos=, I̍ta-i̍ddi.

=Arrikkaras=, Arakárahu.

=Assiniboins=, Haduschi̍h-idi (run together; _idi_ short).

=Blackfeet=, Issi-schüpi̍scha.

=Chayennes=, Itáh-ischipáhji (first _i_ very short; the whole short and low).

=Crows= (general term), Haideróhka.

=Crows= (the one band), Gi̍hchaitsá; i.e., the fighters for the stomach.

=Crows= (the other band), Haideróhke; i.e., those who dwell in the middle.

=Dacota=, Schaónni.

=Grosventres of the Prairie=, Eirichti̍-aruchpáhga (_ei_ together; _tih_ with emphasis; the whole short).

=Krihs=, Schahi̍.

=Mandans= (inhabitants of Mihtutta-hangkusch), Awatirátácka (_tacka_ short).

=Mandans= (inhabitants of Ruhptare), A̍wa-ichpawati̍ (_awa_ very short; _ich_ with the point of the tongue; _pawati_ short; _ti_ very short).

=Pahnis=, Sä̍jeruchpaga (_j_ French; _ga_ guttural).

_Names of Rivers_

=Grand=, Birridsipáhji (_ji_ French).

=Heart=, Nah-táh-schi (_schi_ short).

=Knife=, Maëttseruáhji (_e_ ½; _ji_ French).

=Missouri=, Amáhti (_ti_ short).

=Muscleshell=, Mató-káhsi (_o_ full; _si_ low and short).

=Teton=, Bi̍ddi-schu-wah-áhji.

=Upper Little Missouri=, Amáhtikasche (_mah_ nasal; _e_ ½; _sche_ short).

=White=, Biddi-attakáhsi, or Aúkatakáhsch.

=White earth=, O̍h-katakáhsi (_si_ barely audible).

=Yellowstone=, Wi̍sih-dáschi.

_Numerals_

=One=, nowassá (low).

=Two=, dúupa (_uu_ separated); usually pronounced rúhpa.

=Three=, náhwi (_wi_ very short).

=Four=, tohpá (_o_ full; _pa_ short and explosive).

=Five=, kechú (_e_ distinctly pronounced; _u_ short and explosive).

=Six=, akahuá (_kah_ long; _wa_ together and short).

=Seven=, scháchpu.

=Eight=, dúhpachpi (_pi_ short).

=Nine=, nowássachpi (_pi_ short).

=Ten=, piraká.

=Twenty=, dúchpa-pirakas (_as_ low).

=Thirty=, dá-wi̍a-pi̍raka.

=Forty=, tochpáh-pi̍raka.

=Fifty=, kechóa-pi̍raka.

=Hundred=, pirikchti̍a (_ti_ together and with strong accent; _ti_ and _a_ separated).

=Two-hundred=, pirikichtia-rúhpa.

=Thousand=, pirakichti̍a-achkakóhri.

=I eat=, mah-woh-tü̍wiss (_tuwiss_ very short).

=You eat=, máh-raruti.

=He eats=, mah-aruti̍ss.

=We eat=, máh-woh-tüwihas (final word short).

=They eat=, máh-ruta-áss (_ruta-ass_ pronounced together).

FOOTNOTES:

[258] Written from the pronunciation of the Indians themselves, especially that of the old chief, Addi̍h-Hi̍ddisch, and with the help of the Mandans who best understood the language. Where no exception is noted, _ch_ always has the guttural sound; _r_ is always spoken with the point of the tongue. Gallatin says that the Minnitarris consist of three tribes, of which two are the Mandans and Annahaways. I have already refuted this statement; besides, the Mandans themselves say that they had nothing in common with the Minnitarris, and that their language was utterly different when they came together; in the case of the Annahaways the statement is equally unfounded, for I could not even find this term, which no one recognized. I have already said that the Minnitarris are a branch of the Crows. These Indians, as well as the Mandans, have not moved their village for many years; they are, moreover, quite safe in them, for Indians do not usually attack fortified places, especially since the two tribes together can at any time put six hundred warriors into the field. Neither did I find among these Indians unusually light complexions nor blue eyes; they do not differ in this respect from the other Indians of the Missouri valley. The legend, likewise, that the Minnitarris are a white race, descended from the Welsh, has just as little foundation, as Gallatin has already shown (_ibid._, p. 125). Gallatin's words from the Minnitarri language are not correctly written, doubtless through the fault of incompetent interpreters.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ See, for the Ahnahaway, our volume xxii, p. 350, note 326.

[259] God is said by some to be called _manhopa_ in this language; but this term was never mentioned to me, and is, therefore, without doubt, incorrect.--MAXIMILIAN.

MUSQUAKE, or Fox[260]

=Arm=, neneck.

=Arrow=, onué.

=Beard=, nemisstóllakan.

=Beaver=, amachkuá (_kua_ short; _ach_ guttural).

=Bell=, katúchtåoal (_uch_ guttural).

=Black=, machkettauaw (_a_ and _u_ separated).

=Blanket= (woolen), makunaan.

=Bow=, matáck.

=Buffalo=, moskutáck-nallusuá (final _a_ short): i.e., prairie cattle; for they call the domesticated ox, nallusuá.

=Child=, apannó.

=Cool= (of weather), kesü̍a.

=Day=, kischek.

=Devil= (evil spirit), matsché-mánito; often shortened to mallato.

=Dog=, honémua (_mua_ short and indistinct).

=Elk=, maschauáwe (_e_ short).

=Eyes=, naskissako; i.e., my eyes.

=Fire= (n), ascutä̍.

=Foot=, nassöt.

=God= (good spirit), kasché-manité.

=Green=, askipokáhk.

=Hair=, minásse; the red hair-ornament or deer's-tail, kateüikúnn.

=Hand=, nalake (_e_ very short).

=Head=, uësche (_e_ somewhat short).

=Heart=, netä̍.

=Horse=, nákoto-kaschá.

=Lance= (spear), achtauáll (_ach_ guttural; _a_ and _u_ separated).

=Leader= (chief), hokimaw (_w_ audible, but soft).

=Leg= (entire), nakátsch.

=Man=, nini̍.

=Mouth=, nattóle (_e_ barely audible).

=Night=, pachkuttáwe.

=Nose=, nakiuólle (_e_ very short).

=Otter=, kattatawe (_w_ between _u_ umlaut and _w_; _e_ short).

=Red=, meschkuáwe.

=Red-head= (General Clark), Maskata-pate (_e_ short).

=Sun=, kischés.

=Sword-lance= (lance with a sword blade), táüan (short).

=Teeth=, nettóne.

=Tongue=, ninoni̍ (indistinct).

=Turkey= (wild), mässesá (_a_ short); or messesá.

=War-club= (with the iron point), pakakachkó (_ach_ guttural).

=Warm=, nihoͣs.

=Water=, nápch (_pch_ almost like German _pich_).

=White=, wapé; wapé-mallato, the white devil; this was the name of the Indian who gave me the words of this vocabulary.

=Woman= (wife), ikuá; hence the word "squaw."

=Wood=, mattäque (_que_ pronounced separately; _e_ short).

=Yellow=, assåuake (_e_ short).

=Yes=, hehä.

FOOTNOTES:

[260] These words were written down from the pronunciation of a Musquake Indian.--MAXIMILIAN.

OJIBUAS, OJIBEUAS, CHIPEWAS, or Algonkins[261]

=American= (an), Tschimoh-kuman (_an_ French).

=Arm=, uni̍ck.

=Arrow=, uïbmah (_u_ and _i_ separated).

=Autumn=, tagoagick (_gick_ German).

=Black=, machkattä̍h-uah (_ach_ guttural).

=Blind=, kagipin-inquá (_n_ French; _qua_ together).

=Blood=, miskui̍ (_ui_ separated; the whole short; emphasis on _kui_).

=Blue=, machkattä̍-uah.

=Bone= (bones), ochkánn (_och_ guttural).

=Bow=, miti̍guap.

=Brave= (adj), sungedä̍ (_su_ with the point of the tongue); a brave man, mangodas.

=Brook=, sibins (_n_ French; _s_ soft but audible).

=Brother=, nitschkoé-esin (_esin_ low, short, and indistinct).

=Child= (boy), kuiuisän (short and run together; second _ui_ somewhat separated; the whole short; _an_ like French _ain_).

=Child= (small girl), squasän (_an_ like French _in_).

=Cloud= (n), anakuä̍tt.

=Cold= (n), kissi̍nna.

=Die= (v), nipú (_u_ between _o_ and _u_).

=Dog=, animúss.

=Drink= (v), mönnikué.

=Ear=, otauack (_o_ rather inaudible, short).

=Earth=, achki̍.

=Enemy=, boanack, or poanack; i.e., the Sioux, or Dacota.

=Englishman=, Ságanasch (German throughout).

=Evening=, onáhkuschink.

=Eye=, oschki̍njick (_n_ French).

=Father=, ohsann.

=Feather=, mikuánn, or miguánn.

=Fire= (n), schkuttä̍h.

=Fish= (n), kikon (_on_ French).

=Flesh=, uiiahs, (_ui_ separated; _iahs_ German).

=Forehead=, oskattick.

=Frenchman=, Uämestihóhsch.

=Friend= (my friend), nsaag-itimih (short and run together); i.e., they love each other.

=Go= (v), pimussä̍h.

=God=, kijä̍h-mannittá.

=Good=, onischisching.

=Great= (tall), ischpigáboë.

=Green=, squáh.

=Gun=, pahskejigann (_e_ ½ and short).

=Hail= (n), sassä̍hgan.

=Hair=, uïnisiss.

=Hand=, uninjinn (_j_ French; otherwise German).

=Head=, uschteguán.

=Healthy=, nimino-aïá; i.e., I am well.

=Heart=, otä̍h.

=Heat=, kijachtä̍ (_j_ French; _ch_ barely audible).

=Heaven= (clear sky), mischáhkuätt.

=Horns= (of deer), otäsch-kanann.

=Horse=, päbäjiko-caji̍.

=House= (lodge), uïkiuámm.

=Hunger=, nuiuissinn (_ui_ separated); i.e., I am hungry.

=Hunt= (v), giussä̍ (_g_ palatal).

=I=, nin (_in_ soft).

=Ice=, michkuamm.

=Knife=, mohkuman (_an_ French).

=Laugh=, paach-pi̍.

=Lead= (n), annoin-abick (run together).

=Leg=, ochkaht.

=Life=, pühmáhtiss.

=Lightning=, oahstigann.

