CHAPTER XX.

CALENDAR AND AXIOMS.

WORK FOR DIFFERENT MONTHS.[1]

[Footnote 1: These dates are arranged for the Northern States, where the fruit trees blossom about the first of May. By noting these flowers, the dates can be easily changed to suit any locality]

Though every live apiarist will take one, at least, of the three excellent journals relating to this art, printed in our country, in which the necessary work of each month will be detailed, yet it may be well to give some brief hints in this place.

JANUARY.

During this month the bees will need little attention.--Should the bees in the cellar or depository become uneasy, which will not happen if the requisite precautions are taken, and there come a warm day, it were well to set them on their summer stands, that they may enjoy a purifying flight. At night when all are again quiet return them to the cellar.--While out I would clean the bottom-boards, especially if there are many dead bees. This is the time, too, to read, visit, study and plan for the ensuing season's work.

FEBRUARY.

No advice is necessary further than that given for January, though if the bees have a good fly in January, they will scarcely need attention in this month. The presence of snow on the ground need not deter the apiarist from giving his bees a flight, providing the day is warm and still. It is better to let them alone if they are quiet.

MARCH.

Bees should still be kept housed, and those outside still retain about them the packing of straw, shavings, &c. Frequent flights do no good, and wear out the bees. Colonies that are uneasy, and besmear their hives should be set out, and allowed a good flight and then returned.

The colony or colonies from which we desire to rear queens and drones should now be fed, to stimulate breeding. By careful pruning, too, we may and should prevent the rearing of drones in any but the best colonies. If from lack of care the previous autumn, any of our stocks are short of stores, now is when it will be felt. In such cases feed either honey, sugar, syrup, or place candy on top of the frames beneath the quilt.

APRIL.

Early in this month the bees may all be set out. It will be best to feed all, and give all access to flour, when they will work at it, though usually they can get pollen as soon as they can fly out to advantage. Keep the brood chamber contracted so that the frames will all be covered, and cover well above the bees to economize heat.

MAY.

Prepare nuclei to start extra queens. Feed sparingly till bloom appears. Give room for storing. Extract if necessary, and keep close watch, that you may anticipate and forestall any attempt to swarm. Now, too, is the best time to transfer.

JUNE.

Keep all colonies supplied with vigorous, prolific queens. Divide the colonies, as may be desired, especially enough to prevent attempts at swarming. Extract if necessary or best; adjust frames or sections, if comb honey is desired, and be sure to keep all the white clover honey, in whatever form taken, separate from all other. Now is the best time to Italianize.

JULY.

The work this month is about the same as that of June.--Supersede all poor and feeble queens. Keep the basswood honey by itself, and remove boxes or frames as soon as full. Be sure that queens and workers have plenty of room to do their best, and suffer not the hot sun to strike the hives.

AUGUST.

Do not fail to supersede impotent queens. Between basswood and fall bloom it may pay to feed sparingly. Give plenty of room for queen and workers as fall storing commences.

SEPTEMBER.

Remove all surplus boxes and frames as soon as storing ceases, which usually occurs about the middle of this month; feed sparingly till the first of October. If robbing occurs, contract the entrance of the hive robbed. If it is desired to feed honey or sugar for winter, it should be done the last of this month.

OCTOBER.

Prepare colonies for winter. See that all have at least thirty pounds, by weight, of good, capped honey, and that all are strong in bees. Contract the chamber, by using division board, and cover well with the quilt. Be sure that one or two central frames of comb contain many empty cells, and that all have a central hole through which the bees can pass.

NOVEMBER.

Before the cold days come, remove the bees to the cellar or depository, or pack about those left out on the summer stands.

DECEMBER.

Now is the time to make hives, honey-boxes, &c., for the coming year. Also labels for hives. These may just contain the name of the colony, in which case the full record will be kept in a book; or the label may be made to contain a full register as to time of formation, age of queen, &c., &c. Slates are also used for the same purpose.

I know from experience that any who heed all of the above may succeed in bee-keeping,--may win a double success:--Receive pleasure and make money. I feel sure that many experienced apiarists will find advice that it may pay to follow. It is probable that errors abound, and certain that much remains unsaid, for of all apiarists it is true that what they do not know is greatly in excess of what they do know.

AXIOMS.

The following axioms, given by Mr. Langstroth, are just as true to-day as they were when written by that noted author:

There are a few _first principles_ in bee-keeping which ought to be as familiar to the Apiarist as the letters of the alphabet.

First. Bees gorged with honey never volunteer an attack.

Second. Bees may always be made peaceable by inducing them to accept of liquid sweets.

Third. Bees, when frightened by smoke or by drumming on their hives, fill themselves with honey and lose all disposition to sting, unless they are hurt.

Fourth. Bees dislike any _quick_ movements about their hives, especially any motion which _jars_ their combs.

Fifth. In districts where forage is abundant only for a short period, the largest yield of honey will be secured by a _very_ moderate increase of stocks.

Sixth. A moderate increase of colonies in any one season, will, in the long run, prove to be the easiest, safest, and cheapest mode of managing bees.

Seventh. Queenless colonies, unless supplied with a queen, will inevitably dwindle away, or be destroyed by the bee-moth, or by robber-bees.

Eighth. The formation of new colonies should ordinarily be confined to the season when bees are accumulating honey; and if this, or any other operation, must be performed when forage is scarce, the greatest precautions should be used to prevent robbing.

The essence of all profitable bee-keeping is contained in Oettl's Golden Rule: KEEP YOUR STOCKS STRONG. If you cannot succeed in doing this, the more money you invest in bees, the heavier will be your losses; while, if your stocks are strong, you will show that you are a _bee-master_, as well as & bee-keeper, and may safely calculate on generous returns from your industrious subjects.

_"Keep all colonies strong."_

APPENDIX.

HISTORY OF MOVABLE FRAMES.

Movable frames have revolutionized bee-keeping, and so out-rank the reaper and mower, and equal the cotton-gin. Few inventions have exerted so powerful an influence upon the art which they serve. Their history will ever be a subject of exceeding interest to bee-keepers, and their inventor worthy the highest regard as the greatest benefactor of our art. In writing their history, I have no personal interest or bias, and am only impelled by a love of truth and justice. I am the more eager to write this history, as some of our apiarists, and they among the best informed and most influential (_American Bee Journal_, vol. 14, p. 380), are misinformed in the premises. In obtaining the data for this account, I am under many obligations to our great American master in apiculture. Rev. L. L. Langstroth, whose thorough knowledge and extensive library have been wholly at my command.

We are informed by George Wheeler, in his "Journey into Greece," published in 1682, page 411, that the Greeks had partial control of the combs. "The tops" of the willow hives "are covered with broad flat sticks. Along each of these sticks the bees fasten their combs; so that a comb may be taken out whole."

Swammerdam had no control of the comb, nor had Réaumur. The latter used narrow hives, which contained but two combs; but these were stationary. Huber was the first to construct a hive which gave him control of the combs and access to the interior of the hive. In August, 1879, Huber wrote to Bonnet as follows: "I took several small fir boxes, a foot square and fifteen lines wide, and joined them together by hinges, so that they could be opened and shut like the leaves of a book. When using a hive of this description, we took care to fix a comb in each frame, and then introduced all the bees."--(Edinburgh edition of Huber, p. 4). Although Morlot and others attempted to improve this hive, it never gained favor with practical apiarists.

The first person to adjust frames in a case appears to have been Mr. W. Augustus Munn, of England. I have in my possession a letter from Mr. Munn, dated November 9th, 1863, in which he states that the hive "had been in use since 1834." The first printed description of any of his hives appeared in the "Gardener's Chronicle" for 1843. This article was written by a lady, and signed "E. M. W." Its premature publication made it impossible for Mr. Munn to secure a patent in Great Britain. In 1843 he secured a patent in France. The hive patented is fully described in his "Description of the Bar and Frame Hive," published in London, in 1844. There is also a figure (Fig. 111). I copy from the work which is before me, pp. 7 and 8: "An oblong box is formed, about thirty inches long, sixteen inches high, and twelve inches broad. One of the long sides is constructed to open with hinges, and to hang on a level with the bottom. As many grooves half an inch broad, half an inch deep, and about 9½ inches long, are formed 1⅛ inches apart on the inside of the bottom of the box, as its length will admit. At the top are corresponding grooves to those made in the bottom of the box. The bee-frames are made of half inch mahogany, being 12 inches high, 9 inches long, and not more than half an inch broad, sliding into the fifteen grooves formed on the bottom, and kept securely in their places by the upper grooves," and by propolis, the author might well have added. American apiarists need not be told that such a hive would be wholly impracticable. Without bees in it, the changes of weather would make the sliding of the frames very difficult; with the bees inside, the removal of the frames would be practically impossible.

In 1851 Mr. Munn issued a second edition of his book, in the preface of which I find the following: "Having materially simplified the bar-frame hive, by forming the 'oblong bar-frames' into 'triangular frames,' and making them lift out of the top, instead of the back of the bee-box, I have republished the pamphlet." The triangular hive (Fig. 112) is described and figured, and is the same as found illustrated in Munn's "Bevan on the Honey Bee." This hive, although a possible improvement on the other, is costly, intricate, and still very impracticable. In the price-list of J. Pettitt, Dover, England, 1864, I find this hive priced at £3 3s., or about $15.00. From the figure we learn that there were some wide spaces about the frames. These would of course be filled with comb, and render the hives entirely unsuitable for common use. That this hive lacked the essential requisites to success is evident from words penned by the inventor in 1863: "The hive matters little if the pasturage is good." And it is easy to see from the complex arrangement of the frames, and the wide spaces about them, that as Mr. Munn said, referring to his hive, "When left to themselves the bees shut up the shop." Had invention stopped with Major Munn's hive, we should to-day be using the old box hive, and sighing in vain for a better. Neighbour well says (3d edition, p. 129): "Probably the reason of the invention's failure was the expensiveness of the Major's fittings, which make the hive appear more like some astronomical instrument, than a box for bees. Be this as it may, there was no such thing as a frame hive in use in England till 1860."

It would seem strange, that after going so far Major Munn should have failed to give bee-keepers a hive of value. Yet with his view that smoke injured the bees and brood (2d edition, p. 21), we can readily see, that with his hive and black bees, a man would need the skin of a rhinoceros, and nerves of brass, to do much by way of actual manipulation for practical purposes. It has been truly said that "The Huber hive can be used with far greater ease and safety, by a novice, than can Munn's."

