PART II--ELEMENTARY COLLECTIVE INSTRUCTION.

=Section 5. Elementary collective instruction.=

GENERAL PROVISIONS.

=321.= The elementary collective instruction of the trooper includes the instruction in the =School of the Squad= and in the mechanism of the movements prescribed in the =School of the Platoon=. This latter instruction is given as prescribed in par. 444.

=Section 6. Basic principles of the drill.=

=322.= The following provisions apply generally to the =School of the Squad and to all subsequent drill=. Previous provisions of a similar general character are to be found in pars. 43-49.

=323.= =Leading=: A commander leading his unit marches in the direction and at the gait desired. He is followed at a specified distance by the base (Def.), which conforms to his gait and direction. The commander thus controls the movements of the base, and may at any time by his indication conveyed in the most convenient way (as by his own movements, his commands, or signals) cause the base to change its direction or to increase or decrease the pace or gait or to halt, according to the object in view. Elements of the same kind as the base regulate upon the latter conforming to its gait and direction.

=324.= =Directing leader=, =directing guide=: A commander who desires to become temporarily free in his movements may leave his position as leader, first indicating: =DISREGARD= (_see_ Signals) for the information of the leader of the base unit, who then becomes the =directing leader= (Def.). The latter then ceases to follow in the trace of the commander and temporarily conducts the march. In the absence of other indication from the leader he maintains the existing direction and gait.

=When necessary= the conduct of the march of a group (e.g., a platoon) having no subordinate leader may similarly be intrusted to the guide. The latter then becomes the =directing guide= (Def.).

=325.= Whenever a change of formation involves a break in the continuity of the leading the leader habitually moves at once to his new position, so as to resume leadership with the least practicable delay. He usually starts at the command of execution for the movement. Should he start for his new position before the command of execution he first cautions or Signals: =DISREGARD= for the information of the base.

=326.= =Change of directing unit (base)=: Whenever a change of formation results in a change of the base, the base of the formation from which the movement is executed continues, in the absence of specific indication to the contrary, to be the base until the new base is indicated.

In movements from line by which column is formed directly to a flank, the element of the column on the flank toward which the column is formed is the base upon which other similar elements regulate during the formation of the column as well as after the column is formed.

=327.= =Changes of direction=: Any movement may be executed either from the halt or when marching, unless otherwise prescribed. If executed from the halt the command =forward= need not be prefixed to any other preparatory command that indicates a direction of march; thus, being at a halt, 1. =Column right=, 2. =MARCH=; but, 1. =Forward trot=, 2. =MARCH.=

=328.= To insure certainty of prompt execution, commands (and signals) must be so given that their meaning is unmistakable. The preparatory command must be given at such an interval of time before the command of execution as will admit of the former being properly understood, and should be followed by a distinct pause that properly varies in length with the size of the body of troops that is to execute the movement. The command of execution should be given the instant the movement is to begin.

=329.= All changes of direction are simply applications of the principle of leading as explained in pars. 323 and 367.

(_a_) The =turn= (par. 386) and =half turn= (par. 388) are _special_ cases of the change of direction =in line= in that they involve a change of direction of _90°_ and _45°_, respectively; _as executed by the platoon and squad_, they differ further from the general case of the change of direction in that the leader follows a _specially prescribed arc_ during the turn (par. 387); in the troop and larger units, the leader in each case regulates the arc upon which he moves during the turn in accordance with the length of the front and the requirements of the special case.

(_b_) For a change of direction in any column formation, the elements of the column successively change direction _on the same ground_, the change in each successive element being made in accordance with the principles that regulate the change of direction in line (_a_). In each successive element the leader (if any) and the guide move over the _same path that is followed by the leader at the head of the column_.

=330.= The principles and methods laid down in the =School of the Trooper= (dismounted and mounted) are, except as may otherwise be indicated, or where clearly applicable only to individual instruction, to be followed in corresponding instruction in the =School of the Squad= and in all subsequent training. The same commands apply unless otherwise stated.

Certain modifications in the execution of some of the movements, incident to their use in collective instruction, are noted in appropriate places in the =School of the Squad=.

=331.= =Column of twos and of troopers=: Movements, involving the use of column of twos or troopers, although simple in principle, are not adapted to execution as movements of precision, and the details of their execution will be regulated accordingly (pars. 393-400). Familiarity with the practical use of these formations must be insisted upon, but they will be taken in the simplest manner consistent with efficiency in their use.

=382.= To avoid repetition the detailed descriptions and explanations of collective movements are, as a rule, based only upon the execution of the mounted movements.

=383.= _Gaits for mounted movements._--All mounted movements not specially excepted may be executed at the trot or gallop (par. 239).

For the execution of a movement at the =trot or gallop= the command =trot= or =gallop= precedes the command =march= unless marching at the gait desired or unless it be otherwise prescribed. When the indication for the =trot= or =gallop= is included in the command for the movement it precedes the command =march=; thus, 1. =Forward, trot=; 2. =MARCH.=

=334.= When the troopers of any element (Def.) move at different gaits, if the gait of such =element= be referred to, the gait of its =base= is to be understood.

=335.= A gait is said to be =correspondingly faster or correspondingly slower= than another gait when there is a difference of one degree between the two (par. 239).

=336.= In the rules included in pars. 333 to 337 the expression "other elements" (Def.) means in each case elements of the _same kind as the base_.

=337.= (_a_) In movements from the halt the base moves at the walk unless another gait be stated in the command or indicated by the leader's movements.

(_b_) =In forming line to the front from column= the other elements (par. 336) take, without command, a correspondingly faster gait than the base. =If gallop= be _commanded_ at any time, it applies only to the other elements (_f_). The base (leading element) habitually preserves the gait of march (_a_). The leader controls the movements of the base according to the object in view. He may diminish its pace or gait or halt it to hasten the formation. A command to decrease the gait or to halt, given during the execution of the movement, applies only to those elements that have already completed the movement. The leader habitually so controls the base that elements in rear need not move faster than a maneuver gallop in order to execute the movement.

(_c_) =Column to the front is formed from line= on the base at the gait of march (_a_) or at the gait ordered (_e_). The other elements (par. 336) take or maintain a correspondingly slower gait (or, if halted, remain so) until they can move at the gait of the base to take their places in the column. If an increased gait be _commanded_ at any time, it is taken at first only by the leader and base or by the leader and those elements that have already moved to enter the column (_f_)

(_d_) In cases not covered by (_b_) or (_c_), if the base and other elements have equal distances to go they move at the gait of march or at that indicated in the command (e.g., 1. =Platoons right turn, trot=; 2. =MARCH=).

(_e_) In cases not covered by (_b_), (_c_), or (_d_) (e.g., assemble from =foragers=, par. 414), or by some special provision in the description of the corresponding movement (e.g., =echelon=, par. 702) the base maintains the gait of march (_a_) or takes that of the leader; the other elements move at a correspondingly faster or slower gait as may be necessary for the execution of the movement and on arriving at their places take the gait of the base (par. 338). If a special gait be commanded, it is taken by the base or by the other elements, in accordance with the principle stated in (_f_).

(_f_) When the commander indicates a special gait, whether in the preparatory command or during the execution of the movement, the effect is always to, _hasten the completion of the movement_. This principle will assist in applying the rules in (_b_), (_c_), and (_e_).

(_g_) Changes of gait made by elements, without command, in accordance with the above rules, are, except as specially indicated in the commands, changes of one degree.

=338.= Any exceptions to the above rules are noted where they occur.

=339.= _Gaits for movements on foot._--(_a_) The general principles of gaits for mounted movements apply to movements on foot with the modifications noted in (_b_) to (_g_), below, and such others as are to be readily inferred from the application of the principles of the =School of the Trooper, Dismounted=.

(_b_) No element moves in =double time= unless the movement be executed when marching in =double time= or =double time= be commanded (par. 47) or otherwise indicated by the leader. No trooper increases the length of the step or the cadence unless specially so prescribed.

(_c_) The leader so controls the movements of the base as to facilitate the execution of the movement in accordance with (_b_), above. This will involve halting the base whenever certain movements (e.g., those from column into line) are executed in =quick time=.

(_d_) If =double time= be included in the preparatory command for a movement, the indication is obeyed in accordance with the principles of par. 337.

(_e_) In movements from line into column, and in other similar movements, if executed at =attention=, the troopers while waiting to take their places in the column do not =halt= unless halt be commanded by a platoon (or troop) commander. They =mark time= instead if necessary for the execution of the movement.

(_f_) In applying the rules for mounted movements to movements on foot =quick time= will be understood where =walk= is referred to and =double time= where any faster gait is referred to.

(_g_) Any exceptions to the above rules are stated where they occur.