=Man=, hinnini̍.

=Meal= (or to eat?), uistinnetá (_e_ ½ and short); i.e., let us all eat.

=Milky-way= (le chemin de St. Jacques), michkanank (_ich_ as in German); i.e., the trail.

=Moon=, tibi̍ck-ki̍hsis.

=Morning=, pi̍ht-áhbann (_ah_ somewhat lengthened).

=Mother=, ning (_g_ like French _gue_).

=Mountain=, uattschiu (_u_ and _a_ somewhat separated; _i_ and _u_ likewise).

=Mouth=, otóhn.

=Negro=, machkatä-üiahs (_ch_ guttural).

=Night=, tibichkatt (_ich_ German).

=Nose=, oschung-guann.

=Otter=, nikick.

=Pipe=, poagánn.

=Powder= (gun-powder), machkatä̍ (_ach_ guttural).

=Quick=, uï̍ha.

=Rain= (n), kimi̍huann; it rains, papángi-pi̍ssa.

=Red= (color), miskuáh.

=River=, ktschissi̍hpi.

=River= (a very large river), missisi̍hpi.

=Sea=, kitsikami̍n (_n_ French).

=Sick=, ndahgkuss.

=Small=, agaschin (_in_ like _i_ nasal; _ga_ German).

=Smoke= (n), kaschkáhbattä.

=Snow=, kóhn; it snows, soh-kipunn.

=Speak= (v), ki̍h-kitó.

=Spirits= (distilled), skutéo-apó.

=Spring= (the season), minóchkaming.

=Star=, anánk: otschi̍ganank (i.e., the Star of the Pekan, or Fisher), the Wain, or Great Bear; otáhua-moh (les trois rois), "the Three Kings" of the Canadians; makúsch-teguann (run together) the Seven Stars, or the Pleiades; uåh-banank (l'étoile du jour), Venus.

=Stingy=, sasáhgissi (_si_ short); or shortened to sasáhgiss.

=Stone=, assi̍nn.

=Strong=, maschkåh-uissih (run together).

=Summer=, nibi̍nn.

=Sun=, ki̍hsis.

=Thunder=, (n), nimeki̍h (_e_ ½).

=Tobacco=, assäman (_an_ almost like _ah_).

=Tomahawk=, uagachkuatons-poagann (_ach_ guttural, _ons_ French, but _s_ audible; _ann_ German).

=Trail=, mihkannah.

=Ugly=, manah-ti̍ss.

=War=, mikahtink.

=Water=, nipi̍.

=White=, uahpisch-kah (somewhat nasal).

=Wind= (n), noti̍nk.

=Winter=, pibúhnk.

=Woman= (wife), ichkuá (_ich_ German).

=Wood=, misti̍ck.

=Yellow=, ossáuah (_uah_ shortened).

=Yes=, häa (like a prolonged _hae_).

_Numerals_

=One=, pä̍hjick (_j_ French).

=Two=, ni̍hsch.

=Three=, nissúe (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Four=, neh-uinn (short and run together).

=Five=, nóhnonn (first _o_ full).

=Six=, nkótto-uåssoe (_soe_ short; _e_ rather distinctly pronounced).

=Seven=, nijoåssoe (_j_ French; _e_ rather distinctly pronounced).

=Eight=, schoåssoe.

=Nine=, jank (_j_ French).

=Ten=, mitassoe (_e_ distinctly pronounced, but short).

=Twenty=, nischtanna.

=Thirty=, nissoe-mitannáh.

=Forty=, neh-mitannáh.

=Fifty=, náhno-mitannáh.

=Sixty=, nkotoásse-mitannáh.

=Seventy=, nijóasso-mitannáh.

=Eighty=, schwásso-mitannáh.

=Ninety=, jangasso-mitannáh.

=Hundred=, ngottóack.

=Thousand=, ktschi̍-ngottóack.

_Animals_

=Antelope=, api̍sti-tigosch.

=Badger=, mitánnask.

=Bear= (female), machkuáh-nojä̍ahkuann.

=Bear= (male), machkuáh-ayáhbä.

=Bear= (black), machkadéh-machkuáh (_ach_ guttural).

=Bear= (grizzly), ktschi̍-ayáh: when whitish he is called, wåbachquah (_ach_ German and guttural).

=Caribou= (cervus tarandus), ati̍ck.

=Deer= (black-tailed deer, cervus macrotis), machkadéh-uanósch: machkadeh, black; uanosch, tail.

=Deer= (common deer, cervus virginianus), uauáschkess.

=Elk= (cervus major), omaschkóhs.

=Elk= (the doe), onidjánn-omaschkohs.

=Elk= (the stag), ayábä-omaschkóhs.

=Fox= (general term), uagóhsch; the name of the color is added.

=Hare=, uabóhs.

=Hedge-hog=, káhk.

=Lynx= (loup cervier), pischúh.

=Lynx= (red; felix rufa, le chat sauvage), ä̍h-säbban (_sabban_ short).

=Marten=, uahbischänsch (_an_ like French _ain_).

=Mink=, tschang-goäsch (run together).

=Moose= (cervus alces), mons (French, but _s_ audible).

=Muskrat=, uaschásk.

=Pekan= (stone marten, or fisher), otschi̍hk.

=Skunk=, schikáhk.

=Weazel= (stoat), sching-gohs (run together).

=Wolf=, mai̍hngann (_ihn_ like _i_ nasal).

=Wolverene=, kuing-gua-agä̍ (run together).

FOOTNOTES:

[261] Written from the pronunciation of an Ojibua Indian. The letter _l_ is said to be wanting in this language, and the words given here seem to confirm this view. These Indians received the name Sauteurs from the French, because they lived at the falls (sauts) of St. Anthony. They are commonly called Chipeways (Tschipewäs); but pronounce this name, themselves, Ojibua.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ The name "Saulteurs" was derived from the residence of these Indians at Sault Ste. Marie.

OMAHA[262]

=Ahead= (in front), påhanga.

=All= (the whole), så-ni, or wå-så-ni̍.

=Alone=, snog-djé (_j_ French; _g_ almost like German _ch_).

=Always=, schon-schon (_on_ French).

=American= (an), Må̍hi-tánga; i.e., Long Knife.

=Anxiety= (fear), no-pä̍.

=Arm=, ah-schih.

=Arrow=, måh.

=Ashes=, må-chu-dä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Ask= (question), j-uá-cha-ga (_ch_ palatal; _ga_ short).

=Awake= (v, intr), wåtómbe-najeh (_j_ French; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Awake= (v, tr), ih-ki-räh (the whole even); same word as in the Oto language.

=Axe=, måsöppä.

=Back= (n), nokkån (_n_ French).

=Back= (backwards), chára (_ch_ guttural).

=Backward= (back), charah (_ch_ guttural); charah-monni, go back, return.

=Bad= (malicious), båskidä.

=Ball= (bullet), måh-seh-man (_an_ French).

=Beard=, ndähi̍.

=Beautiful=, oh-campé (_campe_ French; the whole pronounced together).

=Belly=, ni̍cha (_ch_ guttural).

=Below= (beneath), mottata (all syllables even).

=Beside= (near), ohanga.

=Between=, ohrisa.

=Bird=, uåji̍nga (_j_ French).

=Bite= (v), wåråchta (_ch_ guttural; _ta_ short).

=Bitter=, ski-da-jä (_j_ French); i.e., not sweet.

=Black=, såh-bä̍ (_ba_ short).

=Bladder=, nä̍chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Blind= (adj), ischtá-uäraje (_je_ French; final _e_ distinct).

=Blond=, på-hi̍ssong.

=Blood=, uåh-mi̍.

=Bloody=, uåh-mi̍-ogippi.

=Blow= (v; blowout), abichä (_ch_ guttural).

=Blue=, túh.

=Bone= (bones), uaï-hih.

=Bough=, jån-jinga (French).

=Bow=, mondähi̍.

=Break open= (v), grabä̍.

=Breast=, mong-gä̍.

=Breast= (female), månsä̍ (_an_ French), i.e., iron.

=Bridge=, ohäata.

=Broad=, bróska.

=Brook=, wåtischka-jinga (_j_ French).

=Brother=, sónga.

=Brown=, chudä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Burn= (v), nåh-ning-gä.

=Burn= (v; consume by burning), nåh-chu-dä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Bury=(v; inter), oh-chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Buy= (v), uåh-ri-mäh.

=Calm= (n), obrágä (_ga_ short).

=Call= (v), hah-gä.

=Canoe=, mondäh.

=Cave=, mon-schont-djé (_on_ French, likewise _j_; _e_ audible).

=Caught= (taken prisoner), uåhnihih.

=Child=, schi̍nga-schi̍nga.

=Circle=, uah-nasseh (run together).

=Clear= (bright), kéhra (_ra_ with the point of the tongue).

=Cloud= (masses of cloud), mååchpi̍h.

=Cold=, sni̍h.

=Come= (v), gih-ga.

=Conquer= (v; be victorious), uåhuang.

=Convenient= (comfortable), same word as for good.

=Count= (v; number), råh-uä (_a_ short).

=Cure= (v), gini̍h.

=Cut= (v), måh-chån (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French).

=Cut= (v; cut down, fell), gå-säh.

=Cut down= (v; fell), gåhsä̍.

=Cry= (v; scream, shout), pån (French).

=Dark=, hogan-nåpasseh.

=Daughter=, ih-jang-gä (_j_ French).

=Day=, ombá; to-day, ombara.

=Dance= (n), uatschi̍-góchä (_cha_ guttural).

=Dead=, tsä̍h.

=Deaf=, nåh-chiddä-ning-gä (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Dear= (costly; of goods), uåhrimitächä (_ch_ guttural).

=Death=, tsä̍h.

=Deceive= (v; cheat), siesch-tánka.

=Devil= (evil spirit), wåhkonda-pehjhé (_j_ French).

=Die= (v), gih-tsäh.

=Dirty=, mån-chri-chri (_n_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Dirty= (v; or adj), må-cherihcherih (_ch_ guttural; _e_ very short; the whole short).

=Door=, tih-ombah (_om_ French).

=Double=, nombá (French).

=Drag= (v; pull along), påhi̍-gåh-chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Draw= (v; draw water), nih-isé.

=Dream= (n), ombrä̍ (_om_ French).

=Dream= (v), ihra-ombrä (_om_ French).

=Drink= (v), ratan (_an_ French).

=Dry= (adj), bihsä (_sa_ short).

=Dust=, måh-åh-schudä̍.

