Part 25

Australian blacks: alleged endeavour to delay the course of the sun, 3; religious ideas unborrowed, 44; attention to the dead, 49; Christian Deity identified by them with their own supreme beings, 49; religious ideas vary according to fertility of soil, 50; invent to please whites, 50, 51; emergence of gods from ancestors, 51; religious beliefs, 231, 232; engraved churinga and rock paintings, 245 _et seq._; fire ceremony of, 271. _See_ also under tribal names Aztecs: beliefs, 75; human sacrifice at harvest festival, 127, 173, 300

BABYLON: annual sacrifice of a criminal proxy king, 77; hypothesis of that rite, 91, 101, 103, 106 Backhouse, Mr. (Quaker), his 'Visit to Australian Colonies,' cited, 26 Bagolos (tribe): human sacrifices, 129 Baiame (Pei-a-mei, or Baiamai) (Australian moral creative being), 25-32, 35, 36, 39, 40, 42, 43, 66, 67, 89, 226, 238, 297 Balder (Scandinavian spirit), the Eddaic myth of, 213-217 Ballima (Australian spiritual paradise), 36, 37 Banjars (tribe): beat their king till the weather changes, 85 Barabbas: a counterpart of the sacred Victim, 201, 303, 304 Bau (Babylonian goddess), 137, 138 Beiderbecke, Mr., on South African gods, 236, 237 Beiruk, William (Australian black), on Bunjil, 34 Benares: fire-walking, 290, 291 Benedictine Mission at Nursia, 13 Bernadette (seeress of Lourdes): fire-handling, 272 Berosus, quoted, on the Sacæa, 119, 120, 142, 144, 185, 196 Birds, wise, Australian and American myth of, 24 Blackfoot Indians (N. America): religious ideas, 295 Bluebeard: new version, 167 Bobowissi (W. African deity), 39 Bora (Australian initiatory mysteries), women excluded from, 30, 58, 66, 71, 195 Borrowed religion, 15 _et seq_., 295 Boyma. _See_ Baiame Brahan warning to the Mackenzies, superstitious belief, 98 Brebeuf, Father, on the Oki, 19, 42 Brewin (Kurnai supreme being), 27, 49, 52, 53 Brinton: etymology of the god Kiehtan, 20 British Isles: fire-walking, 271 Brough Smyth, Mr., cited, 41, 54 Bryant's ark, 5 Buckley (convict), on the Australian ideas of a god, 26 Bulgaria, Nistinares of: fire-handling, 272, 283, 285, 286 Bullimah (Australian paradise), 36 Bull-roarers, (in savage mysteries), 65, 67, 71, 248, 255 Bunjil (Australian god), 32, 34, 41, 66 Bunyip (fabled Australian monster), 26

CALICUT (Malabar): religious self-slaughter of the king, 98, 217 Caligula and the priest of Diana, 209 Callaway, Dr., on Zulu beliefs, 97, 225, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 238 Calvary, 200 _et seq._ Cambodia: temporary kings, 105; period of licence, 187 Cameron, Mr. A. L. P., on the tribes of New South Wales, 70 Canadian aboriginal god, Andouagni, 10, 11, 12, 21, 89 Carew, Mr., on fire-walking, 283 Carnival, destruction of, at end of modern Roman festival, 110 Catlin, on Mandan Mystery Play of the Flood, 23, 24 Catullus, cited, 184 Celebes, the: harvest customs, 267 Cbaka (Zulu king), 97, 228, 229, 230 Cheviots, the: cup and ring incised on boulders, 241 Chinese vernal festival of fire, 270 Chitome (Congo 'pontiff'), 133 Christ: theories concerning, 76, 78, 79, 100, 106, 110, 200, 206 Christian faith, origin of the, 76 _et seq._ Churinga (Australian), wood or stone marked with circles, cups, _&c,_ 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255 Churinga ilkinia, sacred rock-drawing of totem, 246, 249 Coleridge, Hartley, cited, 31 Collins, Mr. ('New South Wales'), on native use of word 'father,' 32 Colquhomi, Dr., on fire-walking, 282 Congo tribes, 61; their pontiff not permitted to die a natural death, 96, 133 Craig, Dr. George: fire-walking, 275 Craig, Dr. W.: fire-walking, 275 Craigie, Mr. W. A., on the myth of Balder, 214 Cranz (missionary), on Greenlanders' beliefs, 21, 87, 88 Crawford, Mr. Lindsay, cited, 57 note Crœsus, 129 Cronos festival, the, 108, 109, 116, 117 Crookes, Mr., cited, on fire-walking, 286 Crookes, Sir William, cited, 289 Crucifixion, a theory of the, 80, 103 Crystal-gazing, 32 Ctesias, on the Sacæa, 120 Cumont, Professor Franz, on the legend of Dasius, 112; on the Saturnalia, 113, 114, 115, 142; cited, 183, 298, 300 'Cup and ring:' a solution, 241 _et seq._ Curr, Mr., on Australian native beliefs, 51

