Part 3

8. The words “well,” “so,” and “ill” will be used as follows: He is an ill-tempered man; he is very ill tempered. Well-meant intentions; his intentions are well meant. His so-called poem; his poem (so called) is, etc. But generally adverbs are not compounded with adjectives which they qualify: A divinely inspired book; a finely modeled statue; a nicely kept lawn.

USE OF FIGURES.

1. Where figures are used to express the time of day, use the period to separate the hours and minutes: It was 5.30 p. m.; 10.02 a. m.

2. Use degree and minute marks after figures in all cases referring to degrees and minutes, and where whole numbers and decimals are used place the marks after the decimals, as 14.25°; 13.5′; 24.36″.

3. In straight matter and reading columns of tables, where decimal fractions occur without a unit, put a cipher in the unit’s place: 0.38; but a .38-caliber revolver.

4. Omit the comma in serial numbers: No. 165473; section 2436.

5. Use inferior figures in all chemical symbols, and omit spaces between the letters and signs.

6. Use superior figures in connection with reference letters, as A^1, A^2, _a_^1, _a_^2.

7. It is impossible to give definite rules that will govern in all cases as to what should go in figures and what should be spelled out. It is a question which must be left to the judgment of the workman. General rules which will serve as a guide to the tendency of the style follow:

PUT IN FIGURES--

=Distances=: 50 miles; 17 yards; 8 leagues.

=Clock time=: 10.25 p. m.; 12 o’clock and 30 minutes; half past 9.

=Weights=: 12 pounds of beef; 4 hundredweight of stone; 8 centals of wheat; 2 grams of powder.

=Measures=: 40 bushels of wheat; 1 gallon of wine; 15 knots; 6 acres; 9 hectares.

=Degrees, etc.=: 17° 24′ 17″; 10° below zero; in longitude 46° west (but tenth meridian of longitude, sixth degree of latitude, etc.).

=Dimensions=: 16 feet square; 24 by (not x) 12 feet; 2 by 6 inch plank; 4 kilometers square.

=Percentage=: 15 per cent; 27.4 per cent; but one-half of 1 per cent, etc.

=Money=: $2 per 100 pounds; $1.37½ per bale; 35 cents apiece; a 25-cent piece; 20 francs.

=Age=: My age is 52 years and 6 months; a boy 6 years old; 3-year-old colt; 3-months-old child; wine 8 years old (but a boy about six years old; wine four or five years old--where indefinite and isolated, spell out).

=Population=: The population of Chicago is 1,000,000, of whom 150,000 are voters; a hamlet of 18 persons. (But see paragraphs 9 and 10 under “Spell out.”)

=Bonds or stocks=: Gold is 109; Metropolitan Railroad, 109; 5-20 bonds; 10-40 bonds; 7.30 bonds; 3.65 bonds; 4½ per cent bonds; 3 per cent bonds; 3½ percents; 4 percents. Where the word “bonds” does not follow the designating expression, spell out, as five-twenties, ten-forties, three-sixty-fives, four-and-a-halfs, threes, etc.

=Votes, ballots, etc.=: 75 votes; 50 ballots; 300 voters; 167 Democrats; 14 majority.

=Definite enumerations= (when of a statistical character): 275 persons, 6 sleek horses, 20 head of sheep, 9 dusty travelers; 43 reports, covering 109 pages. (But see paragraph 9 under “Spell out.”)

=Dates=: June 29, A. D. 1882; December 6, 1846; the 1st of January, 1883; June 12; the 5th instant; the 20th day of March; the 1st (day) of the month. July 4, 1776, was the great day which gave to the world the celebrated Declaration of Independence, and now our Fourth of July is something to be remembered by all patriotic Americans; 4th of July claims.

=Serial numbers=: Section 3; No. 1728; paragraph 247; page 125; volume 6 (or Volume VI, as written); 1536 Ninth street; Route No. 17342; clerk of class 3.

SPELL OUT--

1. Length of time: It lasted fifteen years; we were three days on the way; four hours and ten minutes.

2. Amounts or numbers larger than 1,000, if spelled, are expressed thus: One thousand eight hundred and fifty dollars; A. D. eighteen hundred and fifty; number seventeen hundred and twenty-two. But in serial numbers, where even multiples of one thousand occur, use the word “thousand,” as section two thousand and four (not twenty hundred and four); paragraph seven thousand and sixty-nine.