It will be seen by reference to "Bee Culture with Movable Frames," published by Pastor George Kleine, Hanover, Germany, in 1853, p. 5, that a druggist by the name of Schmidt, in a work which he published in Freiburg, in 1851, entitled, "The New Bee Homes," describes a hive with the Huber leaves having prolonged tops which hung on rabbets, much as do our frames. These Huber leaves were close-fitting, and so not practical. Kleine regarded this as inferior to the Huber hive, in that the combs must be taken out from above. With a side opening he thinks it would be a material improvement. It is evident from Kleine's work, that he knew nothing either of Munn or his hive.

In 1847, Jacob Shaw, Jr., then of Hinckley, Ohio, published in the _Scientific American_, March 5th, 1847, p. 187, the description of a hive devised by him. A person who has seen the hive tells me that as described and first used, this hive had close-fitting frames, which rested in a double-walled tin box. By turning hot water into the chamber, the frames would be loosened. We do not wonder that, as Mr. Shaw deposed, he only made one hive, and that he could only persuade one colony of the several which he tried, to accept the situation, and that this one soon perished. He got no surplus, and wisely set the hive aside.

In 1847, the well known agricultural writer, Solon Robinson, suggested in an article published in the _Albany Cultivator_; a tin hive made up of unicomb apartments which should set close side by side, and be connected by inter-communicating holes. Of course, such a hive would only succeed in the imagination.

M. Debeauvoys published, in 1847, the 2d edition of "Guide de l'Apiculteur," at Angers, France, in which he described a movable comb hive, to meet the practical wants of French bee-keepers. This hive was not only no improvement on that of Huber, but even less easy of manipulation. The top-bar and uprights of the frames were close-fitting to the top and sides of the hive. Says M. Hamet, editor of the French bee paper, in his work, "Cours Pratique D'Apiculture," 1859 edition: "The removal of the frames is more difficult than from the Huber hive, and it has never been accepted by the practical bee-keepers of France." Mr. Chas. Dadant describes this hive, which he once made and used, in the _American Bee Journal_, vol. 7, p. 197. He says of it: "The hive worked well when new and empty; but after the bees had glued the frames, it was difficult to remove them without breaking the combs. It would have been entirely impossible to remove them at all, without separating the ends of the hive from the frames with a chisel. This hive, which had gained 2,500 proselytes in France, was very soon abandoned by all, and the disciples of Debeauvoys returned to the old-fashioned straw hive." He adds, further, that these hives were disastrous to French bee culture. Once misled by movable frames, they ever afterwards refused them even for trial. Of course Mr. S. S. Fisher, once commissioner of patents, and an expert, could see nothing in this hive, or any of the inventor's modifications of it, to invalidate the Langstroth patent. How grateful all American apiarists should be, that Mr. Langstroth's invention was of a different type.

As already stated, bars were used centuries ago in Greece. Della Rocca, in a work published in 1790, also describes bars as used by him. Schirach used slats across the top of a box with rear-opening doors, as early as 1771. In Key's work, "Ancient Bee Master's Farewell," London, 1796, p. 42, such hives are described, and beautifully illustrated, plate 1, figs. 2 and 3. Bevan, London, 1838, describes on p. 82 a similar hive, with the bars set in rabbets, which is figured on p. 83.

In 1835, Dzierzon, who has been to Germany what Langstroth has to America, commenced bee-culture. Three years later he adopted the bar hive, and although these bar hives were previously of little value to practical apiculture, in his hands they became a most valuable instrument. To remove the combs, the great German master had to cut them loose from the sides of the hives. Yet from his great skill in handling them, his studious habits, and invaluable researches, which gave to the world the knowledge of parthenogenesis among bees, his hive and system marked a new era in German apiculture.

In 1851, our own Langstroth, without any knowledge of what foreign apiarian inventors had done, save what he could find in Huber, and edition 1838 of Bevan, invented the hive now in common use among the advanced apiarists of America. It is this hive, the greatest apiarian invention ever made, that has placed American apiculture in advance of that of all other countries. What practical bee-keeper of America could say with H. Hamet, edition 1861, p. 166, that the improved hives were without value except to the amateur, and inferior for practical purposes? Our apiarists not native to our shores, like the late Adam Grimm and Mr. Chas. Dadant, always conceded that Mr. Langstroth was the inventor of this hive, and always proclaimed its usefulness. Well did the late Mr. S. Wagner, the honest, fearless, scholarly and truth-loving editor of the early volumes of the _American Bee Journal_, himself of German origin, say: "When Mr. Langstroth took up this subject, he well knew what Huber had done, and saw wherein he had failed--failing, possibly, only because he aimed at nothing more than constructing an observing hive, suitable for his purposes. Mr. Langstroth's object was other and _higher_. He aimed at making frames movable, interchangeable, and _practically_ serviceable in bee culture." And how true what follows: "_Nobody_ before Mr. Langstroth ever succeeded in devising a mode of making and using a movable frame that was of any practical value in bee culture." No man in the world, beside Mr. Langstroth, was so conversant with this whole subject as was Mr. Wagner. His extensive library and thorough knowledge made him a competent judge. Now that the invention is public property, men will cease to falsify and even perjure themselves, to rob an old man, whose words, writings, and whole life, shine with untarnished ingenuousness. And very soon all will unite with the great majority of intelligent American apiarists of to-day, in rendering to this benefactor of our art, the credit; though he has been hopelessly deprived of the pecuniary benefits of his great invention.

Mr. Langstroth, though he knew of no previous invention of frames contained in a case, when he made his invention, in 1851, does not profess to have been the first to have invented them. Every page of his book shows his transparent honesty, and desire to give all due credit to other writers and inventors. He does claim, and very justly, to have invented the first practical frame hive, the one described in his patent, applied for in January, 1851, and in all three editions of his book.

While the name of the late Baron Von Berlepsch will always stand in the front rank of apiarists, he never gave the world any description of a movable frame hive, until Mr. Langstroth had applied for a patent, and not until the Langstroth hive was largely in use.

It has been claimed that Mr. Andrew Harbison invented and used in his father's apiary, previous to 1851, the Langstroth hive. In the _Dollar Newspaper_ for January 21, 1857, a brother, Mr. W. C. Harbison, who also lived with his father at the time the invention is said to have been made, says: "I will venture the prediction that both Quinby's hive and mine will ere long be cast aside, to give place to a hive constructed in such a manner that the apiarian can have access to every part of the hive at pleasure, without injury to the colony. In this particular both Mr. Quinby and myself have _singly failed_. The invention of such a hive was reserved for Mr. Langstroth." It is significant that J. S. Harbison, another brother, who was also with his father at the time, in his "Bee Culture," San Francisco, 1861, speaks of the Langstroth hive, p. 149, but not of that of his brother. It has also been claimed that W. A. Flanders, Martin Metcalf, and Edward Townley, each invented this hive prior to Mr! Langstroth's invention. Yet, each of these gentlemen wrote a book, in which no mention is made of such an invention. Well might Mr. Langstroth say, "I can well understand what Job meant when he said, 'O! that my enemy had written a book.'" It is also stated that Mr. A. F. Moon was a prior inventor of this hive. Mr. Moon's own testimony, that he not only abandoned his invention, being unable to secure straight combs, but _even forgot all about it_, till it was discovered in an old rubbish pile, shows that he did nothing that would, in court, overthrow Mr. Langstroth's claims, or that in the least conferred any benefit upon bee-keepers. Mr. Maxwell, of Mansfield, Ohio, was another who is said to have anticipated Mr. Langstroth. Yet Mr. Maxwell's own son swears that he helped his father make all his hives, and that his father never used a movable frame till after 1851. Solon Robinson thought his brother. Dr. Robinson, of Jamaica Plains, near Boston, made and used movable frame hives prior to 1852. The wife of Dr. Robinson testified that her husband bought a right to use the Langstroth hive, and with it made his first movable frames.

Every claim, both at home and abroad, to the invention of a practical movable frame hive, prior to that of Mr. Langstroth, when examined, is found to have no substantial foundation. All previous hives were plainly inferior to the improved Huber hive as described in Bevan, p. 106. It is a sad blot upon American apiculture, that he who raised it to the proud height which it occupies to-day, should have been shamefully defrauded of the just reward for his great invention. But it gives me the greatest pleasure to state, that by no possible word could I gather that Mr. Langstroth feels any bitterness towards those who seem wilfully to have stolen his invention, while with a mantle of charity, great as is his noble heart, he covers the thousands who either thought he had no valid claim, or else that the purchase of a right from others, entitled them to his invention. As an inventor and writer on apiculture, Mr. Langstroth will ever be held in grateful memory. How earnestly will American apiarists desire that he may be spared to us until he completes his autobiography, that we may learn how he arrived at his great discovery, and may study the methods by which he gleaned so many rich and valuable truths.

* * * * *

LECANIUM TULIPIFERÆ--Cook.

In the summer of 1870, this louse, which, so far as I know, has never yet been described, and for which I propose the above very appropriate name, tulipiferæ--the Lecanium of the tulip tree--was very common on the tulip trees about the College lawns. So destructive were they that some of the trees were killed outright, others were much injured, and had not the lice for some unknown reason ceased to thrive, we should soon have missed from our grounds one of our most attractive trees.

Since the date above given, I have received these insects, through the several editors of our excellent bee papers, from many of the States, especially those bordering the Ohio River. In Tennessee they seem very common, as they are often noticed in abundance on the fine stately tulip trees of that goodly State--in the South this tulip tree is called the poplar, which is very incorrect, as it is in no way related to the latter. The poplar belongs to the willow family; the tulip to the magnolia, which families are wide apart. In Pennsylvania the louse has been noticed on the cucumber tree--Magnolia acuminata.

Wherever the tulip-tree lice have been observed sucking the sap and vitality from the trees, there the bees have also been seen, lapping up a sweet juicy exudation, which is secreted by the lice. In 1870 I observed that our tulip trees were alive with bees and wasps, even as late as August, though the trees are in blossom only in June. Examination showed that the exuding sweets from these lice were what attracted the bees. This was observed with some anxiety, as the secretion gives off a very nauseating odor.

The oozing secretions from this and other lice, not only of the bark-louse family (Coccidæ), but of the plant-louse family (Aphidæ), are often referred to as honey-dew. Would it not be better to speak of these as insect secretions, and reserve the name honey-dew for sweet secretions from plants, other than those which come from the flowers?