=Dwelling place= (hunting stand), goss-sin (_in_ like _i_ nasal).

=Ear=, nittá.

=Ear-ornament=, uh-uï̍n (_in_ nasal, like _i_).

=Early=, chossonn (_ch_ guttural).

=Earth=, moniká.

=Egg=, uë̍sa.

=Enemy=, oki̍thä.

=Englishman=, Ságanasch (German throughout).

=Enough=, schéhna (_na_ short).

=Entertain= (v; eat), wåratä-gih-i.

=Evening=, påh-séh.

=Everywhere=, mánschon-brughä̍ (_on_ French).

=Eye=, ischtá.

=Eyelid=, ischtá-hi̍.

=Face= (sight), indjäh (_i_ barely audible; _j_ French).

=Fall= (v) gochhiára (_ch_ guttural; the whole short).

=Far= (distant), uä̍-ahiddä (the whole run together).

=Far= (distant), uä̍h-ahiddäh.

=Fat=, uä̍gri.

=Father=, dah-dä̍h.

=Feather=, måh-schung.

=Female= (of animals), ming-gá.

=Finger=, nombä̍; same word as for hand.

=Fire=, pädé.

=Fish=, hů́h.

=Fish= (v), hu-issä.

=Fish-hook=, hu-uä-gossä̍.

=Fist=, nombä̍-sóngä̍ (_om_ French).

=Flee= (v; escape), o̍nhä (_on_ French, and nasal).

=Flesh=, tah-núka; i.e., fresh meat.

=Flesh= (dried), táh.

=Flint=, manhissi̍ (_an_ French).

=Flow= (v), kahirá.

=Fog=, schuschudä̍.

=Foot=, sihá.

=Forehead=, pä̍h.

=Forest=, chråbä (_ch_ guttural; _ba_ short).

=Forget= (v), gih-sirajäh (_j_ French; the whole run together).

=Freeze= (v), osnih.

=Frenchman=, Uǻchä (_ch_ guttural).

=Friend=, kågä̍.

=Full=, ogipi.

=Go= (v), monni̍h.

=God= (creator, good spirit), wǻhkonda.

=Good=, udá; the best, eh-jna-udá (_j_ French).

=Gray=, són (French).

=Gray-haired=, påhi̍-son (French).

=Great= (tall), tangá.

=Green=, tuch-tsche (_e_ short); i.e., literally, very blue.

=Ground= (earth), moniká.

=Grow= (v), granräh-tigräh (_an_ French; _gr_ with the point of the tongue).

=Gun=, uahutan (_ua_ like _wa_; _an_ French).

=Hair=, påhi̍.

=Hand=, nombä̍ (_om_ French).

=Hard=, sågäh.

=Head=, nasch-kéh.

=Healthy=, uåh-kägajäh (_j_ French).

=Hear= (v), nåhk-on (_on_ French; the whole run together).

=Heart=, nondä̍.

=Heavy= (difficult), sking-gä.

=Hide= (v), na-che-ran (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French; _e_ short).

=High=, manschih (_an_ French).

=Hope= (v), bräh-gan (_an_ French).

=Horn=, hä̍h.

=Horns=, hä̍h.

=Horse= (a young horse), schantón-schi̍nga (_an_ and _on_ French; first word with emphasis; second without).

=Hot=, manschtä̍ (_an_ French).

=House= (lodge), ti̍h.

=Hunger=, nånpähi (_an_ French).

=Hunt= (v), åh-baäh.

=Hurricane=, taddäh-soggäh-noppewårre (_e_ always distinctly pronounced).

=I=, ui̍h.

=Ice=, nuchä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Incurable=, ginitä̍chä.

=Intoxicate= (v; intoxicated), tǻhni.

=Iron=, månsä̍ (_an_ French).

=Jar= (vessel), dähchä (_ch_ guttural).

=Knife=, må-ni̍h, or mahi̍.

=Know= (v), ihpahan (_an_ French).

=Know= (v; be acquainted with), ih-pahán (_pa_ short; _an_ French).

=Lance= (spear), måndähi̍ (_an_ French).

=Land=, manschon (_an_ and _on_ French).

=Laugh= (v, or n), måndehi̍ (_an_ French).

=Leader= (chief), kahigä.

=Leaf=, jån-hich-pä (_jan_ French; final _e_ distinct).

=Leg=, jägá (_j_ French).

=Lie= (v; deceive), i-uh-sisch-tan (_an_ French; the whole run together).

=Lip=, ih-há.

=Little= (in quantity), diuba.

=Loose= (of clothes), gran-deh (_an_ French).

=Maiden=, mi̍h-jinga (_mih_ with emphasis; _ji_ French; _jinga_ without emphasis).

=Maize=, uå-tån-säh (_an_ French).

=Man=, núh.

=Man= (human being), núh.

=Marry= (v), ming-grán (_gran_ French).

=Meal= (or to eat?), uǻrateh.

=Messenger=, ikih-monnäh.

=Milk= (n), påsé-nih.

=Mirror=, ni̍o-kigrásse (_a_ audible; _i_ and _o_ separated).

=Moon=, mih-om-ba (_mih_ with emphasis; the whole run together).

=Morning=, kåsi̍n (_in_ French).

=Mother=, nåh-håh.

=Mountain=, påhi̍-moschä̍.

=Mouth=, hi̍h.

=Much=, ah-hi̍gä.

=Music=, uåhuan (_an_ French).

=My=, uïh-uïh-tá.

=Nail= (on hand, foot, hoof, claw), schagä̍.

=Naked=, juh-núka (_j_ French).

=Name=, jajä̍ (French).

=Neck= (throat), táh-hi.

=Necklace=, uåh-nompi̍ (last word French).

=Needle=, uåkóh.

=Negro=, nikka-schinga-sóbbä; or wåchä-sóbbä (_ch_ guttural).

=New=, tähga.

=Night=, hán (_an_ French).

=Noon=, mih-oh-kan-ska (_an_ French).

=Nose=, pǻh.

=Old=, isch-ágä.

=Old man=, isch-ágä.

=Old woman=, uåu-schi̍nge (_uau_ somewhat separated).

=Oldest=, jini̍ (_j_ French); my oldest brother, vijini̍.

=Over= (above), manschiata (_an_ French).

=Pain= (n), nih-ä (run together).

=Paint= (v), gih-kon-sä (_on_ French; _sa_ short).

=Peace=, manchon-úda (_an_ and _on_ French); i.e., not war.

=Pipe= (tobacco), ninibǻh.

=Play= (v), skådä.

=Pluck= (v; feathers), hi-snú-djä (_j_ French).

=Pray= (v), wåkonda-berihs-tubä̍ (_e_ short; otherwise German throughout).

=Prisoner=, uåh-nihih.

=Point= (n), påhi̍.

=Pouch= (sack), uh-ji̍.

=Powder= (gun-powder), måh-chudä̍ (_ch_ guttural; the whole run together).

=Pull= (v; draw), gih-snuh.

=Punish= (v; whip), uh-tih.

=Quarrel= (v; fight), kihkinna.

=Quick=, hocherä (_ch_ German).

=Rain= (n), nah-jé (_j_ French).

=Red=, jidä̍ (_ji_ French).

=Rib=, rittih.

=Ripe=, (of fruit), nidä̍.

=River=, uåti̍schka.

=Roast= (v, or n), djä-gran (French).

=Rock= (cliff), in-in (French nasal).

=Round=, buut-ton (_on_ French).

=Run= (v), toh-neh.

=Sack= (leather), uh-ji̍-hå.

=Sand=, bih-saak.

=Sea=, ni̍h-tánga; i.e., big water.

=See= (v), tom-bä̍.

=Sharp= (pointed), på-hi̍.

=Shave= (v), båhs-kébbä.

=Shoot= (v; with a bow), måh-wåkiddäh.

=Shoot= (v; with a gun), wåhutonwåkiddäh (_on_ French).

=Shore= (bank), nih-cǻhan (_an_ French).

=Show= (v), ahbasuh.

=Sick=, uåh-ká-ga.

=Sister=, tangä̍.

=Sit= (v), gerin (_e_ short; _r_ with the point of the tongue; _in_ like _i_ nasal).

=Skin= (hide), håh.

=Sleep= (v), ajan (French).

=Sleepy=, ján-gonda (_jan_ French).

=Small=, jingá (_j_ French).

=Smell= (v; sniff at, scent), amberan (French).

=Smoke= (n), schudä̍, or schudé.

=Smoke= (v; tobacco), ninihi̍.

=Snow= (n), måh.

=Son=, ji-ingä̍ (_j_ French; the whole run together).

=Speak= (v), i̍h-ä.

=Spirits= (distilled), pädji-ni̍h (_j_ French).

=Spring= (source), ni̍h-hónga.

=Spring= (the season), mä̍h.

=Spring= (v; leap, jump), o-uis-seh (run together).

=Squint= (v), tåguscheh.

=Star=, pikä̍.

=Stomach=, mång-gäh.

=Stone=, ih-in (_n_ French; _in_ like _i_ nasal).

=Storm= (thunder storm), tadähsoggäh.

=Strong=, uååsch-kán-tanga (_an_ French).

=Stump=, buhtan (_an_ French).

=Stupid=, uåje-ningé (_j_ French).

=Summer=, núgä.

=Sun=, mi̍h.

=Sunrise=, mi̍h-hi̍h.

=Sunset=, mi̍h-núschä.

=Sweet=, skidä̍.

=Swim= (v), ni̍huan (_an_ French); same word as in the Oto language.

=Tail= (of an animal), sindä̍ (German throughout).

=Tear= (v; tear, or break to pieces), ih-bråh-sä (_ah_ French; _sa_ short).

=Tear out= (v; pull out), schuúdä.

=Tears=, ischtá-nih; i.e., eye water.

=Teeth=, ihí.

=Thick=, tångá.

=Thin=, bräkä.

=Tobacco=, nini̍h.

=Toe=, sih-schogä̍.

=Tomahawk=, mǻse-päji̍inga (_se_ short; _j_ French; last word rapidly pronounced).

=To-morrow=, kåsonn.

=Tongue=, rä̍hse (_e_ distinctly pronounced); téh-rähs, buffalo tongue.

=Toothache=, ihí-nidä̍.

=Top= (summit), måschiadä̍.

=Trace= (track of an animal), sihgerä.

=Trader=, uåh-ri-mäh.

=Tree=, chråbä (_ch_ guttural).

=True=, mikkä.

=Turn= (v; twist), ohma-terischan (_an_ French).