=Section 7. The School of the Squad.=

=340.= As soon as the troopers are sufficiently advanced in their instruction in the =School of the Trooper= they will be grouped into temporary squads for elementary collective instruction. This instruction will be conducted in accordance with the general principles indicated in par. 42; progress therein should be so regulated that no collective movement will be taken up until the trooper, by previous individual instruction, has been properly prepared for its execution.

=341.= Instruction in the =School of the Squad= is intended primarily to teach recruits the elementary movements upon which the entire drill is based. It may be recurred to whenever necessary in cases where troopers evidence the need of further elementary work.

=342.= For elementary collective instruction groups of not to exceed six or eight men can be used to best advantage. The actual instruction of each group should be conducted by a noncommissioned officer, but the instruction must be closely supervised by a commissioned officer (par. 37).

=343.= The system of drill contained in these regulations is based largely upon the actual leading of units by their respective chiefs or commanders. During the elementary instruction of recruits, both mounted and dismounted, leading will be emphasized as indicated in par. 344. Thereafter the application of leading will conform to pars. 448 to 456.

=344.= The first collective instruction will, therefore, be in conforming to the march of a leader, thus confirming and extending the instruction given in the =School of the Trooper= (pars. 295, 298); _and reasonable proficiency in this instruction must be secured before any attempt is made to utilize either commands or signals in the execution of collective movements_, except, as prescribed in par. 363.

=345.= It is difficult for a leader to lead the squad properly and at the same time to supervise the march and correct the errors of individual troopers. For this reason it is desirable, especially in the earlier collective drills, that the instructor have as an assistant another noncommissioned officer or a well-instructed trooper. The instructor then leads the squad and requires his assistant (who takes the positions best adapted for the purpose in view) to supervise closely the movements of the troopers and to correct errors by means of cautions _addressed quietly by name to the individual man or men concerned_. Later the instructor similarly supervises the execution of the march while requiring his assistant to lead the squad. As the troopers advance in the instruction the instructor should give each of them such practice in leading the squad as the progress of the individual trooper concerned may appear to justify.

=346.= When instruction in leading (par. 367) has advanced to the point where the guide can preserve his proper distance from the leader and conform promptly and smoothly to the latter's movements, the other troopers meantime preserving their interval and alignment without undue constraint or unnecessarily abrupt changes of gait or pace, the instruction is extended progressively to include, in accordance with the methods prescribed in par. 347, the execution of the movements prescribed for the squad.

=347.= Throughout the instruction prescribed by par. 346 the squad will continue as before to be _led_. In teaching each new movement the example and movements of the instructor as leader will be supplemented at first by oral commands only, then by oral commands accompanied by the corresponding arm signals for those movements for which such signals are provided (_see_ Signals, pars. 988-996), then by signals alone. _The commands and signals will be given by the actual leader._ When the instructor is not actually leading (par. 345) he may either indicate to the leader the movements to be executed or else leave to him the selection of such movements.

=348.= After the oral commands and arm signals are thoroughly understood the instructor will practice the squad in passing from one formation to another, using oral commands for some movements, signals for some, and causing some (e.g., changes of direction) to be executed by conforming to the movements of the leader without the additional indication of either oral commands or signals.

=349.= The troopers must be accustomed to conforming, _without the assistance of any command or signal given to the squad as a whole_, to simple movements (e.g., movements =front into line=) initiated at the head of a column formation by a command so given as to be heard by only the leading troopers.

With reasonable practice the more essential changes of formation that are executed toward the direction of march can readily be taken by the squad by conforming, without other indication, to the movements of the troopers nearest the leader. As many movements in service must be executed under conditions of noise, dust, etc., that will render it difficult for the commands or signals of the leader to be understood except by those near him, _practice, in conforming promptly and intelligently to the movements of the elements nearest the leader is important and must be given careful attention_.

The object ultimately to be sought in the instruction is the quiet, rapid, and effective handling of the squad with a _minimum of either oral commands or signals_. The squad is required to pass rapidly from one formation to another, a new movement being occasionally initiated before the execution of the one preceding it has been completed.

TO FORM THE SQUAD, MOUNTED.

=350.= To form the squad =in line= (par. 368-_a_), the leader (instructor) designates a trooper to act as the base of the formation, indicates to such trooper the point where the right of the squad is to rest and the direction in which the line is to face, takes position at a convenient distance in front of and facing the point where the center of the squad is to rest, and commands: =LEAD INTO LINE=. The base trooper =leads out= (par. 188) and takes position as indicated; the other troopers lead out so as to approach the line _successively directly from the rear_ and in single rank form on the line established by the base trooper, in order from right to left. The troopers form at stand to horse (par. 187) with intervals of 18 inches between horses.

The line having thus formed, the leader calls the roll and commands, =COUNT FOURS= (par. 84).

Where there is an incomplete four the troopers in it are cautioned as to the numbers finally assigned them (par. 368-_b_).

When but a single trooper is available for an incomplete four the four is habitually broken up and a trooper is placed as an extra file closer. This rule may, however, be modified in connection with the instruction of recruits.

The squad having counted fours, the leader causes the squad to mount (par. 358).

=351.= =The formation in column of fours, twos, or troopers= (par. 368-_b_, _c_, _d_) is similarly executed. The leader commands: =LEAD INTO COLUMN (COLUMN OF TWOS, COLUMN OF TROOPERS)=. The trooper upon whom the formation is based (par. 350) becomes No. 1 of the leading four. The elements of the column form, in order from front to rear, with distances of 4 feet between successive, fours, twos, or troopers. In column of fours or twos each four or two forms on its right trooper as in line.

When the formation is in column of _fours_ the command =COUNT FOURS= is omitted. The leader cautions: =NOTE YOUR NUMBERS=.

=352.= =The squad may also form in similar manner after the troopers mount.= In this case the leader causes the troopers to mount individually after saddling and commands: =RIDE INTO LINE (COLUMN, COLUMN OF TWOS, COLUMN OF TROOPERS).= The interval between the mounted troopers is 6 inches from knee to knee.

TO FORM THE SQUAD, DISMOUNTED.

=353.= For the dismounted formation of the squad, =in line=, when not armed with the rifle, the leader designates the trooper to act as the base, indicates the latter's position, and takes his own position as described in par. 350, above. He then commands: =FALL IN=. The troopers form as in pars. 57 and 58. The leader then calls the roll and causes the squad to count fours.

If armed with the rifle, the troopers fall in with rifles at the _order_. As soon as the line or column is formed the leader commands: 1. =Inspection=, 2. =ARMS=, 3. =Right shoulder=, 4. =ARMS= (par. 91-_2d_), and calls the roll. Each man, as his name is called, answers =here= and executes =order arms=.

The formation in column of fours, twos, or troopers is conducted in accordance with the modifications indicated. The commands of the leader are: =FALL IN, IN COLUMN (COLUMN OF TWOS, COLUMN OF TROOPERS)=. The distance between successive fours is 92 inches; between successive twos, 40 inches; between successive troopers, 14 inches.

TO MOUNT AND DISMOUNT.

=354.= The squad being =in line=, at stand to horse, the habitual commands for mounting are: 1. =Prepare to mount=, 2. =MOUNT=; 3. =Form=, 4. =RANK.= At the first command the odd numbers lead out 4 yards directly to the front, and all execute the movements and take the final positions prescribed in par. 191-_a_. At the second command all the troopers complete, simultaneously, the movements of mounting as prescribed in par. 191-_b_. At the fourth command the even numbers move up into their intervals in the line. If the squad has dismounted from line and has formed rank (par. 356), the odd numbers stand fast at the command =Prepare to mount= and all mount in place.

If the squad be mounted in column of fours; the third and fourth commands are omitted. At the first command the troopers of each four open out fanwise, Nos. 1 and 2 to the right, Nos. 3 and 4 to the left. Nos. 1 and 4 open out a little more than Nos. 2 and 3, all opening only enough to permit the troopers to mount without interfering with each other. The troopers habitually straighten their horses in the column as soon as they have mounted, but this requirement may be relaxed whenever mounting in unison is not required (par. 358). The squad in =column of twos= is mounted by commands and methods conforming to those used for mounting from column of fours.

=355.= The preparatory oral command for mounting may be omitted. The squad then executes at the command =MOUNT= all the movements prescribed in par. 354 for the commands, 1. =Prepare to mount=, 2. =MOUNT.= The troopers mount promptly, but not =in unison=.

The preparatory _signal_ for mounting, when followed _immediately_ by the signal of execution, will be understood as equivalent to the oral command =MOUNT=, and will be executed accordingly.