DARAMULUN (Australian deity), 27, 66, 71 Darwin, cited, 6 Dasius, story of the martyrdom of, 79, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 121, 182, 185, 298, 301 Davis, Mr. John Moore, on Australian native sacrifice of the first-born, 54 Dawson, Mr. ('Aborigines of Australia'), on native religious worship, 33, 34 Deputy gods, 39 Devils, expulsion of, savage licence following, 187 Diana, grove of (near Aricia): the golden bough in, 207 _et seq._ Diana of the Chersonese, 208 Dieri, the (Central Australian tribe): ancestral spirit worship, 50, 56, 62, 63, 64 Dio Chrysostom, on the festival of Sacæa, 79, 120 and note, 121, 132, 147, 185, 186, 199, 302 Divine scapegoats, 189 _et seq._ Dodge, Colonel, on North American beliefs, 88, 89 Donnelly, Mr. W. A., discovery of stones marked with cup and ring, _&c_, 245, 246 Dos Santos, on Caffre beliefs, 97 and note, 234, 235 Druid: origin of the word, 215 note Druid circles, 242 Druids, gathering mistletoe, 215 Dumbuck (Scotland): marked stones at, 245, 246, 253 Dunbuie (Scotland): stones marked with rings at, 245. 246, 247, 253 Duncan. Hon. L. M.: fire-walking, 277 Dyaks, their superstition regarding new-born children, 261

EABANI (feast of), 164, 165, 166, 178, 180, 181 Eddaic myth of Balder, 213-217 Egyptian Book of the Dead, 72; gods, tombs and mummies, 90; King of Unreason, 105; sacrifice of red-haired men, 128 Ellis, Sir A. B., 13; theory of borrowed gods, 42; on Ashanti harvest festival, 188 Erech, Eabani feast at, 164, 165 Esther, Book of, 147, 180; theories concerning, 161-181 Ethiopian kings of Meroe: worshipped as gods, killed by priests, 96 Evolution of gods, 82 _et seq._ Euhemerism, 90 European influences on savage beliefs, 11 Euthyphro, cited, 59, 60 Everard, Mr. H. S. C, cited, 211 Eyeos, sacrifice of king of, 98, 221 Eyre, Mr., on the Australian blacks' idea of origin of creation, 40, 41 Ezekiel, 151, 176