=Unhealthy= (sickly), wåh-kägaschtån (the whole even and run together).

=Unripe=, nihd-aije (_ai_ together; _j_ French; _e_ low but distinct).

=Wait= (v), ihra-pä̍.

=War=, noh-dan (_an_ French).

=Warm=, moschtä̍.

=Warmth=, tåhbrä (_bra_ short).

=Warrior=, uå-schu-schäh.

=Wash= (v), ni̍h-ja-hä̍ (_j_ French).

=Water=, ni̍h.

=Water-jar= (water cask), ni̍h-ujé (_j_ French).

=Wax=, kegranchä-uägrä (_an_ French; _ch_ guttural; _g_ with the point of the tongue).

=Weep= (v), hahgä.

=Wet=, núka.

=What? how?= dah-dan (_an_ French).

=Whirlpool=, nih-berih-berin (short and run together; _e_ short; _in_ like _i_ nasal).

=Whistle= (v; pipe), suhdä̍.

=White=, ská.

=White man=, nika-schinga-hi̍chaskah (_ch_ guttural).

=Widow=, igrangä-tsäh (run together).

=Wind= (n), tahdä.

=Wind= (v; wind game), obrán (_an_ French).

=Wing=, ahi̍.

=Winter=, måhrä (_ra_ short).

=Woman= (wife), wåh-úh.

=Wood=, ján (French).

=Work= (v), monni̍.

=Wound= (v; shoot), o̍h.

=Wrap up= (v), ih-kónta.

=Yellow=, si̍h.

=Yes=, anhán (indistinct, nasal).

=Young=, jingáh (_ji_ French; _g_ guttural).

_Numerals_

=One=, miachtscheh (_ach_ guttural).

=Two=, nombáh.

=Three=, råh-beneh (_be_ short).

=Four=, túba.

=Five=, såtoͣn (_n_ French).

=Six=, schåh-peh.

=Seven=, péh-nombáh.

=Eight=, péh-rǻbene (first _e_ short; second _e_ audible).

=Nine=, schónka.

=Ten=, chrä̍bene (_bene_ short).

_Animals_

=Bear= (black), wåssóbbä.

=Bear= (grizzly), mån-tchú (_an_ French; _tchu_ German).

=Beaver=, jǻbä (_j_ French; _ba_ short).

=Buffalo=, téh, or tä̍h.

=Deer= (common), tahg-tchä (German).

=Dog=, schinúda (_da_ short).

=Elk=, onpǻh (_on_ French).

=Horse=, schóngä-tónga.

=Lynx=, igrong-gá (pronounced together).

=Otter=, tuhsch-nongä̍.

=Ox= (European), tä̍h-ská (run together).

=Panther=, igronga-sindä̍-snaddäh; sindä-snaddäh, with long tail.

=Skunk=, móng-ga.

=Snake=, ueh-sá.

=Swine=, kokosch.

=Turkey=, (wild), sihsikah.

=Turtle=, kehtan (_an_ French).

=Wolf=, (black), schánton-sóbbä (_a_ short).

=Wolf=, (gray), schánton-son (_an_ and _on_ French).

=Wolf= (prairie), mikkasseh.

FOOTNOTES:

[262] Written from the pronunciation of Major Dougherty, who understood this language perfectly. The Omáhas belong to the Dacóta linguistic group, and form with the Osages, Konzas, Ayowäs (Joways), Missouris, Otos, and Puncas, Mr. Gallatin's southern Sioux. Among the nations named there are several different dialects, of which the Osages and Konzas speak one; the Otos, Ayowäs, and Missouris another; and the Omahas and Puncas a third. On these peoples, see Gallatin (_ibid._, pp. 126-28). There it is noted that a vocabulary of the Ayowäs (Jówäs) is lacking; a gap which I can claim to have filled, since I was assured by Major Dougherty that the Ayowäs speak the Oto language, whose words are given below.--MAXIMILIAN.

OTO[263]

=Abyss=, moksché; iro-moksché, steep cliff.

=Air=, ta-djä̍ (_j_ French).

=All= (all together), brogä̍; the whole mass (or multitude), akiwoasan (_woa_ like _voi_ in French; _an_ French).

=Alone=, asch-nå (_sch_ like _j_ French).

I myself alone, mij-nå (_j_ French here and below). You (thou) alone, dij-nå. He alone, ij-nå. We alone, guj-nå. You alone, dij-nå.

=Always=, eiiåhma (_ei_ together).

=American= (an), Måhi-hónn-ie (_ie_ short; _e_ audible); i.e., Long Knife.

=Another=, i-tan-dö (_an_ French).

=Answer= (v), i-hä̍.

=Anxiety= (fear), nongguä̍ (_gua_ short).

=Approach stealthily= (v; stalk), sridje-monnä̍ (_j_ French).

=Arm=, asché.

=Arrow=, mi̍to.

=Ashes=, må-chudjé (_ch_ guttural).

=Awake= (v, intr), uatá-nayé (run together).

=Awake= (v, tr), ih-ki-reh.

=Axe=, i̍suä (_sua_ short).

=Back= (adverb), hatá.

=Back= (n), nåh-kan (_an_ French).

=Bad= (malicious), tsichogä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Bald=, nantó-rusch-ra (_an_ French).

=Ball= (bullet), måh-seh-måh; same word as for lead.

=Bathe= (v), ni-uah (_uah_ nasal).

=Beard=, ndä-hi (_n_ only a fore-tone).

=Beautiful=, ocompih (French).

=Before= (ahead), på-gran (_an_ French).

=Behind= (behind us), a-rúcha-gä (_ch_ guttural).

=Belly=, ni-cha (_ch_ guttural).

=Beside= (near), oh-kang-äh.

=Best=, pi-tånra, (_an_ French).

=Bird=, wåe-ing-ä (_e_ barely audible; the whole together).

=Bite= (v), rochtagä.

=Bitter=, sehko-schkunä̍; i.e., not sweet, they do not have a direct expression.

=Black=, seuä̍ (_e_ and _u_ separated).

=Bladder=, nächä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Blind=, ich-tåch-hidje (_j_ French; final _e_ short).

=Blood=, wåpågä̍-oyú.

=Bloom= (v), pahüson (_on_ French).

=Blow= (v; blow out), a-bi-chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Blue=, tóh.

=Blush= (v), schudjö (_j_ French).

=Boil= (v; cook), oh-hon (_on_ French).

=Bone= (bones), uah-hi̍ (_uah_ nasal).

=Bough=, nå-ing-ä (run together).

=Bow=, måndehi̍ (_an_ French).

=Break= (v), to-ié.

=Break open= (v; force open), wå-gre-ue.

=Breast= (female), påsä (_sa_ short).

=Breast= (the whole breast), mong-ä.

=Breath=, hi̍; same word as for mouth and tooth.

=Bridge=, ohä̍.

=Broad=, brå-ské (final syllable short).

=Brook=, nischna-ing-ä (run together).

=Brother=, song-ä̍; my brother, mi-song-ä̍.

=Brown=, chudje (_ch_ guttural; _e_ distinctly pronounced); i.e., dark, smoky, they have no word for brown.

=Burn= (v), todjé (_j_ French).

=Bury= (v; inter), ochä (_ch_ guttural).

=Buy= (v), wå-ru-mäh; same word means to trade.

=Calm= (n), oh-bra-gä̍.

=Canoe=, på-djé (_j_ French).

=Carrion= (a dead animal), uå-hu-mä̍ (_ua_ short and together).

=Catch= (v; capture), rusä̍.

=Caught= (v; captured), ua-ni-hih (_u_ and _a_ separated).

=Cave=, i̍ro-chrogä̍; i.e., a hollow rock.

=Chew= (v), same word as for meal, or to eat.

=Child=, tchitching-ä (_ch_ like _tgi_, with the point of the tongue).

=Choke= (v; press to death, smother), o-nong-ä̍.

=Clear= (bright), o-haun-uäh (_n_ French; _uah_ nasal).

=Clear= (water), ni-bréjé (French); they give this name to the Mississippi.

=Cloud= (masses of cloud), moͣch-pih (_ch_ guttural).

=Coal=, åchudjeh (_ach_ guttural).

=Coals= (glowing), pedjé-sih (_j_ French).

=Cold= (adj), sni̍h.

=Comb= (n), härusäh, i.e., louse-catcher; from hä, louse, and rusäh, catch.

=Community= (company, many men), manksché-gerohan (_an_ French; _ge_ German).

=Compel= (v; force), a-u-scheh-geh (run together).

=Convenient= (comfortable), pi̍; same word as for good.

=Cough= (v), hogh-pä̍.

=Count= (v; number), uårauä (_au_ together).

=Cowardly=, same word as for lazy, or rotten.

=Crooked=, rutan-schkunäh (_an_ French).

=Crow= (way of dressing hair), nantó (_an_ French).

=Cure= (v; heal), ginih.

=Curly= (hair), påhi̍-riberin (_in_ nasal, like i̍).

=Cut= (v), gron-tschéh (_on_ French).

=Cut down= (v; fell), gron-tsché (_on_ French).

=Cut down= (v; fell), grontsché (_on_ French).

=Cut into= (v; incise, carve), grontsché (_on_ French).

=Dance= (n), woͣtschí.

=Dark=, ohånsä̍ (_an_ French).

=Daughter=, ih-wung-ä.

=Day=, han-uä (_an_ French, the whole short and run together).

=Dead=, tsä̍h.

=Deaf=, nå-cho-dje-ning-e (_j_ French; _ch_ guttural; _e_ short).

=Dear= (costly), tschä-chäh (_ch_ guttural).

=Deceive= (v; cheat), gistoncha (_ch_ guttural).

=Decoy= (v; decoy an animal), tah-sching-ä-on (_sching_ and _a_ pronounced together; _on_ French).

=Devastate= (v), schéh-na.

=Devil= (evil spirit), wåhkondapisch-kunnä̍h.

=Die= (v), tsä̍h.

=Dirty=, måh-chrih (_ch_ with the point of the tongue).

=Dirty= (v), måchré (_ch_ guttural).

=Dive=(v), ni̍h-rotata. [MS. note in Library of Congress copy by J. O. Dorsey, says that this is not a verb but ni, water, and rótata, under.--TRANS.]

=Divide= (v; share), ikirutan (_an_ French).

=Door=, tschi-okä̍ (run together).

=Double=, nouä̍; same word as for two.

=Drag= (v; drag a load), påhi̍-on-reh (_on_ French).

=Draw= (v; draw water), nih-ru-seh.

