Part 6

A bushy tree, with a short trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter and a broad round-topped head, usually 15°—20° high, stout spreading branches, and slender dark orange-colored branchlets covered at first with matted pale deciduous hairs, dark brown and sometimes nearly black at the end of five or six years; in sheltered cañons on the mountains of Arizona and in Lower California occasionally 50° or 60° tall. Bark about ½′ thick, irregularly divided by remote shallow fissures and separated on the surface into numerous large thin light red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale clear yellow. The large oily seeds are an important article of food in northern Mexico, and are sold in large quantities in Mexican towns.

Distribution. Mountain ranges of central and southern Arizona, usually only above elevations of 6500°, often covering their upper slopes with open forests; in an isolated station on the Edwards Plateau on uplands and in cañons at the headwaters of the Frio and Nueces Rivers, Edwards and Kerr Counties, Texas; on the Sierra de Laguna, Lower California, and on many of the mountain ranges of northern Mexico; passing into the following varieties differing only in the number of the leaves in the leaf-clusters, and in their thickness.

Pinus cembroides var. Parryana Voss. Nut Pine. Piñon.

_Pinus quadrifolia_ Sudw.

Leaves in 1—5 usually 4-leaved clusters, stout, incurved, pale glaucous green, marked on the three surfaces by numerous rows of stomata, 1¼′—1½′ long, irregularly deciduous, mostly falling in their third year.

A tree, 30°—40° high, with a short trunk occasionally 18′ in diameter, and thick spreading branches forming a compact regularpyramidal or in old age a low round-topped irregular head, and stout branchlets coated at first with soft pubescence, and light orange-brown. Bark ½′—¾′ thick, dark brown tinged with red, and divided by shallow fissures into broad flat connected ridges covered by thick closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale brown or yellow. The seeds form an important article of food for the Indians of Lower California.

Distribution. Arid mesas and low mountain slopes of Lower California southward to the foothills of the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, extending northward across the boundary of California to the desert slopes of the Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County, where it is common at elevations of 5000° above the sea-level.

Pinus cembroides var. edulis Voss. Nut Pine. Piñon.

_Pinus edulis_ Engelm.

Leaves in 2 or rarely in 3-leaved clusters, stout, semiterete or triangular, rigid, incurved, dark-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata, ¾′—1½′ long, deciduous during the third or not until the fourth or fifth year, dropping irregularly and sometimes persistent for eight or nine years.

A tree often 40°—50° high with a tall trunk occasionally 2° in diameter and short erect branches forming a narrow head, or frequently with a short divided trunk and a low round-topped head of spreading branches, and thick branchlets orange color during their first and second years, finally becoming light gray or dark brown sometimes tinged with red. Bark ½′—¾′ thick and irregularly divided into connected ridges covered by small closely appressed light brown scales tinged with red or orange color. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, pale brown; largely employed for fuel and fencing, and as charcoal used in smelting; in western Texas occasionally sawed into lumber. The seeds form an important article of food among Indians and Mexicans, and are sold in the markets of Colorado and New Mexico.

Distribution. Eastern foothills of the outer ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from northern Colorado (Owl Cañon, Larimer County); to the extreme western part of Oklahoma (near Kenton, Cimarron County, _G. W. Stevens_) and to western Texas, westward to eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, and to northern and central Arizona; over the mountains of northern Mexico, and on the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, Lower California; often forming extensive open forests at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, on the Colorado plateau, and on many mountain ranges of northern and central Arizona up to elevations of 7000° above the sea.

Pinus cembroides var. monophylla Voss. Nut Pine. Piñon.

_Pinus monophylla_ Torr.

Leaves in 1 or 2-leaved clusters, rigid, incurved, pale glaucous green, marked by 18—20 rows of stomata, usually about 1½′ long, sometimes deciduous during their fourth and fifth seasons, but frequently persistent until their twelfth year.

A tree usually 15°—20°, occasionally 40°—50° high, with a short trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter and often divided near the ground into several spreading stems, short thick branches forming while the tree is young a broad rather compact pyramid, and in old age often pendulous and forming a low round-topped often picturesque head, and stout light orange-colored ultimately dark brown branchlets. Bark about ¾′ thick and divided by deep irregular fissures into narrow connected flat ridges broken on the surface into thin closely appressed light or dark brown scales tinged with red or orange color. Wood light, soft, weak, and brittle; largely used for fuel, and charcoal used in smelting. The seeds supply an important article of food to the Indians of Nevada and California.

Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and mesas from the western base of the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, westward over the mountain ranges of Nevada to the eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, and to their western slope at the headwaters of the Tuolumne, Kings and Kern Rivers, and southward to northern Arizona and to the mountains of southern California where it is common on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains between altitudes of 3500° and 7000°, and on the Sierra del Pinal, Lower California; often forming extensive open forests at elevations between 5000° and 7000°.