FARWARDIGAN (Persian feast), 168, 169 Fijian hymns, 72; periods of licence, 195, 196, 198; fire ceremony, 273, 277-283, 288 Fire-walking, 270 _et seq._ First-born, eating the, 54 First-fruits, 267 _et seq._ Fisher's ghost, 54 Fison, Mr. Lorimer, on the emerging of gods from ancestors, 50, 56 Foelsche, Mr., on savage belief in a benevolent creator or demiurge, 57 note, 58 Frazer, Mr. J. G., theories of: comparative study of human beliefs and institutions, 6, 7; religion the despair of magic, 10, 60; magic preceded the invention of god 47; limited definition of religion, 48, 59; the Australians who practise magic have little or no religion, 49-52; on the Jewish Passover, 53; its Australian parallel, 53, 54; speculative generalisations, 55; arbitrary selection of witnesses, 55-58; ascription of wrong beliefs to the Arunta, 61; inadvertent proof that irreligious Australians are religious, 62-65; invented powerful beings, 68; religion, the conciliation of higher powers by prayer and sacrifice, 69; shooting stars, 74; imported religious ideas, 75; origin of the belief in the divinity of Christ, 76-78; use of the legend of Dasius, 79, 109-115; mental prepossession on the Crucifixion, 80; double pairs of divinised human beings, 82; alleged mortality of gods, 85-94; religious regicide, 94-100; annual religious regicide, 101-104; mock kings, 103 _et seq._; persons who suffer for god-man kings, 104-107; survivals of human sacrifice at the Saturnalia, 109-115; modern Carnival, 110, 111; the Greek Cronia, 115-118; the Sacæa, 118-122; again mock kings, 120, 121, 123; attempts to prove the Sacæan criminal divine, 123-140; sacrifice by hanging, 127-132; date of the Sacæa, 135-138; the Sacæan victim, 138; analogies of Zakmuk, Sacæa, and Purim, 141-160; human victims at Purim, 153; connection of Mordecai, Esther, Vashti, and Haman with Babylonian and Elamite gods, 161; the ride of the beardless Persian buffoon, 168, 171, 301-305; festivals of licence, 185-199; divine scapegoat, 189; Calvary, 200-204; the ghastly priest of the grove of Diana, 206-223; the Quiteva, 234; taboo, 268; fire-walking, 270 Fuegian idea on flapper shooting, 267

GASON, Mr., on the beliefs of the Dieri, 56, 57 note; on Mara Mura, 62, 63 German theory of Purim, 147 Georgia, stone-markings in, 243 Ghost-worship, 31 Gilgamesh and Eabani, legend of, 164, 165, 180, 181 Gillen. _See_ Spencer and Gillen Gingero, king of: killed by kinsmen if wounded in war, 96 Gods, the evolution of, 82 _et seq._ Goethe, and native Australian beliefs, 35 Gold Coast: savage period of licence, 186 Goodwin, Mr.: fire-walking, 275 Gorten, Mr.: fire-walking, 292 Gounja Ticquoa (Hottentot supreme deity), 232 Greek religious beliefs paralleled with those of savage races, 38; graves of gods, 90, 93 Greenlanders: religious beliefs, 87, 88 Greenway, Mr., on the derivation of Baiame, 25; 44 Greyhair: Zulu superstition concerning, 97 Grogoragally (Aust. son of god), 36, 37, 39 Gudgeon, Colonel: the Te Umuti, or fire-walking, 273, 274, 276, 285 Günther, Mr., cited, 44 Guyaquar Indians, human sacrifices by, when sowing, 127

HADDON, Mr.: New Guinea art, 249 Haggard, Colonel Andrew, on fire-walking, 284, 285 Haggard, Mr. Rider, cited, 228 Hale, Mr. Horace, on the Australian god Baiame, 25, 27, 28, 29; on Koin, 27; cited, 43 Hall, Mr. S. C.: fire-handling, 276 Haman: theories concerning, 134, 161-181 Haman (Elamite deity), 78 Hanging, sacrifice by, 77, 78, 80, 127 _et seq._, 138, 148, 153, 175, 177, 178, 189, 195, 197, 199 Hartland, Mr., quoted, on savage ideas of superior beings, 35, 36; prayers for the dead, 36; censure of Mr. Manning's terminology, 36; origin of belief in a supreme being, 224; on Zulu beliefs, 227, 229, 232, 233, 234 Hastwell, Mr.: fire-walking, 287 Hays of Errol, their mistletoe life-token, 216 note Hearn, Mr. Lafcadio, on fire-walking, 284 Heitsi Eibib (Hottentot superior being), 90 Hennessy, Mr. Pope, quoted, 58 Henry, Miss Teuira: fire-walking, 287 Heraldry, 260 Heriot, cited, on the Virginian Creator, 22 Herodotus, cited, 149 Hesychius, on the Sacæa, 121 Hindoo Koosh: harvest licence, 187 Hippolytus, legend of, 209, 218 Hirpi of Soracte, the, 271; fire-walking, 289 Hobamok (son of the god Kiehtan), 38, 39 Hocken, Dr. T. M., on fire-walking, 273, 276, 277-283, 285, 293, 294 Home, D. D., fire-handling by, 272, 276 Honolulu: fire-walking, 292 Horses of Virbius, 139 Hos (N.-E. Indian tribe): feast of licence, 187 Hottentot religious beliefs, 231, 232 How (Tongan elective king), 86 Howitt, Mr. A. W., on the Australian god Baiame, 25, 31, 32, 34; the Kurnai goblin Brewin, 27; initiated by the Kurnai, 52; change of views on Brewin, 53; on the attributes of native great spirits, 66; cited, 12, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44 Humman (Elamite deity), 139, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 166, 169, 172, 173-181, 189