=356.= The squad being in line, the habitual commands for dismounting are: 1. =Prepare to dismount=, 2. =DISMOUNT=; 3. =Form=, 4. =RANK.= At the first command the odd numbers ride 4 yards directly to the front, regulating on the right, and all the troopers execute the movements and take the final position prescribed in par. 192-_a_. At the second command the troopers execute, simultaneously, the movements prescribed in par. 192-_b_. At the fourth command the even numbers lead into their intervals in the rank. The third and fourth commands are given only in case it is desired to form rank. The squad may be dismounted and, without forming rank, execute =rest= or =at ease= (par. 359), or be inspected, mounted, or dismissed. The modifications indicated for dismounting in column of fours and column of twos correspond to those prescribed in par. 354 for mounting from the corresponding formation, except that the horses are not habitually straightened in the column after dismounting unless the dismounted squad moves forward (the troopers leading their horses).

=357.= The preparatory oral command for dismounting, may be omitted. The squad then executes at the command =DISMOUNT= all the movements prescribed in par. 356 for the commands: 1. =Prepare to dismount=, 2. =DISMOUNT.= The troopers dismount promptly but not in unison.

The preparatory _signal_ for dismounting, when followed _immediately_ by the signal of execution, will be understood as equivalent to the oral command =DISMOUNT=, and will be executed accordingly.

=358.= Until the individual instruction of recruits has advanced to a point where they have acquired reasonable proficiency in mounting and dismounting, these movements will be executed at collective as well as at individual instruction by the commands and methods indicated in pars. 355 and 357. After such proficiency has been acquired, mounting and dismounting at close-order drills, at ceremonies, and at all occasions of a ceremonial nature will habitually be executed in unison by the commands and methods prescribed in pars. 354 and 356, respectively. The commands and methods prescribed in pars. 355 and 357, respectively, may, in the discretion of the commander, continue to be employed on all other duty.

THE RESTS AND ROUTE ORDER.

=359.= The mounted squad executes the =rests= and =route order= as prescribed in par. 221. After dismounting from line, =rest= or =at ease= may be given either before or after forming rank.

The dismounted squad executes the =rests= and =route order= as prescribed in pars. 60 and 61.

TO DISMISS THE SQUAD.

=360.= The squad, in =column of troopers=, is dismissed as prescribed for that formation in par. 222. The squad in =column of fours= is dismissed at the same command. The trooper on the right of the leading four leads out as indicated in par. 222 and is followed, in turn, by the other troopers of that four, then by the troopers of the next four, and so on successively to the rear of the column. In each four the troopers lead out in order from right to left. The dismissal from =column of twos= is similarly executed. The squad being =in line= is dismissed by the commands and methods prescribed in par. 222 for a line with intervals, except that the troopers, in order to have their proper distance, move out successively from right to left instead of simultaneously. At the commands: 1. =By the right and left=, 2. =FALL OUT=, the movement is executed in a similar manner from both flanks of the line. After having dismounted from line the squad may be dismissed without forming rank.

Dismounted, without horses and not under arms, the command is =DISMISSED=.

Dismounted, without horses but armed with the rifle, the squad is dismissed as in par. 114.

ALIGNMENTS.

=361.= At the preliminary instruction (conducted without formal command) the instructor has two troopers on the right of the rank move forward a convenient distance and halt. He then aligns these two troopers carefully, with the proper interval as =in line= (par. 368-_a_), and causes the other troopers to note the details of the alignment. The other troopers are then required to move up one at a time and align themselves, with the correct interval, on the line thus established. The troopers move forward, in order from right to left, at successive repetitions by the instructor of the caution =NEXT=. Each trooper, when on or near the line, executes =eyes right= (par. 64), aligns himself accurately on the line established by the trooper or troopers on his right, and looks to the front as soon as he thinks himself correctly aligned. The instructor explains and corrects any errors. Similar instruction is given the troopers in aligning themselves to the left. As soon as reasonable proficiency is attained but a single trooper is moved forward, and the alignment is made in the same manner upon the single trooper established as the base.

The instruction is similarly given with the center trooper moved to the front as a base. Two troopers, one on the right, the other on the left of the base, then move forward at each repetition of the caution =NEXT=.

The instructor observes in the mounted instruction: That each trooper moves his horse promptly and halts with his horse correctly disposed; that he sits squarely on his horse without advancing either shoulder or leaning his body to the front or rear; that he dresses promptly as he arrives on the line; and that he makes proper use of the aids (pars. 200 to 208).

In the first drills the basis of the alignment is established parallel to the front of the section; afterwards in oblique directions.

=362.= When the troopers have acquired reasonable proficiency in aligning themselves, as above, the alignment is executed at the command =DRESS=, given by the instructor from his position as leader. The trooper designated as the guide (par. 371) is always the base trooper of the alignment and places himself accurately 3 yards in rear of the leader. All the other troopers align themselves promptly on the base trooper, continuing to look toward him until the command, =FRONT=. At this last command, given when the alignment is completed, all turn the head and eyes quickly to the front and take the position of =attention= (pars. 59, 198). Movements in the rank then cease. The instructor then habitually faces the squad or goes to either flank to verify the accuracy of the dressing, first cautioning the guide to remain in place.

=363.= The troopers and their mounts must be so trained as to enable alignment and interval to be kept with sufficient accuracy to maintain cohesion in the mounted charge and to, present a creditable appearance at ceremonies and at other occasions of a formal or ceremonial character. A disproportionate amount of time and energy will not be devoted to this detail.

=364.= The use of dressing _by command_ is ordinarily confined to elementary instruction (as preparation for the march in line) and to formations of a distinctly ceremonial character. At all other times the troopers are required habitually to align themselves on the base trooper without special command and to look to the front as soon as aligned.

Formal dressing is employed only when the squad is at a halt.

=365.= The caution: =DRESS=, may, if necessary, be given to the squad when marching (par. 367); but it will not be employed when it is practicable to use instead cautions addressed by name to the individual trooper or troopers who are at fault.

=366.= Alignments, dismounted, are executed by the same general methods as when mounted. At the command: =DRESS=, the hand is placed upon the hip to verify the interval (par. 57). Each trooper in dressing so places himself that his right arm rests lightly against the arm of the man on his right and that his eyes and shoulders are in line with those of the man on his right. The left hand is dropped to the side at the command =FRONT=.

LEADING THE SQUAD.

(_See also_ pars. 322-332.)

=367.= The squad being in line at a halt, the instructor directs the guide (par. 371) to maintain a position at a distance of 3 yards (about one horse length) in rear of him and to follow accurately in his path, whether such path be a straight line or a curve. He explains to the other troopers that in marching they are so to regulate on the guide as to preserve as nearly as practicable their alignment and interval in the rank, individually increasing and decreasing the gait or pace (Def.) as may be necessary to do this. All are cautioned that they must learn to keep their proper positions in the rank without unnecessary rigidity without making sudden changes in gait or pace and without keeping their eyes constantly fixed on the guide. They are instructed that while riding with the head and eyes habitually directed as in par. 198 they will keep an alert lookout over the ground in front, cast frequent glances toward the leader so as to observe the latter's movements, and glance occasionally toward the guide to assure that the alignment is being correctly maintained. Having given these instructions, the leader places himself, facing to the front, 3 yards in front of the guide, commands: =FOLLOW ME=, and moves forward. The leader must be, careful to march steadily, so regulating his direction and gait at first as to enable the guide to conform without difficulty.

Each trooper keeps his horse straight in the rank, maintaining his alignment with the guide and his proper interval (par. 368-_a_) from the man next him on the side of the guide. The troopers yield to pressure from the side of the guide and resist pressure from the opposite direction. All adjustments are made gradually without crowding or confusion.

In the beginning the leader moves at a walk and makes only slight changes of direction. As the instructor completes each change of direction he indicates the _new_ direction of march by extending his arm as in signal =forward= (par. 990), dropping the hand to the side when the guide's horse is _straightened in the new direction_. When the troopers have become sufficiently practiced in adjusting themselves to the movements of the instructor, the latter makes the changes of direction more marked, and moves, during such changes, on the arcs of smaller circles. Finally, he requires the squad to apply the principles of leading in the manner indicated in pars. 346-349. As each movement is taken up the principles of leading that apply are explained in detail, so that all may understand clearly the identity and position of the base. The base trooper (guide) must clearly understand his duties. (Fig. 31.)

SQUAD FORMATIONS.

The formations of the squad for drill, march, or combat are as follows:

CLOSE ORDER.

=368.= (_a_) =Line=: The troopers are abreast of each other with intervals (Def.) of 6 inches (mounted) or 4 inches (dismounted) between troopers.

(_b_) =Column of fours=: The troopers of each four are arranged as =in line=. The fours follow successively one behind another with distances (Def.) between Successive fours of 4 feet, mounted, or 92 inches, dismounted. When a four includes less than four troopers it is an =incomplete four=. Places in an incomplete four are habitually filled in the following order: No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 1 (par. 374).

(_c_) =Column of twos=: The troopers of each two are arranged as =in line=, the twos following successively, one behind another, with distances between successive twos of 4 feet, mounted, or 40 inches, dismounted. If any two have but a single trooper the latter takes the position corresponding to the right trooper of the incomplete two (par. 374).

