Part 116

Distribution. Low moist soil usually in the neighborhood of swamps and streams, and on rich hillsides; southern Connecticut (Milford and Derby, New Haven County), southward through the coast and Piedmont region, to De Soto County (near Sebring), Florida, and westward usually in the neighborhood of the coast to the valley of the lower Brazos River, eastern Texas, and northward through western Louisiana to central Arkansas and western Tennessee; occasionally ascending the Appalachian Mountains to altitudes of 2000°; the var. _angustifolium_ from North Carolina up to altitudes of 3000° on the Blue Ridge, to northern Florida.

2. Viburnum Lentago L. Sheepberry. Nannyberry.

Leaves ovate, usually acuminate, with short or elongated points, or sometimes rounded at apex, cuneate, rounded or subcordate at base, and sharply serrate with incurved callous-tipped teeth, when they unfold bronze-green, lustrous, coated on both surfaces of the midrib and on the petioles with thick rufous pubescence, slightly pilose on the upper surface and covered on the lower with short pale hairs, and at maturity bright green and lustrous above, yellow-green and marked by minute black dots below, 2½′—3′ long and 1′—1½′ wide, with a slender midrib, and primary veins connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets; turning in the autumn before falling deep orange-red or red and orange color; petioles broad, grooved, more or less interruptedly winged or occasionally wingless, 1′—1½′ long, those of the first pair of leaves covered with thick rufous tomentum. Flowers about ¼′ in diameter, slightly fragrant, appearing from the middle of April to the 1st of June in stout-branched scurfy sessile slightly convex cymes 3′—5′ in diameter, with nearly triangular green caducous bracts and bractlets about 1/16′ in length; corolla pale cream color or nearly white, with ovate lobes acute and slightly erose at apex. Fruit ripening in September on slender drooping stalks, in red-stemmed few-fruited clusters, oval or occasionally globose (var. _sphaerocarpum_ A. Gray), thick-skinned, sweet and rather juicy, black or dark blue, and covered with a glaucous bloom; stone about ⅞′ long and 5/16′ wide.

A bushy tree, 20°—30° high, with a short trunk 8′—10′ in diameter, slender rather pendulous branches forming a compact round-topped head, and thin divergent branchlets light green, slightly covered with rufous pubescence when they first appear, and in their first winter light red, scurfy, marked by occasional dark orange-colored lenticels and by narrow leaf-scars displaying 3 conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars, becoming in their second year dark reddish brown and sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom. Winter-buds light red, generally covered with pale scurfy pubescence, those containing flower-bearing branchlets ¾′ in length, abruptly contracted into long narrow tapering points. Bark of the trunk reddish brown and irregularly broken into small thick plates divided on their surface into minute thin appressed scales. Wood bad-smelling, heavy, hard, close-grained, dark orange-brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Rocky hillsides, along the borders of forests, or near the banks of streams and the margins of swamps, in moist soil; valley of the Rivière du Loup, Province of Quebec, to Saskatchewan, and southward through the northern states to southern Pennsylvania, central Ohio, northern Indiana and southern Wisconsin, northeastern Iowa and eastern Nebraska, and along the Appalachian Mountains up to altitudes of 2500° to West Virginia; on the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota, the Black Hills of South Dakota, on the eastern foothills of the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming and on those of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado (Boulder, Boulder County).

Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern United States, and occasionally in Europe.

× _Viburnum Jackii_ Rehd. with characters intermediate between _Viburnum Lentago_ and _V. prunifolium_ is now believed to be a hybrid between those species.

3. Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw. Stag Bush.

Leaves ovate or rarely obovate, oval or suborbicular, rounded, acute, or short-pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, and usually rather remotely or sometimes finely serrate with rigid incurved callous-tipped teeth, lustrous and tinged with red, glabrous on the lower surface and covered on the upper side of the midrib and on the bright red petioles with scattered reddish hairs when they unfold, and at maturity thick or sometimes coriaceous, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and glabrous on the lower surface, 1′—3′ long and ½′—3′ wide, with slender primary veins connected by reticulate veinlets; in the autumn turning brilliant scarlet or dark vinous red before falling; petioles terete, grooved, ½′—⅔′ in length, and on vigorous shoots sometimes narrowly wing-margined. Flowers ¼′ in diameter on slender pedicels bibracteolate at apex, in glabrous short-stemmed flat cymes 2′—4′ in diameter, with subulate caducous bracts about 1/16′ long, usually red above the middle; corolla pure white, with oval to nearly orbicular lobes. Fruit ripening in October, in few-fruited red-stemmed clusters, persistent on the branches until the beginning of winter, oval or slightly obovoid, ½′—⅔′ long or rarely globose, dark blue and covered with a glaucous bloom; stone about ½′ long and ⅓′ wide.

