CHAPTER XVI

SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES

=235. General.=--Quite a large number of classification schemes have been devised by Continental, American and British librarians, in which books are systematically arranged according to related topics, and marked with a notation which enables any book or subject to be distinguished by its number, for purposes of shelving, charging and cataloguing. All the best known of such schemes are described in Brown’s _Library Classification and Cataloguing_, London, 1912, and Richardson’s _Classification_, 1912. It will be sufficient to name the methods of Harris, Perkins and Smith, of America; Edwards and Sonnenschein, of England; Bonazzi, of Italy; and Hartwig, of Germany, which, with the well-known French scheme of Brunet, make up a very interesting collection of international contributions to the classification of books. None of these schemes has been adopted in more than one or two libraries, so that their influence is not sufficiently widespread to make any further description of their details necessary. It will be much more helpful to librarians if the chief systems of classification are mentioned which fulfil every requirement as regards notation and general adaptability to library work, and have been put to the practical test of application in a number of libraries. The systems in question are the Decimal, Expansive, Library of Congress, and Subject, the last being English and the three others American. They have all been extensively adopted, and each exists as a separate printed work, with an index; a vital part of any method of classification. Unprinted schemes, or those of merely theoretical interest, have little practical value, and though every librarian has his own ideas of classification, and generally manages to graft them on to the scheme of some other person, and even to nibble away at his original, it is the best and wisest course to adopt a complete, printed and accessible scheme with as little modification as possible.

=236. Decimal Classification.=--This, the most popular and widely applied of all library schemes, was invented by Melvil Dewey in 1873-76, and has been under revision constantly since, and is to-day in general a very extensive and detailed scheme. As indicated by its name, the system is divided into groups of ten, and from this results an admirable notation of unlimited expansibility.

Its chief divisions are as follows:

000 GENERAL WORKS.

010 Bibliography. 020 Library Economy. 030 General Cyclopædias. 040 General Collections. 050 General Periodicals. 060 General Societies. 070 Newspapers. 080 Special Libraries. 090 Book Rarities.

100 PHILOSOPHY.

110 Metaphysics 120 Metaphysics: Special Topics. 130 Mind and Body. 140 Philosophical Systems. 150 Mental Faculties, Psychology. 160 Logic. 170 Ethics. 180 Ancient Philosophers. 190 Modern Philosophers.

200 RELIGION.

210 Natural Theology. 220 Bible. 230 Doctrinal Theology. 240 Devotional and Practical. 350 Homiletic, Pastoral, etc. 260 Church Institutions. 270 Religious History. 280 Christian Churches and Sects. 290 Non-Christian Religions.

300 SOCIOLOGY.

310 Statistics. 320 Political Science. 330 Political Economy. 340 Law. 350 Administration. 360 Associations. 370 Education. 380 Commerce, etc. 390 Customs, Costumes, Folklore.

400 PHILOLOGY.

410 Comparative. 420 English. 430 German. 440 French. 450 Italian. 460 Spanish. 470 Latin. 480 Greek. 490 Minor Languages.

500 NATURAL SCIENCE.

510 Mathematics. 520 Astronomy. 530 Physics. 540 Chemistry 550 Geology. 560 Palæontology. 570 Biology. 580 Botany. 590 Zoology.

600 USEFUL ARTS.

610 Medicine. 620 Engineering. 630 Agriculture. 640 Domestic Economy. 650 Communications. 660 Chemical Technology. 670 Manufactures. 680 Mechanic Trades. 690 Building.

700 FINE ARTS.

710 Landscape Gardening. 720 Architecture. 730 Sculpture. 740 Drawing, Decoration. 750 Painting. 760 Engraving. 770 Photography. 780 Music. 790 Amusements.