=Dream= (v), ombrä̍; ira-ombrá, you dreamed (plural).

=Drink= (v), ratan (_an_ French).

=Dry= (adj), buh-sä.

=Dumb=, i-tiä-ru-scha-gä.

=Dung=, ming-grä.

=Dust=, månschuh-schudje (_an_ French; likewise _j_; _e_ short).

=Dwelling place= (hunting stand), irappä (final _a_ between _e_ and _a_ umlaut).

=Ear=, nan-toa (French).

=Ear-ornament=, uåhnon-pin (_non_ French; _pin_ nasal, like _pi_).

=Early=, heruh-tach-tsché (_ach_ guttural); early in the day.

=Empty= (adj), chroschkä (_ch_ guttural).

=Enclose= (v; shut up), uå-nåssé.

=Enemy=, okitsché.

=Englishman=, Sanganasch.

=Enough=, kahä̍na (_na_ short).

=Entertain= (v), nontutan (_on_ and _an_ French).

=Even= (equal, flat), bra-ské, or bras-ké; same word as for broad, or great.

=Evening=, pi̍-kuiä̍, or pi̍kuiä̍; from pi, sun, and kuiä̍, low.

=Everywhere=, mayon-brughä (_on_ French); i.e., over the whole land.

=Expectorate=(v), grä-uä.

=Eye=, ichtá (_ich_ German and not guttural; nearly the same as with the Dacota, Omahas, Osages, and Puncas).

=Eyelid=, ichtá-hi.

=Face= (sight), indéh.

=Fall= (v), o-chua-nä (_ch_ guttural).

=Far= (distant), ha-rä.

=Far= (distant), hah-reh.

=Fat=, uå-schi.

=Father=, ing-koh.

=Feast=, same as meal, or eat; they say, give to eat; also gi-ko.

=Feather=, manschon (_on_ French).

=Female= (of animals), ming-eh.

=Festival=, så-gä.

=Fever=, okisché-gétachran (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French).

=Find= (v), ikiré.

=Finger=, nau-ue (_ue_ short).

=Fire=, pedjé (first _e_ distinctly pronounced; _j_ French).

=Fish= (n), hó.

=Fish= (v), ho-rusä̍.

=Fish= (v; catch fish), same word as for fish-hook.

=Fish-hook=, horusé.

=Fist=, nauä̍-sogä.

=Flame= (n), pedjé-takan (_j_ and _an_ French).

=Flat= (level), braskä̍.

=Flee= (v; escape), hå-sä.

=Flesh=, tåh.

=Flint=, ju-tsché-ogran (_an_ French).

=Flood= (v; overflow), nih-ton (_on_ French).

=Flow= (v), kahi̍ra (_ra_ short).

=Fog=, schuschudjä (_j_ French).

=Foot=, si̍.

=Foot-path=, nong-ä̍.

=Forehead=, pä̍h.

=Forest=, chrå-uäh (_ch_ guttural).

=Forget= (v), giksuh-schkúnnä.

=Freeze= (v; chill), o-snih.

=Freeze= (v; congeal), nih-tåh.

=Frenchman=, Måsongkä-okannä (_a_ umlaut, also pronounced like _e_).

=Friend=, ntará.

=Full=, oh-yuh.

=Fully= (of cooking, done), ni-djä̍ (_j_ French).

=Gall= (bile), grä-ue-sih.

=Gay-colored= (variegated), gréjé (_j_ French).

=Go= (v), monnih.

=God= (creator), wåhkonda.

=Good=, pi̍h.

=Grandson=, intaqúa.

=Grape-vine=, hå-seh-hih.

=Grave=, óh-chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Gray=, cho-djé (_j_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Gray-haired=, pahi-son (French).

=Great= (tall), grón-rä (_n_ French).

=Green=, tohch-djä̍ (_ch_ guttural; _j_ French).

=Ground= (earth), måhå.

=Gun=, jútschä (_tscha_ short); rifle, jútschä-ki̍h-berúh-berúh (the whole short, and run together).

=Gut= (intestines), schiuä̍.

=Gut= (v; gut an animal), nicha-gi-na-sché (_ch_ guttural).

=Hair=, på-hi̍.

=Half=, oskisserä (_e_ short); så-ning-ä̍, the second part.

=Hand=, nau-uä.

=Hard=, sågeh.

=Hate= (v), hasch-ing-äh.

=Head=, på.

=Headache=, nan-soh-nih-djä (_an_ French; _dja_ likewise).

=Healthy=, ogischegä-schkúnnä (_e_ short).

=Hear= (v), nåkon (_on_ French).

=Heart=, mon-tchä (_on_ French; _ch_ with the point of the tongue).

=Heat= (v; inflame), tåcherang (_ch_ guttural); i.e., warm; they also say monschtiö (_on_ French).

=Heavy= (difficult), tscháh-tan (_an_ French).

=Hide= (v), nåh-chron (_ch_ guttural; _on_ French).

=High=, mock-scheh.

=Hole=, chro-gä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Hollow= (adj), chro-gä̍ (_ch_ with the point of the tongue).

=Horn=, hä̍h.

=Horns= (antlers), häh.

=Horse= (young horse), schangtóing-ä.

=Hot=, moschtä.

=House= (lodge), tschi̍h.

=Hunger=, chråni̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Hunt= (n), kinángra.

=Hunt= (v), kinángra.

=Hunter=, kinángra-uarupeh.

=Hurricane= (storm), tåh-såggä-uayhäh-häh (the whole run together).

=I=, mi̍h.

=Ice=, nóchä (_ch_ guttural; _a_ short).

=Incurable=, ginih-schkúnnä.

=Indistinct=, tahi̍-schkúnnä.

=Internal= (within), róhtata.

=Intoxicate= (v), tå-ningé (_ninge_ nasal).

=Iron=, mǻ-sä (first syllable longer; first _a_ almost like _an_ French).

=Island=, rú-mi-tschi̍ (_rumitschi_, or _rumaetschi_).

=Jar= (vessel), däh-chä (_ch_ guttural).

=Joy= (enjoyment, mirth), gi̍ro (German throughout).

=Knife=, måh-hi.

=Know= (v), ju̍a-hamg-äh.

=Know= (v; be acquainted with), hah-pang-äh.

=Lame=, uåh-hi̍ragä.

=Lance= (spear; sword-lance), uåh-yaueh (letters in _yaueh_ are separated).

=Land=, mayón (French).

=Laugh= (v, or n), ick-scháh.

=Lay= (v; lay down), jan (_an_ French).

=Leader= (chief), uong-gé-gi-hi (first syllable almost like _wong_; _g_ guttural).

=Leaf= (of a tree), nǻchpä (_nach_ long).

=Left= (direction), aratscheh.

=Leg=, rägä.

=Lie= (v; deceive), tohshäh.

=Light= (v; illuminate), hån-ue-on-re (_an_ and _on_ French; _ue_ nasal, likewise _han_).

=Light= (v; kindle), ohan-ue (_an_ French; _u_ and _e_ separated).

=Lightning=, wáhkonda-gron (_gron_ French).

=Like= (v; be fond of), ooch-thá (_ch_ guttural).

=Lip=, ih-hå.

=Little=, tscho-kerá.

=Long=, sreh-djeh (_j_ French).

=Loose= (of clothes), grån-reh (_an_ French).

=Maiden=, tschichmi-ing-ä (_ich_ guttural).

=Maize=, wå-dud-djé (_j_ French).

=Man=, uong-gä, or uong-äh; same word as for human being.

=Man= (human being), uong-äh.

=Marry= (v; of a man), grong-äh.

=Marry= (v; of a woman), uåruchä̍.

=Meal= (or to eat?), uåårudjé (_j_ French).

=Messenger=, ikomónne (_ne_ short).

=Milk= (n), teh-på-seh-nih (run together).

=Mirror=, måse-angitan (_e_ short; _an_ French).

=Money=, må-ses-kå (all syllables even); i.e., white metal.

=Moon=, pi̍h: they add a limiting word; the words for sun and moon are the same, but they believe the two to be distinct.

=Morning=, hån-uä.

=Mother=, ináh.

=Mountain=, hämokschä̍.

=Mouth=, hi̍.

=Much= (many), roh-han (_an_ French).

=Murder= (v; kill), tsä̍h.

=Music=, uå-yanuäh (_yan_ French).

=My=, mih-te-uäh.

=Nail= (on the feet), si̍ha-schágä.

=Nail= (on fingers), naue-ue-schágä.

=Nail= (on the hands), nombä-schágä (_nom_ French).

=Naked=, tåh-huh.

=Name= (n), rahjä (_j_ German).

=Narrow=, broͣskäsch-schkúnä (_na_ short).

=Necklace= (neck ornament), wånon-peh (_on_ French).

=Needle=, måh-sickan (_an_ French).

=Negro=, mååk-schi-säuäh.

=Night=, haǻn-hä.

=Noon=, pi̍oh-cons-ská (_cons_ French).

=Nose=, påso.

=Not= (no), niäkóh.

=Old=, isch-ágä.

=Old man=, uánscha (_an_ French).

=Old woman=, inahak-schingä (German throughout).

=Oldest=, inó.

=On the other side= (of a river), ni̍agreck.

=Once=, jóng-kä.

=Over=, mok-schüátta (_atta_ short).

=Over= (above), mååk-schäh.

=Pain= (n), nih-djé (_j_ French).

=Paint= (v), okompé (French throughout).

=Palate=, räsä̍.

=Pale= (v; grow pale, fade), indéhska; i.e., white or pale face.

=Peace=, mayon-pi̍h (_on_ French).

=Pipe= (tobacco), rå-no-uä̍.

=Plant= (v), o-yú (together); i.e., put something in the earth.

=Play= (v). schkåh-djé (_j_ French).

=Pluck= (v; feathers), hi-snudjä (_j_ French).

=Pointed=, påh-hi.

=Pond= (pool), same word as for swamp.

=Pouch= (sack), osché (_e_ somewhat like _a_ umlaut).

=Powder= (gun-powder), åh-chudjäh (_ch_ guttural; _j_ French).

=Pray= (v; to the lord of life), wahkonda-åchagä (_ch_ guttural).

=Pregnant=, nichta-chontjä (_ch_ guttural; _j_ French).

=Press= (v), bri̍chä-onongä.

=Press out= (v; express?), sagéonang-ä (the whole run together; _ge_ German, as in _geben_).

=Pretty=, oh-com-pih (French).

=Prick= (v; sting), wå-yah-uä (_ua_ short).