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE LECANIUM TULIPIFERÆ.

The fully developed insect, like all bark lice, is in the form of a scale (Fig. 113, 1), closely applied to the limb or twig on which it works. This insect, like most of its genus, is brown, very convex above, (Fig. 113, 1), and concave beneath, (Fig. 113, 2). On the under side is a cotton-like secretion, which serves to enfold the eggs. Underneath the species in question are two transverse parallel lines of this white down, (Fig. 113, 2). One of them, probably the anterior, is nearly marginal, and is interrupted in the middle; while the other is nearly central, and in place of the interruption at the middle, it has a V-shaped projection back or away from the other line. The form of the scale is quadrangular, and not unlike that of a turtle, (Fig. 113, 1). When fully developed it is a little more than 3-16 of an inch long, and a little more than ⅔ as wide.

Here at Lansing, the small, yellow, oval eggs appear late in August. In Tennessee they would be found under the scales in their cotton wrappings many days earlier. The eggs are 1-40 of an inch long, and 1-65 of an inch wide. These eggs, which are very numerous, hatch in the locality of their development, and the young or larval lice, quite in contrast with their dried, inert, motionless parents, are spry and active. They are oval, (Figs. 113, 3 and 4), yellow; and 1-23 of an inch long, and 1-40 of an inch wide. The eyes, antenna (Fig. 113, 5), and legs, (Fig. 113, 6), are plainly visible when magnified 30 or 40 diameters. The 9-jointed abdomen is deeply emarginate, or cut into posteriorly, (Fig. 113, 3), and on each side of this slit is a projecting stylet or hair, (Figs. 113, 3 and 4), while from between the eyes, on the under side of the head, extends the long recurved beak, (Fig. 113, 4). The larvæ soon leave the scales, crawl about the tree, and finally fasten by inserting their long slender beaks, when they so pump up the sap that they grow with surprising rapidity. In a few weeks their legs and antennæ seem to disappear as they become relatively so small, and the scale-like form is assumed. In the following summer the scale is full-formed and the eggs are developed. Soon the scale, which is but the carcass of the once active louse, drops from the tree, and the work of destruction is left to the young lice, a responsibility which they seem quite ready to assume.

In my observations I have detected no males. Judging from others of the bark-lice, these must possess wings, and will never assume the scale form, though Prof. P. K Uhler writes me that the males of some bark lice are apterous.

REMEDIES.

If valued shade or honey trees are attacked by these insatiate destroyers, they could probably be saved by discreet pruning--cutting off the affected branches before serious injury was done, or by syringing the trees with a solution of whale oil, soap--or even common soft soap would do--just as the young lice are leaving the scales. It would be still better to have the solution hot. Whitman's Fountain Pump is admirable for making such applications.

Fig. 1 is slightly magnified; the others are largely magnified.

* * * * *

MOTHERWORT AS A HONEY PLANT.

(_Leonurus cardiaca L._)

Perhaps none of our common herbs promises better, as a honey plant, than the one in question. It is a very hardy perennial, and once introduced in waste places, it is sure to hold its own, until it becomes desirable to extirpate it, when, at man's bidding, it quickly lets go its hold, so that it is not a dangerous plant to introduce. The blossoms appear at this place about June 25th, and persist for a full month, and during the entire time are crowded with bees, whatever may be the character of the weather, whether wet or dry, warm or cool, whether the plant is in the midst of honey plants or isolated. We are thus assured that the plant is constantly secreting nectar, and is also a favorite with bees. Rape, mustards and borage seem indifferent to the weather, but are not favorites with the bees. Motherwort, then, has three admirable qualities: It is long in bloom, the flowers afford fine honey at all times, and it is a favorite with the bees. If it could be made to bloom about three weeks later, coming in just after basswood, it would have nearly all the desired qualities. I think that we might bring this about by mowing the plants in May. I am led to this opinion from the fact that some plants which we set back by transplanting in May, are still in bloom this August 10th, and are now alive with, bees, dividing their attention with the beautiful cleome, which, is now in full bloom, and fairly noisy with bees.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT.

The stalk is square (Fig. 114), branching, and when cultivated, attains a height of some four feet; though, as it grows in waste places, it is seldom more than three feet. The branches, and also the leaves, are opposite (Figs. 114 and 115), and in the axiles of the latter are whorls of blossoms (Figs. 115 and 116), which succeed each other from below to the top of the branching stems. The corolla is like that of all the mints, while the calyx has five teeth, which are sharp and spine-like in the nutlets as they appear at the base of the leaves (Fig. 115). As they near the top, the whorls of blossoms and succeeding seeds are successively nearer together, and finally become very crowded at the apex (Fig. 116). The leaves are long and palmately lobed (Fig. 115). The small blossom is purple.

THE SOUR-WOOD TREE.

The sorrel tree (_Oxydendrum arboreum_) (Fig. 117), so called because of the acidity of the leaves, is a native of the South, but has been grown even as far north as New York. It often attains no mean dimensions in its native home along the Alleghanies, often reaching upward more than fifty feet, and acquiring a diameter of twelve or fifteen inches.

The flowers are arranged in racemes, are more drooping than represented in the figure, are white, and with the beautiful foliage make an ornamental tree of high rank. The bark is rough, and the wood so soft as to be worthless, either as fuel or for use in the arts. As a honey tree, it is very highly esteemed; in fact, it is the linden of the South.

THE JAPAN MEDLAR.

I have received from J. M. Putnam, of New Orleans, La., flowers of the _Mespilus Japonica_, or Japan plum. He states that it bears a most delicious fruit, blooms from August till January, unless cut off by a severe frost, and is proof against ordinary frosts. He states that it furnishes abundance of delicious honey, and that, too, when his bees were gathering from no other source.

The _Mespilus Germanica_ grows in England, and is much praised for its fruit. From Mr. Putnam's account, the _M. Japonica_ is unprecedented in its length of bloom. We think two months a long time. We pay high tribute to mignonette, cleome and borage, when we tell of four months of bloom; but this is mild praise when compared with this Japan plum, which flowers from August first till January.

The flowers are in a dense panicle, and were still fragrant after their long journey. The leaf is lanceolate, and very thick, some like the wax plant. I should say it was an evergreen. The apiarists of the South are to be congratulated on this valuable acquisition to their bee forage. I hope it will thrive North as well as South.

* * * * *

THE STINGING-BUG.--_Phymata Erosa_, Fabr.

This insect is very widely distributed throughout the United States. I have received it from Maryland to Missouri on the South, and from Michigan to Minnesota on the North. The insect will lie concealed among the flowers, and upon occasion will grasp a bee, hold it off at arm's length, and suck out its blood and life.

This is a Hemipteran, or true bug, and belongs to the family _Phymatidæ Uhr_. It is the _Phymata Erosa_, Fabr., the specific name erosa referring to its jagged appearance. It is also called the "stinging bug," in reference to its habit of repelling intrusion by a painful thrust with its sharp, strong; beak.

The "stinging bug" (Fig. 118) is somewhat jagged in appearance, about three-eighths of an inch long, and generally of a yellow color; though this latter seems quite variable. Frequently there is a distinct greenish hue. Beneath the abdomen, and on the back of the head, thorax and abdomen, it is more or less specked with brown; while across the dorsal aspect of the broadened abdomen is a marked stripe of brown (Fig. 119 _d, d_). Sometimes this stripe is almost wanting, sometimes a mere patch, while rarely the whole abdomen, is very slightly marked, and as often we find it almost wholly brown above and below. The legs (Fig. 119, 6), beak and antennæ (Fig. 119, _a_) are greenish yellow. The beak (Fig. 120) has three joints (Fig. 120, _a, b, c_) and a sharp point (Fig. 120, _d_).

This beak is not only the great weapon of offense, but also the organ through which the food is sucked. By the use of this, the insect has gained the soubriquet of stinging bug. This compact jointed beak is peculiar to all true bugs, and by observing it alone, we are able to distinguish all the very varied forms of this group. The antenna (Fig. 121) is; four-jointed. The first joint (Fig. 121, _a_) is short, the second and third (Fig. 121, _b_ and _c_) are long and slim, while the terminal one (Fig. 121, _d_) is much enlarged. This enlarged joint is one of the characteristics of the genus Phymata, as described by Latreille. But the most curious structural peculiarity of this insect, and the chief character of the genus Phymata, is the enlarged anterior legs (Figs. 122, 123 and 124). These, were they only to aid in locomotion, would seem like awkward, clumsy organs, but when we learn that they are used to grasp and hold their prey, then we can but appreciate and admire their modified form. The femur (Fig. 122, _b_) and the tarsus (Fig. 122, _a_) are toothed, while the latter is greatly enlarged. From the interior lower aspect of the femur (Fig. 123) is the small tibia, while on the lower edge of the tarsus (Fig. 123, d) is a cavity in which rests the single claw. The other four legs (Fig. 125) are much as usual.

This insect, as already intimated, is very predaceous, lying in wait, often almost concealed, among flowers, ready to capture and destroy unwary plant-lice, caterpillars, beetles, butterflies, moths, and even bees and wasps. We have already noticed how well prepared it is for this work by its jaw-like anterior legs, and its sharp, strong, sword-like beak.

It is often caught on the golden rod. This plant, from its very color, tends to conceal the hug, and from the very character of the plant--being attractive as a honey plant to bees--the slow bug is enabled to catch the spry and active honey-bee.

As Prof. Uhler well says of the "stinging-bug": "It is very useful in destroying caterpillars and other vegetable-feeding insects, but is not very discriminating in its tastes, and would as soon seize the useful honey-bee as the pernicious saw-fly." And he might have added that it is equally indifferent to the virtues of our friendly insects like the parasitic and predaceous species.

We note, then, that this bug is not wholly evil, and as its destruction would be well-nigh impossible, for it is as widely scattered as are the flowers in which it lurks, we may well rest its case, at least until its destructiveness becomes more serious than at present.

* * * * *

THE SOUTHERN BEE-KILLERS.

_Mallophora orcina and Mallophora bomboides._

I have received from several of our enterprising bee-keepers of the South--Tennessee, Georgia and Florida--the above insects, with the information that they dart forth from some convenient perch, and with swift and sure aim, grasp a bee, bear it to some bush, when they leisurely suck out all but the mere crust, and cast away the remains. The bee which is thus victimized, is readily known by the small hole in the back, through which the juices were pumped out.

