Part 22

Scales of the flowers deciduous, pale straw color. Stamens 3 or more. Leaves green on both surfaces; petioles without glands at the base of the leaves; branchlets easily separable. Branchlets reddish or grayish purple; leaves mostly narrow-lanceolate; capsule glabrous. 1. S. nigra (A, C, E). Branchlets yellowish-gray; leaves lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate; capsule often more or less pubescent. 2. S. Gooddingii (F, G, H). Leaves (at least when fully grown) pale or glaucous below. Petioles without glands. Branchlets easily separable. Leaves narrow-lanceolate to lanceolate; petioles less than ½′ long. 3. S. Harbisonii (C). Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, caudate; petioles ½′—¾′ long. 4. S. amygdaloides (A, B). Branchlets not easily separable. Capsules short-stalked (pedicels hardly more than 1/24′ long), ovoid-conic, up to ⅕′ in length; leaves more or less narrow-lanceolate, petioles glabrous or nearly so. 5. S. Bonplandiana (H). Capsules long-stalked (pedicels 1/12′—⅙′ long), more or less acuminate. Petioles puberulous; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; stipules without glands on their inner surface; capsules hardly more than ¼′ long. 6. S. lævigata (G, F). Petioles hairy-tomentose; leaves lanceolate; stipules glandular on their inner surface; capsules ¼′—¾′ long. 7. S. longipes (C, D). Petioles glandular; leaves lanceolate to broadly ovate, caudate; branchlets easily separable. Leaves distinctly pale or glaucous below, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. 8. S. lasiandra (B, G). Leaves pale green below, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, abruptly caudate-acuminate. 9. S. lucida (A). Stamens 2. Stigmas linear, 4 or 5 times longer than broad. Leaves linear, hardly more than ⅓′ long; anthers very small, globose; aments small, in fruit hardly up to ⅘′ in length. 10. S. taxifolia (H). Leaves linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate; up to 2′ in length; anthers ellipsoid; aments longer. 11. S. sessilifolia (B, G). Stigmas short, hardly 2 or 3 times longer than broad. Mature leaves covered below with appressed white silky hairs, those of flowering branchlets entire or barely denticulate. 12. S. exigua (B, F, G). Mature leaves glabrous below, those of flowering branchlets more or less distinctly denticulate. 13. S. longifolia (A, F). Scales of the flowers persistent, dark brown or fuscous, at least toward the apex (in _S. Bebbiana_ more or less straw-colored or tawny). Stamens 2. Ovaries glabrous. Leaves more or less denticulate or serrate; styles short. Base of leaf cuneate or rounded. Leaves acute, oblanceolate to narrowly lanceolate; filaments mostly united below. 14. S. lasiolepis (G). Leaves mostly acuminate; filaments free. Branchlets glabrous, lustrous; leaves oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, up to 2′ in length; pedicels ⅛′—⅙′ long; stipules small. 15. S. Mackenzieana (A, G). Branchlets pubescent; leaves narrowly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4′—6′ long; pedicels 1.5—2.5 mm. long. 16. S. missouriensis (A). Base of leaf mostly more or less cordate; leaves glabrous; filaments free; pedicels long. 17. S. pyrifolia (A). Leaves entire, oval to broad-obovate; branchlets villose-pubescent during their first season. 18. S. amplifolia. Ovaries pubescent (glabrous often in No. 23). Leaves covered with a soft dense felt-like tomentum, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate. 19. S. alaxensis (B). Leaves glabrous or more or less villose-pubescent below. Bracts of the flowers pale or tawny, often reddish at the tip; pedicels up to ⅕′ in length; leaves elliptic-lanceolate to obovate, reticulate beneath in age, pubescent or glabrate. 20. S. Bebbiana. Bracts of the flowers brown or fuscous. Stipules more or less distinctly developed; pedicels several times longer than the short styles. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic; mostly glabrous in age. 21. S. discolor (A, B, F). Leaves oblanceolate to cuneate-obovate, covered beneath with short hairs or at maturity with a gray villose-pubescence. 22. S. Scouleriana (A, B). Stipules usually wanting; pedicels hardly longer than the distinct styles; leaves broad-elliptic to obovate-oblong, more or less grayish villose beneath. 23. S. Hookeriana (B, G). Stamens usually 1; leaves obovate-oblong, densely covered below with lustrous silvery white silky tomentum. 24. S. sitchensis (B, G).

1. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow.

Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, often falcate, gradually cuneate or rounded at base, finely serrate, thin bright light green, rather lustrous, with obscure reticulate veins, glabrous or often pubescent on the under side of the midribs and veins and on the short slender petioles, 3′—6′ long, ⅛′—¾′ wide; at the north turning light yellow before falling in the autumn; stipules semicordate, acuminate, foliaceous, persistent, or ovoid, minute, and deciduous. Flowers: aments terminal on leafy pubescent branches, narrowly cylindric, 1′—3′ long; scales yellow, elliptic to obovate, rounded at apex and coated on the inner surface with pale hairs; stamens 3—5, with filaments hairy toward the base; ovary ovoid, short-stalked, glabrous, gradually narrowed above the middle to the apex, with nearly sessile slightly divided stigmatic lobes. Fruit ovoid-conic, short-stalked, glabrous, about ⅛′ long, light reddish brown.

A tree, usually 30°—40° high, with usually several clustered stout stems, thick spreading upright branches forming a broad somewhat irregular open head, and reddish brown or gray-brown branchlets pubescent when they first appear, soon glabrous, and easily separated at the joints. Winter-buds acute, about ⅛′ long. Bark 1′—1¼′ thick, dark brown or nearly black and deeply divided into broad flat connected ridges separating freely into thick plate-like scales and becoming shaggy on old trunks. Wood light, soft, weak, light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood; now sawed into lumber in the valley of the lower Mississippi River and largely used for packing cases, cellar and barn floors, in furniture, and in the manufacture of toys and other purposes where strength is not important as it does not warp, check or splinter.

Distribution. Low moist alluvial banks of streams and lakes; southern New Brunswick through southern Quebec and Ontario to the region north of Lake Superior, southward to northern and western North Carolina, through the Piedmont region of South Carolina and Georgia to eastern and central Alabama, and westward to southeastern North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, the valley of Wichita River, Oklahoma, and central and western Texas to Valverde County.

In southern Arkansas, in Louisiana and in eastern Texas _Salix nigra_ is often replaced by var. _altissima_ Sarg., differing from the type in the more pubescent young branchlets, leaves and petioles, in the more acute base of the leaves and longer petioles, and in its later flowering. A tree sometimes 120 feet high and the tallest of American Willows.

Salix nigra var. Lindheimeri Schn.

_Salix Wrightii_ Sarg., not Anders.

Leaves lanceolate, often slightly falcate, long-pointed and acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, finely glandular-serrate, glabrous, light green on the upper surface, paler below, 4′—5′ long, ⅓′—½′ wide; petioles pubescent early in the season, becoming glabrous, ½′—¾′ in length. Flowers: aments slender, densely villose, 2′—3′ long; scales ovate, acute or rarely rounded at apex, covered with matted white hairs, more abundant on the inner surface; stamens 4 or 5; filaments villose below the middle; ovary ovoid, gradually narrowed to the apex, the 2-lobed stigmas nearly sessile. Fruit ovoid-conic; pedicels about ¼′ long.

A tree, 50°—70° high with a trunk often 3° in diameter, large erect spreading branches forming an open irregular head, and slender branchlets light green and slightly pubescent when they first appear, becoming light orange or yellow-brown and lustrous. Bark thick, pale yellow-brown, deeply furrowed, the surface sometimes separating into long plate-like scales.

Distribution. River banks, central and western Texas from Grayson and Dallas Counties and the lower valley of the Brazos River to the valleys of the San Antonio and upper Guadalupe Rivers; in Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas.

2. Salix Gooddingii Ball.

_Salix vallicola_ Britt.