(_d_) =Column of troopers=: The troopers of each four follow successively, one behind another, with distances between consecutive troopers of 4 feet when mounted, or 14 inches when dismounted.

EXTENDED ORDER.

(_e_) =Foragers=: The troopers are abreast of each other, with intervals of 3 yards between troopers, unless some other interval be specially designated.

The dismounted formation corresponding to =foragers= is =skirmishers=. The interval between troopers in line of skirmishers is one-half pace unless some other interval be designated.

_In the employment of a squad or other small detachment the designation of a greater interval than one-half pace is habitual rather than exceptional (par. 408)._

In a line of skirmishers at one-half pace interval each man may be considered as occupying, including his interval, about 1 yard of front.

The squad may also be extended in depth as prescribed in par. 413.

ORDER IN THE SQUAD.

=369.= When it is said that a unit is =in order= in any formation it is meant that the arrangement and condition of the component elements is such that the unit is ready to execute, in the accustomed manner, any movement that is intended to be executed from the formation in question. The conditions essential to =order= in each formation of the squad are stated in paragraph 370. The squad, =in line=, for example, would not be =in order= if the troopers did not know their numbers, for it could then execute no movement based upon the division into fours, twos, or troopers.

=370.= The squad =in line=, =column of fours=, or =foragers= is =in order= when the troopers of each four are arranged, from right to left in the four, in the order of their respective numbers, and each knows his number.

The squad =in column of twos= is =in order= when the twos of each four are next to each other in the column, odd numbers on the right, and each trooper knows his number.

When the two composed of 1 and 2 is in front, the column is said to be =right in front=; when the two composed of 3 and 4 is in front, the column is said to be =left in front=.

The squad =in column of troopers= is =in order= when the troopers of each four are next to one another in the column, are arranged from front to rear in the order 1, 2, 3, 4, or 4, 3, 2, 1, and each trooper knows his number. When the order is 1, 2, 3, 4, the column is said to be =right in front=; when the order is 4, 3, 2, 1, =left in front=.

It is not necessary to order in the squad, in any of the above formations, that a particular trooper or troopers be in any designated four, nor that the fours have any special relative order from right to left or front to rear.

GUIDE OF THE SQUAD.

(_see also_ Def. =Base=, and par. 326.)

=371.= At the original formation of the squad =in line=, the leader designates a trooper by name as =guide= of the squad. The guide of the squad =in line= and =foragers= is habitually a trooper at or near the center of the squad; any trooper may, however, be designated as guide.

=372.= A trooper having once been designated as guide of the squad in line continues to act as such, =in line= or =foragers=, until another trooper be specifically designated as guide. With a view, however, to avoiding possible doubt as to the identity of the guide, the leader at each change of formation that terminates in line or foragers habitually indicates the guide of the new formation.

=373.= To designate the guide the leader cautions: (So-and-so) =THE GUIDE=, and habitually places himself 3 yards in front of the trooper named if not already in that position. A trooper designated as guide will, at the time of the designation, raise his hand or weapon to a position vertically above his head, hold the position for a moment, and then lower his arm to his side without further command. The leader or his assistant may at any time cause the guide thus to indicate his identity to the other troopers by cautioning: =GUIDE=. The leader may change the guide of the squad in line at any time by indicating =disregard= (par. 990), placing himself in front of another trooper and designating the latter as guide in the manner prescribed above.

=374.= The base of the squad in each of the column formations is the leading element (four, two, or trooper, respectively).

The guide of the leading (base) element is also the guide of the squad. In each four No. 2 is the guide; in each two the right trooper (No. 1 or No. 3). In an incomplete four or two the position of the guide is always filled. The guide of each element in rear of the base follows in the trace of the guide of the base (leading) element at the prescribed distance.

=375.= Whenever in the execution of any movement a four or two moves to its new position by an oblique (or movement approximating an oblique) the trooper on the side toward which the oblique is made acts as guide of the element during the oblique. At all other times the guide in a four or two is as indicated in par. 374 unless specially otherwise stated.

=376.= The guide of the squad habitually follows the leader at 3 yards distance, but the leader may designate a greater distance, in which case the guide marches accordingly.

=377.= When a guide temporarily is =directing guide= (par. 324), it is necessary that he continue accurately in the direction of march or in the direction indicated for him by the leader. This is an application of the marching upon fixed points prescribed in the =School of the Trooper= (par. 232).

MOVEMENTS EXECUTED BY THE SQUAD.

=378.= Any formation (close or extended order) prescribed for the squad may be taken directly from any other _close-order_ formation. Being in extended order the squad, to pass directly to close order, must execute the assembly or rally.

=379.= Subject to such modifications as are indicated under the respective paragraphs describing the movements, the =dismounted squad= executes, at the same commands as prescribed for the mounted squad, such movements as are not obviously inapplicable to dismounted duty. The execution of the dismounted movements will, where differences in the mounted and dismounted methods necessarily exist, be in accord with the principles explained in the =School of the Trooper, Dismounted=, corresponding changes in the details of execution being made.

=380.= The general principles regulating gait and pace for both mounted and dismounted movements are stated in pars. 333-339. Modifications of those principles, if any, are stated under the corresponding paragraphs in the =School of the Squad=.

COMMANDS AND CORRESPONDING ARM SIGNALS.

=381.= Following is a list of the principal commands employed in the =School of the Squad=, together with the corresponding arm signals, if any. The list includes only a few of the commands also found in the =School of the Trooper= (mounted or dismounted.) The commands are arranged alphabetically for convenient reference. The description of the signals will be found in par. 990.

-------------------------------+-------+--------------------------- COMMANDS. | PARS. | ARM SIGNALS. -------------------------------+-------+--------------------------- =1. Assemble, 2. MARCH= | 414 | =Assemble.=[7] | | =1. Backward, 2. MARCH= | 384 | None. | | =1. By the right (left) flank, | | 2. MARCH= | 411 | =March to the flank.=[7] | | =CIRCLE HORSES= | 428 | None. | | =1. Column, 2. MARCH= | 399 | =Column.=[7] | | =1. Column half right (left), | | 2. MARCH= | 396 | Change direction.[7] | | (_See_ par. 386.) | | =1. Column of twos, 2. MARCH= | 399 | =Column--twos.=[8] | | =1. Column right (left), | | 2. MARCH= | 396 | =Change direction.=[7] | | (_See_ par. 386.) | | =COUPLE HEAD AND TAIL= | 427 | None. | | =DISMOUNT= | 357 | =Prepare to dismount.=[7] | | (Given as explained in par. | | 357.) | | =1. Foragers, 2. MARCH= { 408 } =Foragers.=[7] { 410 } | | =1. Forward, 2. MARCH= { 382 } =Forward.=[7] { 412 } | | =1. Fours right (left), { 391 } =March to the flank.=[7] 2. MARCH= { 400 } | | =1. Fours right (left) about, { 401 } =To the rear[7] (left about 2. MARCH= { 402 } only).= | | =1. Fours right (left), |403-_c_| None. column left (right)=; | | =2 MARCH.= | | | | =1. Fours (twos or troopers) | 413 | None. at so many yards distance, | | 2. MARCH.= | | | | =1. Gallop, 2. MARCH= | 382 | From the trot only: | | =Increase the gait.=[7][9] | | =HORSES BACK= | 432 | None | | =INCLINE TO THE RIGHT= { 390 } None { 396 } | | =1. Nos. 1, 2, and 4; | 436 | None. 2. FORM ON FOOT MOUNT= | 355 | =Prepare to mount.= (Given | | as explained in par. 355.) | | =1. Prepare to dismount, { 356 } =Prepare to dismount.=[7] 2. DISMOUNT= { 358 } | | =1. Prepare to mount, { 354 } =Prepare to mount.=[7] 2. MOUNT= { 358 } | | =RALLY= | 416 | =Rally= (no preparatory signal). | | Oral command habitually | | accompanies signal. | | =1. Right (left) by fours, |403-_a_| None. 2. MARCH= | | | | =1. Right (left) by troopers, {393-_b_} None. 2. MARCH= {403-_b_} | | =1. Right (left) by twos, |393-_a_| None 2. MARCH= |403-_b_| | | =1. Right (left) forward, |403-_d_| None. fours right (left)=; | | =2. MARCH.= | | | | =1. Right (left) half turn, | 388 | =Change direction.=[7] The 2. MARCH; 3. Forward, | | signal of execution for the 4. MARCH=; or 3. =Squad=, | | change of direction is 4. =HALT.= | | followed by =forward or | | halt=[7] (par. 386). | | =1. Right (left) front into | 409 | None. foragers= | | (or =skirmishers=), | | 2. MARCH.= | | | | =1. Right (left) front into | 397 | None. line, 2. MARCH= | | | | =1. Right (left) turn, | 386 | Change direction.[7] The 2. MARCH; 3. Forward | | signal of execution for the 4. MARCH; or 3. Squad, | | change of direction is 4. HALT= | | followed by =forward=[7] or | | =halt=.[7] | | =1. Skirmishers, 2. MARCH= { 408 } =Skirmishers.=[7] { 410 } | | =1. Squad, 2. HALT= | 383 | =Halt.=[7] | | =TO FIGHT ON FOOT.= When given | 430 | =To fight on foot.= (No orally the indication =ACTION| | preparatory signal.) RIGHT= (=LEFT, FRONT=) is | | habitually added to the above| | command. =FIRE AT WILL= may | | also immediately follow the | | above command (par. 430). | | | | =1. To the rear, 2. MARCH= | 412 | =To the rear.=[7] | | =1. Troopers right (left) | 402 | To the rear[7] (left about about, 2. MARCH.= (Given | | only). only from column of troopers.) | | | =1. Troopers right (left) | 385 | None. oblique, 2. MARCH.= | | | | =1. Trot, 2. MARCH= | 239 | From the =walk=: =Increase | | the gait.=[7][9] | | From the =gallop=: =Decrease | | the gait.=[7][9] | | =1. Twos right (left), | 400 | =March to the flank.=[7] 2. MARCH.= (Given only from | | column of twos and as an | | exceptional movement.) | | | | =1. Twos right (left) about, | 402 | To the =rear=[7] (left about 2. MARCH.= (Given only from | | only). column of twos.) | | | | =1. Walk, 2. MARCH= | 239 | From the trot only: =Decrease= | | =the gait.=[7][9] -------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------