The insects plainly belong to the family Asilidæ, the same that includes the Missouri bee-killer, _Asilus Missouriensis_, the Nebraska bee-killer, _Promachus bastardi_, and other predatory insects, several of which, I regret to say, have the same evil habit of killing and devouring our friends of the hive.

The characters of this family, as given by Loew, one of the greatest authorities on Diptera, or two-winged flies, are prolonged basal cells of the wings, third longitudinal vein bifurcate, third joint of antenna simple, under lip forming a horny sheath, empodium, a projection below and beneath the claws (Fig. 131, _c_), a horny bristle.

The insects in question belong to Loew's third group, Asilina, as the antennæ end in a bristle (Fig. 128), while the second longitudinal vein of the wing (Fig. 129, _b_) runs into the first (Fig. 129, _a_).

The genus is _Mallophora_. The venation of the wings much resembles that of the genus _Promachus_, the same that contains the Nebraska bee-killer, though the form of these insects is very different. The Nebraska bee-killer is long and slim like the _Asilus Missouriensis_ (see Fig. 108), while the one in question is much like the neuter bumble-bee in form.

In _Mallophora_ and _Promachus_, the venation is as represented in Fig. 129, where, as will be seen, the second vein (Fig. 129, _b_) forks, while in the genus Asilus (Fig. 130) the third vein is forked, though in all three genera the third joint of the antennæ (Fig. 128) ends in a prolonged bristle.

One of the most common of these pests, which I am informed by Dr. Hagen, is _Mallophora orcina_, Wied, (Fig. 126) is one inch long, and expands one and three-fourths inches (Fig. 127). The head (Fig. 128) is broad, the eyes black and prominent, the antennæ three-jointed, the last joint terminating in a bristle, while the beak is very large, strong, and like the eyes and antennæ, coal black. This is mostly concealed by the light yellow hairs, which are crowded thick about the mouth and between the eyes.

The thorax is prominent and thickly set with light yellow hairs. The abdomen is narrow, tapering, and covered with yellow hairs except the tip, which is black. Beneath, the insect is clear black, though there are scattering hairs of a grayish yellow color on the black legs. The pulvilli, or feet pads (Fig. 131, _b_) are two in number, bright yellow in color, surmounted by strong black claws (Fig. 131, _a_), while below and between is the sharp spine (Fig, 131, _c_), technically known as the empodium.

I cannot give the distinctions which mark the sexes, nor can I throw any light upon the larval condition of the insect.

The habits of the flies are interesting, if not to our liking. Their flight is like the wind, and perched near the hive, they rush upon the unwary bee returning to the hive with its full load of nectar, and grasping it with their hard strong legs, they bear it to some perch near by, when they pierce the crust, suck out the juices, and drop the carcass, and are then ready to repeat the operation. A hole in the bee shows the cause of its sudden taking off. The eviscerated bee is not always killed at once by this rude onslaught, but often can crawl some distance away from where it falls, before it expires.

Another insect nearly as common is the _Mallophora bomboides_, Wied. This fly might be called a larger edition of the one just described, as in form, habits and appearance, it closely resembles the other. It belongs to the same genus, possessing all the generic characters already pointed out. It is very difficult to capture them, as they are so quick and active.

This fly is one and five-sixteenths inches long, and expands two and a half inches. The head and thorax are much as in the other species. The wings are very long and strong, and, as in the other species, are of a smoky brown color. The abdomen is short, pointed, concave from side to side on the tinder surface, while the grayish yellow hairs are abundant on the legs and whole under portion of the body. The color is a lighter yellow than in the other species. These insects are powerfully built, and if they become numerous, must prove a formidable enemy to the bees.

Another insect very common and destructive in Georgia, though it closely resembles the two just described, is of a different genus. It is the _Laphria thoracica_ of Fabricius. In this genus the third vein is forked, and the third joint of the antenna is without the bristle, though it is elongated and tapering. The insect is black, with yellow hair covering the upper surface of the thorax. The abdomen is wholly black both above and below, though the legs have yellow hairs on the femurs and tibia. This insect belongs to the same family as the others, and has the same habits. It is found North as well as South.

HONEY-COMB CORAL.

A very common fossil found in many parts of the Eastern and Northern United States, is, from its appearance, often called petrified honey-comb. We have many such specimens in our museum. In some cases the cells are hardly larger than a pin-head; in others a quarter of an inch in diameter.

These (Fig. 132) are not fossil honey-comb as many are led to believe, though the resemblance is so striking that no wonder that the public generally are deceived. These specimens are fossil coral, which the paleontologist places in the genus Favosites; favosus being a common species in our State. They are very abundant in the lime rock in northern Michigan, and are very properly denominated honey-stone coral. The animals of which these were once the skeletons, so to speak, are not insects at all, though often called so by men of considerable information. It would be no greater blunder to call an oyster or a clam an insect.

The species of the genus Favosites first appeared in the Upper Silurian rocks, culminated in the Devonian, and disappeared in the early Carboniferous. No insects appeared till the Devonian age, and no Hymenoptera--bees, wasps, etc.--till after the Carboniferous. So the old-time Favosites reared its limestone columns and helped to build islands and continents untold ages--millions upon millions of years--before any flower bloomed, or any bee sipped the precious nectar. In some specimens of this honey-stone coral (Fig. 133), there are to be seen banks of cells, much resembling the paper cells of some of our wasps. This might be called wasp-stone coral, except that both styles were wrought by the self-same animals.

GENERAL INDEX.

PAGE

A B C of Bee Culture 22 Abdomen of Insects 48 Air Tubes 28 Albino Bees 43 Alighting-Board 127 separate from bottom-board 127 Alsike Clover--see clover 228 American Bee Journal 19 Amateurs 11 Anatomy and Physiology 48 of bees 71 of insects 48 internal 56 Antenna 51 Ants 271 remedies for 271 function 51 Apiary, where to locate 120 grounds 152 house--see house apiary 255 position of 152 Apiary Grounds 152 arrangement of 152 improvement of 153 screens for 152 shade for 153 Apiculture, adaptation to women 15 as an avocation 15 fascination of 12 for amateurs 11, 15 for specialists 11 inducements to 12 adaptation to women 15 excellence for amateurs 15 improves the mind 17 recreation 12 yields delicious food 17 profits of 13 requisites to 18 conventions 19 enthusiasm 24 experience 18 mental effort 18 persistence 24 prompt attention 23 publications 19 study and thought 18 visits to other apiarists 18 work 11 unsuited to whom 12 Apidæ Family 34 animals of 35 instincts of 34 Apis Genus 38 animals of 40 characters of 38 Apis Mellifica 41 Aristotle 44 Articulate Branch 27 animals of 27 Artificial Colonies 177 advantages of 177 how made 177 one from one 177 one from several 178 Axioms 277

Barberry 225 figure 226 Barnes' Saw 151 Basswood 237 figure of 237 Bees, as fertilizers 220 burying 254 how to procure 118 injuring fruit 220 kind to purchase 119 kinds in each colony 71 place in the animal kingdom 27 quieted 197 by jarring 198 by smoking 198 value of 120 when to purchase 119 who may keep 11 why keep 12 Bee-Bread--see pollen 111 Bee Dress for Ladies 197 Bee Enemies 262 ants 271 bee-hawk 269 bee-killer 267 bee-louse 268 bee-moth 262 king-bird 272 mice 272 spiders 271 tachina fly 270 toads 272 wasps 271 Bee Gloves 197 Bee Glue--see propolis 112 Bee Hawk 269 remedy for 270 Bee-Keepers' Axioms 277 Bee-Keepers' Magazine 21 Bee-Killer 267 figure of 268 remedies for 268 Bee-Louse 268 figure of 268 remedy for 269 Bee-Moth 262 cocoons of 264 figure of 264 eggs of 263 figure of 264, 265 larva of 263 figure of 264 remedies 266 silk tube of 263 figure of 262, 263 Bee Plants--see plants 220 necessary to success 218 list of 221 Bee Veil 196 figure of 196 Bees Angered 195, 201 by quick movements 195, 201 by sweat 201 Bees Subdued 197 Beeswax 106 from what 106 how separated 211 Beggar-Ticks 244 Bergamot 238 Bevan on the Honey-Bee 22 Bevel-Gauge 126 figure of 126 Bevel Joints 126 Bibliography 44, 113 Bingham Hive 140 figure of 140 Bingham Smoker 199 figure of 199 Black Bees--see German bees 41 Blackberries 236 Blood of Insects 57 Body of Insects 48 parts of 48 Bombus 35 Boneset 288 figure of 241 Bonnet 45 Books for the Apiarist 21 A B C of Bee Culture 22 Bevan's Honey-Bee 22, 113 foreign 22 Gray's Botany 244 Huber 113 Hunter's Manual 23 King's Text-Book 52 Langstroth on the Honey-Bee 21 Neighbour's Apiary 23, 118 Quinby's Mysteries 22 Books for the Entomologist 47, 113 Duncan's Transformations of Insects 113 Kirby & Spence 47 Packard 47, 113 Westwood 47 Reports 47 Fitch 47 Harris 47 Riley 47 Borage 231 figure of 230 Bottom-board 127 figure of 128 immovable 129 Box Hives 122 Boxes 142 Barker & Dicer 143 crate for 144 figure of 142, 143 Harbison 142 figure of 143 Isham 142 figure of 143 position of 144 Russell 142 special support for 142 use 142 Box Honey 142 when to secure 215 where to keep 216 Branch 27 articulata 27 of the honey-bee 27 Breathing of Insects 59 Breathing-mouths 59 Buckwheat 242 figure of 242 Button-ball 238 figure of 240

Cages for introducing queen 184 for shipping queen 186 figure of 187 Calendar 274 Carpenter Bees 36 Catnip 232, 240 Chaff Hives 251 Chrysalids 69 Circulatory System 57 Class 28 insecta 28 of the honey-bee 28 Cleome--see Rocky M't'n bee plant 238 Clover 228 Alsike 228 figure of 229 sweet 228 figure of 230 white 228 figure of 228 Clustering Outside the Hive 153 cause of 153 how prevented 153 adding room 176 extracting 188 shading 153 Cocoons 69 of bees 98 College Course 118 Colonies, always strong 119 how moved 187 Columella 44 Comb 108 cells in 110 worker 110 drone 110 figure of 109 for guide 208 how fastened 157, 158 how made 108, 110 transparency of 110 use of 110 what determines kind 110 Comb Foundation 203 American 204 figure of 203 history of 203 how cut 207 how fastened 209 how made 206 use of 207 Comb Foundation Machine 205 figure of 205 inventor of 205 Comb Honey 215 apparatus to secure 141 care of 216 in boxes 142 in frames 144 in what form 144, 215 marketing 215 when to secure 215 Conventions 19 Corn 235 Cotton 236 figure of 236 Cover for Frames 129 Cover for Hives 129 figure of 130, 131 Crates, section 149 market 216 Cyprian Bee 43