PITCH PINES.

Wood usually heavy, coarse-grained, generally dark-colored, with pale often thick sapwood; cones green at maturity (_sometimes purple in_ 10 _and_ 21) becoming various shades of brown; cone-scales more or less thickened, mostly armed; seeds shorter than their wings (_except in_ 17 _and_ 28); leaves with 2 fibro-vascular bundles.

Sheaths of the leaf-clusters deciduous; cones ½′—2′ long, maturing in the third year, leaves in 3-leaved clusters, slender, 2½′—4′ long. 9. P. leiophylla (H). Sheaths of the leaf-clusters persistent. Leaves in 3-leaved clusters (3 and 5-leaved in 10, 3—2 leaved in 12). Cones subterminal, usually deciduous above the basal scales persistent on the branch. Buds brown; leaves in 2—5-leaved clusters. 10. P. ponderosa (B, F, G, H). Buds white. 11. P. palustris (C). Cones lateral. Cones symmetrical, their outer scales not excessively developed. Leaves in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, 8′—12′ long; cones short-stalked. 12. P. caribæa (C). Leaves in 3-leaved clusters; cones sessile. Cones oblong-conic, prickles stout; leaves 6′—9′ long. 13. P. taeda (A, C). Cones ovoid, prickles slender; leaves 3′—5′ long. 14. P. rigida (A, C). Cones unsymmetrical by the excessive development of the scales on the outer side. Cones 5′—6′ long, their scales not prolonged into stout, straight or curved spines. Prickles of the cone-scales minute. 15. P. radiata (G). Prickles of the cone-scales stout. 16. P. attenuata (G). Cones 6′—14′ long, their scales prolonged into stout, straight or curved spines; leaves long and stout. Cones oblong-ovoid; seeds longer than their wings. 17. P. Sabiniana (G). Cones oblong-conic; seeds shorter than their wings. 18. P. Coulteri (G). Leaves in 2-leaved clusters (2 and 3-leaved in 23). Cones subterminal. Cones symmetrical, 2′—2½′ long, their scales unarmed; leaves 5′—6′ long. 19. P. resinosa (A). Cones unsymmetrical by the greater development of the scales on the outer side, armed with slender prickles; leaves 1′—4′ long. 20. P. contorta (B, F, G). Cones lateral. Cones about 2′ long. Cone-scales very unevenly developed and mostly unarmed; cones incurved; leaves less than 2′ long. 21. P. Banksiana (A). Cone-scales evenly developed, armed with weak or deciduous prickles; leaves up to 4′ in length. Bark of the branches and upper trunk smooth. 22. P. glabra (C). Bark of the branches and upper trunk roughened. 23. P. echinata (A, C). Cones about 3′ long, armed with persistent spines. Cone-scales armed with slender or stout prickles. Cone-scales evenly developed, their prickles slender, acuminate, from a broad base; leaves 3′ long or less. Cones opening at maturity. 24. P. virginiana (A, C). Cones often remaining closed for many years. 25. P. clausa (C). Cone-scales unevenly developed and armed with stout prickles; cones 2′—3½′ long, remaining closed; leaves 4′—6′ long. 26. P. muricata. Cone-scales armed with very stout hooked spines; cones 2½′—3′ long; opening in the autumn or remaining closed for two or three years; leaves 2′ long or less. 27. P. pungens. Leaves in 5-leaved clusters; cones 4′—6′ long, unsymmetrical, their scales thick; seeds longer than their wings; leaves stout, 9′—13′ long. 28. P. Torreyana (G).

9. Pinus leiophylla Schlecht. and Cham. Yellow Pine.

_Pinus chihuahuana_, Engelm.

Leaves slender, pale glaucous green, marked by 6—8 rows of conspicuous stomata on each of the 3 sides, 2½′—4′ long, irregularly deciduous from their fourth season, their sheaths deciduous. Flowers: male yellow; female yellow-green. Fruit ovoid, horizontal or slightly declining, long-stalked, 1½′—2′ long, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous, maturing at the end of the third season, with scales only slightly thickened, their ultimately pale umbos armed with recurved deciduous prickles; seeds oval, rounded above and pointed below, about ⅛′ long, with a thin dark brown shell, their wings ⅓′ long and broadest near the middle.

A tree, rarely more than 40°—50° high, with a tall trunk sometimes 2° in diameter, stout slightly ascending branches forming a narrow open pyramidal or round-topped head of thin pale foliage, and slender bright orange-brown branchlets, soon becoming dull red-brown. Bark of old trunks ¾′—1½′ thick, dark reddish brown or sometimes nearly black, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges covered with thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong but durable, light orange color, with thick much lighter colored sapwood. Often forming coppice by the growth of shoots from the stump of cut trees.