800 LITERATURE.

810 American. 820 English. 830 German. 840 French. 850 Italian. 860 Spanish. 870 Latin. 880 Greek. 890 Minor Languages.

900 HISTORY.

910 Geography and Description. 920 Biography. 930 Ancient History. 940 Europe. } 950 Asia. } 960 Africa. } 970 N. America. } Modern. 980 S. America. } 990 Oceanica and Polar Regions. }

This scheme is published separately as _Tables and Index of the Decimal Classification and relative Index for arranging and cataloguing Libraries, Clippings, Notes, etc._, by Melvil Dewey, Boston, and has been largely expanded, with an elaborate additional apparatus of form and relation marks, by the Institut International de Bibliographie, Brussels.

=237. Expansive Classification.=--This system was devised by Charles Amni Cutter, a well-known American librarian, and author of the code of _Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue_, which has been a text-book for many years. The Expansive Classification has not been adopted to any extent in Britain, but is printed in a series of seven classifications of progressive fullness, and completely indexed, and so becomes one of the methods to be studied.

An outline of the scheme follows:

A Generalia

A General works Ae General encyclopædias Ap General periodicals Ar Reference works As General societies

B-D Spiritual sciences

B Philosophy Ba-Bf National philosophies and Systems of philosophy Bg Metaphysics Bh Logic Bi Psychology Bm Moral philosophy Br Religion, Natural theology Bt Religions Bu Folk-lore Ca Judaism Cb Bible Cc Christianity Cce Patristics Ce Apologetics, Evidences Cf Doctrinal theology Ck Ethical theology Cp Ritual theology and Church polity Cx Pastoral theology Cz Sermons D Ecclesiastical history Dk Particular churches and sects

E-G Historical sciences E Biography and Portraits F-Fz History F Universal history F02 Ancient history F03 Modern history F04 Mediæval history F11-F99 History of single countries (using local list) Fa-Fw Allied studies, as Chronology, Philosophy of history, History of civilization, Antiquities, Numismatics, Chivalry, Heraldry

G Geography, Travels

G11-G99 Single countries (using local list) Ga Ancient geography Gf Surveying and Map-making Gz Maps

H-K Social sciences

Hb Statistics Hc Economics He Production Hf Labour Hi Slavery Hj Transportation Hk Distribution, Commerce Hm Money Hn Banking Hr Private finance Ht Taxation and Public finance Hu Tariff Hw Property, Capital Hz Consumption

I Demotics, Sociology Ic Crime Ig Charity Ih Providence Ik Education

J Civics, Government, Political science Ju Constitutions and Politics K Legislation and Law Kd Public Documents

L-Q Natural sciences

L General works, Metrics _Lb-Lg_ _Number and space_ Lb Mathematics _Lh-Lr_ _Matter and force_ Lh Physics Lo Chemistry Lr Astronomy _M-Q_ _Matter and life_ M Natural history Mg Geology, incl. Mineralogy, Crystallography, Physical geography, Meteorology, Palæontology My Biology N Botany Cryptogams Phanerogams O Zoology Invertebrates P Vertebrates Pg Mammals Pw Anthropology, Ethnology, Ethnography

Q Medicine

R-Z Arts

R General works, Exhibitions, Patents Rd-Rg Extractive arts Rd Mining Re Metallurgy Rf Agriculture Rh Horticulture Ri Silviculture Rj Animaliculture Rq Chemic arts Rt Electric arts Ry Domestic arts Rz Food and Cookery

S Constructive arts, Engineering Sg Building Sj Sanitary engineering Sl Hydraulic engineering St Transportation and Communication

T Fabricative arts, Machinery, Manufacturing and Handicrafts

U Protective arts, _i.e._ Military and Naval Arts, Life- preserving, Fire-fighting

V Athletic and Recreative arts, Sports and Games Vs Gymnastics Vt Theatre Vv Music

W Fine arts, plastic and graphic We Landscape gardening Wf Architecture Wk Casting, Baking, Firing Wm Drawing Wp Painting Wq Engraving Wr Photography Ws Decorative arts, including Costume

X-Yf Communicative arts (by language) X Philology X Inscriptions X Language Y Literature Yf English Fiction

Z Book arts (making and use of books) Za-Zk Production Za Authorship Zb Rhetoric Zd Writing Zh Printing Zk Binding Zl Distribution (Publishing and Bookselling) Zp Storage and Use (Libraries) Zu Description (Zu Bibliography; Zx Selection of reading; Zy Literary history; Zz National bibliography)

This scheme is published separately as _Expansive Classification: the first six Expansions_, by C. A. Cutter, Boston, 1891, etc., and a seventh expansion of the work is being issued under the supervision of W. P. Cutter, nephew of the author, but no parts have been published for several years.