=Prisoner=, same word as for caught, or captured.

=Proud= (haughty), tan-ra-gon-da (_an_ and _on_ French).

=Pulse=, ahk-kan (first _a_ barely audible; _an_ French).

=Punish= (v; whip), utschi̍.

=Push= (v; thrust), nih-djé (_j_ French).

=Quick=, ho-che-rä (_ch_ guttural).

=Rain= (n), ni-o-iu (run together).

=Reconcile= (v; appease), mayonpih (_on_ French).

=Red=, schu-djä̍ (_j_ French).

=Resistance= (self-defence), ankirragä̍ (_an_ French).

=Rib=, roh-toh.

=Ripe= (of fruits), si̍h-da (_da_ short).

=River=, nisch-nong-ä.

=Rock= (cliff), i̍ro.

=Rot= (v), obrån-pesch-kunä̍ (_an_ French).

=Rotten= (lazy?), chritagä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Round=, schnåh-schnåh.

=Run= (v), nong-ä.

=Salt down= (v; pickle, corn), nischko-oiú.

=Scalp=, nantó (_an_ French).

=Sea=, nih-chonn-djé (_dje_ French); the Ayowas say, nih-chon-je (_je_ German).

=Secret=, nå-chron (_ch_ palatal; _on_ French).

=See= (v), uatah (_u_ and _a_ follow closely).

=Sexual organs= (female), uieh (_u_ separated).

=Sexual organs= (male), reh.

=Shade= (shadow), oh-uan-seh (_an_ French).

=Shallow= (water), nichä-uäh (_ch_ guttural).

=Sharp= (pointed), på-hih.

=Shave= (v), chru-scherá (_ch_ guttural).

=Shoot= (v; with an arrow), måhkudjeh.

=Shoot= (v; with a gun), jutjehkudjeh (_j_ French).

=Shore= (bank), nih-må-åh.

=Short=, süït-tscheh.

=Shout= (v; call), sih-uan (_uan_ short, like _wan_ nasal; _an_ French).

=Shout= (v; give the warhoop), graah (_r_ with the point of the tongue).

=Sick=, okischegä.

=Side=, såh-ning-ä.

=Sing= (v), yan-uah (_an_ French).

=Sister=, tång-äh.

=Sit= (v), ah-mi-nåh.

=Skin= (hide), hå.

=Sleep= (v), iyán (_i_ and _y_ slightly separated; _an_ French).

=Sleepy=, yon-gondah (_on_ French).

=Slowly=, srih-djeh (_j_ French).

=Small=, ing-äh.

=Smell= (v; sniff at, scent), obran (_an_ French); smell (something), obranré.

=Smoke= (n), scho-djä (_j_ French).

=Smoke= (v; tobacco), rah-nehi.

=Snow= (n), påh; same word as for head and nose.

=Sole= (of the foot), si-ro-ta-tá (_sirotata_).

=Son=, hih-ing-äh.

=Speak= (v), id-djé (_j_ French).

=Spirits= (distilled), pedjé-ni (_j_ French); i.e., fire-water.

=Spot= (v; stain), måchré (_ch_ guttural).

=Spring= (source), nih-hong-ä.

=Spring= (the season), päh-käh.

=Spring= (v; leap, jump), attåunuah (nasal; _aun_ nasal; _n_ French).

=Spy= (v; listen), ånoch-ron-no-kron (_on_ French).

=Star=, piká.

=Start= (v; start an animal), hå-sé.

=Stick=, nan-ing-ä (_an_ French).

=Still= (silent), echan-schkunäh (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French).

=Stinginess=, (greediness), gi-tschächä (_cha_ palatal).

=Stomach=, mong-ä (_a_ short).

=Stone=, i̍ro, or i̍h-roh.

=Stop= (v; hold fast, arrest), o-nongä (run together).

=Storm= (thunder-storm), tájä-soggä̍ (_j_ French).

=Straight= (direct), ruh-tan (_an_ French).

=Strangle= (v), gi-to-dje (_j_ French).

=Strike= (v; beat), uh-tschin (_tschin_ nasal; _in_ like _i_).

=Strong=, brih-chäh (_r_ with the point of the tongue; _ch_ guttural).

=Stump=, påhi̍-schkunäh.

=Stupid=, bréjé-schkunä̍ (_j_ French).

=Summer=, tohk-äh.

=Sun=, pi̍h.

=Sunrise=, pi̍h-gri̍h.

=Sunset=, pi̍h-hi̍h.

=Swamp=, tschérauä (_ua_ short).

=Sweet=, skóh.

=Swelling= (boil), ouä̍ (short and together).

=Swim= (v), nih-uan (_an_ French).

=Tail= (of an animal), sinn-djä (_j_ French).

=Teach= (v), wå-kon-seh (_on_ French).

=Tear out= (v; pull out), gi-na-sché.

=Tears= (n), ischtá-ni̍h; i.e. eye-water.

=Teeth=, ihi̍.

=There= (of place), tschekä̍, or kö̍ta.

=Thick= (large), chonje chonje (_j_ French).

=Thin=, brékä.

=Thumb=, nau-uä-chonje (_ch_ short); i.e., thick, or big finger.

=Thunder= (n), gron-gron (_on_ French); wahkonda-gron-gron.

=Tie= (v; bind, fasten), ru-ski-djä (_j_ French).

=Tinder-box=, pedjé-on (_j_ and _on_ French).

=Tobacco=, rah-nih.

=Toe=, sihasch-schángä.

=Tomahawk=, i-sua-ing-ä (run together).

=To-morrow=, härúh-tata.

=Tongue=, redseh.

=Toothache=, ihi̍-nidjeh (_j_ French).

=Trace= (track of an animal), sih-grä̍ (last syllable short).

=Trade=, uå-ru-ma.

=Trader=, same word as for buy.

=Trap= (snare), månse-råch-tagä (_ach_ guttural).

=Tree=, grå-uéh (_gr_ guttural).

=True=, mikä̍.

=Ugly=, püsch-schkunnä.

=Undress= (v; strip), unaie-gistrüdje (_j_ French).

=Unmarried=, ming-grong-äschkunnä; of a woman, uåruch-äschkunnä.

=Unripe=, sidah-schkúnnä.

=Until= (unto), ätchån (_ch_ guttural; _an_ French).

=Urine=, däjä̍ (_j_ French).

=Vein= (artery), kán (French).

=War=, mayón-peschkuni̍h (_on_ French); literally, bad land.

=War-club= (with the iron point), uehrutschin (_tschin_ nasal; _n_ French).

=Warm=, mosch-tschä̍.

=Warmth= (of weather, or water), tåh-chran (_ch_ guttural).

=Warrior= (brave man), wå-schúscheh.

=Wash= (v), uå-ruh-jäh.

=Water=, ni̍h.

=Wax=, uagriska-minggräh.

=Weep= (v), cha-gä (_ch_ guttural; _ga_ short).

=Wet= (adj), tohkä.

=What? how?= tå-ku-rä̍.

=Whistle= (v; pipe), suh-dä̍.

=White=, skáh.

=White man=, må-song-kä; i.e., he works in iron.

=Whole= (very), brughä̍ (_gh_ guttural).

=Widow=, aegran-ning-ä (_an_ French).

=Wind= (n), tad-djé (_j_ French).

=Wing=, ahú.

=Winter=, påh-nih.

=Within= (come in), gúh.

=Woman= (wife), ina-hakä (final _a_ barely audible).

=Wood=, nä̍h.

=Work= (v), uå-on (_on_ French).

=Wound= (v), òh.

=Wound= (v; shoot), òh.

=Wrap up= (v), ruberin (_in_ like _i_ nasal).

=Year= (winter), páhni (_ni_ short).

=Yellow=, si̍h.

=Yes=, hontiö̍ (_an_ French).

=Young= (not old or little), schiniä̍ (_nia_ nasal).

_Numerals_

=One=, jon-kä̍.

=Two=, noh-uä.

=Three=, tåh-ni.

=Four=, toh-uä.

=Five=, såh-tan (_an_ French).

=Six=, schåh-kuä (_kua_ short).

=Seven=, schåh-cheman (second _ch_ guttural; _e_ short; _an_ French).

=Eight=, kräh-råbbeneh (first _e_ short).

=Nine=, schonkä̍.

=Ten=, kräh-bran (_an_ French).

=Twenty=, krän-bran-noh-uä.

=Thirty=, kräh-bran-tåh-ni.

=Forty=, kräh-bran-toh-uä.

_Animals_

=Bear= (black), montchä̍ (_cha_ almost like _tia_).

=Bear= (grizzly), måntó (_an_ French).

=Beaver=, rauä̍ (_a_ and _u_ somewhat separated).

=Buffalo=, tjä̍ (_j_ French).

=Deer= (common, or Virginian), tahg-tsche, or simply thá.

=Dog=, schonk-okännäh.

=Duck=, michä-iniä (_ch_ guttural).

=Elk= (great deer), hóma (_ma_ short).

=Fox= (black), mischnäkä-sä-uä.

=Fox= (gray), mischnäkä.

=Fox= (red), mischnäkä-schudjä (_j_ French).

=Hare=, misch-tsching-gä̍ (run together).

=Horse=, schong-äh.

=Mule=, noͣn-tua-chonjä (_ch_ guttural).

=Opossum=, ik-scha-mina (run together); i.e., the one which lies down, or sleeps with laughter.

=Otter=, tohsch-nong-ä (all syllables even).

=Ox=, tschehs-kah.

=Skunk=, mong-äh.

=Snake=, wå-kån (_an_ French).

=Turkey= (wild), wåe-ink-chontjeh (first _e_ barely audible; _ch_ guttural; _j_ French).

=Turtle=, keth-han (_an_ French).

=Wolf= (black), schanton-sä-uä.

=Wolf= (gray), schanton-schkáh (_anton_ French).

=Wolf= (prairie), schah-monnikassi̍h.

FOOTNOTES:

[263] Written from the pronunciation of Major Dougherty, Indian agent for this nation, who understands the language thoroughly. This language, with only slight variations, is spoken by the Otos, Ayowäs, and Missouris.--MAXIMILIAN.

PAHNI[264]

=All= (the whole), tsche-túh (_e_ short).

=Bad=, hå-ku-na-heh.

=Buffalo=, taraháh.

=Child=, pi̍h-rau (_rau_ together and German).

=Cold= (adj), te-pe-tseh.

=Come= (v), ueh-ta.

=Father=, attiasch (_i_ and _a_ separated).