3. When beginning a sentence: Five million dollars’ worth; in other cases, $5,000,000 worth.

4. All amounts beginning sentences or paragraphs, except when, in testimony, an answer begins with a serial or complex number, in which case use figures. Examples:

Q. In what year was that?--A. 1876. Q. What was the amount involved?--A. $101.50. Q. How much was the sum?--A. Five (or fifteen, or sixty-seven) dollars.

5. Numbered streets of all cities, except in tabular matter.

6. Regimental numbers of United States Regular or Volunteer Army, as Eighth Infantry, One hundred and ninth Ohio Regiment, Third Massachusetts Cavalry.

7. Sums of money, when they are referred to in a general way, as “four or five millions,” or “I would not contribute one dollar to such a purpose.” [This is not to be construed as meaning round numbers, but simply a general or indefinite statement.]

8. Isolated fractions not connected with whole numbers, as one-fourth, three-tenths.

9. Isolated enumerations less than 10: “I saw three men at work.” “There were four horses in the field.”

10. Number of persons, when not in statistical matter or when general or indefinite: “There were thirty or forty persons in the town.”

11. When numbers are mentioned casually, or by way of illustration, or in connection with serious and dignified subjects, they should be spelled out:

In nine hundred and ninety-nine cases out of every thousand. It is now five years since I first took my stand in opposition to this measure, and if my stay among you should be extended to twenty years instead of five, I shall still be found opposing it with the same earnestness as at first. Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute. The twelve Apostles. The three Graces. The nine Muses. The seven wise men of Greece. For twelve years he struggled manfully and the thirteenth year crowned his efforts with success. Congress has now been in session two months and three weeks, lacking two days. It is twenty-four years since the rebellion turned the two sections of our country into two armed bodies composed of two or three million men. It is the twelfth hour which is dreaded most at night by superstitions mortals. At eleven and a half o’clock. In the thirtieth degree of latitude the thermometer reached the fifth degree above zero.

12. When a paper is divided into clauses numbered “1, 2, 3,” etc., in the copy, put in figures; but if written “1st, 2d, 3d,” etc., spell out.

TABULAR WORK.

=_Box heads_=.--Box heads should be run across whenever practicable; if it is necessary to run them up, reduce to the minimum depth.

In boxes of two or more lines which run across, or where two or more boxes occur in the same head, use en quads above and below the greater number of lines.

In boxes of three lines or more in depth and 10 ems or more in width over reading columns or over several figure columns, and in all run-up heads of three lines or more, make hanging indention; otherwise center each line.

In boxes containing two lines the first line must be the longer when possible.

=_Contractions_=.--In columns of names of persons, follow copy in the use of contractions of given names; but to avoid overruns always contract such names as William and Charles. Use “Co.” for “Company” where the name of the company is given; use “R. R.” for railroad and “Rwy.” for railway where the name of the railroad or railway is given, and use Bro. and Bros. in firm names. Contract names of months whenever the day of the month is given, excepting in first columns consisting of dates only, which may, however, be contracted to save overruns. All other well-known contractions can be used, by direction of copy preparer, to save overruns. The following contractions for months of the year will be used:

January Jan. February Feb. March Mar. April Apr. May May June June July July August Aug. September Sept. October Oct. November Nov. December Dec.

=_Use of “dittoes.”_=--Ditto whenever it can properly be done, and ditto under blank spaces in all cases excepting center heads, but never ditto under leaders.

In columns less than 6 ems in width use 1½ ems of quads (in addition to en quad used for bearing off) or 2 ems of leaders, as may be required, before the “do.”; in columns of 6 ems and over, use 2 ems of quads (in addition to en quad used for bearing off) or 2½ ems of leaders.

In first columns, where flush headings are used with indentions under them, proportionate allowance must be made for those indentions, and it will generally be indicated by the copy preparer.

=_Date columns._=--In 7-em date columns, bear off 3-em space from rules, use only en commas after day of month, and put the remaining space between month and day. Observe same style in 5-em date columns, with the exception of using en quads instead of 3-em spaces in bearing off from rules.

Ditto in both 5 and 7 em columns.