IBN BATUTA: travellers' tales, 99; Javan family deputed to die for the Sultan, 99 Images, clay or waxen, as vicarious objects of revenge, 3 India: fire-walking, 286 Indo-China: offering of first-fruits to a god, 267 Ireland: late superstition in, 109; incised patterns on stones, 253 Iruntarinia (evil spirits), inimical through new-born children, 262, 264 Isaacs, Mr., quoted, on Zulu superstitions, 97 Ishtar (goddess), 125, 157, 164, 175, 177, 178, 179 Islamite suggestions of a God to savage races, 11

JASTROW, Professor, on mental prepossession, 80; Babylonian gods, 91; the Tammuz feast, 136, 137; the Zakmuk, 142; the Book of Esther, 162; the Purim, 162; cited, 157, 166, 178, 179; Java: self-slaughter of kings and their substitutes, 99 Jensen, Dr., on the feast of Purim, 150, 151, 152, 159, 162, 164, 165, 166, 172, 173, 176, 177, 179 Jesuits, credited with suggesting the idea of a great spirit to savage races, 23; cited, 42, 45 Jevons, Mr., on taboo, 259, 260, 261, 268 Jewish Passover, the, theory of, 53 Jews: hanging a mock-king at the Purim festival, 78; condemned criminals representing life and death of vegetation, 78 Jinn, the, 91 Johnson, Dr., cited, 263

KALARI (Australian bull-roarer.) 71 Kalk (Kallak): Australian bull-roarer, 71 Kalunga (African god), 237 Kamchatka: religious beliefs, 226 Kamilaroi (Australian tribe): religious beliefs, 28, 29, 31, 43, 66 Karunga (African god), 236, 237 Khonds: human sacrifices, 129 Kibanga (Upper Congo): king killed by sorcerers when dying, 96 Kiehtan (New England god), 20, 21, 38, 39, 90 Kingsley, Miss Mary, cited, 12, 42, 45 Kitchi Manitou (North American Indian great spirit), 18 Kittanitowit (Algonquin great living spirit), 20 Koin (Australian supernatural black man), 27 Kolb (missionary), cited, 232 Kudulu (African tribe): human sacrifices, 129 Kuenen, Professor, cited, 147 Kurnai (Australian tribe), 32; initiate Mr. Howitt in the mysteries, 52, 53; 67

LAFITAU, Père, on the Manitou and Okki, 18, 19 L'Allemant, Père, on the Virginian creator, 22 Lagarde. Professor, on Persian feasts, 168, 169, 171, 302 Lagos: animal and human sacrifices, 128 Le Jeune, Father, on the meaning of Manitou, 18; the Algonquin god, 21, 23; cited, 42, 297 Licence, periods of, at ancient and savage festivals, 185-199 Lionetti (Italian conjurer), fire-handling experiments, 283 Lithuanian beer custom, 266 Livingstone, Dr., on Kaffir beliefs, 232 Livy, on the Saturnalia, 108 Loan-gods (or borrowed religion), theory of, 17 _et seq._ Lucian, on the Saturnalia, 108 Lyall, Sir Alfred, 55; on the foundation of natural religion, 59, 60; speculative generalisation, 74; quoted, 198, 220 Lydian kings as sacrifices, 129