=238. Library of Congress.=--This is the elaborate and detailed scheme applied to the great Library of Congress, and is the work of its classification department. Its outline (1909) is based upon that of the Expansive scheme of Cutter which is shown above, but is varied to meet what are thought to be the special needs of the American national library. Each of the classes has been published separately in convenient form with an index.

The main classes and divisions of the Library of Congress Classification are as follows:

A General Works. Polygraphy

AC Collections. Series. Collected Works AE Encyclopædias AG General reference works (other than encyclopædias) AI Indexes AM Museums AN Newspapers AP Periodicals AS Societies. Academies AY Year-books. Almanacs AZ General history of knowledge and learning

B Philosophy. Religion

B-J Philosophy B Collections. History. Systems BC Logic BD Metaphysics Introductions to Philosophy. Treatises Epistemology. Theory of knowledge Onotology Cosmology. Teleology Philosophy of religion BF Psychology BH Esthetics BJ Ethics

BL-BV Religion. Theology

BL Religions. Mythology. Cults BM Theology. Generalities BN Historical (Church history) BQ Exegetical (Bible, etc.) BS Systematic (Dogmatics. Apologetics) BV Practical (Pastoral. Homiletics. Liturgies)

C History--Auxiliary sciences

CA Philosophy of history CB History of civilization (general and general special only) CC Antiquities. General CD Archives. Diplomatics CE Chronology CJ Numismatics CN Epigraphy. Inscriptions CE Heraldry CS Genealogy CT Biography

D History and Topography (except America)

D General history DA British history 20-690 England 700-749 Wales 750-890 Scotland 900-995 Ireland DB Austria-Hungary DC France DD Germany DE Classical antiquity DF Greece DG Italy

DH-DJ Netherlands 1-399 Belgium and Holland 901-921 Belgium 901-916 Luxemburg. Holland DK Russia 100-400 Russia. General. 401-438 Poland 451-470 Finland 751-999 Russia in Asia DL Scandinavia 1- 81 Scandinavia. General 101-296 Denmark 301-398 Iceland 401-595 Norway 601-996 Sweden DP Spain and Portugal 1-462 Spain 500-902 Portugal DQ Switzerland DR Turkey and the Balkan States DS Asia DT Africa DU Australia and Oceania

E-F America

E America (general) and United States (general) F United States (local) and America outside of U.S.

G Geography. Anthropology

G Geography. Voyages. Travel (general) GA Mathematical and astronomical geography GB Physical geography GC Oceanology and oceanography GD Biography GF Anthropogeography GN Anthropology. Somatology. Ethnology. Ethnography, (general). Prehistoric archæology GR Folk-lore GT Culture and civilization. Manners and customs GV Sports and amusements. Games

H Social Sciences. General

HA Statistics HB Economics, Theory Economic history. National production, economic situation (by countries) HD Economic history. Organization and situation of agriculture and industries Land. Agriculture Corporations Labour Industries HE Transportation and communication HF Commerce, including tariff HG Finance Money Banking Insurance HJ Public finance HM Sociology. General and theoretical HN Social history. Social reform Social groups Family, marriage, women Associations, secret societies, clubs, etc. Communities: Urban, Rural Classes. Aristocracy, third estate, bourgeoisie, peasantry, labouring classes, proletariate, serfs Nations. Races HV Social pathology. Philanthropy. Charities and corrections HX Socialism. Communism. Anarchism J Political science. Documents 1-9 Official gazettes 10-99 United States 100-999 Other countries. JA General works JC Theory of state JF Constitutional history and administration. General JK United States JL Other American States JN Europe JQ Asia, Africa, Australia, and Pacific Islands JS Local Government JV Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration JX International law K Law L Education. General works LA History of education LB Theory and practice. Educational psychology. Teaching LC Special forms, relations, and applications LD Universities and colleges LE Other American LF Europe LG Asia, Africa, Oceania LH University, college, and school magazines, etc. LJ College fraternities and their publications LT Text-books (general only; special text-books go with their subjects, B-Z)