A bushy tree, occasionally 20°—30° high, with a short and usually crooked trunk 6′—8′ in diameter, stout spreading rigid branches beset with slender spine-like branchlets, bright red and glabrous when they first appear, soon turning green, and in their first winter gray tinged with red, covered with a slight bloom, and marked by orange-colored lenticels and by the large lunate leaf-scars displaying 3 fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and ultimately dark brown tinged with red; or often a low intricately branched shrub. Winter-buds short-pointed or obtuse, brown, glabrous or scurfy, those containing flower-bearing branches about ½′ long and ¼′ wide, and about twice as large as those containing sterile branchlets. Bark of the trunk ¼′—⅓′ thick, and broken into thick irregularly shaped plate-like red-brown scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood of 20—30 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Dry rocky hillsides, fence-rows and the sides of roads; Fairfield County, Connecticut, and the valley of the lower Hudson River, New York, southward to southeastern Virginia and to the Coast and Piedmont regions of North and South Carolina up to altitudes of 2000° to the valley of the Savannah River (near Augusta, Georgia, Richmond County, rare), and through southern Ohio to Indiana, southern Illinois, southern and western Kentucky, Missouri and eastern Kansas; very abundant in Missouri from the northeastern counties southward through the state.

Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern United States, and occasionally in western and northern Europe.

4. Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Black Haw.

Leaves elliptic to obovate or oval, rounded, acute, or short-pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, and finely serrate with slender apiculate straight or incurved teeth, covered below and on the wings of the petiole with thick ferrugineous tomentum when they unfold and at maturity coriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, pale and dull below, usually about 3′ long and ¾′—1½′ wide, with a stout yellow midrib, numerous slender primary veins, and reticulate veinlets more or less covered below throughout the season with rufous tomentum also occasionally found on the upper side of the midrib; petioles stout, grooved, ½′—¾′ long, and margined with broad or narrow wings. Flowers ¼′ in diameter, in sessile 3—5 but usually 4-rayed thick-stemmed ferrugineo-pubescent flat corymbs often 5′—6′ in diameter, with minute subulate bracts and bractlets; corolla creamy white, with orbicular or oblong rounded lobes. Fruit ripening in October, in few-fruited drooping red-stemmed clusters, short-oblong or slightly obovoid, bright blue covered with a glaucous bloom, and ½′—⅔′ long; stone ½′ long and about ⅓′ wide.

A tree, often 40° high, with a trunk 12′—18′ in diameter, short thick branches forming an open irregular head, and stout branchlets marked by numerous small red-brown or orange lenticels, when they first appear more or less coated with ferrugineous tomentum, ashy gray during their first winter, and dark dull red-brown in their second season. Winter-buds ferrugineo-tomentose, those containing flower-bearing branchlets broad-ovoid, full and rounded at base, short-pointed and obtuse at apex, compressed, often ½′ long and ⅓′ wide, and rather larger than those containing sterile branchlets. Bark of the trunk ¼′—½′ thick, separating into narrow rounded ridges divided by numerous cross fissures, and roughened by small plate-like dark brown scales tinged with red. Wood bad-smelling.

Distribution. Dry upland woods and the margins of river-bottom lands; southwestern Virginia and southern Indiana and Illinois to Hernando County, Florida, and through the Gulf States to the valleys of the upper Guadalupe River and of Clear Creek, Brown County, Texas, and to eastern and southwestern Oklahoma (on the Wichita Mountains, Comanche County), eastern Kansas and Central Missouri; most abundant and of its largest size in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas.

Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states, and hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

A _Accrescent._ Increasing in size with age. _Accumbent._ Lying against, as the radicle against the edges of the cotyledons. _Acuminate._ Gradually tapering to the apex. _Acute._ Pointed. _Adnate._ Congenitally united to. _Adventitious._ Said of buds produced without order from any part of a stem. _Æstivation._ The arrangement of the parts of a flower in the bud. _Akene_ or _achene_. A small dry and hard, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit. _Albumen._ The deposit of nutritive material within the coats of a seed and surrounding the embryo. _Ament._ A unisexual spike of flowers with scaly bracts, usually deciduous in one piece. _Amphitropous._ Descriptive of an ovule with the hilum intermediate between the micropyle and chalaza. _Anatropous._ Descriptive of a reversed ovule, with the micropyle close by the side of the hilum, and chalaza at the opposite end. _Andro-diœcious._ With perfect flowers on one individual and staminate flowers only on another. _Androgynous._ Applied to an inflorescence composed of male and female flowers. _Angiospermæ._ Plants with seeds borne in a pericarp. _Annular._ In the form of a ring. _Anterior._ The front side of a flower, that is averse from the axis of inflorescence. _Anther._ The part of the stamen containing the pollen. _Anthesis._ The act of opening of a flower. _Apetalous._ Having no petals. _Apex._ The top, as the end of the leaf opposite the petiole. _Apiculate._ Ending in a short pointed tip. _Apophysis._ An enlargement or swelling of the surface of an organ. _Arcuate._ Moderately curved. _Areolate._ Marked by areolæ or spaces marked out on a surface. _Aril._ An extraneous seed-coat or covering, or an appendage growing about the hilum of a seed. _Ariloid._ Furnished with an aril. _Aristate._ Furnished with awns. _Articulate._ Jointed or having the appearance of a joint. _Auricled_ or _auriculate_. Furnished with an auricle or ear-shaped appendage. _Autocarpus_. A fruit consisting of pericarp alone, without adherent parts. _Axil._ The angle formed on the upper side of the attachment of a leaf with a stem. _Axillary._ In or from an axil.

B _Baccate._ Berry-like. _Bark._ The rind or cortical covering of a stem. _Berry._ A fruit with a homogeneous fleshy pericarp. _Bipinnate._ Doubly or twice pinnate. _Bract._ The more or less modified leaf of a flower-cluster. _Bracteate._ Furnished with bracts. _Bracteolate._ Furnished with bractlets. _Bractlet._ The bract of a pedicel or ultimate flower-stalk. _Branch._ A secondary axis or division of a trunk. _Branchlet._ An ultimate division of a branch. _Bud._ The undeveloped state of a branch or flower-cluster with or without scales. _Bud-scales._ Reduced leaves covering a bud.

C _Calyx._ The flower-cup or exterior part of a perianth. _Campanulate._ Bell-shaped, or elongated cup-shaped. _Campylotropous._ Descriptive of an ovule or seed curved in its formation so as to bring the micropyle or apex down near the hilum. _Canescent._ Hoary, with gray or whitish pubescence. _Capsule._ A dry dehiscent fruit of more than one carpel. _Carpel._ A simple pistil or an element of a compound pistil. _Catkin._ The same as an ament. _Caudate._ Furnished with a tail, or with a slender tip or appendage. _Centripetal._ Developing from without toward the centre. _Chalaza._ The part of an ovule where the coats and nucleus are confluent. _Chartaceous._ Having the texture of paper. _Ciliate._ Fringed with hairs. _Cinereous._ Ashy gray. _Circinnate._ Involute from the apex into a coil. _Circumscissile._ Circularly and transversely dehiscent. _Clavate._ Club-shaped. _Cocci._ Portions into which a lobed fruit with 1-seeded cells splits up. _Cochleate._ Shell-shaped, spiral like the shell of a snail. _Columella._ The persistent axis of a capsule. _Commissure._ The face by which 2 carpels unite. _Complanate._ Flattened. _Conduplicate._ Folded together lengthwise. _Cone._ An inflorescence or fruit formed of imbricated scales. _Conferruminate._ Stuck together by adjacent faces. _Connate._ United congenitally. _Connective._ The portion of a stamen which connects the two cells or lobes of an anther. _Contortuplicate._ Twisted and plaited, or folded. _Convolute._ Rolled up from the sides. _Cordate._ Heart-shaped. _Coriaceous._ Of the texture of leather. _Corymb._ A flat-topped or convex open flower-cluster, the flowers opening from the outside inward. _Corymbose._ Said of flowers arranged in a corymb. _Costate._ Having ribs. _Cotyledons._ The leaves of the embryo. _Crenate._ Scalloped. _Crenulate._ The diminutive of crenate. _Crispate._ Curled. _Crustaceous._ Of hard brittle texture. _Cucullate._ Hooded or hood-shaped. _Cuneate._ Wedge-shaped, or triangular with an acute angle downward. _Cyme._ A flower-cluster, the flower opening from the centre outward. _Cymose._ Bearing cymes or relating to a cyme.