[Footnote 7: Signals marked thus are preparatory signals; the signal of execution in each case is made as prescribed in par. 990.]

[Footnote 8: In signals marked thus (combination signals) the preparatory signal consists of more than one element; the signal of execution follows the last element of the preparatory signal.]

[Footnote 9: See pars. 239, 333. When a gait signal is added to the preparatory command the resulting signal is given as a combination signal.]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MOVEMENTS, CLOSE ORDER.

=382.= =Being in line at a halt, to march to the front:= 1. =Forward=, 2. =MARCH.=

The leader moves forward, followed at a distance of 3 yards by the guide (par. 371). The other troopers conform to the march of the guide as explained in par. 367.

=Being at a halt, to move forward at a trot or gallop=, the commands are (par. 333): 1. =Forward, trot=, or 1. =Forward, gallop=; 2. =MARCH.=

Increases of gait are habitually made progressively (par. 239).

The march of the squad in line, dismounted, is conducted in accordance with the provisions of pars. 68-74.

=383.= =Marching in line, to halt=: 1. =Squad=, 2. =HALT.=

All halt at the second command.

The troopers, if not already aligned, align themselves without command on the guide as they halt (par. 364). Movement in the rank then ceases.

If marching at the trot or gallop, the gait is ordinarily decreased progressively, the halt being executed from the walk (par. 239).

=384.= =Being in line at a halt, to march backward=: 1. =Backward=, 2. =MARCH.=

All the troopers rein back (par. 280), regulating on the guide, who maintains his distance from the leader. The execution of the march backward as a _collective movement_ is habitually limited to cases where the movement may be necessary; it is then executed for short distances only. It is not executed at an increased gait.

=385.= =Being in line, to oblique and resume the original direction=: 1. =Troopers right (left) oblique=, 2. =MARCH.=

Executed by each trooper as in par. 230. During the oblique march the right knee of each trooper should be just in rear of the left knee of the trooper on his fight; the trooper on the flank toward which the oblique is made acts temporarily without special indication as directing guide (Def.) of the squad. The line during the oblique march should be parallel to its original direction. The leader does not take position in front of the flank trooper during the oblique.

Halting the mounted squad while at the oblique should be avoided. If the squad has to be halted thus, the troopers upon halting turn their horses to the original front in so far as practicable.

To resume the original direction by similar means, the commands are: 1. =Forward=, 2. =MARCH.=

In executing the oblique by trooper, dismounted, each trooper preserves his relative position, keeping his shoulders parallel to those of the directing guide and so regulating his step that the rank may remain parallel to its original front. In resuming the original direction, the troopers half face to the left in marching, then move straight to the front. If at =half step= or =mark time= while obliquing, the oblique march is resumed by the commands: 1 =Oblique=, 2. =MARCH.= Should the halt be commanded while the squad is obliquing, the troopers halt faced to the front (fig. 32).

=386.= =Being in line, to turn to the right or left=: 1. =Right (left) turn=, 2. =MARCH=; 3. =Forward=, 4. =MARCH=; or 3. =Squad=, 4. =HALT.=

The principle of the movement is explained in par. 329-a.

The form of the third and fourth commands is determined by whether the turn is to terminate with the advance in line or with the halt.

In the turn the squad is led by its leader (par. 367) through a change of direction of 90°. The leader (and, therefore, the guide) are restricted not only to this particular change of direction but also to a particular arc or path during the turn (par. 387).

There is no special arm signal for the _turn_ as such; but, as the turn is a change of direction, the signal for the latter movement is applicable. The signal for the change of direction does not in itself indicate the degree of the turn, but the leader's subsequent signal forward or halt indicates when the change of direction is to cease.

In the turn, as in any case of the march in line, the leader, subject to the restrictions just indicated, regulates the direction and gait of march, the guide conforms to the movements of the leader, and all the other troopers regulate their alignment and interval on the guide. The rate of march of the leader and the guide should not be so rapid as to make it impracticable for the troopers on the marching flank of the squad to preserve their alignment on the guide during the turn. The guide moves in the _trace of the leader during the turn_, as well as before and after the turn. When the turn is executed by the _marching squad_ the leader gives the command after he has begun to change direction and at the moment when the guide arrives at the _point where the leader straightened his horse in the new direction_ (par. 471). When executed from a _halt_ the second command can not be given as above indicated. The leader in that case begins to turn at the command of execution, while the guide, instead of beginning the actual turn at once, moves forward so as to move, during the turn, _in the trace of the leader_ (par. 367).

In executing the turn dismounted the leader so regulates the length of step of the guide that the _trooper on the marching flank_ can keep the regular step corresponding to the gait at which the turn is made. The other troopers lengthen or shorten the step accordingly, maintaining the cadence and their alignment and interval with respect to the guide. If the turn be terminated by the commands: 3. =Forward=, 4. =MARCH=, all the troopers resume the regular step at the fourth command.

=387.= In executing the turn in a _squad_ or _platoon_, the leader, followed by the guide, so turns on the arc of a circle that the pivot trooper, in _conforming to the guide's movements_, marches on the arc of a circle whose radius varies with the gait of the guide, this radius being 2 yards at a walk, 4 yards at a trot, and 6 yards at a gallop. When the turn is executed dismounted the corresponding radius, in either quick or double time, is 1 yard.

=388.= At the command: 1. =Right (left) half turn=, 2. =MARCH=; 3. =Forward=, 4. =MARCH=; or 3. =Squad=, 4. =HALT=, a change of direction of 45° may be made in accordance with the principles explained in pars. 386 and 387. The arm signal for the half turn follows the rule indicated for the full turn (par. 386).

=389.= In all movements in these regulations in the course of which =fours=, =twos=, or =troopers= execute a turn or half turn this last movement is made by each element in accordance with the principles explained in pars. 386 and 387, except that the commands 3. =Forward=, 4. =MARCH=, are omitted and each element continues the march in the new direction, upon completion of the turn, unless the commands: 3. =Squad=, 4. =HALT=, are given. The guide of a four in the turn is always No. 2; the guide of a two the right trooper.

=390.= Where only a slight change in the direction of march is desired; it is habitually accomplished by leading without any special command or signal therefor. The leader may caution: =INCLINE TO THE RIGHT (LEFT)=. The execution of this movement, like that of the turn, is a special case of leading applied to the march in line. The leader slightly alters the direction of march, the guide conforms to the leader's movements, and the other troopers conform to the movements of the guide.

=391.= =Being in line, to form column of fours to a flank=: 1. =Fours right (left)=, 2. =MARCH.=

The fours move simultaneously, each executing right turn and taking up the march in the new direction (par. 389). No. 2 of the four on the flank toward which the movement is executed is the guide upon whom the other Nos. 2 regulate during the movement (par. 326), as well as the guide of the resulting column (par. 374). The leader promptly takes position in front of the guide (par. 325). Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_d_.

=The movement dismounted= is executed on the same principles except that No. 2 of each four regulates his step and path as indicated for the dismounted turn (pars. 386, 387). (Fig. 33.)

=392.= =Column of twos= is not formed directly to a flank from line. Column of twos may be formed to the _front_ as explained in pars. 393 and 403, and the head of the column be at once marched in any desired direction. The same principle regulates the formation of =column of troopers= to a flank.