De Geer 45 Digestive Organs 60 Diseases 259 dysentery 247, 259 foul brood 259 Dissection 50, 65 Dissecting Instruments 51, 65 lenses 51, 65 needle points 51 dividers--see separators 146 Dividing Colonies--see artificial colonies 171, 177 Division-board 137 figure of 137 use of 138 Dollar Queens 186 Dorsata Bee 40 Dress for Ladies 197 Drones 86 development of 87 eggs of 87 eyes of 86 function of 83 influence of, on drone progeny 89 jaws of 86 figure of 92 leg of 86 figure of 87 longevity of 88 number of 86 tongue of 86 when in hive 86, 88 why so numerous 89 Dysentery 247, 259

Egg 67 of insects 67 of bee 96 Egyptian Bee 43 Empty Cells 188 importance of 188 how to secure 188 Entrance to Hive 128 Epicranium 48 Extractor, of honey 188 figure of 189 Everett's 190 history of 188 how to use 194 knives for 191 figure of 191 rack for 189 figure of 190 use of 191 when to use 192 wire comb baskets for 189 figure of 189 of wax 212 figure of 213 Extracted Honey 214 market for 214 Extracting Honey 191 how done 194 why done 191 when done 192 Eyes of Insects 53 compound 54 simple 54

Fabricius 46 Family 34 apidæ 34 of the honey-bee 34 Feeder 160 figure of 160, 161 Feeding 159 amount to feed 159 use of 159 what to feed 160 honey 160 sugar 160 flour 163 Female Organs 64 Fertile Workers 77 Fertilization of Flowers by Bees 220 Figwort 238 figure of 238 Fitch's Report 47 Foot-power Saw 151 Foul Brood 259 cause 260 cure for 200 symptoms of 259 Foundation 203 figure of 203 history of 203 use of 203, 207 how cut 207 how fastened 209 how made 206 Frames 132 arrangement for surplus 147 block for making 134 figure of 135 cover for 136 figure of 133, 134 form of 132 Gallup 133 gauge for construction 135 figure of 135 inventor of 123 Langstroth 132 number of 132 section 148 small--see sections 144 space about 136 space between 136 Fruit trees 225

Gallup Frame 133 Geoffroy 45 Genus, apis 38 of the honey-bee 38 German or Black Bee 31 Gleanings in Bee Culture 20 Gloves 197 Golden-rod 242 figure of 243 Grapes Injured by Bees 220 Grape Vines for Shade 153 Gunther 12

Handling Bees 195 Harris' Injurious Insects 47 Harvey 44 Head of Insects 48 organs of 43 Heart of Insects 57 Hexapods--see Insects 30 Hives 122 alighting-board of 127 Bingham 140 figure of 140 bottom-board of 127 figure of 128 box not good 122 chaff 251 cover of 129 division-board for 137 entrance to 128 figure of 124, 130, 155 frames for 132 Huber 138 joints of 126 square 126 figure of 125 bevel 126 figure of 130 Langstroth 123 figure of 124 lumber for 124 movable comb 123 movable frame 122 near the ground 128 nucleus 165 position of 154 figure of 115 Quinby 139 figure of 139 rabbet of 125 size of 124 Honey 104 collected, not secreted 104 defined 104 extracted 193 for food 17 granulated, how dissolved 193 how collected 105 how deposited 105 how transported 105 marketing of 213 natural use of 106 source of 105 bark lice 105, 218 honey-dew 105, 219 plants 105, 210 plant lice 105, 218 other sources 105, 219 Honey-Comb--see comb 108 Honey Extractor--see extractor 188 figure of 189 importance of 188 requisites of 189 use of 191 when to use 192 Honey Knives 191 figure of 191 Honey Plants--see plants 218 for April 223 for May 225 for July 237 for June 228 for August 242 importance of 218 list of 221 House Apiary 255 advantages of 256 are they desirable? 256 objections to 257 Huber 71 Huber Hive 138 kinds of 133 Hunter's Manual 23 Hymenopterous Insects 31 the highest 32 parasitic 32

Imago 70 Insecta 28 animals of 30 class 28 Insects, or Hexapods 30 abdomen of 30 head of 30 imago of 30 larva of 30 pupa of 30 thorax of 30 transformations of 66 transformations, complete 66 transformations, incomplete 70 Introduction of Cell 185 figure of 167 Introduction of Queen 183 Intestines 61 Italian Bees 41, 180 description of 42, 181 figure of Frontispiece history of 41 superiority of 181

Jaws 50 figure of 92 Judas Tree 225 figure of 224

King Bird 27? King's Text-Book 22 Kirby & Spence's Entomology 47, 113

Labium 48 Labrum 48 Ladies' Bee Dress 197 Langstroth, Rev. L. L. 123 Langstroth Frame 132 figure of 124 Langstroth Hive 123 figure of 124 Langstroth on the Honey-Bee 21 Larva 68 Latreille 45 Leaf-Cutting Bee 36 Legs of Insects 90 Linnæus 45 Ligula 49 figure of 91 Location of Apiary 120 Locust Trees 236 Lyonnet 46

Male Organs 62 figure of 63 Mandibles 50 figure of 92 Maple 224, 225 figure of 222 Market--for honey 213 crate for 216 figures of 216, 217 for comb 215 for extracted 214 how to stimulate 213 rules for 215 Mason Bees 36, 37 Maxillæ 50 Megachile 36 Melipona 35 Mice 272 remedy for 272 Mignonette 231 figure of 231 Milk-Weed 232 pollen masses of 233 figure of 233 Mimicry 31 Mouth Parts 48 figure of 49 variation of 50 Movable-Comb Hives 123 two types 123 Moving Colonies 187 Multiplying Colonies 171 Muscles of Insects 56 Mustard 233 figure of 233

Natural History of the Honey-Bee 27 Natural Method of Increase 171 Natural Swarms 171 means to save 173 implements required 173 not desirable 171 second swarms prevented 175 Neighbour, The Apiary 23 Nerves of Insects 57 figure of 58 Neuters 90 cocoon of 98 development of 96 eggs of 96 eyes of 92 figure of 90 function of 99 old workers 99 young workers 99 honey stomach of 92 figure of 60 jaws of 92 figure of 92 larva of 97 figure of 97 longevity of 99 number of 90 pollen baskets of 93 figure of 93 pupa of 98 figure of 97 size of 90 sting of 95 figure of 95 tarsi of 93 figure of 93, 94 tibia of 93 tongue of 92 figure of 91 wings of 92 figure of 38 Nymphs 69

Order 30 of insects 30 of the honey-bee 30 Osmia 37 Ovaries 64 figure of 64

Packard's Entomology 47 Palpi 49 Papers 19 American Bee Journal 19 Bee-Keepers' Magazine 21 Gleanings in Bee Culture 20 Paraglossæ 49 Parasitic Insects 32 Parasitic Bees 37 Parthenogenesis 80 in bees 80 in other insects 81 Plants 220 asters 243 figure of 243 April 223 August 242 barberry 225 figure of 226 basswood 237 figure of 237 beggar-ticks 244 bergamot 238 blackberry 236 boneset 238 figure of 241 buckwheat 243 figure of 243 button-ball 238 figure of 240 catnip 232, 240 clover 228 Alsike 228 figure of 229 sweet 228 figure of 230 white 228 figure of 228 coffee berry 226 corn 235 cotton 236 figure of 236 figwort 238 figure of 238 fruit trees 225 golden-rod 242 figure of 243 Judas tree 225 figure of 224 July 237 June 228 list of 221 locust 236 maples 221, 225 figure of 222 milk-weed 232 pollen-masses 232 figure of 233 mints 232 figure of 232 mignonette 231 figure of 231 mustard 233 figure of 233 okra 232 figure of 231 poplar 225 rape 234 figure of 234 Rocky Mountain bee 238 figure of 239 sage 232 white 226 figure of 227 sour-wood 240 Spanish needles 244 St. John's wort 240 sumac 226 teasel 235 figure of 236 tick-seed 244 tulip tree 234 figure of 235 willow 224 figure of 223 wistaria 225 American 225 figure of 225 Chinese 225 figure of 226 Pliny 44 Poison from Sting 12 innoculation of 12 Poison Sack 95 Pollen 111 function of 112 how carried 111 nature of 111 source of 111 where deposited 112 Preparation for Apiculture 117 college course 118 plan 118 read 117 visit 117 Products of Bees 104 comb 108 figure of 109 honey 104 pollen or bee-bread 111 propolis or bee-glue 112 wax 106 Products of Insects 104 Propolis or Bee-Glue 112 function of 113 nature of 112 source of 112 Publications 19 American Bee Journal 19 Bee-Keepers' Magazine 21 Gleanings in Bee Culture 20 Pupa 68 figure of 69

Queen 71 brood from eggs 78, 164 cages 184 cell 75 figure of 109, 167 introduction of 167 figure of 167 when started 164 where built 164 figure of 109 clipping wing of 168 how done 169 not injurious 168 why done 169 cocoon of 77 development of 75 eggs of 80, 81 how impregnated 81 Wagner's theory 81 fecundity of 83, 84 figure of 72 food of larvæ 76 function of 83 how procured 185 importance of 163 impregnation of 78 only on the wing 79 introduction of 183 laying of 82 longevity of 83 must have empty cells 188 never to be wanting 163, 176 never to be poor 186 no sovereign 85 ovaries of 72 figure of 64 oviduct of 64 piping of 102 rearing of 78, 163, 186 sex of 71 shipping 186 size of 72 spermatheca of 72 sterility of 83 sting of 71 tongue of 73 figure of 73 wings of 73 Queen Cells 75 figure of 109, 167 how secured 164 introduction of 167 figure of 167 Queen Rearing 163, 186 Queen Shipping 186 cage for 186 figure of 187 Queen White Ant 84 fecundity of 84 Quilt 136 Quinby, M. 138 Quinby Hive 139 figure of 139 Quinby's Mysteries of Bee-keeping 22 Quinby Smoker 198 figure of 199