D _Deciduous._ Falling, said of leaves falling in the autumn, or of parts of a flower falling after anthesis. _Declinate._ Bent or curved downward. _Decompound._ Several times compound or divided. _Decurrent._ Running down, as of the blades of leaves extending down their petioles. _Decussate._ In pairs alternately crossing at right angles. _Dehiscent._ The opening of an anther or capsule by slits or valves. _Deltoid._ Having the shape of the Greek letter Δ. _Dentate._ Toothed. _Denticulate._ Minutely toothed. _Dextrorse._ Turned or directed to the right. _Diadelphous._ Said of stamens combined by their filaments into 2 sets. _Dichotomous._ Forked in pairs. _Digitate._ Said of a compound leaf in which the leaflets are borne at the apex of the petiole. _Dimorphous._ Said of flowers of two forms on the same plant, or on plants of the same species. _Diœcious._ Unisexual, with the flowers of the 2 sexes borne by distinct individuals. _Disciferous._ Bearing a disk. _Disciform._ Depressed and circular like a disk. _Discoid._ Appertaining to a disk. _Disk._ The development of the torus or receptacle of a flower within the calyx or within the corolla and stamens. _Dissepiment._ A partition in an ovary or pericarp. _Distichous._ Said of leaves arranged alternately in two vertical ranks upon opposite sides of an axil. _Dorsal._ Relating to the back. _Dorsal suture._ The line of opening of a carpel corresponding to its midrib. _Drupaceous._ Resembling or relating to a drupe. _Drupe._ A stone fruit. _Duct._ An elongated cell or tubular vessel found especially in the woody parts of plants.

E _Eglandular._ Without glands. _Ellipsoidal._ Of the shape of an elliptical solid. _Elliptic._ Of the form of an ellipse. _Emarginate._ Notched at the apex. _Embryo._ The rudimentary plant formed in the seed. _Endocarp._ The inner layer of a pericarp. _Endogenous._ Descriptive of Endogens, monocotyledonous plants with stems increasing by internal accessions. _Epicarp._ The thin filmy external layer of a pericarp. _Epigynous._ Placed on the ovary. _Epiphytal._ Said of a plant growing on another plant, but not parasitic. _Erose._ Descriptive of an irregularly toothed or eroded margin. _Excurrent._ Running through the apex or beyond. _Exocarp._ The outer layer of a pericarp. _Exogenous._ Descriptive of Exogens, plants with stems increasing by the addition of a layer of wood on the outside beneath the constantly widening bark. _Extrorse._ Directed outward, descriptive of an anther opening away from the axis of the flower.

F _Falcate._ Scythe-shaped. _Fascicle._ A close cluster of leaves or flowers. _Fascicled._ Arranged in fascicles. _Feather-veined._ Having veins extending from the sides of the midrib. _Ferrugineous._ The color of iron rust. _Fibro-vascular._ Consisting of woody fibres and ducts. _Filament._ The stalk of an anther. _Filamentose._ Composed of threads. _Fimbriate._ Fringed. _Fistulose._ Hollow through the whole length. _Flabellate._ Fan-shaped; much dilated from a wedge-shaped base with the broader end rounded. _Floccose._ Bearing flocci or tufts of woody hairs. _Foliaceous._ Leaf-like in texture or appearance. _Foliolate._ Having leaflets. _Foliole._ A leaflet. _Follicle._ A dry 1-celled seed vessel consisting of a single carpel, and opening only by the ventral suture. _Funicle._ The stalk of an ovule or seed.

G _Gamopetalæ._ Plants with a corolla of coalescent petals. _Gamopetalous._ Descriptive of a corolla of coalescent petals. _Geniculate._ Bent abruptly like a knee. _Gibbous._ Swollen on one side. _Glabrate._ Nearly glabrous or becoming glabrous. _Glabrous._ Smooth, not pubescent or hairy. _Gland._ A protuberance on the surface, or partly imbedded in the surface of any part of a plant, either secreting or not. _Glandular._ Furnished with glands. _Glaucescent._ Nearly or becoming glaucous. _Glaucous._ Covered or whitened with a bloom. _Glomerate._ Said of flowers gathered into a compact head. _Gymnospermæ._ Plants with naked seeds, that is, not inclosed in a pericarp. _Gynophore._ The stipe of a pistil.