=Gone= (gone away), ueh-tiet.

=Good=, tunaheh.

=Goods= (wares), låh-pion (_pion_ French).

=Great= (tall), ti-réh-hu.

=His=, ku-tá.

=Horse=, arúhsch.

=Kill= (v), uetekut (_ue_ separated).

=Love= (v; prize), tirǻh-pire-huh (_e_ audible).

=Maize=, lå-khé-schu.

=Man=, så̍hnisch.

=Meal= (or to eat?), tih-uáh-uah (run together).

=Mule=, kit-kehåh-keh (first _e_ short).

=My=, ku-ta-tih.

=Not= (no), kåh-kih.

=Pipe= (tobacco), lah-uisch.

=Quick=, uisch-ke-tiuh (_ke_ short).

=Sleep= (v), titkah.

=Slow=, påhith.

=Small=, kakiréhhu.

=Sun=, sok-kóh-ro (_ro_ half short).

=Trade= (n), tiråh-poh.

=What?= tire-kéhro (first _e_ distinctly pronounced but somewhat short).

=White=, tå̍ h-kåh.

=White man=, sáhnisch-tå̍h-kåh.

=Woman= (wife), tsoppat.

=Your= (plural), ku-ta-schih.

FOOTNOTES:

[264] Written from the pronunciation of an American; I, therefore, cannot guarantee the correctness of these words.--MAXIMILIAN.

PUNCA, Pons of the Canadians

=Arm=, adn (_d_ and _n_ barely audible).

=Arrow=, mán (French).

=Bow=, mandéh (_an_ French).

=Child=, schi̍nga-schi̍nga.

=Earth=, tån-dä.

=Eye=, ischtá.

=Fire=, pä̍hd.

=God= (creator), wåhkonda.

=Hair=, nanschiha (_an_ French; _ha_ short).

=Hand=, nombä̍ (_om_ French).

=Head=, nanschti (_an_ French).

=Man=, nů́h (_u_ between _o_ and _u_).

=Moon=, mi̍h-om-báh (_om_ French), or mih-ombáh.

=Mouth=, hi̍h.

=Pipe= (tobacco), nīnibá.

=Star=, mi̍hka.

=Sun=, mi̍h.

=Tomahawk=, manse-päschingá (_an_ French; _se_ short).

=Water=, ni̍h.

=Woman=, wáh-uh.[265]

FOOTNOTES:

[265] From the words given above it appears that the Puncas are descended from the Omáhas; for their language is the same with only very slight variations, a fact which they, themselves, admit.--MAXIMILIAN.

SAUKIS, SAKIS; Sacs of the French[266]

=Arrow=, annó.

=Beautiful=, uatchitá.

=Beaver=, améhk.

=Black=, makåtä̍.

=Bow=, matä̍.

=Buffalo=, nannosó.

=Child=, nänitschonés (_es_ with emphasis).

=Devil= (evil spirit), mdji̍-mnitó (_j_ French), or motschi-manito.

=Elk= (great deer), mäschauáh.

=Eye=, ski̍schick.

=Fire=, skotäw (_aw_ short; _w_ barely audible).

=Foot=, nasset.

=God= (good spirit), bakéhmánito.

=Green=, skepok-kuaiuah, or spe pokiä̍.

=Hair=, minesai (_ai_ together).

=Hand=, nanätsch (second _a_ between _a_ and _a_ umlaut; _ch_ soft).

=Head=, utab.

=Horse=, naketóhsh-kescháh (first _e_ and _ke_ short).

=House= (lodge), uïkiahb (_ui_ short).

=Leader= (chief), tapáne-táke (_e_ barely audible).

=Leg= (whole leg), nekáht.

=Maiden=, schaskesé (first _e_ short).

=Man=, nänni̍.

=Mirror=, woapamúhn.

=Morning=, uapåk.

=Mouth=, tätóhn.

=Night=, anaquick.

=Nose=, machkiuonn.

=One-eyed=, po-ke-kua.

=Otter=, kittä̍h.

=Pipe= (tobacco), poakan.

=Red=, máschkue-wiauáh.

=Tobacco=, saëmon (_on_ French).

=Tomahawk= (battle axe), papake-hüit (_huit_ short); the real tomahawk is, popokiä̍.

=Turkey= (wild), pänáh (first _a_ umlaut).

=Ugly=, mianåt.

=War=, nitscheschkuá.

=Warrior=, uätåsäͦ̈ (final _a_ between _a_ umlaut and _o_ umlaut).

=Water=, nä̍pe (short; _e_ barely audible, almost like _i_).

=White= (the color), uapeschekann.

=Woman= (wife), i̍kua.

=Wood=, massahan (_h_ barely audible).

=Yellow=, u̍ssuah, or assáuah (_aua_ separated).

FOOTNOTES:

[266] Written from the pronunciation of a Sauki Indian.--MAXIMILIAN.

SNAKE INDIANS; Shoshones, in the Rocky Mountains[267]

=Arrow=, tóhietsitta (_iet_ together; _sitta_ distinctly pronounced).

=Bow=, náhmeack.

=Earth=, a̍hsche (_ah_ long; _e_ ½).

=Far= (distant), máhnarko.

=Fire=, kohn-ne (_e_ ½).

=God=, tiwitsim-pohhacante (_e_ distinctly pronounced); i.e., the lord of life.

=Hair= (hair of head), uchkannea (second _a_ barely audible).

=Head=, ochkanneh (_ch_ guttural).

=Horse=, punko.

=Horse= (race horse), punko-emáhhi-mia (_mi_ separated from _a_; _a_ distinctly pronounced).

=Love= (I love), tiwitsin-kamahk.

=Love= (I love all white men), oyette-tabebo-kamangkä.[268]

=Man=, han-aht-se (_an_ French; _e_ ½ and short).

=Meal= (or to eat?), máhrichkia (_ich_ with the point of the tongue).

=Moon=, ohtse-táhbe (_e_ ½); i.e., the night sun.

=Pity= (have pity, ayez pitié), tiwitsch-naschuntita.

=Sun=, táhbe (_e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Water=, ohksche (_e_ ½).

=Woman= (wife), uáh-ai-pe (_ai_ together; _e_ ½).

FOOTNOTES:

[267] Written from the pronunciation of the Spanish interpreter, Isidor Sandoval. On the Snake Indians, or Shoshonés, see the reports of the missionary Parker (_ibid._, p. 300), _Astoria_, p. 163, and Captain Bonneville, p. 159, etc.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ For Sandoval, see our volume xxiii, p. 132, note 109.

[268] The Snake Indians (les Serpens) call themselves Shoshonés. They are allies of the Flatheads, and enemies of the Blackfeet and Crows. They dwell in the Rocky mountains and beyond, on the Columbia; they fall into two divisions--the true Shoshonés, and the so-called Gens de Pitié, or Radiqeurs (Root-diggers)--the Maradiços of the Spaniards. The former keep a great number of dogs, which they do not use as pack animals, but for food. They do not have as many horses as the Blackfeet; but employ them for carrying burdens. They live in leather tents. They are generally not so well formed as the Blackfeet; still there are many tall, well developed men among them. Their tribe is said to be very numerous, more so than the Dacotas. They carry on trade with the Spaniards, who exchange beaver and other furs for leather shirts and similar articles. They are not hostile to the whites. The Root-diggers, on the other hand, are a wretched people. They do not have leather tents; but merely set poles together which they cover with boughs, hay, and grass. Their physiognomy is said to be distinguished by rather flat noses. They are very poor and barbarous, go nearly naked, live chiefly on roots, and possess no weapons. They eat ants in quantities; scooping up a whole hill of these, they wash them, knead them into balls, bake these between coals, pulverize them, and then make a soup. Mr. Campbell of Fort William, who has often visited them, gave me the following account of them. They were so barbarous and so indifferent to their environment, that everything about him seemed new and ridiculous to them. At that time they did not know the value of the beaver skins, which they singed. Some of their huts, which he visited, had remained for a long time in the same place without their ever having looked about for a better region. He found a large number of mountain goat skins among them; and, as they were so little acquainted with the whites, it was possible to carry on a very profitable trade with them. The Comanches, who call themselves Jamparicka, are said to speak practically the same language as the Snake Indians. They live at the sources of the Rio Colorado (Rivière rouge). They decorate one arm of their shirts with tufts of hair, the other with feathers.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ For Robert Campbell and Fort William, see our volume xxiii, p. 198, notes 154, 155, respectively.

WASAJI, or Osage[269]

=American= (an), Manhi̍-tánga (_an_ French).

=Arm=, ischtó.

=Arrow=, uan (_an_ French).

=Autumn=, tandje (_an_ and _j_ French).

=Avenge= (v), gráschupä.

=Beard=, putain (_tain_ French), or indjähin (_j_ French; _in_ nasal, like _i_).

=Bird=, uaschi̍nga.

=Black=, sábä.

=Blind=, ischtá-uä̍rabaje (_j_ French; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Blood=, uahpi̍h.

=Blue=, tóh.

=Bone= (bones), uah-huh.

=Bow=, minn-djä (_j_ French).

=Brave=, uanompasche (_sche_ German; distinctly pronounced).

=Brave man=, uassissigä (guttural).

=Brook=, uatschi̍ska.

=Brother= (older), uischiniäh.

=Brother= (younger), uissonga.

=Child=, schi̍nga-schinga.

=Cold= (adj), sni̍h; very cold, sni̍h-uatschä.

=Copper= (metal), mansä̍-sih.

=Dance= (v), uatschi̍.

=Day=, hambá (French).

=Deaf=, nihü̍tsche-ning-kä (_e_ ½; the whole run together).

=Devil= (evil spirit), uakán-pi̍hschä (_a_ short and ½).

=Die= (v), ts-ä̍h (_ts_ is merely a fore tone).

=Dish= (of wood), i̍ntschipä (German throughout).

=Dog=, schong-gä (German).

=Door=, tischúpä.

=Dream= (v), hombra (German throughout).

=Drink= (v), latan (French).

=Dumb=, i̍ha-baje (_j_ French; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Ear=, natáh: hence mule, natáh-tánga; i.e., big ears.

=Earth=, makáh, or maniga (guttural, indistinct).

=Enemy=, okitsche (_e_ ½).

=Englishman=, Sanganásch.

=Evening=, pah-set-tan (_an_ French).

=Eye=, ischtá.

=Father=, indadjä (_j_ French).

=Feather=, manschon (_on_ French).

=Fire=, pedje (_j_ French; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Flesh=, táh-tóhka.