Rabbets for Hive 125 of tin 125 Races of the Honey-Bee 41 Egyptian 43 German or black 41 Italian or Ligurian 41 history of 41 characters of 42 superiority of 181 other 43 Ray 44 Réaumur 45 Respiration 59 Riley's Reports 47 Robbing 258 how checked 258 how prevented 259 when to fear 258 Rocky Mountain Bee Plant 238 figure of 239 Royal Jelly 76 Russell Hive 141

Salicylic Acid 261 use of 261 Sage 232 white 226 figure of 227 Sawdust 154 Saws 151 Barnes' 151 foot-power 151 Second Swarms 102 Secretion 62 Secretory Organs 61 Sections 147 dove-tail 147 figure of 146 Hetherington 146 glassing 146 Phelps-Wheeler-Betsinger 147 figure of 147 veneer 144 glassing 145 Section Block 145 figure of 145 Section Frame 147 figure of 148 where placed 148 Section Rack 149 Doolittle 151 figure of 150, 151 Southard & Ranney's 150 use of 149 Wheeler 151 Senses of Insects 51 hearing 51 seeing 54 smelling 52 feeling 51 Separators 146, 150 figure of 146 tin 148 figure of 149, 150 wooden 146 figure of 146 Shade for Hives 153 ever-greens 154 grape-vines 153 houses 153 use of 153 prevents idleness 153 prevents melting of comb 153 Smokers 198 bellows 198 how used 201 Bingham 199 figure of 199 Quinby 193 figure of 199 Sour-wood 240 Spanish Needles 244 Specialists 11 Species of the Honey-Bee 41 Spermatheca 65 Spiders 271 Spiracles 59 Spring Dwindling 254 Starting an Apiary 117 Sting 95 figure of 95 Stingless Bees 35 Stings 201 cure of 201 St. John's Wort 240 Stomach 60 sucking 60 true 60 Sub-Order 31 Hymenoptera 31 of the honey-bee 31 Sumac 226 Sun-Flower 243 Swammerdam 44 Swarming 101, 171 after-swarms 103 clustering 103 drone-brood started 101 old colony--how known 102 preparation for 101 drone-brood 101 queen cells 101 prevented 176 when to expect 176 Swarms 172 hiving 173 easy method 172 second 172 how prevented 172

Tachina Fly 270 figure of 270 Tailor-Bee 36 Teasel 235 figure of 236 Thorax of Insects 48 appendages of 55 Tick-Seed 244 Toads 272 Tongue 49 Trachea 28, 59 figure of 28 Transferring 156 method of 160 when easiest 156 Transformations of Insects 66 incomplete 70 Trigona 35 Tulip Tree 234 figure of 235

Uniting 253 when advisable 253

Varieties of the Honey-Bee--see races 41 Veil 196 figure of 196 Virgil 44

Wagner 19 Wagner's Theory 81 Wasps 271 remedies for 272 Water for Bees 98 Wax 106 composition of 107 function of 108 how secured 211 importance of 211 source of 106 Wax Extractor 212 figure of 212 Wax Pockets 106 figure of 106 Weiss' Foundation Machine 204 figure of 205 Westwood on Insects 47 Willow 224 figure of 223 Wings 65 clipping 168 figure of 38 of drone 86 of queen 73 of worker 92 figure of 38 Wintering 246 requisites to safe 248 absorbents above bees 253 chaff hives 261 chamber contracted 253 colonies prepared 248 depositories for 252 cellar 232 house 252 house apiary 255 good food 248 late breeding 249 packing-box 250 figure of 250 protected if left out 250 why disastrous 246 excessive moisture 248 extremes of temperature 247 spring dwindling 254 too early cessation of storing 247 unwholesome food 247 Women as Bee-Keepers 15 Workers--see Neuters 90 fertile 77, 90 Wistaria 225 American 225 figure of 225 Chinese 225 figure of 226

Xylocopa 36

INDEX TO APPENDIX.

Bark Louse 286 of Tulip Tree 286 Bee Enemies 286, 293 Berlepsch 284

Debeauvoys' Hive 282 Della Rocca 283 Dzierzon 283 Dzierzon Hive 283

Fossil Honey Comb 301 figures of 301, 302

Grecian Hives 278

Harbison Hive 284 History of Movable Frames 278 Hives 278 Berlepsch 284 Debeauvoys 282 Della Rocca 283 Dzierzon 283 Harbison 284 Huber 278 Langstroth 283 Munn 279 figures of 279, 280 Schirach 283 Schmidt 281 Shaw 282

Insects 286, 293 Laphria thoracica 300 Lecanium tulipiferæ 286 Mallophora bomboides 297 Mallophora orcina 297 Phymata erosa 293

Japan Medlar 293

Kleine 281

Langstroth Hive 283 Laphria thoracica 300 Lecanium tulipiferæ 286 figure of 288

Mallophora bomboides 297 " orcina 297 Motherwort 289 figures of 289, 290, 291 Munn Hive 279 figures of 279, 280

Phymata erosa 293 figures of 294, 295, 296 Plants 289 Japan medlar 293 Motherwort 289 Sour-wood 293

Réaumur 278

Schmidt's Hive 281 Schirach's hive 283 Shaw's Hive 282 Sourwood 292 figure of 292 Southern Bee-killers 297 figures of 297, 298 Stinging Bug 293 figures of 294, 295, 296 Swammerdam 278

Triangular Hive 280 figure of 280

=COOK'S NEW MANUAL OF THE APIARY.=

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I find the Bee Journal an excellent companion and adviser.--L. M. Wainwright, Noblesville, Ind.

The Bee Journal is the largest and best bee paper published.--D. L. Franklin, Boone Co., N. Y.

It has saved me $56.25 in hives alone, to say nothing of the other information.--R. Matthews, Pontiac, Ill.

You have worked up the American Bee Journal almost to perfection.--Orion Siggins, West Hickory, Pa.

I would not do without the American Bee Journal for three times its price.--J. E. Kearns, Waterloo, Pa.

I have learned more from it, of how to handle bees, than from all other sources.--R. Corbett, Malden, Ill.

I consider the Bee Journal the _best_ bee publication--having read them all.--J. E. Hunter, Jones Co., Iowa.

The Journal grows better every month. No bee man should be without it.--John Barfoot, New Canton, Ill.

I do not see how any one can do with out it. I have had bees for 40 years.--A. M. Burnett, Valley Mills, Texas.

The Bee Journal comes loaded with good things. I can not see how it is possible to make it so much better every month.--T. J. Ward, St. Mary's, Ind.

If you keep on improving the Bee Journal as you have within the past year, it must soon become the _ne plus ultra_ of bee literature the World over.--O. W. Speer, Easton, Pa.

I am among the many who are glad that the American Bee Journal fell into the hands of those who have no hobbies to ride nor axes to grind. I only express the views of many others.--F. A. Snell, Milledgeville, Ill.

_PUBLISHED ON THE FIRST DAY OF EVERY MONTH, BY_

=THOMAS G. NEWMAN & SON, 972 & 974 W. Madison St., Chicago.=

=THE AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL=

=APPRECIATIVE NOTICES.=

It is the most valuable publication on bee-culture in America.--_Sun_, Anoka, Minn.

It is authority in all matters pertaining to bee-culture.--_Republican_, Mason City, Iowa.

It stands at the head of American publications devoted to bee-culture.--_Patriot_, Springfield, Mo.

It is a complete guide to those interested in bee-culture.--_Everybody's Ledger_, Lewiston, Pa.

It is most valuable, and will always find a hearty welcome in every apiary.--_Herald_, Los Angeles, Cal.

The American Bee Journal; is a publication of great value to all honey producers.--_Daily News_, Danville, Va.

We recommend the American Bee Journal, as the ablest bee paper in the United States.--_Farmers' Home Journal._

It is progressive, interesting and valuable to every one who keeps bees, and is ably edited.--_Agriculturist_, Quincy, Ill.

It is full of useful suggestions and instructive articles to every one interested in honey producing.--_Democrat_, Allegan, Mich.

It is full to overflowing with matters pertaining to the successful management of the little honey producers--a thoroughly live periodical.--_Standard_, New Bedford, Mass.

The Journal surpasses itself; each issue improves upon the last, in the bright, cheerful appearance and instructive influence of its whole composition.--W. Williamson, Lexington, Ky.

The American Bee Journal is increasing in influence with each number. It is a valuable auxiliary to the bee-keeper, and should be taken and read by all interested in bee-culture.--_Standard_, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

I hail the coming of the Bee Journal with joy. It is the greatest light we have on bee-culture, bringing ideas, not only from the editor, but from all the other experienced bee men of the land.--L. A. Taber, Holyoke, Mass.

In its department of journalism, the American Bee Journal stands without a rival. Devoted exclusively to bee-culture and the production of pure honey, its columns are filled with such matter as a keeper of bees can read and profit by. Its table of contents is as full as it is interesting.--_Gazette_, Lewiston, Pa.

The American Bee Journal ought to be taken by all bee-keepers; it is neatly printed and replete in useful information about bees and honey. It fully describes the habits of those busy extractors of sweets from flowers and herbs, whose products, with the yield from our cows, makes our land literally flow with "milk and honey."--_Maryland Farmer._

The Bee Journal is pre-eminently above all its competitors. It is full of fire, enterprise and vim; it discusses the various questions pertaining to bee-culture with spirit and energetic thought; it is an honor to its Editor and to the interest which sustains it. It has no individual axe to grind, but is the fearless champion of all that is useful and good; steadfast, unwavering, honest; never vacillating or swerving; but true, as the needle to the pole, to the interest of bee-keepers. It should be supported by every one interested in bees or honey.--American Grocer.

=THOMAS G. NEWMAN & SON, Publishers,=

=972 and 974 West Madison St., CHICAGO.=

=Ha! Ha! Ha! Just What I Want!=

The Michigan Bee-Keepers' Association, having all the Smokers before it, "pronounced Bingham's Patent Smoker the best."

J P Moore, of Binghamton, New York, after using one some time, said: "My Smoker troubles are all over, and the bee-keepers owe you a debt of gratitude."

Professor Cook, of Michigan Agricultural College, says: "It is the best in the market."

R. M. Argo, Lowell, Kentucky, says: "It is all that any bee-keeper could desire."

Paul L. Viallon, Bayou Goula, Louisiana, writes, April 6th, 1878: "Your Smokers are far superior to any ever invented; and we bee-keepers owe you a vote of thanks for your Ingenious invention. Many may try to improve on yours, but I am positive none will make a better one."