M Music ML Musical literature MT Theory

N Fine Arts. General NA Architecture NB Sculpture and related arts NC Graphic arts in general. Drawing and design ND Painting NE Engraving NF Photography (in art). _See_ TR NK Art applied to industry. Decoration and ornament

P Language and Literature Philology and Linguistics PA Classical philology 1-199 General 201-891 Greek languages 1001-1151 Mediæval and modern 2001-2899 Latin language PB Modern European languages. General works Celtic language Romance languages Teutonic languages General Gothic Scandinavian PE English PF Frisian Dutch German PG Slavic languages Lithuanian Lettish PH Finnish Hungarian Albanian Basque PJ Oriental languages. General works Hamitic Semitic PK Indo-Iranian Armenian Caucasian PL Languages of Eastern Asia, Oceania, Africa PM Hyperborean languages American languages

PN-PV Literary History. Literature PZ Fiction

Q Science. General

QA Mathematics 801-999 Analytic mechanics QB Astronomy 281-349 Geodesy QC Physics 81-119 Weights and measures 801-999 Terrestrial magnetism and meteorology QD Chemistry 901-999 Crystallography QE Geology _cf._ BG, GC 351-499 Mineralogy and petrology 701-999 Palæontology QH Natural history 201-299 Microscopy 301-999 General biology QK Botany QL Zoology 801-999 General anatomy and embryology QM Human anatomy QP Physiology QR Bacteriology

R Medicine. General RA State medicine. Documents Public health Medical climatology. Hospitals Jurisprudence RB Pathology RC Practice of medicine RD Surgery RE Ophthalmology RF Otology. Phrenology. Laryngology RG Gynecology and obstetrics RJ Pediatrics RK Dentistry RL Dermatology RM Therapeutics RS Pharmacy and materia medica RT Nursing RV Botanic, Thomsonian and Eclectic medicine RZ Miscellaneous schools and arts

S Agriculture. Plant and Animal Industry General agriculture, soils, fertilizers, farm implements, etc. SB General plant culture, including field crops. Horticulture. Landscape gardening and parks. Pests and diseases SD Forestry SF Animal husbandry. Veterinary medicine Fish culture and fisheries. Angling SK Hunting. Game protection

T Technology. General TA-TH _Building and Engineering Group_ TA Engineering. General. Civil engineering TC Hydraulic engineering (harbours, rivers, canals) TD Sanitary and municipal engineering TE Roads and pavements TF Railroads TG Bridges and roofs TH Building construction 9111-9600 Fire prevention, fire extinction TJ-TL _Mechanical Group_ TJ Mechanical engineering TK Electric engineering and industries TL Motor vehicles. Cycles. Aeronautics TN-TR _Chemical Group_ TN Mineral industries TP Chemical technology TR Photography TS-TX _Composite Group_ TS Manufactures TT Trades TX Domestic science

U Military Science. General UA Armies. Organization and distribution UB Administration UC Maintenance and transportation UD Infantry UE Cavalry UF Artillery UG Military engineering UH Minor services

V Naval Science. General VA Navies. Organization and distribution VB Administration VC Maintenance VD Seamen VE Marines VF Ordnance VG Minor services VK Navigation VM Shipbuilding and marine engineering

Z Bibliography and Library Science

=239. Subject Classification.=--This, the most recent British scheme, is the work of the author of this manual, James Duff Brown; is a complete, homogeneous, detailed and well-indexed scheme, and is selected for notice as being generally applicable to British libraries of all kinds, although it is not likely to oust the Decimal scheme from its priority of place. It is based on the principle of placing all topics in a logical sequence; of keeping applications of theory as close as possible to the foundation theory; and of providing one place only for each important topic. The complications and intersections of human knowledge prevent anything more than an approximation to this ideal, but it has been found in actual practice to be a classification scheme which works easily and harmoniously.