Leaves lanceolate to narrow elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, acutely cuneate at base, finely glandular-serrate, often slightly falcate, silky pubescent when they unfold especially below, glabrous and dull green at maturity, 1½′—3′ long, ¼′—½′ wide, or on vigorous shoots 5′ or 6′ long and ¾′ wide; petioles pubescent, usually becoming glabrous, ⅙′—¼′ in length; stipules orbicular-cordate, coarsely glandular-serrate, pubescent. Flowers: aments pubescent terminal on leafy pubescent branchlets, narrow-cylindric, 1′—2′ long; scales linear-oblanceolate, acute, yellow, hoary tomentose; stamens 3—5; filaments villose toward the base; ovary ovoid-conic, gradually narrowed to the acuminate apex, pubescent or glabrous; style distinct, 2-lobed. Fruit ovoid, acute, light reddish brown, glabrous or pubescent, ¼′ long; pedicels glabrous or rarely pubescent, 1/16′—⅛′ in length.

A tree, 25°—50° high, with slender light orange-colored or grayish glabrous or pubescent easily separable branchlets. Bark rough, thick, deeply furrowed, sometimes nearly black.

Distribution. River banks; Reed Creek, Shasta County, and Red Bluff, Tehama County, California, southward in the interior valleys and on the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada to the mountain valleys in the southern part of the state, and to northern Lower California; eastward through central and southern Arizona; in southeastern Nevada; through southern New Mexico to western Texas (El Paso, El Paso County, and Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County); and southward into northern Mexico.

3. Salix Harbisonii Schn.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrow-elliptic or rarely obovate-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, obtusely or acutely cuneate at the base, and finely glandular dentate; when the flowers open more or less pubescent especially below or glabrous, and at maturity green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, glabrous, 4′ or 5′ long, ¾′ broad; petioles villose early in the season, becoming glabrous, ¼′ in length, minutely glandular at apex; stipules wanting or minute, semicordate, acute, pubescent on vigorous leading branches and sometimes ¼′ long. Flowers: aments terminal on leafy branchlets, 2½′—3′ in length, their rachis villose-pubescent; scales ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute; stamens usually 5—7, rarely 3—9; filaments densely villose; ovary ovoid, long-acuminate, glabrous, long-stalked; style short, distinct, 2-lobed. Fruit acuminate and long-pointed, acute at base, ¼′ long and about as long as its pedicel.

A tree, 30°—50° high, with a trunk 10′ or 12′ in diameter, with often pendulous branches, and slender branchlets more or less densely pubescent or tomentose or nearly glabrous when they first appear, becoming glabrous and dark reddish purple in their second season, and easily separable at the joints; often only a large shrub. Bark thick, deeply furrowed, dark red-brown, separating on the surface into small appressed scales.

Distribution. River banks and the borders of swamps; Dismal Swamp, Norfolk County, Virginia; near Goldsboro, Wayne County, North Carolina; common in the coast region of South Carolina and Georgia, extending up the Savannah River at least as far as Augusta, Richmond County, and through southern Georgia to the valley of the Flint River; swamps near Jacksonville, Duval County, and in the neighborhood of Apalachicola, Florida.

4. Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach Willow. Almond Willow.

Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, frequently falcate, gradually or abruptly narrowed into a long slender point, cuneate or gradually rounded and often unequal at base, finely serrate, slightly puberulous when they unfold, becoming at maturity thin and firm in texture, light green and lustrous above, pale and glaucous below, 2½′—4′ long, ¾′—1¼′ wide, with a stout yellow or orange-colored midrib, prominent veins and reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, nearly terete ½′—¾′ in length; stipules reniform, serrate, often ½′ broad on vigorous shoots, usually caducous. Flowers: aments on leafy branchlets, elongated, cylindric, slender, arcuate, stalked, pubescent or tomentose, 2′—3′ long; scales yellow, sparingly villose on the outer, densely villose on the inner face, the staminate broadly ovate, rounded at the apex, the pistillate oblong-obovate, narrower, caducous; stamens 5—9, with free filaments slightly hairy at the base; ovary oblong-conic, long-stalked, glabrous, with a short style and emarginate stigmas. Fruit globose-conic, light reddish yellow, about ¼′ in length.