Distribution. Mountain ranges of southern New Mexico and Arizona, usually at elevations between 6000° and 7000°; not common; more abundant on the Sierra Madre of northern Mexico and on several of the short ranges of Chihuahua and Sonora, and of a larger size in Mexico than in the United States.

10. Pinus ponderosa Laws. Yellow Pine. Bull Pine.

Leaves tufted at the ends of naked branches, in 2 or in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, stout, dark yellow-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3 faces, 5′—11′ long, mostly deciduous during their third season. Flowers: male yellow; female clustered or in pairs, dark red. Fruit ellipsoidal, horizontal or slightly declining, nearly sessile or short-stalked, 3′—6′ long, often clustered, bright green or purple when fully grown, becoming light reddish brown, with narrow scales much thickened at the apex and armed with slender prickles, mostly falling soon after opening and discharging their seeds, generally leaving the lower scales attached to the peduncle; seeds ovoid, acute, compressed at the apex, full and rounded below, ¼′ long, with a thin dark purple often mottled shell, their wings usually broadest below the middle, gradually narrowed at the oblique apex, 1′—1¼′ long, about 1′ wide.

A tree, sometimes 150°—230° high, with a massive stem 5°—8° in diameter, short thick many-forked often pendulous branches generally turned upward at the ends and forming a regular spire-like head, or in arid regions a broader often round-topped head surmounting a short trunk, and stout orange-colored branchlets frequently becoming nearly black at the end of two or three years. Bark for 80—100 years broken into rounded ridges covered with small closely appressed scales, dark brown, nearly black or light cinnamon-red, on older trees becoming 2′—4′ thick and deeply and irregularly divided into plates sometimes 4°—5° long and 12′—18′ wide, and separating into thick bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood hard, strong, comparatively fine-grained, light red, with nearly white sapwood sometimes composed of more than 200 layers of annual growth; largely manufactured into lumber used for all sorts of construction, for railway-ties, fencing, and fuel.

Distribution. Mountain slopes, dry valleys, and high mesas from northwestern Nebraska and western Texas to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and from southern British Columbia to Lower California and northern Mexico; extremely variable in different parts of the country in size, in the length and thickness of the leaves, size of the cones, and in the color of the bark. The form of the Rocky Mountains (var. _scopulorum_, Engelm.), ranging from Nebraska to Texas, and over the mountain ranges of Wyoming, eastern Montana and Colorado, and to northern New Mexico and Arizona, where it forms on the Colorado plateau with the species the most extensive Pine forests of the continent, has nearly black furrowed bark, rigid leaves in clusters of 2 or 3 and 3′—6′ long, and smaller cones, with thin scales armed with slender prickles hooked backward. More distinct is

Pinus ponderosa var. Jeffreyi Vasey.

This tree forms great forests about the sources of the Pitt River in northern California, along the eastern slopes of the central and southern Sierra Nevada, growing often on the most exposed and driest ridges, and in southern California on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges up to elevations of 7000° above the sea, on the Cuyamaca Mountains, and in Lower California on the Sierra del Pinal and the San Pedro Mártir Mountains.

A tree, 100° to nearly 200° high, with a tall massive trunk 4°—6° in diameter, covered with bright cinnamon-red bark deeply divided into large irregular plates, stiffer and more elastic leaves 4′—9′ long and persistent on the glaucous stouter branchlets for six to nine years, yellow-green staminate flowers, short-stalked usually purple cones 5′—15′ long, their scales armed with stouter or slender prickles usually hooked backward, and seeds often nearly ½′ long with larger wings.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in eastern Europe, especially the variety _Jeffreyi_, which is occasionally successfully cultivated in the eastern states.

Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica Shaw. Yellow Pine.

_Pinus arizonica_ Engelm.

Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, in 3—5-leaved clusters, stout, rigid, dark green, stomatiferous on their 3 faces, 5′—7′ long, deciduous during their third season. Fruit ovoid, horizontal, 2′—2½′ long, becoming light red-brown, with thin scales much thickened at the apex and armed with slender recurved spines; seeds full and rounded below, slightly compressed towards the apex, ⅛′ long, with a thick shell, their wings broadest above the middle, about ⅓′ long and ¼′ wide.

A tree, 80°—100° high, with a tall straight massive trunk 3°—4° in diameter, thick spreading branches forming a regular open round-topped or narrow pyramidal head, and stout branchlets orange-brown and pruinose when they first appear, becoming dark gray-brown. Bark on young trunks dark brown or almost black and deeply furrowed, becoming on old trees 1½′—2′ thick and divided into large unequally shaped plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, light red or often yellow, with thick lighter yellow or white sapwood; in Arizona occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber.

Distribution. High cool slopes on the sides of cañons of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona at elevations between 6000° and 8000°, sometimes forming nearly pure forests; more abundant and of its largest size on the mountains of Sonora and Chihuahua.