=Forest=, schán.

=Frenchman=, Ischtáchä (_ch_ German, guttural).

=Friend=, korá.

=Go= (v), grih-grah (German throughout; _r_ with the point of the tongue).

=God=, uakán-tánga (first _an_ French) or uakoͣ́nda.

=Good=, tanhä (_an_ French); it tastes good, láhgenih.

=Great= (tall), tánga (German, guttural).

=Gun=, uahóta; rifle, minh-gi̍ng-graha.

=Hair=, pah-hah.

=Hand=, nompé (_om_ French).

=Head=, páh.

=Healthy=, ansi̍ri.

=Heart=, nonn-je (_j_ French; _e_ distinctly pronounced).

=Heat=, (n), man-schtä (_an_ French; _schta_ German).

=Horse=, kawa; plural is the same.

=House= (lodge), ti̍h.

=Hunger=, nompä-anhin (_om_ French likewise _an_ and final _in._ nasal, like _i_).

=Hunt= (v), tábreh.

=I=, uïe (_e_ ½).

=Ice=, tschácha (_ch_ guttural).

=Iron=, mansä̍ (_an_ French); yellow iron.

=Kettle= (iron), tschäckä̍.

=Knife=, manhi (_an_ French).

=Lame=, ih-rá-ha.

=Lance=, uä̍h-schap-schäh (the whole run together).

=Lead= (n), mansä-man (_an_ French).

=Leader= (chief), kahigä̍.

=Leg=, schä̍ga (German throughout).

=Life=, ani̍h.

=Lightning=, uakin-ala (_in_ nasal, almost like _i_; the whole run together).

=Man=, niká; nika-schiga, several men, people.

=Meal= (or to eat?), uanúmbra (German throughout).

=Medicine-feast=, opä̍han-uakan (_an_ French); or medicine-day, hámba-uakan (_am_ and _an_ French).

=Medicine-lodge=, kih-uakándagä.

=Medicine-man=, uakándagä (German throughout; _g_ guttural).

=Medicine-pouch=, uahhóbä.

=Moon=, mi̍h, or mi̍h-ómba (_om_ French).

=Morning=, han-bach-tschä (_han_ French; _bach_ German guttural).

=Mother=, ni̍h-tánga.

=Mountain=, pahha.

=Mountain= (great), pahha-tánga.

=Mountain= (small), pahha-schi̍nga.

=Mourning= (n), nanschischon.

=Mouth=, i-há.

=Much= (many), hühe (_e_ ½).

=Negro=, ni̍ka-sabä.

=Night=, hán-dje (_an_ and _j_ French; _e_ short).

=Nose=, pah-schu.

=Pipe= (tobacco), naniómba.

=Powder= (gun-powder), nichotsche (_ch_ guttural; _e_ distinct).

=Quick=, uasch-kan (_kan_ French).

=Quiver=, uáh-onju (_n_ and _j_ French); this, as well as bow and arrow, no longer occurs among them.

=Red=, schúdja (_j_ French).

=Red= (to paint red), schudja-gáhcha (_ch_ guttural).

=River=, uatschi̍ska-tánga; i.e., great brook, or river; they call the Missouri, Nih-schodje (_j_ French; _e_ ½), i.e., the muddy water.

=Sand=, tschansemon (French).

=Scalp= (n), pahá.

=Scalp= (v; scalp an enemy), pahá-rüsá.

=Scalp-dance= (war-dance), tután-uatschi.

=Shield= (n), uágrä (short; _r_ with the point of the tongue); to carry a shield, tschehá-uágrä.

=Sick=, itüh-häga (run together).

=Silver=, mansaskan (_an_ French); i.e., white iron.

=Small=, uah-hohstia, or uah-hohta.

=Smoke= (n), schódiä.

=Snow= (n), wáh.

=Speak= (v), i̍hha-uaska.

=Spirits= (distilled), pädjini̍h.

=Spring= (the season), päädje (_aa_ separated; _j_ French).

=Star=, uïtscháchpe (_ch_ German, guttural).

=Stingy= (greedy), uah-chrih (_ch_ with the point of the tongue).

=Stone=, in (_in_ somewhat nasal, like _i_).

=Strong=, uaschkan-gran-rä (_an_ and _gran_ French).

=Summer=, bellokellan (_an_ French).

=Sun=, uin (_u_ and _i_ separated; _in_ nasal, like _i_).

=Teeth=, hi̍h.

=Thunder= (n), gronhóta.

=Tobacco= (smoking tobacco), nanähü.

=Tomahawk= (with the pipe), manhispä-nani̍omba (_an_ French).

=Tongue=, lähja (_j_ French).

=Toothache=, hi̍h-hi̍h.

=Trail=, ohschángä (German).

=Ugly=, pih-sche (_e_ ½).

=Village=, taman (_an_ French).

=War=, tu-tan (_an_ French).

=War-club= (casse tête, tomahawk), manhispä-schi̍nga.

=Warmth=, manschtä (_an_ French).

=Wash= (v), gruschá.

=Water=, ni̍h.

=Weep= (v), hagä̍.

=White= (color), skáh.

=Widow=, ni̍hka-tombaschä (_om_ French).

=Wind= (n), tadjä (_j_ French).

=Winter=, páhletan (_e_ short; _an_ French).

=Woman= (wife), uakó (_ua_ separated).

=Wood=, tschán (_an_ French).

=Yellow=, si̍h.

=Yes=, hóh-uä.

_Articles of Dress_

=Blanket= (woolen), hahi̍n (_in_ nasal, like _i_).

=Deer's-tail= (hair ornament), táhsinnja (_j_ French).

=Leggings=, hü̍hninggä (German).

=Moccasins=, hómpä (_om_ French).

=Shirt=, o̍ch-kiüera (_ch_ guttural; _e_ ½); i.e., white man's shirt, for they wear none, not even of leather.

_Numerals_

=One=, uïnchtschä (_uinch_ nasal; _u_ and _i_ separated; _n_ French; _ch_ guttural).

=Two=, nombá (_om_ French).

=Three=, lahbeni (_e_ ½; _ni_ short).

=Four=, toh-bá.

=Five=, sah-tá (_s_ soft; _ta_ short).

=Six=, schah-pé.

=Seven=, peh-umbá (German).

=Eight=, kih-atóba.

=Nine=, grä̍bena-tscheh-uïningkä̍ (the whole run together); i.e., ten less one; they also say, schangká.

=Ten=, grä̍bena (_e_ ½; _na_ short).

=Eleven=, grä̍bena-ahgenä-uächze (_uach_ nasal; _ach_ guttural; _ze_ short).

=Twelve=, grä̍bena-agenih-nombá.

=Thirteen=, grä̍bena-lahbeni.

=Twenty=, grä̍bena-nombá; and so on.

=Hundred=, grä̍bena-hütanga.

=Thousand=, grä̍bena-itó-grabë̍na-hütanga.

* * * * *

=I eat=, uaranombra-tatsch, or uanumbra-minktsch.

=You= (thou) =eat=, uaranumbra.

=He eats=, same as I eat.

=We eat=, there is no plural form, the plural is expressed by using "many."

=Eat= (imper singular and plural), uanumbra.

=I shall eat=, nomp-eh-anhin-uaranumbra-tatsch (_an_ and _n_ French); i.e., I am hungry and shall eat.

_Names of Other Tribes_

=Ayowas=, Páhodjä.

=Comanches=, Baschtá.

=Crows=, Kahchä̍ (_ch_ guttural).

=Dacotas=, Schauánn (_a_ and _u_ separated).

=Foxes=, given same name as Sahkis.

=Konzas=, Kansä̍ (_an_ French).

=Missouris=, Waschóra.

=Omáhas=, Omahá.

=Otos=, Wadochtáta (_och_ guttural).

=Pahnis=, Pani̍.

=Sakis=, Sáhki.

_Animals_

=Antelope=, tatóhka.

=Badger=, hogá (_ga_ German, guttural).

=Bear= (black), uassábä.

=Bear= (grizzly), mantó (_an_ French).

=Beaver=, tscháhbä.

=Buffalo= (bull), tschetoga.

=Buffalo= (calf), tschéh-schínga.

=Buffalo= (cow), tschéh.

=Cat=, mi̍hka.

=Cat= (European), ing-grong-grä̍scha (German).

=Elk= (general name), opán (_an_ French).

=Elk= (calf), opán-schinga.

=Elk= (doe), opán-mi̍nga (second word German).

=Elk= (stag), opán-tánga, or hächága (_ch_ guttural).

=Fox=, schongréscha (German).

=Fox= (prairie), schongréscha-schi̍nga.

=Hare= (white), manschtin-skah.

=Lynx= (felix rufa), mih-ká.

=Muskrat=, táh-si.

=Opossum=, sindiäschtá.

=Otter=, tochenángä (_ch_ German, guttural).

=Panther=, ingróng-ga (German throughout; run together).

=Panther-skin=, ingrónggaha.

=Rabbit= (hare), manschtin-schi̍nga (_an_ French; _in_ nasal, like _i_).

=Skunk=, mang-gá.

=Snake=, uets-ah (_u_ and _e_ separated; the whole run together).

=Snake= (rattle snake), sin-diä̍-chala (_ch_ guttural).

=Spider=, tschä̍büka.

=Turkey= (wild), súhka.

=Wolf=, schomikásse (_e_ distinct).

_The Months_

=July and August=, tschetoga-ki̍rucha; i.e., the moon when the buffalo is in heat.

=September, October and November=, tah-kiruchä, i.e., the time when the deer is in heat.

=December=, tah-habrähka; i.e., moon of the thin hides.

=January and February=, mi̍hka-kiruchä; i.e., the time when the lynx is in heat.

=March and April=, oh-uä-gachä (_ch_ guttural); i.e., the time of the maize.

FOOTNOTES:

[269] Written from the pronunciation of Mr. Chardon, who had lived a long time among the Osages and understood the language perfectly. They call their people Wasaji. Formerly they were a powerful tribe, and were always at war with the neighboring Indians, even with the Konsas who speak the same dialect. They were originally divided into the Great and Little Osages; but about forty years ago a part of them, known under the name of the Chaneer's, or Clermont's band, separated from the rest and moved to the Arkansa. On the present dwelling place of the Osages, see Gallatin (_ibid._, p. 126). They regard themselves as autochthonous.--MAXIMILIAN.

_Comment by Ed._ For F. A. Chardon, see our volume xxiii, p. 188, note 144. For Clermont's band and its separation from the Osage, consult our