MACDONALD, Mr., quoted, 235 note, 236 Mackenzie, Captain, on fire-walking, 270 Macrobius, on the Saturnalia, 108, 111, 120 note, 205 Magic, or witchcraft, 3, 10, 16; 46 _et seq. See_ under tribal names Magophonia (Persian feast), 119, 149, 168 Makogo (Wathi Wathi tribesman), on the future life, 72 Mandan Deluge legend, the, 23, 24, 25 Man-gods, 84, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 104, 138, 192 Manitou, meaning of the word, 18; superior being, 296 Manning, Mr., on early religious beliefs in New South Wales, 35; his terminology in question, 35, 36, 37; on exclusion of women from religious knowledge, 39; rebuffed by natives in his inquiries, 42; on taboo, 261 Marduk (Babylonian god), 92, 137, 138, 139, 142, 149, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 164, 165, 166, 171, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 189 Marimos: human sacrifices, 129 Mariner, on Tongan beliefs, 86 Matthews, Mr., cited, 57 note Masai (African tribe), 12 Mauritius: fire-walking, 284 Maximilian, Prince, on Mandan beliefs, 24 Maxwell, Sir Herbert, on trout and May flies, 266 Mbenga (Fiji): fire-walking, 276, 277, 279 Meath, portable engraved stones at, 253 Medicine-men, 33, 100 Meissner, Herr, on the Zakmuk and Sacæa festivals, 118, 142 Merodach. _See_ Marduk Mexicans: human sacrifices at stages of the maize's growth, 128; 184 Meyer ('Hist of Antiq.'), quoted, 118 Millar, Mr., quoted, on the Dunbuie finds, 247, 248 Mistletoe: a magical plant, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 221 Mithra-worship, 114 Moab: sacrifice of sons of kings, 105 Mock-kings, sacrifices of, 79, 94, 105, 110, 114, 119, 120, 131, 134, 131, 137, 153, 169, 178, 181, 182-185, 196, 197, 199 Mœsia: mock-king personating a god, 79; sacrifice of kings, 103; the killing of Dasius at the Saturnalia, 109, 112; cited, 114, 115, 121, 183, 185 Moffat, Mr., on Kaffir beliefs, 232 Molunga, Mulungu (Caffre god), 234, 235, 236 Mommsen, Prof. Aug., on the Cronos feast, 116 Montagnets (North American Indians), their application of the word Manitou, 18 Moodgeegally (patron of the mysteries), 67 Moravian missionaries on Baiame, 25 Mordecai (companion of Nehemiah), 161, 171 Mordecai (Babylonian supreme god?), 78; theories concerning, 134, 135, 161-181 Morgan, Mr., compiler of Buckley's 'Life and Adventures,' 26 Morimo (Bechuana deity), 232, 237 Mortality of gods, 85 _et seq._ Motagon (Australian dead creator), 297 Movers, Dr., on the Sacæa festival, 130, 174; cited, 198 Mukuru (African deity), the missionaries' God, 236 Mulkari (Queensland deity), 40 Müller, K. O., cited, 180 Mundari (tribe): licence at festivals, 187 Mungan-ngaur (Kurnai god), 27, 32, 52, 53, 66, 68, 89 Munro, Dr., on the incised stone finds at Dumbuck and Dunbuie, 255, 256 Mura Mura (Dierian ancestors deified), 50, 57 note, 62, 63, 235 Murrings (Australian blacks), 52 Mystery Play of the Flood (Mandan), 23 Myths. _See_ under names of tribes and gods Mzima (spirits of the dead), 236