=393.= =Being in column of fours, to form column of twos or troopers=:

(_a_) To form column of twos: 1. =Right (left) by twos=, 2. =MARCH.=

The right two of the leading four is the base. The other twos enter the column successively, the right two of each four being followed immediately by the left two of the same four, the left two obliquing to enter the column (par. 331). All distances are 4 feet (par. 368). Gaits are regulated as in movements from line into column (par. 337-a, c).

(_b_) =Column of troopers= is formed on the same principles at the commands: 1. =Right (left) by trooper=, 2. =MARCH.= The right trooper of the leading four is the base.

Column of troopers from column of twos is formed by the same commands as from column of fours and in accordance with the same principles.

_The movements described in this paragraph are among those referred to in par. 468-b._

=394.= In executing any movement by which a column; of twos or troopers is formed, a four composed of less than three troopers (par. 368-b) acts temporarily as a two--on the right of the four if the column of twos is formed =right in front= (par. 370); on the left of the four if the column of twos is formed =left in front=. When the column of fours is re-formed the troopers take their proper places in column as indicated in par. _368-b_.

=395.= The squad in column of =fours=, =twos=, or =troopers= is marched to the front, halted, marched backward, marched in an oblique direction, and marched again to the original front by the same commands as the squad in line, each element of the column conforming to the principles indicated for the squad in line (pars. 329, 374).

=396.= =Being in column of fours, twos, or troopers=, to change direction.

The movement is executed as explained in par. 329, the fours (twos, troopers) successively changing on the same ground, the guide of each element moving in the trace of the leader.

In changing direction in column of fours, _mounted_, the guide of each rear four slightly diminishes the _pace_ when 4 feet from the turning point, correspondingly increasing the pace during the actual change of direction so as to have the proper distance of 4 feet from the four =next= in front when the turn is completed. This provision does not apply to the corresponding dismounted movement, nor to the column of twos, or troopers.

To indicate, for any column, a change of direction of 90° or 45°, the leader may command, respectively: 1. =Column, right (left)=, or 1. =Column half right (left)=; 2. =MARCH.=

The leader may indicate a slight change of direction by the caution: =INCLINE TO THE RIGHT=.

The dismounted execution of the change of direction conforms in each element of the column to the modifications noted in pars. 386 and 387 for the execution of the turn dismounted. The leader regulates the length of his own step accordingly during his actual change of direction, and the guide of each successive element does the same when he reaches the turning point.

=397.= =Being in column of fours, twos, or troopers, to form line to the front=: 1. =Right (left) front into line=, 2. =MARCH.=

The leading element (four, two, or trooper) of the column is the base of the movement and moves forward.

Each element in rear of the base, leaves the column by a movement approximating a right oblique and proceeds (par. 375) to a place abreast of the leading element, the elements taking successively, from left to right in the new line, positions in the same order as that in which they previously appeared from head to rear in the column.

The guide of the leading element, when the movement begins, acts as directing guide (Def.) of the squad from the moment the leader starts to his new position until he indicates the guide of the new line (pars. 326, 373) when all regulate on the latter guide.

Gaits are regulated as in pars. 337-_a_, _b_. (Fig. 34.)

_This is one of the movements referred to in par. 468-b._

In the dismounted execution of the movement at quick time the leader commands: 1. =Squad=, 2. =HALT=, as soon as the leading element has advanced to the point where it is desired that the line shall form (par. 339-_a_, _b_, _c_). Only the leading (base) element halts at the command, each rear element halting as it arrives on the line (par. 337-_f_). If executed while marching in double time, the leader similarly commands: 1. =Quick time=, 2. =MARCH=, the reduced gait being taken successively by the elements as they reach their positions (par. 337-_f_). If marching in quick time, and =double time= be included in the command, the command for the increased gait applies only to the rear elements (par. 337-_f_).

=398.= To prevent the inversion of twos or troopers in their respective fours the squad in =column of twos or column of troopers= should form line to the left front when the squad is right in front (par. 370), and vice versa.

=399.= =Being in column of twos or troopers, to form column of fours=: 1. =Column=, 2. =MARCH.= (_See_ Def. =Column=.)

The leading element is the base and follows the leader.

=If in column of twos= the rear two of the leading four obliques at a correspondingly faster gait (par. 335) and takes its proper place abreast of, and to the _right or left_ of, the leading two of that four, so that the troopers of the four shall appear from right to left, in the order of their respective numbers. All the other twos take up a correspondingly faster gait than the leading two, and the fours form successively from head to rear in the column in the manner indicated above (par. 331). The leading two of each four, other than the leading four, takes the gait of the head of the column (or halts) when at 4 feet from the corresponding two of the four next in front. In each four the rear two begins to oblique as the leading two of that four approaches the position where it decreases the gait (or halts).

The leader takes position in front of the guide of the column (No. 2).

Gaits are further regulated as in movements from column into line (par. 337-_a_, _b_).

=Column of fours, from column of troopers= is formed by the same commands and in accordance with the same principles.

=Column of twos from column of troopers= is formed in a similar manner at the commands: 1. =Column of twos=, 2. =MARCH.= The column of twos will be right in front or left in front (par. 370), according as the column of troopers was right in front or left in front prior to the movement.

In the dismounted execution of the above movements in quick time the leader habitually commands: 1. =Squad=, 2. =HALT=, immediately following the command of execution (par. 339-_b_, _c_). Only the leading element halts (par. 339-_f_), each of the rear elements halting when it reaches its prescribed position in the column. If executed in =double time= the leader similarly follows the command of execution by the command for =quick time= (par. 339-_b_, _c_), which is successively taken by the elements, as above. If marching in =quick time=, and =double time= be commanded, only the rear elements take the increased gait, each taking =quick time= on arriving in its place. (Fig. 41.)

=400.= =Being in column of fours, twos, or troopers, to form line to a flank=: 1. =Fours right (left)=, 2. =MARCH.=

Each, four turns to the right (par. 389). Each rear four regulates on the leading four until the fours unite in line (par. 326), when, unless the leader halts the squad, all take up the march in the new direction _without further command_, regulating on the new guide (pars. 325, 372). If the squad is to form line without advancing in the new direction, the leader gives the preparatory indication for the halt immediately following the second command, so as to add the command halt as the four unite in line.

=In an emergency= a similar movement may be executed from =columns of twos= at the commands: 1. =Twos right (left)=, 2. =MARCH.= Loss of =order= may result. In the absence of other indication, intervals are closed toward the guide (par. 372). A similar movement executed from column of troopers results in a line of foragers, which may be assembled or rallied to form line (pars. 414, 416).

Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_d._ (Fig. 36.)

=401.= =Being in line, to face or march the line to the rear=: 1. =Fours right (left) about=, 2. =MARCH.=

When the movement is executed by =signal= the elements of the column always turn to the _left_ about. The oral command =fours right about= is not accompanied by an arm signal.

Each four turns 180 degrees in the direction indicated (par. 389). The leader, passing around a flank of the squad, promptly takes position in front of the guide so as to lead the squad in the new direction (pars. 325, 372).

To face to the rear, the squad is halted as the fours unite in line.

The modifications incident to the execution of the dismounted movement are indicated in par. 391.

Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_d_.

A dismounted squad may also be marched a short distance to the rear by the _oral_ command and methods indicated in par. 82.

=402.= =Being in column of fours, twos, or troopers, to face or march the column to the rear=: 1. =Fours (twos, troopers), right (left) about=, 2. =MARCH.=

The provision in the preceding paragraph regarding the execution of the movement by signal applies equally to this paragraph. Each four (two, trooper) turns 180 degrees in the direction indicated (par. 389). The leader promptly takes position in front of the guide of the column (par. 325). (Fig. 37.)

=403.= =Being in line to form column of fours, twos, or troopers to the front=: 1. =Right (left) by fours (twos, troopers)=, 2. =MARCH.=

The formation is a successive one. The right element (four, two, or trooper, according to the command) is the base; it moves forward and follows the leader, becoming the leading element of the column.

(_a_) In forming column of fours each four to the left of the base successively obliques to the right (par. 385) at the gait of the base as soon as it has sufficient space, and resumes the direct march so as to enter the column at 4 feet distance. To avoid losing distance the oblique must be begun in each four when the heads of its horses are opposite the croups of the horses of the four on its right. Gaits are regulated as in pars. 387-_a_, _c_. (Fig. 44.)

(_b_) In forming column of twos or troopers only the elements of the right four move in the manner indicated above. Each of the other elements successively turns to the right (par. 389) and then, after advancing in the new direction, turns to the left so as to enter the column at 4 feet distance (par. 331). Gaits are regulated as in pars. 337-_a_, _c_. The movements described in (_a_) and (_b_) are among those referred to in par. 468-_b_. (Fig. 45.)