The following extracts from its valuable introduction will give the best view of the principles on which the system is based:

“THE ORDER OF THE MAIN CLASSES.--The reasons which determined the adoption of a certain sequence of classes in this system may be briefly set forth here, instead of any argument or attempt to justify the order. The battle which has raged, and is still raging, among scientists, as to the best and most desirable order in which to arrange the great branches of human knowledge in order to produce a ‘hierarchy,’ must deter a non-scientific classifier from arguing on such a complicated and difficult topic. It will, therefore, suffice if I briefly describe the main classes in their order and give reasons why they were assigned to the places they occupy.

“A GENERALIA.--The divisions of this main class comprise most of the rules, methods and factors which are of general application, and which qualify or pervade every branch of science, industry or human study. They are universal and pervasive, and cannot be logically assigned to any other single main class as peculiar or germane to it.

“B, C, D PHYSICAL SCIENCES.--Matter, force, motion and their applications are assumed to precede life and mind, and for that reason the material side of science, with its applications, has been selected as a foundation main class on which to construct the system.

“E, F BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE.--Life and its forms, arising out of matter, occupy the second place among the main classes, and here are put general biological theories and facts, followed by plant and animal life, each in an ascending order from low to high forms of organization.

“G, H ETHNOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL SCIENCE.--Human life, its varieties, physical history, disorders and recreations, follows naturally as a higher development of plant and animal life, and completes the biological chain.

“I ECONOMIC BIOLOGY AND DOMESTIC ARTS.--The applications of plant and animal life to human needs, placed midway between the physical and mental attributes of man as indicating the primitive exercise of mind, and to assemble in one sequence the chief biological subjects. As a matter of practical convenience, rather than logical necessity, it was thought better to keep composite subjects like Agriculture, Clothing, Foods, etc.--involving questions of origin, use and manufacture--all in one place, close to the main classes from which they are derived, rather than to distribute them more closely at Botany or Zoology.

“J, K PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION.--Mental attributes, order and beliefs of human life, following naturally from its physical basis, and primitive manifestation in the instinct of procuring food and clothing.

“L SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.--Social order and laws of human life. Placed here because, although society or family and other tribal organizations may have preceded religion, mind as embodied in philosophy must have preceded both.

“M LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.--Communication and recording in human life. The spoken, written and printed word, which grew as a necessity out of the primitive operations of mind.

“N LITERARY FORMS.--The products of communication and recording in human life in their more imaginative forms; placed here on the ground that fable probably preceded more formal history.

“O-X HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, BIOGRAPHY.--The actions, records and descriptions of human life and its dwelling-place. Arranged in this order and at this place because of their intimate connexion. Geography, although logically related to Physiography and Biography to Ethnology, are, nevertheless, as a matter of practical utility, and because of the literature actually existing, more naturally grouped here than separated.

“The order of the classes may, therefore, be briefly described as expressing:

1. Matter. 2. Life. 3. Mind. 4. Record.”[8]

[8] From _Subject Classification_, by James Duff Brown, 1906, pp. 11-13; second edition, 1914.

The only serious objection which has been urged against this scheme is the inclusion of Education, Logic, Mathematics, and the Graphic and Plastic Arts in Generalia. This course is, however, fully justified by the somewhat amusing circumstance, that the critics are unable to agree among themselves as to the exact logical place of any of the series. While one insists that Logic should be placed in Philosophy, he is bound to admit that it ought not to be separated from Mathematics, while on the other hand he cannot allow arithmetic, book-keeping and geometry to invade the sacred temple of the philosophers. Education is even a greater stumbling-block. It is variously assigned to Psychology, Sociology, Philology and Ethnology by different critics, and Fine Arts is equally perplexing. In actual practice in a library, there is really no inconvenience felt in connexion with the distribution of any of these classes, and as they do not originate naturally from any of the other main divisions, but qualify and pervade the whole of them like an encyclopædia, or other general work, it will be found best to retain them where they are. The other important features of this system are described below.

THE CATEGORICAL TABLES form an important feature, whereby a separate series of forms, phases and other qualifying factors are provided, which can be applied to every subject, and so relieve the main tables from congestion. They are applicable to the very largest libraries, and give ample means of subdividing any topic, however large it may be. They can also be used with other systems of classification, as they are independent of the main tables and form a series of parallel numbers by which the classification numbers can be themselves classified. For example, a library may have 1000 books on a subject like Architecture in general, to all of which the simple number B300 would be applied. By adding the qualifying numbers from the Categorical Tables, which appear after a point, and are invariably the same when applied to any subject, the following sub-classification would result, which has the effect of assembling all related forms of books together:

B300 Architecture, General B300·1 -- Bibliography B300·2 -- Dictionaries B300·3 -- Text-books, Systematic B300·4 -- -- Popular B300·6 -- Societies B300·7 -- Periodicals B300·10 -- History

and so on.

If, in addition to those general works, the library possessed several hundreds of books on Building Construction, B305, these would be subdivided in exactly the same manner, as would also any subdivision of the same topic, such as Foundations, Walls, Roofs, etc.:

B305·1 Building Construction, Bibliography B305·3 -- -- Text-books, Systematic B305·10 -- -- History B329·1 Roofs, Bibliography

These categorical tables are therefore of universal application, and as they contain nearly one thousand qualifying forms, phases, etc., it will be seen that their use will greatly simplify the practical work of classification.

As will be seen by the above examples, the symbols of the Notation are perfectly simple combinations of letters and numbers. By treating the numbers decimally, it is possible to intercalate as many new ones as desired between any of the existing numbers, thus providing an infinity of places.

The Index is very extensive in the number of subject-words it contains, and comprises practically every topic likely to be encountered in ordinary practice. The Classification Tables themselves provide places somewhere for every remote subject, and the Introduction describes how such out-of-the-way matters are to be treated.

It is impossible to set forth all the features of this system of classification--its elaborate series of _biographical numbers_ for arranging Fiction, Poetry and other alphabetical classes; its new system of short _date-marks_; its rules for the _arrangement of special subjects_, authors, etc.; and its notes on the simplification of the whole subject of book classification. Reference can only be made to the Summary Table of Main Classes for an idea of the size and style of the book.

SUMMARY TABLE OF MAIN CLASSES, WITH ABRIDGED NOTATION

_Main Classes_

A--Generalia B-D--Physical Science E-F--Biological Science G-H--Ethnology, Medicine I--Economic Biology, Domestic Arts J-K--Philosophy and Religion L--Social and Political Science M--Language and Literature N--Literary Forms, Fiction, Poetry O-W--History and Geography X--Biography

A Generalia A0 Generalia A1 Education A3 Logic A4 Mathematics A5 Geometry A6 Graphic and Plastic Arts A9 General Science

B, C, D Physical Science

B0 Physics, Dynamics B1 Mechanical engineering B2 Civil engineering B3 Architecture B5 Railways, Vehicles B6 Transport, Shipbuilding B8 Naval and Military science

C0 Electricity C1 Optics C2 Heat C3 Acoustics C4 Music C8 Astronomy

D0 Physiography D1 Hydrography, Hydrostatics D2 Meteorology, Pneumatics D3 Geology, Petrology D4 Crystallography, Mineralogy D6 Metallurgy, Mining, Metal trades D7 Chemistry D9 Chemical technology

E, F Biological Science

E0 Biology E1 Botany E2 Cryptogams E3 Phanerogams F0 Zoology F1 Metazoa F2 Mollusca F3 Insecta F4 Pisces (Fishes) F5 Reptilia F6 Aves (Birds) F7 Mammalia