=_Leading from top or bottom lines_=.--Where there is only one reading column, lead from the bottom; if more than one, from the top.

Date columns are not classified as reading columns in connection with leading from top line.

In parallel tables, where the lines are numbered on the outside of each page, lead from the top.

Where the last word in a leader line runs close to the rule, use en leader if space permits; if not, use a thin space, but never use a full point, excepting where a reference mark follows an abbreviation.

Unless specially directed otherwise, continue leaders across entire width of tables when the right-hand columns are of figures; when the last column is a reading column, omit the leaders from that column only.

=_Figures in reading columns_=.--Numerical expressions in reading columns will be expressed in figures, even at the beginning of the sentence: 155 days from Dec. 1; trains 3 times a day.

=_Figures from or against rules._=--In figure columns bear off an en quad from rules on right of figures; and so make the cast as to bear off the longest line of figures an en quad from the rule on the left where possible. If crowded, and but few figures will touch, close up on the left; if still more crowded, close up on the right. If found necessary to set the figures in one column against the rule on the right (which, by the way, must always be done before closing up on the left when the mass of figures is of nearly even width), do the same with the remaining columns of the table. Exceptions will be marked by copy preparer.

Common fractions to be set against rules unless otherwise indicated.

=_Decimals._=--In columns of figures containing decimals omit the point and ciphers where no decimal occurs. This rule does not apply to money columns consisting of both dollars and cents, where the points and ciphers will be used. Always align the decimal points.

=_Dollar mark._=--Repeat dollar mark under rules in continuous tables; also in leader work where center heads occur indicating a separate or independent statement. But in statements where amounts are added to make a general aggregate do not repeat the dollar mark, even where center heads occur.

=_Parallel dashes._=--Use parallel dashes in figure columns in all cases where necessary to cut off from figures following. This rule will apply also to leader work.

=_Tables in rules._=--In tables inclosed in rules, where the first column consists of figures, do not use leaders. [This rule will not apply to date columns or to reading columns clearly requiring leaders.] Bear off matter one em from side rules.

=_Full point in leader lines._=--Use full point between abbreviation and reference mark in leader lines, as Boston, Mass.† ...

=_Blanks for center heads._=--Use full blank line above and below all center heads in stubs or reading columns, excepting where leaders run back far enough to clear the head, in which case use only a line of en quads below.

=_Plus and minus marks._=--Plus and minus marks in figure columns must be aligned when occurring at left of figures.

=_Dates and figures in reading columns._=--Do not range dates or figures in first or reading columns unless figures are added up to make a total. This rule will apply also to leader work.

=_En-quadded tables._=--Use en quads in runovers [copy preparers will give instructions when change is desired]; scabbard will not be allowed; all box heads solid.

=_Reference marks._=--Set off all reference marks a 5-em space when preceding words or figures. Use superior figures (^1, ^2, ^3, etc.) for reference marks and footnotes in all cases, unless otherwise instructed. In a series of short footnotes range the reference marks, and also the first letter of the note.

=_Words in figure columns._=--Range all words occurring in figure columns one en from rule on right; also capitalize and use full point.

=_Indention from rules._=--An indention from a rule means so many ems in addition to the en quad used for bearing off.

=_Word “number.”_=--Spell the word “number,” referring to quantity or things, in box heads where possible. Where necessary to abbreviate or where used in connection with serial figures, use “No.”

=_Flush and sub heads._=--Use colons after flush heads and em dashes after heads subordinate thereto.

=_Units of quantity._=--Units of quantity to the right of reading columns and over figure columns will be spelled where possible. Where the space available demands a contraction, use the following forms: Dolls., galls., lbs., oz., bbls., cwt., yds., ft., in. (inches), doz., bush., M, sq. feet, M feet, cub. feet, kilo., kilos. Observe style of the following table:

[[TABLE -- PART 1 of 2]] -------------------------------------------+-------------------+ | Between Chicago, | | Ill., and-- | Articles. +---------+---------+ | Jackson-| Athens, | | ville, | and Ma- | | Fla. | con, Ga.| -------------------------------------------+---------+---------+ Agricultural implements: | | | C. L. (weight 20,000 pounds) per 100 lbs | $0.87 | $0.85 | C. L. (weight 20,000 pounds), released, | | | per 100 pounds | .58 | .58 | Apples, onions, potatoes, cabbage, beets, | | | and turnips, straight and mixed, C. L. | | | per 100 lbs | .43 | .43 | Beans and pease, in barrels or sacks do | .73 | .71 | Butter: | | | Dairy-- | | | In wood do | 1.35 | 1.47 | In wood, released do | 1.00 | 1.06 | Flour: | | | In barrels per barrel | .44 | .74 | In sacks per 100 pounds | .28 | .41 | Grain, in bulk, C. L. do | .27 | .37 | Hominy and grits per barrel | .54 | .73 | -------------------------------------------+---------+---------+

[[TABLE -- PART 2 of 2]] -------------------------------------------+---------------------------- | Between St. Louis, Mo., | and-- Articles. +---------+---------+-------- | Jackson-| Athens, |Atlanta, | ville, | Ga. | Ga. | Fla. | | -------------------------------------------+---------+---------+-------- Agricultural implements: | | | C. L. (weight 20,000 pounds) per 100 lbs | $0.84 | $0.82 | $0.82 C. L. (weight 20,000 pounds), released, | | | per 100 pounds | .56 | .56 | .56 Apples, onions, potatoes, cabbage, beets, | | | and turnips, straight and mixed, C. L. | | | per 100 lbs | .41 | .41 | .41 Beans and pease, in barrels or sacks do | .70 | .68 | .68 Butter: | | | Dairy-- | | | In wood do | 1.23 | 1.25 | 1.35 In wood, released do | .95 | 1.01 | 1.01 Flour: | | | In barrels per barrel | .48 | .68 | .62 In sacks per 100 pounds | .23 | .38 | .35 Grain, in bulk, C. L. do | .22 | .32 | .29 Hominy and grits per barrel | .56 | .64 | .58 -------------------------------------------+---------+---------+--------

=_Leader work._=--Leader work is not classified as tabular work.

=_Continued heads._=--Continued heads over tables must be condensed into one line where possible.

FOLLOW--FOL. LIT.

1. Copy marked “fol.” means to follow figures, italics, abbreviations, idiomatic words and expressions, and &c. or etc., but not capitalization or punctuation. The exceptions are: (1) Always spell out the & except in firm names; (2) always spell out the % mark; (3) always use “at” or “to,” as the case may be, instead of the commercial @. All orthography in “fol.” matter is good that has the sanction of any dictionary.

2. Copy marked “fol. lit.” means follow everything--caps, punctuation, and contractions.

COURT WORK.

COURT OF CLAIMS OPINIONS, BRIEFS, AND DECISIONS.

1. In the case of _The United States_ v. _Union Pacific Railroad Company_ (99 U. S., 22), the court

2. In the case of _United States_ v. _The Union Pacific Railroad Company_ (99 U. S., 33), the court

3. (_The United States_ v. _Union Pacific R. R. Co._)

4. (_United States_ v. _The Union Pacific R. R. Co._)

5. In _Taylor’s Case_ (16 C. Cls. R., 14) the claimant. (_Taylor’s Case_, 16 C. Cls. R., 14.)

6. In _Taylor_ v. _Smith_ the court held

7. _Edwards’s Lessee_ v. _Darby_ (12 Wheat., 210)

8. _Legal-Tender Case_ (110 U. S., 334)

9. (_Ex parte_ Robinson, 19 Wall., 304)

10. In Taylor’s Case the court say; in the case of Taylor there was

11. In the case of _Payne_ (7 U. S., 252)

12. By the _Act of March 3, 1881_, chapter 34, section 4 (Rev. Stat., § 33).

13. _Bowman Act_ (22 Stat. L., ch. 4, § 9, p. 284); the Bowman Act was referred to.

14. _Act 5th August, 1882_ (Supp. Rev. Stat., 284; Stat. L., 84).

15. In the petition (Rec., p. 7) there is

16. In the record (p. 7; Test., p. 7; Ev., p. 7; Rec., p. 9; q. 7; c. q. 7; int. 7; c. int. 7; qq. 6-9; c. qq. 7-9; ints. 9, 10)

17. Finding VI--the sixth finding; section 6--the sixth section.

18. Omit quotation marks for exhibits in all cases except “fol. lit.”

19. “United States” to be used in the singular number where practicable.