(_c_) =Right (left) by fours= is ordinarily unsuited to execution in groups of any size. Should it be necessary to break to the front from the _flank_ of such a unit, column of fours to the front may be formed by executing =fours right (left)= and then changing the direction of march of the head of the column. The oral commands: 1. =Fours right (left), column left (right)=, 2. =MARCH=, and 1. =Fours right (left), column half left (right)=, 2. =MARCH=, are authorized for this purpose. Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_d_.

(_d_) For cases that are _not suitably met by (a) or (c) of this paragraph_ the commands: 1. =Right (left) forward, fours right (left)=, 2. =MARCH=, are authorized. The right four is the base and moves forward following the leader, who promptly takes position in front of the guide of the column (pars. 325, 374). The second four from the right starts to move as in fours right (par. 391), its guide decreasing the pace until the right four has partly cleared the second four, when the latter four, by a movement approximating an oblique, enters the column so as to follow in the trace of the leading (original right) four at 4 feet distance. The other fours execute =fours right= (each slightly decreasing the pace during the turn), and then =column left=, so as to follow the second four at the proper distance. The fours move simultaneously and, except as noted above, all at the same gait (par. 337-_d_).

In the execution of the movement dismounted the right four moves forward; the remainder of the squad executes =fours right, column left=, and follows the right (leading) four at 92 inches distance. The right four takes four short steps just after it, clears the four next on its left, then resumes the full step. (Fig. 46.)

EXTENDED ORDER.

=404.= In extended-order drills the troopers habitually march =at ease=, but keep on the alert so as promptly to conform to the indications of the leader and the movements of the guide.

The rifles of dismounted troopers in extended order are carried as in par. 61.

=405.= Foragers may be formed when the squad is in any authorized formation (par. 468) or in disorder, when it is moving at any gait or is halted. The extension is effected toward the direction of march. When possible the deployment should be made upon ground protected from hostile view and fire. Whatever the method employed for the extension, the leader controls the movements of the base (par. 323). The other troopers, moving at a _gallop_, form =foragers= in accordance with the methods indicated.

The squad, deployed as =foragers=, is marched to the front and halted, obliques, resumes the original direction, executes changes in gait and changes of direction, by the commands and methods prescribed for the squad in =line=.

=406.= The appropriate substitution of =skirmishers= for =foragers=, is made in the commands for movements in extended order, dismounted (par. 368-_c_). The skirmishers move at a run to their positions on the line of foragers.

=407.= A greater or less interval than 3 yards between foragers may be ordered, the words =at (so many) yards= being added to the preparatory command so as immediately to follow the word =foragers= or =skirmishers=.

=408.= =Being in line, to form foragers=: 1. =Foragers=, 2. =MARCH.=

The guide continues to be the base and advances (par. 405) at the gait of march unless the leader indicates otherwise (pars. 337-_f_, 405). The troopers to the right of the guide move at a gallop obliquely to the right front; those to the left obliquely to the left front. The troopers take position abreast of the base in the same order as in line and at intervals of 3 yards measured from the side of the base. Should the right trooper be the guide, all oblique to the left; should the left trooper be the guide, all oblique to the right.

In the execution of the corresponding dismounted movement (commands: 1. =Skirmishers=, 2. =MARCH=--par. 406) the troopers move to their places at a run, taking intervals of one-half pace, unless some other interval be indicated (pars. 368-_e_, 407.) (Fig. 37.)

=409.= =Being in column of fours, twos, or troopers, to form foragers=: 1. =Right (left) front into foragers=, 2. =MARCH.=

The _left trooper_ of the leading element of the column as the base of the deployment advances at the gait of march (par. 337-_a_) unless the leader indicates otherwise (pars. 337-_f_, 405), the other troopers of the leading element deploying as indicated in par. 408. The remaining troopers move obliquely to the right front at a gallop and extend the line in similar, manner, the order of the successive elements being the same, from left to right in line, as it formerly was from head to rear in the column.

The possibility of the inversion of troopers in the fours as a result of forming foragers from column of _twos_ or _troopers_ should be kept in mind. No such inversion can occur in movements executed from column of fours. The movement described in this paragraph is one of those referred to in par. 468-_b_. (Fig. 41.)

=410.= =Being in disorder, to form foragers=:

Foragers may be formed from any condition of dispersion or disorder by methods similar to those indicated in pars. 408 and 409. At the command: 1. =Foragers=, 2. =MARCH=, the troopers nearest the leader ride toward him at a gallop. The leader indicates the guide (par. 373), who follows the leader; the other troopers, moving at a gallop, take position, with the proper interval, on the right and left of the guide, without regard to order.

Line of foragers from a condition of disorder may also be formed by first rallying the squad (par. 416) and then forming foragers.

Dismounted, skirmishers may similarly be formed.

=411.= =Being deployed as foragers, to march to a flank=: 1. =By the right (left) flank=, 2. =MARCH.=

Each trooper turns 90° to the right and marches in the new direction (par. 389). A column of troopers at 4 feet distance results. The line of foragers may be resumed by again marching to the flank by the use of corresponding commands and methods.

Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_d_.

Dismounted, each trooper moves as in par. 81. If at a halt, the movement of the foragers by the flank is executed by the same commands as when marching.

=412.= =Being deployed as foragers, to march to the rear=: 1. =To the rear=, 2. =MARCH.=

Each trooper executes an about to the _left_ (pars. 389, 486). To march again to the front the commands: 1. =Forward=, 2. =MARCH=, are given. Each trooper executes another about to the _left_. If a line of foragers be halted while marching to the rear, each trooper turns to the left about and halts, faced to the front (par. 474).

Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_d_.

Dismounted, each trooper executes =to the rear= (par. 82). If at a halt, the movement of the foragers to the rear is executed by the same commands as when marching.

=413.= The squad may be extended in depth as well as in front. The commands are: 1. =Fours (twos, or troopers) at so many yards distance=, 2. =MARCH.= This movement may be used to cross a fire-swept area when such a course is necessary. The leader indicates the point where the squad is to be reassembled. The fours (twos or troopers) move out successively from head to rear in column or right to left in line. Each element may extend laterally on its guide. The gait is the gallop.

=414.= =Being deployed as foragers and in order (par. 470) to assemble=: 1. =Assemble=, 2. =MARCH.= The guide advances and follows the leader. The other troopers close in on the guide and form in =line= upon him in the same relative order in which they were at the moment the assembly was commanded. The leader halts the guide at any time if it is desired to assemble without gaining further ground in the direction of march. The leader, by moving in any desired direction, may regulate the direction toward which the assembly is executed. Gaits are regulated as in par. 337-_e_, the elements other than the base taking a correspondingly faster =gait=. The assembly in each unit is explained for that unit (par. 468-_b_).

The leader may, by prior designation of any trooper (e.g., a flank trooper) as guide (par. 373), cause the assembly to be executed on that trooper by the commands and methods just indicated.

The troopers always start to assemble in line, but when an assembly in column is desired it may virtually be accomplished, by the leader's designation of a flank trooper as the guide before ordering the assembly and cautioning: =COLUMN= as soon as the assembly begins. The fours, as they successively assemble toward the base, then take their places in column of fours instead of in line; the leader takes post in front of No. 2 (par. 325).

If there be not space to advance in column of fours, the assembly in =column of twos or troopers= may be accomplished by corresponding commands and methods.

The _squad_ executes =assemble= only when deployed as foragers and =in order=. Under other conditions the rally (par. 416), followed, by =count fours=, more easily accomplishes the purposes of the =assembly= (Def.).

In executing the assembly dismounted the troopers close in on the guide in double time _without special command_ if the guide and leader continue to advance (par. 339-_g_); otherwise they close in at quick time unless double time be commanded (par. 339-_b_). (Fig. 42.)

=415.= If =to the rear= (par. 412) be executed by the squad, a temporary loss of =order= occurs. If it be desired to pass to close order without resuming the march to the front and assembling (par. 414), the squad may rally (par. 416) and count fours.

=416.= =Being in any formation, or not formed, or in disorder, to rally=; =RALLY=. _When the rally is ordered the signal is habitually accompanied by the oral command, both the signal and the oral command, being repeated until understood and obeyed. The signal is obeyed at once, there being no preparatory command for this movement._

The leader takes position at any point or moves in any desired direction, and at any gait that will permit the movement to be executed. The troopers ride toward the leader at an extended gallop and, in the absence of other indication, form in rear of the leader in line. The leader promptly designates the guide (pars. 371, 373), who follows the leader. The other troopers form, as they come up, on the right and left of the guide extending the line. The leader may caution: =COLUMN=, as the leading troopers approach. The troopers then form in =column of fours= instead of in =line=. The leading element forms first; the other troopers, as they arrive, successively form fours, extending the column to the rear. The leader designates the guide (pars. 373, 374) and cautions: =NOTE YOUR NUMBERS=. The rally in column is exceptional and is intended for use only on occasions when a narrow road or other circumstances of the terrain prevent the rally in line.