G, H Ethnology and Medicine

G0 Ethnology G2 Human Anatomy and Physiology G3 Pathology G4 Materia medica G5 Therapeutics G6 Functions, Organs, Osteology G7 Nervous system G8 Sensory system G9 Respiratory system H0 Blood and Circulation H1 Digestive system H2 Urinary system H3 Reproductive system H4 Skin and Hair H5 Parasitical and Infectious diseases H6 Ambulance, Hospitals, Hygiene H7 Physical Training and Exercises H8 Field sports H9 Recreative arts

I Economic Biology, Domestic Arts

I0 Agriculture, Dairy farming I1 Veterinary medicine I2 Milling, Gardening, Forestry I3 Wood-working I4 Textile manufactures I5 Clothing trades I6 Costume. Jewellery I7 Vegetable and Animal products I8 Foods and Beverages I9 Gastronomy. Domestic economy

J, K Philosophy and Religion

J0 Metaphysics J1 Æsthetics, Psychology J2 Ethics J3 Philosophy J4 Theology, Religion, general J5 Mythology, Folk-lore J6 Church doctrines J7 Fasts and Festivals J8 Church Government K0 Non-Christian churches K1 Bible K3 Christology K4 Early and Eastern Christian churches K5 Monachism K6 Roman Catholicism K7 Protestantism. Episcopacy K8 Nonconformist churches K9 Presbyterian and other churches

L Social and Political Science

L0 Social science L1 Political economy L2 Government L3 Central and Local administration L4 Law L5 Trials. Actions L6 Criminology. Penology L7 Contracts. Property L8 Commerce and Trade L9 Finance

M Language and Literature

M0 Language, general M1 Literature, general M2 African Languages and Literature M2-3 Asiatic Languages and Literature M3 Malayan-Polynesian Literature M4 European (Latin, etc.) Literature M5 European (Teutonic) M6 American M7 Palæography. Bibliography M8 Printing, Bookbinding M9 Library economy

N Literary Forms

N0 Fiction N1 Poetry N2 Drama N3 Essays and Miscellanea

O-W History and Geography

O0 Universal history O1 Archæology O2 Universal geography O3 Africa, North O4 Egypt O5 East Africa O6 Central Africa O7 South Africa O8 West Africa O9 African Islands

P Oceania and Asia

P0 Australia P1 Polynesia, Micronesia, etc. P2 Malaysia P29 Asia P3 Japan P4 China P5 Farther India. Malay States P6 India P88 Afghanistan P9 Persia

Q, R Europe (South, Latin, etc.)

Q0 Europe, general Q1 Turkey in Europe Q12 Turkey in Asia Q2 Palestine, Arabia Q3 Greece Q4 Balkan States Q5 Italy R0 France R6 Spain R8 Portugal

S, T Europe (North, Teutonic, Slavonic)

S0 Russia in Europe S15 Poland S2 Finland S25 Russia in Asia S3 Austria S34 Bohemia S4 Hungary S5 Switzerland S6 Germany T0 Netherlands T1 Holland T2 Belgium T5 Denmark T6 Norway T8 Sweden

U, V British Islands

U0 Ireland U2 Wales U3 England V0 Scotland V5 United Kingdom V6 British Empire

W America

W0 America, general W02 Canada W1 United States W5 Mexico W6 Central America W63 West Indies W7 South America W72 Brazil W76 Peru W78 Paraguay W8 Argentina W83 Chili W9 Polar Regions

X Biography

X0 Collective and Class X08 Heraldry X2 Portraits X3 Individual Biography

=240. Adjustable Classification.=--The Subject Classification is the second scheme invented by Brown which has achieved success. The earlier scheme was the _Adjustable Classification for Libraries, with Index_, London, 1898, and is interesting as the forerunner of the much larger subject scheme. Only the main classes are given here:

A Science B Useful Arts C Fine and Recreative Arts D Social Science E Philosophy and Religion F History and Geography G Biography H Language and Literature J Poetry and Drama K Prose Fiction L Miscellaneous

This initial alphabetic notation is divided by a progressive numerical notation, of which the following is a sample:

D Social Science

2-8 General 10-92 Manners, Customs, etc. 94-150 Political Economy 152-272 Government and Politics 274-354 Law 356-358 Commerce, Finance 400-424 Communications 426-484 Education