A tree, sometimes 60°—70° high, with a single straight or slightly inclining trunk rarely more than 2° in diameter, straight ascending branches, and slender glabrous or rarely pilose (f. _pilosiuscula_ Schn.) branchlets marked with scattered pale lenticels, dark orange color or red-brown and lustrous, becoming in their first winter light orange-brown. Winter-buds broadly ovoid, gibbous, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous above the middle, light orange-brown below, ⅛′ long. Bark ½′—¾′ thick, brown somewhat tinged with red, and divided by irregular fissures into flat connected ridges separating on the surface into thick plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Banks of streams; Province of Quebec from the neighborhood of Montreal to Winnipeg, and along the fiftieth degree of north latitude to southeastern British Columbia, and to central New York, along the southern shores of Lake Erie, and through northern Ohio to northern Indiana, southwestern Illinois, northern and central Missouri, and to Kansas, northwestern Oklahoma and northwestern Texas; in Colorado, Utah and Nevada to central Oregon and southeastern Washington.

Salix amygdaloides var. Wrightii Schn.

_Salix Wrightii_ Anders.

Leaves lanceolate, gradually acuminate and long-pointed at apex, cuneate at base, finely serrate, occasionally slightly falcate, glabrous, yellow-green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 1½′—2′ long, ¼′—⅓′ wide, and on vigorous summer shoots sometimes 4′ or 5′ long and ½′ wide; petioles slender, glabrous, ¼′—⅓′ in length. Flowers and Fruit as in the species.

A small or large tree best distinguished from _S. amygdaloides_ by the distinctly yellow or yellowish brown glabrous branchlets.

Distribution. Barstow, Ward County, common along the Rio Grande near El Paso and at Belon, El Paso County, and on Amarillo Creek, Potter County, western Texas; through southern New Mexico to the Sacramento Mountains, Otero County.

5. Salix Bonplandiana var. Toumeyi Schn.

_Salix Toumeyi._ Britt.

Leaves 4′—6′ long, ½′—¾′ wide, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate with a long slender point at apex, gradually narrowed and often unequal at the cuneate base, obscurely serrate with glandular teeth, or entire with revolute margins, thick and firm, reticulate-venulose, yellow-green and lustrous above, silvery white below, with a broad yellow midrib; falling irregularly during the winter; petioles stout, grooved, reddish; stipules ovate, rounded, slightly undulate, thin and scarious, ⅛′—¼′ broad, often persistent during the summer. Flowers: aments on leafy branchlets, cylindric, erect, slender, short-stalked, the staminate 1′—1½′ long and somewhat longer than the pistillate; scales broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, light yellow, villose on the outer surface and glabrous or slightly hairy above the middle on the inner surface; stamens usually 3, with free filaments slightly hairy at the base; ovary slender, oblong-conic, short-stalked, glabrous, with nearly sessile much-thickened club-shaped stigmas, sometimes nearly encircled below by the large broad ventral gland. Fruit ovoid-conic, rounded at base, light reddish yellow.

A tree, rarely more than 30° high, with a trunk 12′—15′ in diameter, slender erect and spreading branches often pendulous at the ends, forming a broad round-topped head, and slender glabrous branchlets marked with occasional pale lenticels, light yellow, becoming light or dark red-brown and lustrous, and paler orange-brown in their second year. Winter-buds narrowly ovoid, long-pointed, more or less falcate, bright red-brown, lustrous, ¼′ long. Bark ½′—¾′ thick, dark brown or nearly black, and deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the surface into closely appressed scales.

Distribution. Banks of streams in the cañons of the mountains of central and southern Arizona (Sicamore Cañon near Flagstaff and Sabino Cañon, Santa Catalina Mountains); and southwestern New Mexico (cañon, Saint Louis Mountains, Grant County); in Chihuahua, Sonora and Lower California.