H _Heartwood._ The mature and dead wood of an exogenous stem. _Hermaphrodite._ With staminate and pistillate organs in the same flower, equivalent to perfect. _Hilum._ The scar or place of attachment of a seed. _Hirsute._ Hairy, with coarse or stiff hairs. _Hispidulous._ Minutely hispid. _Hypogynous._ Under or free from the pistil.

I _Imbricate._ Overlapping, like the shingles on a roof. _Incumbent._ Leaning or resting upon, as the radicle against the back of one of the cotyledons. _Induplicate._ With edges folded in or turned inward. _Inferior._ Said of an organ placed below another, like a calyx below an ovary or an ovary below a superior calyx. _Inflorescence._ Flower-cluster. _Infrapetiolar._ Below the petioles. _Innate._ Borne on the apex of the supporting part; in an anther the counterpart of adnate. _Interpetiolar._ Between the petioles. _Introrse._ Turned inward; descriptive of an anther opening toward the axis of the flower. _Inverse._ Inverted. _Involucre._ A circle of bracts surrounding a flower-cluster. _Involute._ Rolled inward.

L _Laciniate._ Cut into narrow incisions or lobes. _Lactescent._ Yielding milky juice. _Lamellate._ Composed of thin plates. _Lanceolate._ Shaped like a lance; narrower than oblong and tapering to the ends, or at least to the apex. _Lanuginose._ Clothed with soft reflexed hairs. _Leaf._ Green expansions borne by the stem in which assimilation and the processes connected with it are carried on. _Leaflet._ The separate division of a compound leaf. _Legume._ The seed vessel of plants of the Pea family, composed of a solitary carpel normally dehiscent only by the ventral suture. _Lenticels._ Lenticular corky growths on young bark. _Lenticellate._ Having lenticels. _Lepidote._ Beset with small scurfy scales. _Ligulate._ Strap-shaped. _Linear._ Said of a narrow leaf several times narrower than long, with parallel margins. _Lobe._ The division of an organ. _Lobulate._ Divided into small lobes. _Loculicidal._ Dehiscent into the cavity of a pericarp by the back, that is through a dorsal suture.

M _Marcescent._ Said of a part of a plant, withering without falling off. _Medullary rays._ The rays of cellular tissue in a transverse section of an exogenous stem and extending from the pith to the bark. _Membranaceous._ Thin and pliable like a membrane. _Micropyle._ The spot or point in the seed at the place of the orifice of the ovule. _Midrib._ The central or main rib of a leaf. _Monœcious._ Unisexual, with the flowers of the two sexes borne by the same individual. _Mucro._ A small and abrupt tip to a leaf. _Mucronate._ Furnished with a mucro. _Muricate._ Rough, with short rigid excrescences.

N _Naked buds._ Buds without scales. _Nectar._ The sweet secretion of various parts of a flower. _Nectariferous._ Nectar-bearing. _Node._ The portion of the stem which bears a leaf or whorl of leaves. _Nucleus._ The kernel of an ovule or seed. _Nut._ A hard and indehiscent 1-seeded pericarp produced from a compound ovary. _Nutlet._ A diminutive nut or stone.

O _Obclavate._ Inverted club-shape. _Obcordate._ Inverted heart-shaped. _Oblanceolate._ Lanceolate but tapering toward the base more than toward the apex. _Oblong._ Longer than broad with nearly parallel sides. _Obovate._ Ovate with the broader end toward the apex. _Obovoid._ Solid obovate with the broader end toward the apex. _Obpyramidal._ Inversely pyramidal. _Obtuse._ Blunt or rounded at the apex. _Operculate._ Furnished with a lid. _Orbicular._ A flat body circular in outline. _Orthotropous._ Descriptive of an ovule with a straight axis much enlarged at the insertion and the orifice at the other end. _Oval._ Broad-elliptic, with round ends. _Ovate._ Of the shape of the longitudinal section of a hen’s egg, with the broad end basal. _Ovoid._ Solid ovate or solid oval. _Ovule._ The part of the flower which becomes a seed.