11. Pinus palustris Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine.

Leaves in crowded clusters, forming dense tufts at the ends of the branches, slender, flexible, pendulous, dark green, 8′—18′ long, deciduous at the end of their second year. Flowers in very early spring before the appearance of the new leaves, male in short dense clusters, dark rose-purple; female just below the apex of the lengthening shoot in pairs or in clusters of 3 or 4, dark purple. Fruit cylindric-ovoid, slightly curved, nearly sessile, horizontal or pendant, 6′—10′ long, with thin flat scales rounded at apex and armed with small reflexed prickles, becoming dull brown; in falling leaving a few of the basal scales attached to the stem; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, prominently ridged, about ½′ long, with a thin pale shell marked with dark blotches on the upper side, and wings widest near the middle, gradually narrowed to a very oblique apex, about 1¾′ long and 7/16′ wide.

A tree, 100°—120° high, with a tall straight slightly tapering trunk usually 2°—2½° or occasionally 3° in diameter, stout slightly branched gnarled and twisted limbs covered with thin dark scaly bark and forming an open elongated and usually very irregular head one third to one half the length of the tree, thick orange-brown branchlets, and acute winter-buds covered by elongated silvery white lustrous scales divided into long spreading filaments forming a cobweb-like network over the bud. Bark of the trunk 1/16′—½′ thick, light orange-brown, separating on the surface into large closely appressed papery scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, tough, coarse-grained, durable, light red to orange color, with very thin nearly white sapwood; largely used as “southern pine” or “Georgia pine” for masts and spars, bridges, viaducts, railway-ties, fencing, flooring, the interior finish of buildings, the construction of railway-cars, and for fuel and charcoal. A large part of the naval stores of the world is produced from this tree, which is exceedingly rich in resinous secretions.

Distribution. Generally confined to a belt of late tertiary sands and gravels stretching along the coast of the Atlantic and Gulf states and rarely more than 125 miles wide, from southeastern Virginia to the shores of Indian River and the valley of the Caloosahatchee River, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the uplands east of the Mississippi River, extending northward in Alabama to the southern foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and to central and western Mississippi (Hinds and Adams Counties); west of the Mississippi River to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through eastern Texas and western Louisiana nearly to the northern borders of this state.

12. Pinus caribæa Morelet. Slash Pine. Swamp Pine.

_Pinus heterophylla_ Sudw.

Leaves stout, in crowded 2 and 3-leaved clusters, dark green and lustrous, marked by numerous bands of stomata on each face, 8′—12′ long, deciduous at the end of their second season. Flowers in January and February before the appearance of the new leaves, male in short crowded clusters, dark purple; female lateral on long peduncles, pink. Fruit ovoid or ovoid-conic, reflexed during its first year, pendant, 2′—6′ long, with thin flexible flat scales armed with minute incurved or recurved prickles, becoming dark rich lustrous brown; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, 1⅙′—1¼′ long, with a thin brittle dark gray shell mottled with black, and dark brown wings ¾′—1′ long, ¼′ wide, their thickened bases encircling the seeds and often covering a large part of their lower surface.

A tree, often 100° high, with a tall tapering trunk 2½°—3° in diameter, heavy horizontal branches forming a handsome round-topped head, and stout orange-colored ultimately dark branchlets. Bark ¾′—½′ thick, and separating freely on the surface into large thin scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, durable, coarse-grained, rich dark orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; manufactured into lumber and used for construction and railway-ties. Naval stores are largely produced from this tree.

Distribution. Coast region of South Carolina southward over the coast plain to the keys of southern Florida and along the Gulf coast to eastern Louisiana (Saint Tammany, Washington, southern Tangipahoa and eastern Livingston Parishes); common on the Bahamas, on the Isle of Pines, and on the lowlands of Honduras and eastern Guatemala; in the coast region of the southern states gradually replacing the Long-leaved Pine, _Pinus palustris_, Mill.

13. Pinus tæda L. Loblolly Pine. Old Field Pine.

Leaves slender, stiff, slightly twisted, pale green and somewhat glaucous, 6′—9′ long, marked by 10—12 rows of large stomata on each face, deciduous during their third year. Flowers opening from the middle of March to the first of May; male crowded in short spikes, yellow; female lateral below the apex of the growing shoot, solitary or clustered, short-stalked, yellow. Fruit oblong-conic to ovoid-cylindric, nearly sessile, 2′—6′ long, becoming light reddish brown, with thin scales rounded at the apex and armed with short stout straight or reflexed prickles, opening irregularly and discharging their seeds during the autumn and winter, and usually persistent on the branches for another year; seeds rhomboidal, full and rounded, ¼′ long, with a thin dark brown rough shell blotched with black, and produced into broad thin lateral margins, encircled to the base by the narrow border of their thin pale brown lustrous wing broadest above the middle, 1′ long, about ¼′ wide.