This is the first and only bellows Smoker ever made which would burn stove-wood. It burns anything combustible, and needs no care except to be refilled once in one or two hours. Works easy, and will throw a stream of smoke ten feet. It will not go out or wear out. It will save time, stings and money, and perhaps a valuable horse.

The inventor is the only party having a right to manufacture said Smoker, and it is safe to buy of him.

Large size, 2½ inch, by mail =$1.75= Standard size, 2 inch, by mail =$1.50= Small size, 1¾ inch, " =$1.00=

Address, =T. F. BINGHAM, Otsego, Allegan Co., Mich.=

* * * * *

=BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON'S HONEY KNIFE.=

These knives are peculiarly constructed, and of the best steel, finish and temper. To secure the credit of our invention and enable us to furnish them cheaply, and of standard excellence to bee-keepers, we have had them patented.

In use, if the combs are held upright the caps are carried away from the combs so they never touch them after being cut off. If the combs are laid on a table to uncap, the movable cap-catcher gathers the wide sheet of caps in a roll, and easily carries all that the largest combs contain without dropping one upon the comb after being cut off. The blade is two inches wide; but as only the edge rests on the combs, they uncap the most delicate combs without tearing, and work as easily as if only one-fourth inch wide.

Sent singly, per express, for =$1.00,= With Movable Cap-catcher, =$1.25.=

As knives are not carried in the mail, we make 10 per cent, reduction from _regular retail rates_ to clubs and others who send the money for three or more, to be sent in one package. [Finger] Send for circular. Address,

=BINGHAM & HETHERINGTON'S, Otsego, Mich.=

* * * * *

Lansing, Mich., Feb. 11, 1879.--After a thorough trial of your honey knife here at the College, we pronounce it decidedly superior to any other that we have used, though we have several of the principal knives made in the United States.

A. J. Cook.

Middlefield, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1879.--I have been using your two-inch uncapping knife the past season. For rapidity and ease in operating, they far excel any knife I have ever used. Its shape and beveled edges make it perfect for uncapping uneven and crooked combs. It works equally well with either right or left stroke. We uncapped hundreds of combs in piece boxes, and both my associates and myself have come to the conclusion that they facilitate the labor fully one-half, and are perfection itself, leaving nothing to be desired.

A. G. Murphy.

Cherry Valley, N. Y., Jan. 5, 1879.--I received the knives all right, and on account of their superiority I feel that you, and bee-keepers as well, are entitled to a report on them. For my own use I much prefer them to any knife I have ever uncapped with, for the reason that I can uncap much more honey. A better test is in the hands of three or four of my men who used them for several consecutive days, and without exception pronounced them the best knives I owned. One even went so far as to insist that he could uncap one-third; faster than with any other knife I had, and when uncapping prize boxes he satisfactorily demonstrated it. You may send me half a dozen for my own apiaries.

J. E. Hetherington.

The Michigan Bee-Keepers' Association especially recommends the Bingham & Hetherington Honey Knife and the Bingham Smoker.

=Muth's All-Metal Honey Extractor.=

Patented Sept. 24th, 1878.

Every bee-keeper is aware of the advantages afforded by a judicious use of the Honey Extractor. The inventions of the movable comb frames by Rev. L. L. Langstroth, and that of the Honey Extractor by Major v. Hruschka, are the greatest achievements in the apiary. They have made it possible to multiply our practical results tenfold, and to put a system to bee-culture.

Quite a number of different styles of extractors have been made since their first invention, about 10 or 12 years ago. Mine differs from others by the slanting sides of the comb basket, arranged above a receptacle for honey in the same tin can, and with a substantial gearing which requires not more than the strength of a child to work the machine all day with ease; frames of different sizes, but smaller than the comb-basket, and pieces of comb without a frame, are placed against the slanting sides, and without being fastened, emptied of their contents completely, and, to the uninitiated, in an incredulous short time.

The cells having a downward tendency, empty more readily, both in top and bottom of frames, than when in a vertical position, as every practical test will show, and the flying of honey, in the shape of a fine spray, over the top of the can is prevented.

There is a receptacle for 60 lbs. or more of honey in the extractor, according to the depth of the comb-basket, which can be made of any size desired--for instance, for Langstroth's and Quinby's frames, the comb-basket is 18½ inches deep, and the receiver holds about 65 lbs. of honey. If the American frame is the largest to be extracted, the comb-basket is only 12 inches deep, while the extractor holds about 140 lbs. of honey before it touches the revolving basket and needs to be drawn off by the iron faucet at the bottom.

My standard size of comb-basket is 12¼ × 18½ inches, and admits the Langstroth, Quinby and American frames. When ordering, please state the largest size of frames used.

When, after the honey season, a number of small frames are unfinished, six of them can be piled against each side of the comb-basket for extraction; or, short comb-holders, which are sent with each Extractor, may be hung on each side, and only four sections emptied at one time.

Extracting two large frames at one time is much the handiest arrangement, and generally satisfies the most ambitious; but the Extractor can be made large enough to hold four frames, at an additional cost of $2.50. A close-fitting cover keeps dust, flies and bees out when extracting is over. I was obliged to cover my improvement with a patent, merely to protect my interest.

My Extractor is second to none for all practical purposes, and one of the cheapest in the market in consideration of material and workmanship.

=Muth's Uncapping Knife,=

=PRICE FOR EXTRACTOR AND KNIFE, $12.00.=

For further particulars, address

=C. F. MUTH, Cincinnati, O.=

=BARNES' PATENT=

=FOOT-POWER MACHINERY.=

_Fifteen Different Machines,_

With which Builders, Cabinet Makers, Wagon Makers, and Jobbers in Miscellaneous work, can compete as to _Quality_ and _Price_ with steam-power machinery.

WILL SEND MACHINES ON TRIAL IF DESIRED.

_Every Bee-Keeper should have an outfit from these Machines for hive-making._

We give the following letter from Mr. W. P. Hogarty, of Wyandotte, Kans., to show their usefulness. He says: "If any criticise your circular saw, you can tell them I use it, and with one hand, made all my bee hives for ninety-five stands of bees, including frames and section brace, and I feel perfectly able to do the work for one hundred and fifty stands." * * * "In order that you may know the amount of work on each of my hives, will say, they are two feet long, by two feet high, by about two feet wide. They are double walled and double bottomed, with two inch intervening; and in addition to the nine frames, there are fifteen cases, each case containing two honey boxes and two division boards, and three boxes to contain chaff for winter protection. You will see there is an immense amount of sawing to be done, but I have found your saw equal to the task required of it."

We will send our illustrated catalogue FREE on application. Say where you read this, and address

W. F. & JOHN BARNES,

_Rockford, Winnebago Co., Ill._

NEW LANGSTROTH BEE HIVE,

WITH MANIPULATING SIDE.

This Improvement in the old Langstroth Hive Is exceedingly valuable, as it allows the closest watching of a colony with the greatest ease and comfort. By turning the thumb-screw (L) and opening the movable side (which takes but an instant), frames can be examined, by removing the loose side-board (M), the bottom-board may be cleaned--giving the advantages claimed for a loose bottom-board, without its disadvantages.

This Hive is a combination the Langstroth Hive and North Star Hive--as pated June 5, 1877--and, no doubt, will gain universal approbation as soon as its advantages are known.

The New Langstroth hive is peculiarly adapted for the production of comb honey--its Honey Rack is the best in use, and is adapted to the use of the Prize Boxes. It holds 18 Prize Boxes, with the separators between them, marked B B in the cut. The wedge (A) holds all with a vise-like grasp. The outer boxes are glassed as they stand on the hive (C C C). By removing the wedge (A) any box may be instantly removed, examined, returned, or replaced by an empty one--the spaces between the rows readily admitting the fingers for that purpose.

=SAMPLE NEW LANGSTROTH HIVE=--Nailed, Not Painted.

No. 1.--Brood Chamber, 10 frames, portico, 7½-inch cap--no surplus arrangement $2 00

No. 2.--Same as No. 1, with Comb-Honey Back, complete, same as shown by the above cuts 3 00

No. 3.--Same as No. 1, but having 20 frames, and Comb-Honey Back--a complete 3-story hive 3 75

No. 4.--Brood Chamber, 10 frames, and 7-inch story, with 7 cases containing Prize Boxes and tin Separators, for surplus Honey, with 2-inch cap 3 00

No. 5.--Same as No. 4--but having 10 extra frames--a complete 3-story hive 3 75

No. 6.--Brood Chamber, with 10 extra frames, for extracting, and 2-inch cap, 3 00

[Finger] _If painted, add $1.00 each._ [Finger2]

=MATERIAL FOR NEW LANGSTROTH HIVES.=

CUT, READY TO NAIL-(14⅛ × 18⅜ inches inside).

In lots of 5 No. 1--(one-story), $1 25 " 10 " " 1 20 " 25 " " 1 10 " 50 " " 1 05 " 100 " " 1 00

In lots of 5 No. 6--(two-story), $1 80 " 10 " " 1 70 " 25 " " 1 60 " 50 " " 1 53 " 100 " " 1 50

=MATERIAL FOR LANGSTROTH FRAMES.=

CUT, READY TO NAIL--(9⅛ × 17⅝ inches outside).

100 frames $1 50 1,000 frames $14 00 6,000 frames, per 1,000 $12 00

[Finger] For sale at wholesale and retail. Address

=SPERRY & CHANDLER, 974 W. Madison St., CHICAGO,=

_Or at the AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL OFFICE._

PRICES TO SUIT THE TIMES. LANGSTROTH AND MODEST HIVES FOR THE MILLION!

HONEY BOXES AND SECTIONS,

Plain and dove-tailed, are large specialties.

=COMB FOUNDATION,=

We are producing in large quantities, and of superior quality. Our facilities are such that we can supply in any quantity desired on short notice, and all favoring us with their orders shall have prompt and satisfactory attention.

=WAX TO BE MADE INTO FOUNDATION.=

Lots of 100 lbs. and upwards sent us, with 12½c. per lb., freight prepaid, will be made up and cut to any size, and delivered on board cars here.

=ITALIAN QUEENS!=

The superiority of the Queens reared in our apiaries is so well established, we shall not here detail their merits; but to those wishing honey-producing stock, combined with prolificness, we will say they are not beaten.

Dowagiac, Michigan, November 20, 1878.