NANGA (Fijian harvest festival), orgies at, 195 Ná-pi (Blackfoot deity), 90 Natos (Blackfoot deity), 295 Nature's processes assisted by magical rites, 82, 83 Nebuchadnezzar, 140 Nepaul: period of licence, 187 New England: the god Kiehtan, 20, 21; religious beliefs, 38 New Guinea, British: character of decorative art, 249 New South Wales: native sacrifice of the first-born, 54 New Zealand: the king's mana or magical power, 99 Ngoio (Congo): daily kings, 104 Niscaminou (Red Indian deity), 295 Nöldeke, Professor, on the feast of Purim, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 172, 176, 177, 179 Noorele (Australian creator), 39, 40, 41, 66 North American Indians, religious beliefs of, 88, 89. _See_ also under tribal names Nursia (Australia) Benedictine Mission at, 12 Nyankupon (West Africa), 39

OHIO, stone markings in, 243 Ointment used by fire-walkers, 293 Okeus (aboriginal Canadian god), 20, 21, 90 Oki (Huron word for spirit), 19, 21, 22, 42 Okki (Lafitau's 'Grand Esprit'), 19 'Old Mars' (Roman god and scapegoat), 190 Omuambo creation tales, 237 Ontake Jinsha (Shintoists): fire-walking, 291 Oorooma (native Australian hell), 37 Oppert, Dr.: fire-walking, 286 Orestes, story of his temple to Diana, 208, 209, 218 Otyihereró: different names for god and spirit, 236 Ovaherero, the (African tribe), god of, 236 Oxford University, and the study of anthropology, 7

PALMER, Mr., on the tribes of the Gulf of Carpentaria, 42, 44; cited, 74 Pan, legend of, 91 Parker, Mrs. Langloh, on unborrowed character of Australian beliefs, 34, 35, 36; prayers for the dead, 36; cited, 297 Parmentier, M., on the Saturnalia, 113 note, 114; on the Sacæa, 118; cited, 183, 301 Pascal, Dr. Th.: fire-walking, 290 Patterns, incised, on portable small stones, 253 Pausanias, quoted, 209 Pei-a-mei. _See_ Baiame Period of Licence, the, 105 _et seq._ Persia: annual sacrifice of a criminal proxy king, 77; ride of the beardless buffoon, 167, 168, 169, 171, 301-305 Philippine Islanders: religious beliefs, 90 Phurdigan (Persian feast), 149 Pin-sticking of enemy's image, 3 Pirnmeheal (Australian god), 34, 66 Pliny, 108; on the Druids, 215, 216 Podmore, Mr., on fire-handling, 272 Polynesia: tattooing, 243; taboo, 259 Ponder, Mr. Stephen: fire-walking in Straits Settlements, 286 Pondo: period of licence, 188, 195 Priest, the ghastly, of the Arician grove of Diana, 207 _et seq._ Proserpine (goddess), 208, 211, 212 Prussian king, 'God's mouth,' self-immolation, 98, 130 Puluga (Andamanese god), 224, 226 Purdaghân (Persian festival), 189 Purim (Jewish festival): date, origin, rites, details, theories, conjectures, analogies, 77, 118, 119, 124, 141, 142, 145-160, 161, 162, 163, 168, 169, 176-181, 188, 189, 194, 198, 202

QUEENSLAND deity, Mulkari, 40 Quilacare (Southern India): self-slaughter of the king, 98 Quiteva, the (Sofala deity), 97 note, 234

RAIATEA (Society Islands): fire-walking, 273, 274, 277, 287 Rain-making magic, 62, 63, 64, 65 Rarotonga (New Zealand): fire-walking, 273-276 Regicide, religious, 94, 100 Red Indian beliefs, 295 Religious beliefs of barbaric races. _See_ under tribal names and gods Ride of the beardless buffoon, 301-305 Ridley, Mr. (missionary), on the Australian god Baiame, 25, 29, 30; on native ideas of great spirits, 66, 67; cited, 44, 238 Romans: customs at the Saturnalia, 108 _et seq._ Ross, Mr. Denison, cited, 143, 145 Roth, Dr., quoted, on the Queensland god Mulkari, 40