The typical _S. Bonplandiana_ H. B. K. with broader and more coarsely serrate leaves, and flower-aments appearing from July to January from the axils of mature leaves is widely distributed in Mexico and ranges to Guatemala.

6. Salix lævigata Bebb. Red Willow.

Leaves obovate, narrowed and rounded or acute and mucronate at apex, cuneate at base, with slightly revolute obscurely serrate margins, on sterile branches lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, when they unfold light blue-green and coated on the lower surface with long pale or tawny deciduous hairs, at maturity glabrous, dark blue-green and lustrous above, paler and glaucous below, 3′—7′ long, ¾′—1½′ wide, with a broad flat yellow midrib; petioles broad, grooved, puberulous, rarely ½′ long; stipules ovate, acute, finely serrate, usually small and caducous. Flowers: aments cylindric, slender, lax, elongated, 2′—4′ long, on leafy branchlets; scales peltate, dentate at apex, covered with long pale hairs, the staminate obovate, rounded, the pistillate narrower and more or less truncate; stamens usually 5 or 6, with free filaments hairy at the base; ovary conic, acute, rounded below, short-stalked, glabrous, with broad spreading emarginate stigmatic lobes. Fruit elongated, conic, long-stalked, nearly ¼′ in length.

A tree, 40°—50° high, with a straight trunk 2° in diameter, slender spreading branches, and slender light or dark orange-colored or bright red-brown glabrous, or in one form tomentose or villose (f. _araquipa_ Jeps.) branchlets; often much smaller, with an average height of 20°—30°. Winter-buds ovoid, somewhat obtuse, pale chestnut-brown, ⅛′—¼′ long. Bark ¾′—1′ thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red and deeply divided into irregular connected flat ridges broken on the surface into thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Banks of streams; western California from the Oregon boundary to the southern borders of the state, ascending to altitudes of 4500° on the western slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, and eastward to Mohave and Yavapai Counties, Arizona, southeastern Nevada and southwestern Utah.

7. Salix longipes Shuttl.

_Salix amphibia_ Small.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate or on fertile branches occasionally rounded at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, finely serrate, hoary-tomentose early in the season, becoming glabrous above, and pale and glabrous or pubescent below, 2′—4′ long, ½′—¾′ wide; petioles hoary-tomentose, ¼′—½′ long; stipules minute, ovate, acute, hoary-tomentose, caducous, on vigorous shoots foliaceous, reniform, serrate above the middle, often ¾′ in diameter. Flowers: aments terminal on leafy tomentose or glabrous branchlets, narrow-cylindric, 3′ or 4′ long; scales ovate, rounded at the apex, yellow, densely villose-pubescent; stamens 3—7, usually 5 or 6, the filaments hairy toward the base; ovary ovoid-conic, acute, cuneate at the base with a short 2-lobed style, and pedicels up to ¼′ in length. Fruit ovoid, often rather abruptly contracted above the middle, ¼′ in length.

A tree, 20°—30°, high with a trunk occasionally 12′—18′ in diameter, spreading branches, and glabrous or pubescent red-brown or gray-brown branchlets; or more often a shrub. Bark dark, sometimes nearly black, deeply divided into broad ridges covered by small closely appressed scales.

Distribution. Borders of swamps and streams; coast of North Carolina southward to the Everglade Keys of Florida, ranging westward in Florida to the valley of the Saint Marks River, Wakulla County; in Cuba.

A variety with narrower summer leaves and longer petioles is var. _venulosa_ Schn.

Distribution. Newbern, Craven County, North Carolina, southward near the coast to northern and western Florida, ranging inland in Georgia to the banks of the Savannah River near Augusta, Richmond County, and to Traders Hill, Charlton County; in the neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana (_Drummond_); in southwestern Oklahoma and in western Texas (Blanco, Kendall, Kerr, Bandera and Uvalde Counties).

A variety with obtuse stipules, usually glabrous branchlets and lanceolate or narrow elliptic-lanceolate leaves is distinguished as var. _Wardii_ Schn.

A shrub or small tree.