In regard to your bees, if you were my enemy, and I had anything to say about your stock, I should say the truth, that I count yours worth more than twice that or any of the numerous strains that I have tested. They converted me to yellow bees,, notwithstanding that they are not near as yellow as those I had formerly. I advise you not to buy, or take as a gift, any other blood; but just stand right where you are, and perfect the strain by carefully breeding out any imperfections that may show themselves, and breeding in all the good qualities your bees now possess. I shall do the same, purchasing of none but you. I have hybrids crossed by your stock, that are quiet, good-natured, and splendid comb-builders and storers.

Yours truly. JAMES HEDDON.

_Extractors, Smokers, Bee Veils,_

and everything needed in the apiary, supplied at the lowest living rates. Order your goods early, remembering that large yields of honey are only obtained by having everything ready for securing it.

=J. OATMAN & SONS, Dundee, Ill.=

=THE BEST IS THE CHEAPEST!=

COFFINBERRY'S

=EXCELSIOR HONEY EXTRACTOR!=

From Eight to Fourteen Dollars.

Having made several improvements in the EXCELSIOR EXTRACTOR for 1879, it is now offered to the Bee-Keepers of America as the MOST PERFECT MACHINE IN THE MARKET. The universal favor with which the EXCELSIOR EXTRACTOR was received in 1878, has induced other manufacturers to adopt several of its improvements. My experience and experiments of last season, with the assistance and suggestions of skillful workmen, have enabled me to perfect an Extractor that =cannot be excelled, and can only be equaled by being closely imitated=.

The Excelsior is made entirely of metal, and is consequently very light, strong and durable, with lugs at the bottom for firmly attaching to the floor if desired.

The strong over-motion gearing, so necessary to ease in running and speedy operating, was designed and is manufactured expressly for the Excelsior. A child ten years of age can operate the machine as rapidly as it can be supplied with combs.

The top or cross-band, to which is attached the gearing, is wrought iron, three inches broad, with the ends turned down in such manner as to thoroughly brace and strengthen the can, and holding the basket firmly in an upright position.

The Comb Basket having vertical sides, insures the extracting power alike for top and bottom of frames. The sides of the basket being movable and interchangeable, greatly facilitate the operation of dusting before and thoroughly cleaning after use if desired.

The basket can be taken from or replaced in the can in a moment, there being no rusty screws to take out or nuts to remove.

At the bottom of the can, and below the basket, is a cone or metal standard, in the top of which revolves the bottom pivot of the basket, thereby giving room for sixty or seventy pounds of honey without touching the basket or pivot below.

Nos. 3, 4 and 5 have strainers covering the canal leading to the faucet, which obviate the delay of several hours in waiting for the honey to settle, and the tedious and wasteful process of skimming. The faucet being below the bottom level of the honey, renders unnecessary the usual tipping and wrenching incident to drawing off the honey. These also have close-fitting metal covers, which entirely exclude dust, dirt, flies and bees when not in use.

The baskets of Nos. 4 and 5 have no center rod running from top to bottom, which will be found very convenient by those who uncap both sides of the comb before putting in the basket, as they can be turned without removal.

The strong iron handles placed at the sides, a little above the center, are completely side-braced, and add much to convenience in handling.

The wire baskets are very neat specimens of skillful workmanship, thoroughly braced at every point where experience has proven it to be most requisite, and nothing has been omitted that could add to its efficiency.

The No. 4, for =three= frames, has a triangular basket, movable sides, no center rod, runs smoothly regardless of number of frames, and is fast superseding the demand for four-sided baskets.

=A LOWER PRICED MACHINE.=

A cheaper machine being called for by those having but few colonies, and not making a specialty of bee-keeping, I have made a special size to take the Langstroth frame, and one for the American, to sell at =$8.00= each. These have no covers or strainer, and are smaller than the $12.00 and $14.00 sizes, but for the frames named are equal to the others for effective work, and are the =best cheap Extractors made=.

=Sizes and Prices:=

No. 1.--For 2 Langstroth frames, 10 × 18 inches $8 00 " 2.--For 2 American frames, 13 × 13 inches 8 00 " 3.--For 2 frames, 13 × 20 inches, or less (which embraces all standard sizes) 12 00 " 4.--For 3 " " " " 12 00 " 5.--For 4 " " " " 14 00

[Finger] A liberal discount to dealers in Bee-Keepers' supplies and to parties ordering in quantity. Address, =C. C. COFFINBERRY, Chicago, Ill.,=

Or =American Bee Journal, Chicago, Ill.=, where samples can be seen.

REV. A. SALISBURY. JOHN M. HAYES.

=SALISBURY & HAYES,=

Propagators of

FINE QUEENS AND BEES,

From Imported and Home-bred Mothers.

=Manufacturers of Comb Foundation,=

HIVES,

=Surplus Honey Boxes,=

_QUEEN SHIPPING CAGES, &c._

=Dealers in ALL NECESSARY APIARY SUPPLIES.=

All work executed in good style, and prices to suit the times.

[Finger] Send for Circular.

=SALISBURY & HAYES,=

_Camargo, Douglas County, Ill._

* * * * *

FRIENDS! If you are in any way interested in

Bees or Honey!

We will with pleasure send you a sample copy of our

MONTHLY GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTURE,

With a Descriptive Price-List of the latest improvements in

HIVES, HONEY EXTRACTORS, ARTIFICIAL COMB,

=SECTION HONEY BOXES,=

All books and journals, and everything pertaining to bee culture.

* * * * *

NOTHING PATENTED

* * * * *

Simply send your address on a postal card, written plainly, to

=A. I. ROOT, Medina, Ohio.=

HALLOCK & CHANDLER

DESIGNERS AND ENGRAVER

ON WOOD

89 Madison Street,

Corner of Dearborn, Chicago.

[Finger] Mr. Chandler, of the above firm, being a practical bee-keeper, will personally supervise the execution of all designs and engravings for bee-keepers and dealers in apiarian supplies.

[Finger] _Prices Moderate and Satisfaction Guaranteed._ [Finger2]

* * * * *

=Italian Bees and Queens,=

COMB FOUNDATION,

=HIVES, HONEY EXTRACTORS,=

_SURPLUS HONEY BOXES OF EVERY STYLE,_

=FOOT-POWER SAWS,=

BEE SMOKERS, SEEDS FOR HONEY PLANTS, CASES AND RACKS FOR HIVES, SHIPPING CRATES. HONEY KNIVES, QUEEN CAGES,

=AND EVERYTHING USEFUL IN AN APIARY.=

[Finger] Our Illustrated Catalogue of Implements for the Apiary, SENT FREE.

Address, =THOMAS G. NEWMAN & SON,= =972 and 974 West Madison St., Chicago.=

=PUBLICATIONS FOR THE APIARY,=

FOR SALE AT THE OFFICE OF

_The American Bee Journal,_

=974 West Madison Street, Chicago, Ill.=

* * * * *

=COOK'S NEW MANUAL OF THE APIARY.=

This is a new edition of Prof. Cook's Manual of the Apiary, entirely re-written, greatly enlarged and superbly illustrated.

Being new, it is fully up with the times on every conceivable subject that interests the apiarist. It is not only instructive, but intensely interesting.

It comprises a full delineation of the anatomy and physiology of the Honey-Bee, illustrated with costly wood engravings, full descriptions of honey-producing plants, trees and shrubs, &c., splendidly illustrated--and last, though not least, detailed instructions for the successful accomplishment of all the various manipulations necessary in the apiary.

This work is a masterly production, and one that no bee-keeper, however limited his means, can afford to do without.

It is printed in the best style of the art, on fine book paper, and superbly illustrated throughout. Price, bound in cloth, $1.25, postpaid; in paper binding, $1.00, postpaid.

=THE HIVE AND HONEY-BEE, by L. L. Langstroth.=

This is a standard volume, well illustrated and nicely printed. Price, $2.00.

=MYSTERIES OF BEE-KEEPING, by M. Quinby.=

The author has treated the subject of Bee-Keeping in a manner that cannot fail to interest all who read this work. Price, $1.50.

=THE DZIERZON THEORY; being a full elucidation of Scientific Bee-Keeping.=

This "theory" presents in the form of distinct propositions, the fundamental principles of bee-culture, and in this work the late Baron of Berlepsch furnishes a condensed statement of the facts and arguments by which these propositions are demonstrated. It is of untold value to beginners and all others who desire to study the subject of apiculture. It is just what thousands want.

It contains 60 pages and is printed on fine book paper. Price, postpaid, 20 cents, or three copies for 50 cents.

=HONEY, AS FOOD AND MEDICINE, by the Editor of the American Bee Journal.=

This is a pamphlet of 24 pages, discoursing upon the Ancient History of Bees and Honey; the nature, quality, sources, and preparation of Honey for the Market; Honey, as an article of Food, giving recipes for making Honey Cakes, Cookies, Puddings, Foam, Wines, &c.; and Honey as Medicine, followed by many useful Recipes. It is intended for consumers, and should be scattered by thousands all over the country, and thus assist in creating a demand for honey.--Prices: Single copies, 10 cents postpaid; 15 copies for $1.00 by mail, postpaid; 100 copies, with name and address of honey-producer printed on them, $5.00 by mail, postpaid; 250 copies, by express, at 4 cents each; 500 or more copies, by express, at 3 cents each. It is published in German also at the same prices.

=WINTERING BEES; How to do it Successfully.=

This contains all the Prize Essays on this important subject that were read before the Centennial Bee-Keepers' Association. The prize ($25 in gold) was awarded to Prof. Cook's Essay, which is reported in full in this pamphlet.

It contains 30 pages and is printed on fine book paper. Price, 15 cents, or five copies for 50 cents.

=SPECIAL EDITION of the Journal.=

Containing the Official Report of the Proceedings of the National Convention, hold in New York, Oct., 16-18, 1877, with all the Essays and Discussions,--together with a description of the implements for the Apiary, on exhibition at the American Institute Fair.--Price 10 cents.

[Finger] _Send by Postal Money Order, Draft or Registered Letter at our risk._

=THOMAS G. NEWMAN & SON,=

_974 West Madison Street, Chicago, Ill,_

* * * * *

Transcriber Note

Minor typos corrected. Discrepancies between the table of Contents' section titles and that displayed in the Chapter were corrected. The Illustrations list ended at number 110 but the volume has 133 numbered illustrations. So, a copy of the list for numbers 111 to 133 was appended from the Seventh Edition.