Should the route along which the leader is moving when the rally is ordered be too narrow to permit the formation of column of fours, the leader may caution: =COLUMN OF TWOS (COLUMN OF TROOPERS)= as the leading troopers approach. The movement is executed as explained for the rally in column of fours. =Fours= should be counted at once. The rally in columns of twos or troopers is to be regarded as very exceptional.

The squad being rallied in line, though ordinarily not =in order= until fours are counted (par. 470), is available at once to charge or to execute any movement that does not involve a knowledge of their respective numbers on the part of the individual troopers. Unless the charge is to be executed at once, fours should be counted without delay after rallying, so that the squad, may be =in order= and ready to execute any movements whatever that conditions may demand.

The rally dismounted, is always executed at a run. (Fig. 49.)

THE MOUNTED ATTACK.

=417.= The mounted attack is made with the pistol or saber in accordance with the principles indicated in pars. 562-565. The typical saber charge is executed in =line=. Under some circumstances, as in the attack of a dispersed enemy, etc., a saber charge may be made by troopers deployed as =foragers=. The pistol attack is usually made in foragers. In exceptional circumstances (as in breaking out from an ambush, attacking in a narrow road, etc.) it may be made =in line= or =in column of fours, twos, or troopers=.

=418.= Cohesion in the line and vigor in the shock are essential to the success of the _saber charge_. High speed is necessary for the desired shock; and in the saber charge, as executed in combat, the horses are, at the culmination of the charge, habitually "turned loose" and urged to the highest speed. This, except with men and horses that are highly trained, necessarily involves _loss of control_ over the horse on the part of the trooper. The saber charge, executed with poorly trained horsemen, especially if on imperfectly trained or excitable house's, is apt to be futile as regards the instruction of the trooper and to result in more or less permanent loss of control over the horses. _Control of the mount_ by the trooper is essential during the execution of the _pistol attack_ (ordinarily made in line of foragers), and is, of course, necessary during march and maneuver. For these reasons it is considered advisable that the first instruction of the recruit in the actual saber charge be deferred until after platoon instruction and that it be given then only after the troop commander is satisfied that the recruit's progress in horsemanship and in the use of his weapon has advanced to a point when the exercise will be of value.

=419.= The work in the squad, with a view to _preparing the recruit for the mounted attack with the saber and pistol_, will therefore be limited to those exercises in which the horse is _controlled_. It should consist, in substance, of an extension to collective work of the individual instruction described in par. 297, and should include occasional practice in advancing as rapidly as can be done while maintaining a close formation and control of the mount. The increase in speed should be made quietly and progressively, be continued but a short distance, and _invariably be terminated by the quiet resuming of a slow gait_. As the recruit gets more skill and confidence the exercise will be conducted with sabers drawn, the troopers taking the charging position (par. 251) when the instructor does so and returning to the _carry_ with him. Similar exercises will be conducted with the pistol, with especial attention to directing the horses through lines of silhouette targets and to drawing, returning, and manipulating the pistol. The exercises with the pistol will usually be conducted in =foragers= and may be extended to include the actual execution of the pistol attack as described in the =School of the Platoon=.

In campaign any small group executes the mounted attack as explained for the platoon.

=420.= In combat of every kind skill on the part of the individual trooper in the use of the weapon or weapons employed is essential. So important is this part of the training that where time for the training of the troopers is limited all but the most essential portions of close-order drill should be deferred or omitted in order that the training of the trooper in the use of his weapons may be thorough and efficient.

=Section 8. Tent pitching.=

TO PITCH ALL TYPES OF ARMY TENTS, EXCEPT SHELTER AND CONICAL WALL TENTS.

To pitch all types of Army tents, except shelter and conical wall tents: Mark line of tents by driving, a wall pin on the spot to be occupied by the right (or left) corner of each tent. For pyramidal tents the interval between adjacent pins should be about 30 feet, which will give a passage of 2 feet between tents. Spread tripod on the ground where the center of tent is to be, if tripod is used. Spread the tent on the ground to be occupied, door to the front, and place the right (or left) front wall loop over the pin. The door (or doors, if more than one) being fastened and held together at the bottom, the left (or right) corner wall loop is carried to the left (or right) as far as it will go and a wall pin driven through it, the pin being placed in line with the right (or left) corner pins already driven. At the same time the rear corner wall loops are pulled to the rear and outward so that the rear wall of the tent is stretched to complete the rectangle. Wall pins are then driven through these loops. Each corner pin should be directly in rear of the corresponding front corner pin, making a rectangle. Unless the canvas be wet, a small amount of slack should be allowed before the corner pins are driven. According to the size of the tent, one or two men, crawling under the tent if necessary, fit each pole or ridge or upright into the ring or ridge-pole holes, and such accessories as hood, fly, and brace ropes are adjusted. If a tripod be used an additional man will go under the tent to adjust it. The tent, steadied by the remaining men, one at each corner guy rope, will then be raised. If the tent is a ward or storage type, corner poles will now be placed at the four corners. The four corner guy ropes are then placed over the lower notches of the large pins driven in prolongation of the diagonals at such distance as to hold the walls and ends of the tent vertical and smooth when the guy ropes are drawn taut. A wall pin is then driven through each remaining wall loop and a large pin for each guy rope is driven in line with the corner guy pins already driven. The guy ropes of the tent are placed over the lower notches, while the guy ropes of the fly are placed over the upper notches, and are then drawn taut. Brace ropes, when used, are then secured to stakes or pins suitably placed.

CONICAL WALL TENT.

Drive the door pin and center pin 8 feet 3 inches apart. Using the hood lines, with center pin as center, describe two concentric circles with radii 8 feet 3 inches and 11 feet 3 inches. In the outer circle drive two door guy pins 3 feet apart. At intervals of about 3 feet drive the other guy pins.

In other respects conical tents are erected practically as in the case of pyramidal tents.

TO STRIKE COMMON, WALL, PYRAMIDAL, AND CONICAL WALL TENTS.

=STRIKE TENTS.=

The men first remove all pins except those of the four corner guy ropes, or the four quadrant guy ropes in the case of the conical wall tent. The pins are neatly piled or placed in their receptacle.

One man holds each guy, and when the ground is clear the tent is lowered, folded, or rolled and tied, the poles or tripod and pole fastened together, and the remaining pins collected.

TO FOLD TENTS.

For folding common, wall, hospital, and storage tents: Spread the tent flat on the ground, folded at the ridge so that bottoms of side walls are even, ends of tent forming triangles to the right and left; fold the triangular ends of the tent in toward the middle, making it rectangular in shape; fold the top over about 9 inches; fold the tent in two by carrying the top fold over clear to the foot; fold again in two from the top to the foot; throw all guys on tent except the second from each end; fold the ends in so as to cover about two-thirds of the second cloths; fold the left end over to meet the turned-in edge of the right end, then fold the right end over the top, completing the bundle; tie with the two exposed guys.

METHOD OF FOLDING PYRAMIDAL TENT.

The tent is thrown toward the rear and the back wall and roof canvas pulled out smooth. This may be most easily accomplished by leaving the rear-corner wall pins, in the ground with the wall loops attached, one man at each rear-corner guy, and one holding the square iron in a perpendicular position and pulling the canvas to its limit away from the former front of the tent. This leaves the three remaining sides of the tent on top of the rear side, with the door side in the middle.

Now carry the right-front corner over and lay it on the left-rear corner. Pull all canvas smooth, throw guys toward square iron, and pull bottom edges even. Then take the right-front corner and return to the right, covering the right-rear corner. This folds the right side of the tent on itself, with the crease in the middle and under the front side of tent.

Next carry the left-front corner to the right and back as described, above; this when completed will leave the front and rear sides of the tent lying smooth and flat and the two side walls folded inward, each on itself.

Place the hood in the square iron which has been folded downward toward the bottom of the tent, and continue to fold around the square iron as a core, pressing all folds down flat and smooth and parallel with the bottom of the tent. If each fold is compactly made and the canvas kept smooth, the last fold will exactly cover the lower edge of the canvas. Lay all exposed guys along the folded canvas except the two on the center width, which should be pulled out and away from bottom edge to their extreme length for tying. Now, beginning at one end, fold toward the center on the first seam (that joining the first and second widths) and fold again toward the center, so that the already folded canvas will come to within about 3 inches of the middle width. Then fold over to the opposite edge of middle width of canvas. Then begin folding from opposite end, folding the first width in half, then making a second fold to come within about 4 or 5 inches of that already folded; turn this fold entirely over that already folded. Take the exposed guys and draw them taut across each other, turn bundle over on the under guy, cross guys on top of bundle, drawing tight. Turn bundle over on the crossed guys and tie lengthwise.

When properly tied and pressed together this will make a package 11 by 23 by 34 inches, requiring about 8,855 cubic inches to store or pack.

Stencil the organization designation on the lower half of the middle width of canvas in the back wall.