20. In Court of Claims records, when questions are numbered, let the number precede the question: 23. Question.

21. Spell out “Question” and “Answer” and make separate paragraphs.

22. When the title of the case is braced to the left, the rule is to have the braced portion occupy two-thirds of the line; but this may be varied to avoid bad divisions or when there is but little matter inside the brace.

23. Make sentences of citations, excepting (p. 84) or (pp. 90-95).

(See also “FOLLOW--FOL. LIT.”)

SUPREME COURT RECORDS.

24. X Int. X Int. 1. X 20. 24. X. 24. Q. 24. Question. X Q. 1. 24. Int. 1. X Q. X Ques. 1. 1. Add. Direct. 2. R. D. Q. 3. Re D. Q. 4. R. X Q. Re X Q. 1. R. X Int. 1. 5. Re X Q. 24th. Cross-ques. 46th. Cross-int. 46. Cross-int. 46. Cross-ques. 46. C. Int. 46th. C. Int. Answer to Cross-int. 1.

1. Follow copy literally, except italics (which stand for errors only), capitalization, and punctuation.

2. Use italic letters to indicate errors of orthography and apostrophes to indicate errors of omission. In case of a doublet, italicize the repeated portion. Use no dashes, but indicate blanks with quads.

3. Make paragraphs of answers in Q. and A. matter.

4. Use apostrophes in unusual abbreviations, such as Feb’y, c’t, etc.; but in well-established abbreviations use the period, as Mr., deft., plff.

5. Many words, although not spelled according to Webster, if sanctioned by other authorities, should be set without italic letters.

6. Italics should not be used to indicate errors of syntax, or errors of orthography, in foreign languages, except in law terms, as fi_a_ri f_e_cias; nor should italics be used in variations of orthography of proper names of persons or places.

7. Where the name of a corporation occurs beginning with the word “the,” use a cap. T, thus: the said The B. & O. R. R. Co.; The Sun v. The Globe; The City of Washington v. The B. & O. R. R. Co.; the defendant The Davies County Bank.

8. Errors in italics will always be indicated by roman letters, thus: _fi_e_r_e _f_e_cias_, _co_n_plain_e_ants_.

9. Names of vessels will be set in roman, quoted.

10. Do not change the spelling of proper names, nor use italics to indicate errors therein.

(See also “FOLLOW--FOL. LIT.”)

GENERAL TESTIMONY.

1. Contract the first Q. and A., as well as the following ones.

2. Make one paragraph of question and answer, connecting the question and its answer by an em dash.

3. Where the answer is not introduced by the usual “A.,” “Ans.,” or “Answer,” or where the name or title of a participant is used, make a new paragraph.

4. The following examples illustrate the use of brackets, colons, and parentheses:

The CHAIRMAN (to Mr. Smith). Mr. KELLEY (to the chairman). The WITNESS. He did it that way [indicating].

Q. (By Mr. SMITH.) Do you know these men [handing witness a list]? (Objected to.) A. (After examining list.) Yes; I do.

Q. (Continuing.)--A. (Reads:) Question (continuing).--Answer (reads): A. (Interrupting.) Answer (interrupting). (Counsel objects to its admission.)

5. Observe punctuation in the following paragraphs:

The defendant, George Brown, stated to the court, etc. [where there is only one defendant (or plaintiff) in the case]. The defendant George Brown stated to the court, etc. [where there are two or more defendants (or plaintiffs) in the case].

(See also “FOLLOW--FOL. LIT.” and paragraph 3 under “MISCELLANEOUS.”)

USE OF ITALIC.

1. Names of vessels and generic names should be set in italic, except in tabular matter, indexes, lists set in columns, and Supreme Court work.

2. The words “see,” “see also,” etc., in italic in indexes only.

3. Italic will not be followed in general work, either for foreign words or for emphasis, unless special instructions to that effect are given.

4. When letters are used as references in explaining diagrams, figures, etc., use italic for lower-case references and roman for caps, not quoted: Cogwheel _a_; pinion B; angle _ab_; line CD; points _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, _e_.

(See also “FOLLOW--FOL. LIT.”)

MISCELLANEOUS.

1. Use spaces in place of hyphens in Indian names.

2. Treat all side and cut-in notes as paragraphs.

3. Observe the following examples of punctuation: