CHAPTER XXII.

But with this Government we have nothing to do. We have reached our limits. The youth of Pitt has passed, his apprenticeship is over, he has now his foot in high office, he is soon to be supreme. The weary period of proscription and conflict has come to an end, he is henceforth to command where he has obeyed, and he is to raise his country to a singular height of glory and power. That splendid period is beyond the scope of this book, which only records the ascent and the toil; the lustre of achievement and reward require a separate chronicle. The next scenes require a broader canvas and brighter colours.

But before we leave him let us try and realise his appearance. When we read about any one we naturally wish to know what manner of man he was in the flesh. In this case we seem but scantily provided with portraits. We have glanced at the one by Hoare, to the accuracy of which Pitt himself bears emphatic testimony. Of this one Hoare painted several replicas, one of the worst of which, very bilious in colouring, is in the National Portrait Gallery. There is another at Orwell which seems to have more force in it; it could not have less. The original represents a comely, graceful and elegant being without a symptom of anything but comeliness, grace and elegance, and might be the portrait of any man of fashion of the time. Great men have sometimes piqued themselves on being dandies, and it may have been this air which recommended the picture to its subject. This portrait, of which the large engraving, containing only the head, is infinitely better than the original, duly arrived at Stowe. Thence at the dispersal of that great collection it passed to Drayton, having been purchased by Sir Robert Peel, and has lately found a final home at Pittsburg.

There is another portrait by Hoare, at full length, in the coronation robes which Pitt never can have worn, which was painted for the Corporation of Bath ten years after that for Temple. It leaves no special impression. There was a portrait by Reynolds at Belvoir. But that, alas! disappeared with so much else in the great fire which ravaged that noble structure. Towards the end of his life (in 1772) he was painted in peer's robes by Brompton. The engraving of this is at full length, but the picture itself is a kitcat, so that it was probably cut down. This picture is at Chevening, and Lord Sidmouth, if we are not mistaken, owns a replica or another version of this picture. Pitt's grand-daughter, Lady Hester Stanhope, who was brought up with it, says that it is the best portrait of him. As she was only two years old when he died, her testimony, though given with confidence, has no personal value; but she had relations who may have told her. She piqued herself on her resemblance to him. But no value is to be attached to the utterances of this vain and crazy woman, unless one can believe, which is difficult, that she repeated faithfully what more trustworthy people had told her. However, this portrait may well be the best, where the other is so poor. It is in itself impressive, representing a solemn, noble, melancholy figure, such as Chatham must have been in his last cheerless decade.

There are more busts. There is one of him in youth, perhaps at five-and-twenty, handsome, bright, alert, with a smile that is almost saucy. The original of this was, it is believed, also at Stowe; also, perhaps, purchased by Sir Robert Peel. There is more than one by Wilton. One, dated 1759, grim and masterful, with a touch of scorn, the man himself at his time of power. There are others of him in old age, with less expression, ponderous and saturnine; they are posthumous, and dated 1781. One of these is at Dropmore, another at Belvoir, another at Lowther.

There are probably other portraits or busts, but these are all that are known to the present writer.

His appearance at his best must have been extremely attractive. Tall and slender, 'his figure genteel and commanding,' he had cultivated all the arts of grace, gesture and dramatic action. 'Graceful in motion,' says his reluctant nephew, 'his eye and countenance would have conveyed his feelings to the deaf.'[391] All authorities dwell on the magic of his eye. His eyes, said his grand-daughter, presumably on family tradition, were grey, but by candlelight seemed black from the intensity of their expression. When he was angry or earnest no one could look him in the face. No one indeed seems to have been able to abide the terrors of his glance.

Of his manners and conversation in private life we know singularly little. Chesterfield gives us perhaps the best glimpse. 'He had manners and address; but one might discern through them too great a consciousness of his own superior talents. He was a most agreeable and lively companion in social life, and had such a versatility of wit that he could adapt it to all sorts of conversation.' Of his early powers of fascination we have an authentic instance. He was seen walking with the Prince of Wales in the gardens at Stowe, and Cobham, watching them with anxiety, expressed some apprehension of Pitt's persuading the Prince to adopt some measures of which Cobham disapproved. A Mr. Belson said that the interview could not be long. 'You don't know Mr. Pitt's power of insinuation,' said Cobham. 'In a very short quarter of an hour he can persuade anyone of anything.'

Butler, 'the Reminiscent,' who had this anecdote from Belson himself, goes on to say that 'as a companion in festive moments, Mr. Pitt was enchanting.' He also quotes Wilkes, who was a good judge of social qualifications. 'Mr. Pitt, by the most manly sense and the fine sallies of a warm and sportive imagination, can charm the whole day, and, as the Greek said, his entertainments please even the day after they are given.' But, after all, these must have been rare occasions, as Pitt does not seem to have seen much of society, for his health kept him a recluse; and as years went on he seems to have found it both irksome and impolitic to see much of mankind. We fancy that he was a man, like his son, of small and intimate companies; partly from a haughty aloofness, partly because he could not partake of the pleasures of the table.

'As a private man,' says Lord Camelford, 'he had especially in his youth every talent to please when he thought it worth while to exert his talents, which was always for a purpose, for he was never natural. His good breeding never deserted him unless when his insolence intended to offend. He was, however, soon spoilt by flattery, which gave him the humours of a child. He was selfish even to trifles in his own family and amongst his intimates to the forgetting the preferences due to the other sex, of which I have heard many ridiculous instances; but this was much owing to a state of health which made him fretful, at the same time that it called his attention to his own person. When I first saw him he was intemperate towards his servants full as much as my own father, but it is to his honour that when he owed a better example to his children he got the better of that habit. His first and only friendships were with Lord Lyttelton and his sister Ann.' In a later passage he adds: 'He lived and died without a friend.'

Camelford, it will be observed, speaks with confidence about Pitt's youth, of which he can have known nothing except from tradition, and Pitt's family traditions were not likely to err on the side of benignity. What he says about early friendships is obviously inaccurate; he is quoting Pitt's impulsive note of Oct. 24, 1734.[392] The Grenvilles, the other Lytteltons, and Gilbert West at once occur to one as friends to whom Pitt in youth was tenderly attached. We may indeed take it for granted that this curious piece refers to Pitt's middle life, which Camelford knew personally; but it is too interesting to be omitted here.

His great and singular power lay in his eloquence, and yet even there we are left largely to the recollection and testimony of his contemporaries, for there was in those days no reporting as we understand it, and therefore no reports. There are, of course, professed reports, but to these little credence can be attached. Dr. Johnson and a Scottish clergyman named Gordon wrote a great number of them, based on very inadequate materials, if any materials at all. Men carried away some noble outburst or some striking metaphor tingling in their ears, and repeated it. Others would be able to recall the line of argument, if indeed there was an argument to follow. But the result is scarcely authentic. Pitt the younger must have known, and he declared that no specimens of his father's eloquence remained. Butler says that the person to whom he made this remark (no doubt Butler himself) begged him to read slowly his father's speeches on the Stamp Act, and endeavour as he did so to recall the figure, look and voice with which his father would have delivered them. Pitt did so, and admitted the probable effect of the speech thus delivered. But it is to be observed that he did not admit the accuracy. Almon, who knew something of this matter, says that none of the reports of Pitt's speeches before 1760 can be depended upon. In 1766 Almon began reporting the debates himself, and so would claim greater exactness, and may easily have attained it.

One is in fact thrown back on the impressions and the descriptions of those who heard him. Horace Walpole, who at this time admired Pitt as much as he could admire anybody, gives us striking glimpses, some of which we have already quoted; one of which, that of the answer to Hume Campbell, is exquisite in felicity of phrase. Chesterfield says that Pitt's 'eloquence was of every kind, and he excelled in the argumentative as well as in the declamatory way. But his invectives were terrible, and uttered with such energy of diction, and stern dignity of action and countenance that he intimidated those who were the most willing and the best able to encounter him. Their arms fell out of their hands, and they sank under the ascendant which his genius gained over theirs.' In a note Chesterfield tells us that the last phrases allude to Murray and Hume Campbell. 'Mr. Pitt,' he says elsewhere, 'carried with him unpremeditated the strength of thunder and the splendour of lightning.' These extracts convey the impression made by Pitt on one of the acutest judges of the time, himself an orator of eminence, and no friend to his subject.

Bishop Newton gladly avails himself of the same familiar metaphor: 'What was said of the famous orator Pericles, that he lightened, thundered, and confounded Greece, was in some measure applicable to him.' 'He had,' says the Bishop, 'extraordinary powers, quick conceptions, ready elocution, great command of language, a melodious voice, a piercing eye, a speaking countenance, and was as great an actor as an orator. During the time of his successful administration he had the most absolute and uncontrolled sway that perhaps any member ever had in the House of Commons. With all these excellences he was not without his defects. His language was sometimes too figurative and pompous, his speeches were seldom well connected, often desultory and rambling from one thing to another, so that though you were struck here and there with noble sentiments and happy expressions, yet you could not well remember nor give a clear account of the whole together. With affected modesty he was apt to be rather too confident and overbearing in debate, sometimes descended to personal invectives, and would first commend that he might afterwards more effectually abuse, would ever have the last word, and right or wrong still preserved (in his own phrase) an unembarrassed countenance. He spoke more to your passions than to your reason, more to those below the bar and above the throne than to the House itself; and, when that kind of audience was excluded, he sunk and lost much of his weight and authority.'[393]

Grattan's testimony, as that of a famous orator, cannot here be passed, though it refers to a later period. 'He was a man of great genius, great flight of mind. His imagination was astonishing.... He was very great and very odd. He spoke in a style of conversation, not however what I expected. It was not a speech, for he never came with a prepared harangue. His style was not regular oratory, like Cicero or Demosthenes, but it was very fine and very elevated, and above the ordinary subjects of discourse.... His gesture was always graceful. He was an incomparable actor. Had it not been so he would have appeared ridiculous.... His tones were remarkably pleasing. I recollect his pronouncing one word "effete" in a soft charming accent. His son could not have pronounced it better.... His manner was dramatic. In this it was said that he was too much the mountebank; but if so it was a great mountebank. Perhaps he was not so good a debater as his son, but he was a much better orator, a better scholar, and a far greater mind. Great subjects, great empires, great characters, effulgent ideas and classical illustrations formed the material of his speeches.' Grattan gives examples, and even notes of one of his speeches, but they are all outside our period.[394]

These notes on Pitt's oratory cannot well be omitted, though they are almost too familiar to quote. But there is one, never yet published, which is written by an intimate but merciless critic. Lord Camelford was only nineteen at the time when our narrative terminates, but he must already and for some years afterwards have been steeped in his uncle's eloquence, so that his description is of peculiar interest.

'In Parliament he never spoke but to the instant, regardless of whatever contradictions he might afterwards be reduced to, which he carried off with an effrontery without example. His eloquence was supported by every advantage that could unite in a perfect actor. Graceful in motion, his eye and countenance would have conveyed his feelings to the deaf. His voice was clear and melodious, and capable of every variety of inflection and modulation. His wit was elegant, his imagination inexhaustible, his sensibility exquisite, and his diction flowed like a torrent, impure often, but always varied and abundant. There was a style of conscious superiority, a tone, a gesture of manner, which was quite peculiar to him--everything shrunk before it; and even facts, truth and argument were overawed and vanquished by it. On the other hand, his matter was never ranged, it had no method. He deviated into a thousand digressions, often reverted back to the same ground, and seemed sometimes like the lion to lash himself with his own tail to rouse his courage, which flashed in periods and surprised and astonished, rather than convinced by the steady light of reason. He was the very contrast of Lord Mansfield, his competitor in eloquence, who never appealed but to the conviction of the understanding, with an arrangement so precise that every sentence was only the preparation for the force that the next was to obtain, and scarce a word could be taken away without throwing the whole argument into disorder; the other bore his hearers away by rapid flights into a region that looked down upon argument, and opposed the transport of feeling to conviction.'

This appears to be a description as accurate as it is vivid, and perhaps none gives the personality and manner of Pitt with more effect. The style of conscious superiority, peculiar to him, before which everything shrank; the way in which the orator worked himself into wrath, like a lion lashing himself with his own tail; the eye and countenance which would have conveyed his meaning to the deaf; these are touches which we feel to be accurate, and which seem to explain much of the effect of Pitt's oratory. Let us here note that Cradock gives a curious account of an oratorical failure of Pitt's in later life and of his consequent irritation, eminently comforting to humbler speakers.[395]

We value sketches like these much more than any professed reports of Pitt's speeches, which cannot be accurate reproductions. But, even if they were, they would, we are told, be but pale shadows of the reality, for so much depended on the soul and grace with which they were uttered; for the majesty of his presence, his manly figure, his exquisite voice, his consummate acting, his harmonious action, and above all the lightning of his eyes inspired reluctant awe before he uttered a word. We can fancy him rising in the House, which subsides at once into silence and eager attention. On not a few faces there will be uneasiness and alarm; on the ministerial bench some agitation, for it is there probably that the thunderbolts may fall. His opening is solemn and impressive. Then he warms to his subject. He states his argument. He recalls matters of history and his own personal recollections. Then with an insinuating wave of his arm his voice changes, and he is found to be drowning some hapless wight with ridicule. Then he seems to ramble a little, he is marking time and collecting himself for what is coming. Suddenly the rich notes swell into the fullness of a great organ, and the audience find themselves borne into the heights of a sublime burst of eloquence. Then he sinks again into a whisper full of menace which carries some cruel sarcasm to some quivering heart. Then he is found playing about his subject, pelting snowballs as he proceeds. If the speech is proceeding to his satisfaction it will last an hour or perhaps two. Its length will perhaps not improve it, but no one can stir. There may be ineffective, tedious, obscure passages, but no one knows what may be coming, these vapours often precede a glowing sunburst. So all through the speech men sit as though paralysed, though many are heated with wine. He will not finish without some lofty declamation which may be the culminating splendour of the effort. If any effective replies are made, he will reply again and again, heedless of order, vehement, truculent, perhaps intemperate. And as he sits down perhaps with little applause, the tension of nerves, almost agonising in its duration and concentration, snaps like a harpstring; the buzz of animated conversation breaks forth with an ecstasy of relief. The audience disperses still under the spell. As it wears off, hostile critics begin to declare that it is all acting; the fellow acts better than Garrick. Garrick, indeed, himself declared that had Pitt originally preferred the stage of Drury Lane for that of St. Stephen's, he would almost have annihilated the stage by distancing all competition.[396] He was, without doubt, an incomparable actor, for no less a power would have enabled him to engage in some of his most famous flights with effect, or without reaction or ridicule. His action, his inflections, his vehemence are no doubt at least as good as Garrick's. But these are merely the accessories which to the shallow or cynical observer seem to be the heart or the whole of the matter. One might as well say that it is the varnish that makes the picture, or the goblet that makes the vintage. The orator is probably unconscious or at most half-conscious of what seems dramatic, he is moved by an irresistible blast of passion which carries him as well as his audience away. The passion may have been stirred beforehand, but at the moment of outpouring it is genuine enough. Pitt no doubt had trained himself to be graceful in animation, had studied and enhanced the beauties of his voice, so that when excited his tones were always musical, and his action harmonious. He may in earlier days have rehearsed speeches in private, though he probably delivered something different when the time came. But to imagine that when he spoke he was acting a prepared speech is to ignore the main features of his oratory, the force coming from an internal impulse which was for the moment irresistible. It should be remembered too, that in one sense he was always acting in the common business of life; when he chipped an egg, or talked to his gardener, or mounted his horse, he was acting. He might not, indeed, study his gesture at the moment, but that was because he had been studying gestures half his life. He had appropriated the dramatic way of doing things till it had become a second nature to him; thus, what would have been acting in others was natural to him. And indeed, he had so adjusted and prepared and schooled himself, that all his emotions were effectually concealed. The fierce character of the man would sometimes be irrepressible, but even then it would be vented with an awful grace. And so when he was said to be acting in the House he was natural, for acting had become a second nature to him. When this is so, acting has ceased to be acting. Mrs. Siddons would give her orders at dinner in the awful tones of Lady Macbeth. This was not acting but nature, trained but unconscious nature. So it was with Pitt. He would not laugh, because it was undignified to laugh. If he had a book or a play to read aloud and came to a comic part, he passed it to another to read and resumed the volume when the humorous part was over, lest, we may presume, he should smile or become incidentally ridiculous. His countenance was, so to speak, enamelled with such anxious care, that a heedless laugh might crack the elaborate demeanour. And so he lived in blank verse, and conducted himself in the heroic metre. We should surmise, though not with certainty, that some of his more famous flights, such as the comparison of the Rhone and the Saône, were prepared to some extent, but that there was nothing written. This is only guesswork, for of his method of preparation we know nothing. But his diction was habitually perfect. To improve it he had twice read through Bailey's Dictionary, and had plodded through masses of sermons, particularly those of Barrow, Abernethy, and 'the late Mr. Mudge of Plymouth.'[397] 'Every word he makes use of,' said Chesterfield as early as 1751, 'is the very best, and the most expressive that can be used in that place.' That was the result of constant and familiar effort. Like Bolingbroke he had trained himself to spare no pains in ordinary conversation to attain accuracy of expression, so as to be sure of himself in public. 'It would not be believed how much trouble he took to compose the most trifling note.' He told Shelburne that a phrase he had used in one of his speeches could not be taken exception to, as he had tried it on paper three times before employing it in public. Assiduous study of words, constant exercise in choice language, so that it was habitual to him even in conversation, and could not be other than elegant even in unpremeditated speech, this combined with poetical imagination, passion, a mordant wit and great dramatic skill, would probably seem to be the secrets of Chatham's oratorical supremacy. And yet it is safe to predict that a clever fellow who had mastered all this would produce but a pale reflection of the original. It is not merely the thing that is said, but the man who says it which counts, the character which breathes through the sentences. Mirabeau would, as we know, take a manuscript speech produced by a laborious friend, in itself a dull thing, and read it from the tribune with such energy of inspiration that it would carry the Assembly by storm. This is the more marvellous when we remember that a man who reads the best possible speech with the most effective elocution is heavily handicapped. And so it may safely be assumed that imitation of Pitt would be doomed to disastrous failure. The secret of oratory like this evades the most anxious student: its effect both on the immediate audience and on posterity seems beyond definition or adequate explanation.

Some orators impress their audience, some their readers, a very few posterity as well. The orators who impress their audience rarely impress their readers, and those who impress their readers are usually less successful with their audience. Few indeed are those who reach posterity or indeed survive a year. Pitt, if any one indeed can be said to have read his speeches, combined all three forms of supremacy. More than this, his utterances with a sort of wireless telegraphy seemed to thrill the nation which neither heard nor read them. In the century which followed Chatham's death there was an illustrious succession of orators and debaters. And yet none of these eminent men with all their accurately reported speeches have left so deep an impress of eloquence as the elder Pitt, who was not reported at all. We cannot doubt that it is better for his fame that he was unreported. Sheridan never did anything wiser than when in his need he refused the most splendid offers to revise his Begum speech for publication. Pitt's speeches would have lost half their force without the splendour of delivery. His unreported eloquence has become matter of faith, and so it is likely to remain.

Mr. Lecky, from whom it is difficult to differ, thinks that his speeches were deficient in pathos and wit. As to this last, the testimony of his contemporaries is emphatic the other way, and they are loud in extolling Pitt's piercing wit. We have seen how Walpole and Murray concur in extolling his powers of ridicule. 'He can turn anything into ridicule,' Murray had said. 'He can tickle to death with a feather,' was Walpole's description. Nor should we imagine he was defective in pathos; not perhaps in youth, for youth is not the season of pathos, but certainly in later years. The speeches, for example, delivered in the garb of an invalid, abounded we should surmise in pathos, to which the costume was preliminary and accessory. But pathos, which has something of humility in its tenderness, was, it must be admitted, alien to the haughty superiority which Pitt asserted and assumed.

One word more of fascinating conjecture. Would he have been a great popular orator at mass meetings and the like? We cannot imagine Pitt a platform speaker, yet we can scarcely imagine a better. His graceful appearance, his terrible eye, the winning and majestic modulations of his voice, his spontaneity, his magnetic power, his wealth of ridicule, his poignant personalities, his dramatic force, his variety and unexpectedness constituted the most formidable equipment for platform oratory ever possessed by mortal man. And yet we cannot regret that he never was tried.

Pitt's life marks itself out with singular distinctness into definite periods. From 1708 to 1734 is the period of obscure youth, on which this volume should throw some light. From 1734 to 1745 is the period of reckless and irresponsible opposition, when he is trying the temper of his weapons. From 1745 to 1754 he remains in the shadow of subordinate office. From 1754 to 1756, though still partly in office, he emerges as an independent figure of extraordinary and irresistible force. From 1756 to 1761 is the period of power, four years of which are unrivalled in the annals of Great Britain. From 1761 to 1770 is the period of detachment, or attempted detachment, from party. It includes some tenure of office, much obscurity and illness, some actual insanity. And from 1770 till his death in 1778 he appears sometimes to be attempting to make his peace with the party system, having found it impracticable to stand alone; sometimes he seems to be retiring once more into his cell.

Few careers can be marked out so clearly; few have such a glamour. But the glamour and the glory are yet to come; they lie beyond this book. Already indeed there are confidence and hope, confidence in his vigour, his honesty, and his uprightness; but this is due rather to others than to himself. Every one else has failed, this may be the man of destiny.

And yet up to this time the career of Pitt has been, eloquence apart, not unlike that of other ambitious and not very scrupulous politicians. He begins by attacking Sir Robert Walpole. Why? He has no particular objection to Sir Robert Walpole; in after years he acknowledges that he was a great statesman. It was partly a freak of youth. Who is the biggest man to attack, the man by combating whom one can acquire the most honour and reputation? Obviously Walpole. So tilt at him. He is asked to an important house; for the first time he finds himself in the great world. He is caressed, perhaps flattered; for he has a school renown, and is a lad to be secured. He is with his Eton friends, and they think all the world of Cobham, his wisdom, his courage, his magnificence; they all in a measure depend on him. Thus he is allured into the charmed circle, and they form much the same group as that which was in our own days called the Fourth Party.

So they enter the House of Commons in high spirits, and lay about them with reckless intrepidity. Pitt is soon marked out for martyrdom by the Minister. But in a short time he is conspicuous for other reasons. He towers from the waist above his comrades as a bitter, incisive speaker. Walpole begins to take notes of his speeches; he is the coming man, and is at once secured for the faction of the Prince of Wales. Then Walpole falls. There is a great crash, and the spectators expect to see the world in ruins. But when the dust has cleared away it is seen that things are much as they were; Wilmington, scarcely visible, in Walpole's seat; Newcastle rooted in his own; Walpole, with Pulteney his protagonist, seated smug and dumb among the distant peers. There is no room for Pitt among our governors; the only new figure that strikes one is Carteret, he is evidently the moving spirit of the piece. As the prominent Minister, and as an object of hatred to Cobham, he is obviously the man for Pitt now to attack, and he trounces Carteret as recklessly as he had Walpole; only Walpole was able to reply, and Carteret cannot; for he sits where Walpole sits. Carteret, again, he mainly attacks for his eminence. He calls Carteret execrable now, but, when the battle is over, takes pride in declaring that to his patronage, to his friendship, to his instruction 'I owe whatever I am.' Still, the business of party must be done, and so Carteret must be assailed. Then Carteret disappears, and Pitt is without a target. But the young man has to realise that in his reckless onslaughts he has incidentally but mortally wounded the honour of the King. Walpole and Carteret are off the scene; and the stage is now occupied, so far as he is concerned, by a monarch who is an incarnate veto as regards him, and who can never forgive him. This produces a new situation. Pitt is as strenuous to be pardoned as he was to offend; he is all milk and honey in public, but apprises the Pelhams, who are now in sole possession of the administration, that he is not disposed to be long-suffering, and that the ordinary rewards of political warfare are overdue. They are fully alive to the situation, and attempt to mollify the Sovereign. But their labour is in vain, and so, with more subtlety than patriotism, they produce a ministerial crisis when civil war is alive in the island. The King has to yield, and, in angry submission, receive Pitt. The new placeman, having achieved office, subsides into a long silence. Pelham dies at last, and the great inheritance has to be divided. Pitt is ill and absent; his rival is at once preferred (though alienated); while Pelham's brother attempts to guide, with the help of the Master of the Great Wardrobe, what Pelham could not control. The result is easily foreseen. The rivals unite to tear the Master limb from limb, and one of them has to be bought off. That one is not Pitt. And now something, pique or patriotism or marriage, one cannot analyse it now, perhaps he could not have analysed it himself, lifts him into new splendours of eloquence. His rival seems cowed by the harness without the confidence of office. Pitt stands alone, no one dare face him. Meanwhile he receives new authority from disaster. In every region where Britain is interested calamity follows calamity. The country is roused to a passion of wrath and vengeance. It demands victims. Byng in prison remains an open wound to remind the nation of its miscarriages. They are resolved to shoot him, at any rate; they would not be unwilling to hang others whom they hold responsible for his miscarriage, who are perhaps corrupt, and who are certainly incapable and untoward Ministers; failing that, they will at least get rid of them. They look round and see no one but Pitt. He has been persecuted, he has been ignored by these Ministers, and yet his eloquence, commanding in itself, has the true note of energy and patriotism. He shall be tried; and they call for him with as much energy as the French once called for Necker, but with a truer instinct.

Strangely enough, there is so far little vigour in Pitt except in his speeches. Half his life is spent in prostration and seclusion, under the martyrdom of gout. As we have seen, on the very brink of his Ministry, he assured Fox that his health would not allow him to hold office. And, indeed, in the whole life of this singular man there is nothing more remarkable than this, that in the glimpses we obtain of himself, apart from great speeches and the result of victorious policy, we almost always find him prostrate with illness. It is generally the gout or its allies which disable him; but later it is disorder akin to if not identical with insanity. Not unnaturally, even among those less prone by profession to suspicion than the expert politician, his ill-health is often supposed to be an assumption or a screen. But in this calmer generation we can see that it was not, that the man never enjoyed health, as it is ordinarily understood, for a moment. He was always distempered, irritable, or hysterical, when not in pain. His public life was scarcely more than the intervals between fits of gout or nervous collapse. We are reminded of the sufferings of his son, as he approached the end of a long ministerial career, struggling against constant sickness and a wrecked constitution, when we contemplate the lifelong contest between the elder Pitt and hereditary disease.

Heredity counts for much, for more than we reckon in these matters. We breed horses and cattle with careful study on that principle; the prize bull and the Derby winner are the result. With mankind we heed it little or not at all. With Pitt it was everything or almost everything. From his ancestors, most probably the Governor, who, we infer, was a free liver in a tropical climate, he derived the curse of gout. From the same progenitor he inherited a nervous, violent temperament, and some taint of madness. All this told partly for him, partly against him. The gout drove him to study and reflection, but it constantly disabled him. His temperament roused him to great heights of energy and passion both in eloquence and politics, but it also alienated his fellow-men, and made him sometimes eccentric, and sometimes turbulent. We cannot in such a matter hold the balance. What is genius? None can tell. But may it not be the result in character of the conflict of violent strains of heredity, which clash like flint and steel, and produce the divine spark?

This takes us beyond our limits, more especially those of time; for within those limits the genius of Pitt has only been displayed in the barren gift of eloquence. But when we consider his disabilities of heredity and of accident we deem him already heroic. Everything has been against him. He has contended against poverty and disease and contempt. He has been wounded in the house of his family. He has been constantly betrayed. He has had to suffer for long years in silence. He is forty-eight when he at last attains anything like power. From this point of view his career is pathetic. It seems such a waste of time and opportunity. But through these long impatient years he was being trained, hardened, one may almost say, baked in the furnace. In silence and bitterness the force was being accumulated that was to electrify the Empire.

Still the dazzling result must not blind us to the facts as they stand at the moment when we are surveying and taking leave of them. Much in a man's life obviously depends on life: much too depends on death. 'Felix opportunitate mortis' is a pregnant saying. How many village Hampdens, how many Miltons have passed away, inglorious because mute, and mute from premature death. Had Cæsar or Marlborough died before middle age their military reputation would have been slender indeed. For how many men, on the other hand, has death come too late. What would have been the place in history of Napoleon III., had Orsini been a successful assassin? What that of Tiberius, had he died at sixty? The authors who have survived themselves are as the sands of the sea; indeed the exceptions are those who have not. The politicians in the same case are less conspicuous, for they crumble into the House of Lords. Historians and rhetoricians have vied with each other in setting forth the glories of Pitt's supreme years. What we have to consider is his position in 1756, when we part from him in professed ignorance of what is to come. How would Pitt appear to us had he died when he was still forty-seven? He was forty-eight the day before Devonshire, in his name, assumed the government. That is a respectable age. The younger Pitt never reached it, though he had been Prime Minister for near a score of years. Napoleon closed his career at forty-six. It is needless to detail examples. But at forty-seven the elder Pitt could only claim that he had been Paymaster of the Forces, and had cowed but not persuaded the House of Commons by his oratory. He had, too, the faith of the people, unearned except by vague echoes of purity and eloquence. Otherwise his career had been much like other careers, denouncing, or coquetting and even pressing for office, equable in expectation, and vindictive if refused. Pride was his besetting sin; yet he had stooped, to conquer.

All seems to depend on this point, so difficult to decide: was there patriotism in all this alloy? Was the anxiety for office the mere craving of the politician for reward, or was it the real consciousness of capacity, purity, and inspiration? It may well in earlier days have been the more vulgar ambition, vulgar but not reprehensible; for office is the legitimate end and object of the public man; and Pitt had earned it a hundred times over by ordinary standards, while compelled to stand aside and see his inferiors promoted. But at the period which we have reached we think the nobler sentiment is unmistakable. He will not hold out a finger, he spurns all assistance, he builds without any foundation but himself. Had he wished only for the snug and secure possession of office he would have welcomed the co-operation of Newcastle and Fox, invaluable allies in their different ways. But at this time he will have none of them, he dreams of a government which free from taint or suspicion shall appeal for the confidence of the country on the highest and purest grounds.

Here we feel, and feel with relief, that we can give a clear verdict. The rest matters little. The path of the statesman rarely skirts the heights, it is rough, rugged, sometimes squalid, as are most of the roads of life. We are apt to make idols, to ignore shadows, and to fancy that we see stars; not too apt, for it is an illuminating worship. But, that being so, let not those who have to scrutinise therefore condemn. All careers have their blots. The best and happiest are those in which the blemishes are obscured by high achievement. That was supremely the case with Pitt. His upward ascent was much like other ascents, neither better nor worse. But when he reached the summit, and acted in full light and freedom, his triumph was so complete that none deem it worth while to scan his previous record. None should care now, were it not a healthy propensity to seek to know as much as possible of the lives of great men. It is preposterous to depict Pitt as an angel of light. But yet, judged by the standard of his day, the only proper standard to apply, and indeed by the standard of any day, he must be held even in his darkest hours not to have compromised his historical future.

Whatever his failings may have been, his countrymen have refused, and rightly refused, to take heed of them. They have refused to see anything but the supreme orator, the triumphant Minister of 1757-1761, the champion of liberty in later years at home and in the West. With Pitt, as with Nelson, his country will not count flaws. What do they matter? How are they visible in the sunlight of achievement? A country must cherish and guard its heroes.

We have climbed with him in his path to power. We have seen him petulant, factious, hungry, bitter. And yet all the time we have felt that there was always something in him different in quality from his fellow-politicians when they aired the same qualities, that there was an imprisoned spirit within him struggling for freedom and scope. At last it bursts its trammels, he tosses patronage and intrigue to the old political Shylocks, and inspires the policy of the world. Vanity of vanities! Twenty years after his epoch of glory, three years after his death, Britain has reached the lowest point in her history. But still she is the richer for his life. He bequeaths a tradition, he bequeaths a son; and when men think of duty and achievement they look to one or the other. It will be an ill day for their country when either is forgotten.

INDEX

Aberdeen, Lord, 145

Abernethy, Dr., sermons by, 501

Achilles, 332

Addison, Joseph, 'Cato' referred to, 154

'Additional MSS.' referred to, 196, 248, 281, 287, 301, 306, 313, 316, 332, 337, 349, 351, 374, 380, 458, 461, 464, 467, 468, 472, 483, 485

Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of, 169, 395; Treaty of, 213; debate on Treaty of, 277, 278

Aldborough Election, 313, 323, 332, 349

Allen, Ralph, 112, 303

Allworthy, Squire, see Fielding, Henry

Almon, John, 300, 301, 493

Althorp, Lord, 21, 262

Alsace, Austrian armies in, 209

'Ambulator, The,' 308

Amelia, Princess, 280

America, smuggling invasion of, 165; hostilities in, 350-1, 372, 395, &c.

Angel Inn, Oxford, Chatham at, 363

Anne, Empress of Russia, death of, 202

Anne, Queen of England, 222

Anson, Lord, 341, 351

Anstruther, General, 330

Antwerp, French enter, 212

Argyll Buildings, Chatham's marriage at, 356

Argyll, Duke of, 343, 452

'Army, History of the British,' see Fortescue, J.W.

Arundel, Mr., 439

Ashbourne, Lord, 355

Ashburnham Park, 305

Ashley, ----, 261

'Assembly of Notables,' 479

Astrop Wells, Chatham's visit to, 304, 350

Austria, House of, 286

Austrian Netherlands, French in possession of, 212

Austrians, War of the Succession, 202, 402; defeated at Molwitz, 203; defeated at Chotusitz, 206; victorious in Bohemia, 207, 209; in Flanders, 211

Aylesbury, dispute over the Assizes at, 271-5, 289; purchase of manor of, 275

'Aylesbury, History of,' see Gibbs

Ayscough, Dr., 54, 57, 58, 62, 66, 69, 78, 291, 356

Bailey's 'Dictionary,' Pitt's study of, 501

Baldwin, Lord Chief Justice, 275

Ballantyne, Archibald, 'Life of Lord Carteret,' quoted, 146, 179

Baltimore, Lord, 178

Bampton, 84

Banquier, Alexandre, 45, 69

Barnard, Sir John, 148

Barré, Isaac, 268

Barrington, Viscount, 249, 363, 424, 426, 435, 444, 483

Barrow, sermons of, 501

Bath, 8, 29, 38, 57-9, 63, 66, 97, 99, 104-6, 112-16, 234, 303, 313, 348, 355

Bath, Earl of, see Pulteney, Sir William

Battle Abbey, 305

Bavaria, protests against the succession of Maria Theresa, 202; seized by General Khevenhüller, 205; taken by Frederick II., 209

Bavaria, Elector of, see Frederick II.

Bave, Dr. Charles, 57, 60

Bays, Mr., 79

'Bedford Correspondence,' 154, 478, 480-2

Bedford, Duke of, 236, 237, 246, 248, 249, 279, 280, 282, 300, 388, 412, 428, 439, 477, 480, 482, 486

Bedlam, 8

Beckford, Alderman William, 166, 428, 440

Bellamy, a frame maker, 80

Belleisle, Marshal, 204, 205, 207

Belson, Mr., 491

Bentinck, Lord George, 190

Bentley, Richard, Walpole's letter to, 344

Bergen, 3

Berkeley of Stratton, Lord, 252

Berkshire, land purchased in, 6

Berlin, 202, 210; Treaty of, 206

Besançon, 45, 68, 69, 352

Best, Mr., 24

Bland, Dr., 28

Blandford, 5, 58

'Blandford,' a man-of-war, 400

Blandford, Vicar of, see Pitt, John

Blount, Martha, 79

Boconnoc, 3, 6, 14, 23, 24, 43, 54, 56, 58, 61; Chatham's early life at, 43; his reasons for living at, 58, 59

Bohemia, Frederick II. proclaimed king in Prague, 205; taken by Frederick II., 209

Bolingbroke, Lady, 85, 86

Bolingbroke, Lord, 132, 144, 148, 176, 235, 258; nicknamed the Pitts, 54; called the 'intellectual Samson of Battersea,' 328; accuracy of expression of, 501; his newspaper, 'The Craftsman,' 163; 'Remarks on History of England,' 328

Bolton, Duke of, 252

Boone, Mr., 252

Boscawen, Admiral, 399

Boswell, James, 303

Bourchier, Colonel, 44

Bourbons, extravagance of the, 195; union of the, 208

'Boy Patriots, The,' 131

Braddock, General, 397, 398

Breda, peace negotiations at, 212

Breslau, Peace of, 206

Brest, 226

Bridport, Lord, 353

Bright, John, 262

Bristol, 104, 105

Broad-Bottom Administration, 239

Broglie, Marshal, 204, 205

Bromley, 310

Brompton, Richard, portrait-painter, 489

Browne, Lancelot, 132

Broxom, 79

Brussels, French enter, 212

Bubb, see Dodington, George Bubb

Buchan, Lord, 39

Buckhurst, 305

Buckingham, the representation of, 133; dispute over the Assizes at, 271-5, 289

Buckingham, Duke of, see Grenville, Richard Temple, Earl Temple

Burchett, Will., 28, 29

Burdett, 261, 262

Burke, Edmund, 21, 133

Burleigh, Lord, 427

Burton-Pynsent, 124, 125, 307

Bute, Earl of, 21, 87, 116, 121, 122, 125, 126, 138, 292, 296, 386, 387, 410, 441, 454, 458, 465, 483, 484

Bute, Lady, 126

Butler, 'the Reminiscent,' 359, 364, 491, 493

Byng, Admiral, 450-2, 507

'Cabinets, History of,' see Torrens, W.T. McC.

Cadogan, Charles, 2nd Baron, 452

Calcraft, John, letter to Digby, 359

Camden, Earl of, see Pratt, Sir Charles

Camelford, Lord, see Pitt, Thomas, 1st Baron Camelford

'Camelford MSS.' referred to, 85, 256, 412, 490

Campbell, Hume, 430, 432, 434, 435, 439, 493, 494

Canning, George, 160

Canons, Palace of, 257

Cardigan, Lady, 84

Cardross, Lord, 39

Carlisle, 154

Carlisle, Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of, 159; 'Papers' referred to, 159

Carlyle, Thomas, 'Frederick the Great' referred to, 202, 402

Caroline, Princess, 153, 370

Caroline, Queen, 53, 197

Carteret, John, Earl Granville, 255, 408, 409, 436; statesmanship of, 144; ability and distinction of, 148, 178; secret negotiations of, 176; Pitt's animosity to, 178, 187, 190, 218, 219, 280; Pitt's admiration of, in later years, 220; his relations with George II., 196; ability recognised by George II., 245; his knowledge of the classics, 179; as a linguist, 180; his contempt for money, 180; Chesterfield's opinion of, 182; supports the Earl of Bath, 216; downfall of, 229, 235-9; Administration against, 248; Secretary of State, 250; President of the Council, 300, 472; Walpole's distrust of, 315; on North American affairs, 350, 351; on subsidies, 380; Fox's enmity against, 384; Newcastle's negotiations with, 389; his forty-eight hours' Ministry, 409; Fox's resignation, 461-3; attacks of Pitt upon, 505, 506; 'Life of Carteret,' see Ballantyne, A.

Chaillot, 99

Chambers, 140

Chandos, Duke of, 140; Dukedom of, 257

Charleroi, taken by the French, 212

Charles II., 393, 423

Charles III., 205

Charles VI., 202, 203, 213

Charles VII., 209

Charles Edward, 'the Young Pretender,' see Stuart

Chatham, Lady, see Grenville, Lady Hester

'Chatham MSS.' referred to, 50, 51, 92, 99, 254, 455, 485

Chatham, William Pitt, 1st Earl of, parentage, 1, 8, 11; birth, 26; death, 126, 312; appearance and characteristics, 421, 488-90; at Eton, 27; at Oxford, 31; father, 8, 12, 14-16, 38, 48; mother, 12, 14, 26, 38-46; Governor Pitt's regard for, 11, 26; sisters, 48-128; quarrels with his sister Ann, 53, 83, 85-8, 115, 116, 256; family quarrels, 19, 22, 50, 83, 509; affected by gout, 28, 30, 39, 46, 96, 98, 117, 234, 298, 303, 304, 313, 315, 316, 318, 332, 483, 486, 507; military service, 43-7, 60, 63, 130, 132, 157, 158, 160, 163; marries Lady Hester Grenville, 97, 98, 102, 253, 352, 356; letters to Hester Grenville described, 355; lives and dies at Hayes, 103, 110, 312, 454; birth of children, 111, 455, 456; legacy of Duchess of Marlborough to, 233, 234; anecdotes of, 307, 308, 363; recommends Bolingbroke's works, 328; 'History of Chatham,' see Thackeray, Francis Correspondence--with his father, 29, 34; to his mother, 38-46; sister Ann, 56-84, 88-93, 101, 104-112; sister Mary, 96; Duke of Newcastle, 97, 329-32, 335; Sir George Lyttelton and Grenville, 316-18; Chancellor Hardwicke, 324, 325, 337 Appointments--Groom of the Bedchamber, 162, 240; Paymaster, 85, 133, 254, 475, 510; Privy Seal, 125; Secretary of State, 103, 480; Vice-Treasurer of Ireland, 253, 261, 265 Parliamentary Career--Begins at Stowe, 77; represents Old Sarum, 129, 270, 313; elected for Seaford, 270; chosen for Aldborough, 333, 349, 486; represents Okehampton, 486; his first session in Parliament, 143, 157; George II.'s regard for, 108, 157, 196, 245, 249, 250, 252, 262, 341, 349, 377, 465, 478, 486, 506; his regard for the King, 242, 465; Order of the Garter for Temple, 139; member of the 'Junto,' 236; forcing his hand, 247; wields power through the people, 358, 475; views and plans on political situation, 316, 321; apologies from Duke of Newcastle, 335, 348; exclusion from Government, 338, 415; American War, 350; his finest speeches, 293, 357-8; strong remarks on Sir Thomas Robinson, 360; distrust of, and attitude to Fox, 352, 365, 370, 474, 476, 478; Parliamentary intrigue, 370; as Leader of the House, 376; eulogises Legge for a position, 377; pecuniary awards to, 410; and Newcastle Ministry, 460-5, 471; negotiations with Hardwicke, 468; co-operation sought with, 475; fails to form a Ministry, 483-6; connection with Leicester House, 353, 386-8, 404, 454, 475, 481, 485; his oratory, 357-8, 492-503; periods of his life, 503, 504; effect of his life's mission, 512 Speeches, extracts of--On royal marriage, 157; reduction of army, 164; convention with Spain, 167; denounces Walpole's administration, 184, 505; subsidies for foreign powers, 209, 237, 379, 380, 434; transfer of Hanoverians, 241, 242, 410; Bucks Assizes, 274; compensation of Glasgow, 276; peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 278, 416; opposes navy reduction, 289, 419; opinion on Regency Bill, 292, 293; Jews' Naturalisation Act, 299; relief of Chelsea pensioners, 356; on election petitions, 358; tenure of sheriff-deputyships, 392, 394; against the Newcastle Ministry, 404; seamen's prize money, 422; army estimates, 424; Militia Bill, 428, 469; reprimands Hume Campbell, 430-3; foreign treaties, 433-8; attacks Budget, 440, 447; on Swiss auxiliaries, 441; criticism on army grant, 445

Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of, and Ann Pitt, 54, 65; statesmanship of, 144; his ability and distinction, 148; his opinion of Pulteney, 176; quotations from his Letters, 182; character of George II., 198; opposed to the Hanoverian vote, 225; bequest to, by the Duchess of Marlborough, 233; member of Opposition Committee, 236; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 240; letter from Newcastle, 248; resignation of, as Secretary of State, 279; eulogises Pitt and Murray, 302; on the reconstruction of the Ministry, 390; on the character of Pitt, 490, 491, 493; on Pitt's study of words, 501

Chevening, residence of Stanhope, 3, 126, 307

Chippenham Election, 172

Cholmondeley, Lord, Vice-Treasurer of Ireland, 253, 439

Cholmondeley, Mrs., death of, 97

Cholmondely, Charles, 14

Chotusitz, Battle of, 206

Clement XII., Pope, death of, 201

Climenson's 'Mrs. Montague' referred to, 303, 304, 309

Clive, Lord, 395

Cobbett, William, 134; 'Parliamentary History' referred to, 165, 167, 168, 183, 186, 187, 188, 218, 219, 220, 225, 241, 242, 243, 271, 275-8, 285, 287, 443

Cobden, Richard, 261, 262

'Cobham's Cubs,' 131

Cobham, Lord, see Temple, Sir Richard, afterwards Lord Cobham

Cobham Party (The), 217

Colchester, Petition for, 360

Colebrooke's 'Memoirs,' 296, 346

Cologne, Elector of, 286

Compiègne, Council at, 400

Congreve, William, 132

Conway, a cousin of Walpole's, 160, 289, 481

Corbett, Mr., marriage of, 49

Corbett, Sir William, 49

Cornbury, Lord, 84

Cornwall, 6, 16, 43, 58, 61

Cornwall, Duchy of, 17

Cornwall, Duke of, 18

Cotton, Sir John Hinde, 224, 236-7

'Cousins, The,' 131

Coxe, William, 'Memoirs of Henry Pelham' quoted 249, 250, 278, 282, 286; 'Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole' quoted, 166, 168, 172, 216, 369

Cradock, Joseph, 'Literary Memoirs' referred to, 497

'Cranford,' see Gaskell, Mrs.

Cresset, Mr., 87, 115, 116

Cricket, played at Stowe, 80

Crowhurst, Colonel Pelham's place at, 305

Culloden, Battle of, 269, 398

Cumberland, Duke of, Grenville's hatred of, 21; attempts to form a Pitt Ministry, 139; George II.'s affection for, 387; defeated at Fontenoy, 210; and at Lauffeld, 212; projected marriage of, 229; awarded a pension, 269, 270; objections to, as Regent, 293; a member of the Regency Council, 370; his devotion to Fox, 294, 352, 365, 380, 384, 388; alliance of Newcastle with, 389; plan of campaign, 398; influence of, 475

Darcy, Sir Conyers, 439

Dashwood, Francis, Baron, 414

Delamere, Lord, 14

Delaval, John, speech at Berwick, 358

Delany, Mrs., 'Memoirs of,' referred to, 52, 125, 126

Denbigh, Lord, 249

Derby, Prince Charles Edward marches on, 244

Dettingen, Battle of, 214, 218; George II. at, 193, 194; Pitt's view of the, 222

Devonshire, land purchased in, 6

Devonshire, Duke of, 339, 379, 380, 462, 467, 476-86

Devonshire House, assembly at, 479

De Witt, Jan, 443

Diamond, transaction of the Pitt, 3, 4

Dickins and Stanton, 'An Eighteenth Century Correspondence' referred to, 134

Digby, Lord, 359, 459, 461

Disraeli, Benjamin, 172

'Divinity Pitt,' 54

Dodington, George Bubb, 135, 140, 155, 224, 236, 237, 292, 346, 349, 350, 370, 373, 380, 383-6, 388, 443, 459, 479, 480, 483

Dorsetshire, lands purchased in, 6

Dover, Lord, 156

Dresden, occupied by Frederick II., 210; Peace of, 246

'Dropmore Papers' quoted and referred to, 8, 13, 26, 56

Duffell, Dr., 126

Dundonald, Lord, 'Autobiography of,' referred to, 134

Dunkirk, 277

Dupleix, 395

Dupplin, one of the Paymasters, 455, 472

Duquesne Fort, 398

Dutch Expedition up the Thames recalled, 226

Dutens, Louis, reception by the Pitts, 50, 51; 'Voyage' referred to, 174

East India Company, 2

Education, Chatham's letters on, 20

Edward III., 179

Egmont, Earl of, 277, 284, 292, 373, 406, 472

'Eighteenth Century Correspondence,' see Dickins and Stanton

Election expenses, 143

Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, 206, 207, 400, 402

Elizabeth, Queen of England, 423

Ellis, Welbore, 410, 415, 460, 461

Enfield Chase, 308

England, indifference of George II. and William III. to, 198, 199; pledged to the Pragmatic Sanction, 203; 'Remarks on the History of,' see Bolingbroke, Lord

Epsom, 154

Eridge, 305

Erskine, Sir Henry, 39, 441, 467

Erskine, Thomas, 39

Esmond, Will, 13

Essex, Lady, see Pitt, Essex

Esther, name given to Chatham's wife, 356

Eton, 11, 27-30, 160

Eugene, Prince, 438

Excise scheme, 287, 288

Fairly Farm, 305

Falmouth, Lord, 18

Fane, Lord, 360

Feilding, Charles, amiability of, 61, 73

Fielding, Henry, on Lord Chatham, 27; 'Squire Allworthy' referred to, 112, 303; 'Tom Jones' referred to, 27

Finch, Edward, 248, 252

Finch, William, 248, 252

Fitzgerald, Hon. Edward Villiers, 26

Fitzmaurice, Lord, 'Life of Shelburne' referred to, 27, 47, 49, 166, 172, 176, 467, 501

Flanders, British troops in, 188, 205; military operations in, 211, 223, 224

Florence, 49, 50

Fontainebleau, Treaty of, objects of the, 208

Fontenoy, Battle of, 210, 214, 243, 246

Foote, Samuel, 174, 298; 'Table Talk' referred to, 499

Fort St. George, 3, 9

Fortescue Family, nickname of the, 58

Fortescue, J.W., 'History of the British Army,' quoted, 221

Fox, Charles, illness of, 340

Fox, Henry, at Eton with Chatham, 27; temperament, 230, 294-7; sketch of his character, 294-7; regarded as odious, 327; peerage endowment from Paymastership, 257, 296, 314; candidate for Secretaryship of State, 279, 282; the Buckingham Assize dispute, 272; the Marriage Act, 305; admitted to the Cabinet, 367, 368, 370; member of the Council of Regency, 367, 370; Newcastle's choice between Fox and Pitt, 388; stipulations for promotions of friends, 390; position on Provisioning Bill, 394; as leader of the House, 330, 335, 402, 410, 415, 417-20; opposes Bill for war prizes, 423; his challenge accepted, 428; vetoes an appointment, 430; defends Hume Campbell, 434; no voice in Treasury appointment, 439; questions of dictatorship, 445; parliamentary intrigues and position, 458-67; mistakes concerning--résumé of parliamentary life, 474-84; on Ann Pitt, 50; prospects of the Young Pretender, 244; George II.'s inclination to, 318, 341; gratified with Chatham, 218; opposed to Chatham, 268, 292, 294, 349, 350, 365, 407, 416-20, 430, 436, 440, 445; visits Chatham, 326; placed over Chatham, 330; agreement with Chatham, 352; description of Chatham's outburst with Newcastle, 357; meets Chatham at Holland House, 370; sends apologies to Hardwicke, 341; hatred of Newcastle, 374, 389; and Newcastle's disgrace, 452, 453, 471, 472; rivalries referred to, 283; his enemies, 384; metaphors used by, 407; letters quoted, 343, 359, 364; Walpole on, 442

'France, Histoire de,' see Martin

France, Wars of, 204, 205, 207, 209, 212, 226, 233, 395, &c.

Franche-Comté, 69

Francis, Duke, 72

Frankfort, 207, 209

Frederick II. (the Great), accession of, 201; in Silesia, 202, 203; proclaimed Emperor at Frankfort, 205; his claim of Silesia, 395; War of Austrian Succession, 206, 209, 400-02; subsidy to, 286-7, 289

'Frederick the Great,' see Carlyle, Thomas

'Frederick II. and his Times,' see Raumer

Frederick, Prince of Wales, heir apparent, 148-51; marriage of, 151, 157; his character and conduct, 149, 150; banished from Court, 152; expelled from St. James's, 161; Dr. Ayscough adviser to, 54; father of George II., 195; friendship with Thomas Pitt, 17; at the General Election, 171; Carteret a favourite of, 180, 219, 237; congratulates Walpole, 228; quarrels with Pitt, 256; negotiations with Pitt, 291, 293; decline of affection for Lady Hamilton, 352; overtures to Fox, 365; death of, 261, 292

Frederick William, of Prussia, death of, 201

Free Trade, 231

Gage, Mr., M.P., 270

Gainsborough, Thomas, portrait by, 353

Gambier, Lord, 'Memorials,' 305

Garrick, David, 499

Gaskell, Mrs., 'Cranford' referred to, 352

Gay, John, 54

'Gazetteer, The,' newspaper, 163

'Gentleman's Magazine, The,' 188

George I., 156, 163, 200, 387

George II., his dual personality, 192, 204, 207, character of, 192; his political character, 194; Lord Hervey's unworthy portrayal of, 197; his courage, 220, 221; with Lady Yarmouth at Richmond, 193; devotion for Hanover, 195, 198, 446; as Elector of Hanover concludes a treaty with the French, 204; on the security of the Electorate of Hanover, 286; placed under arrest by his father, 150; his hatred of his son the Prince of Wales, 162, 387; the Dutch War, 212; in Hanover, 53, 54, 399, 402; at Dettingen, 207; at Oudenarde, 194; signs the Treaty of Worms, 208; the Treaty of Berlin, 206; speech in Parliament, 1755, 403-4; gives Premiership to Pelham, 216, 217; his aversion to the Earl of Bath, 217; his anger with Newcastle, 458; dismissal of Carteret, 229, 238; Pitt's first visit to, 63; his hatred of Pitt, 108, 157, 179, 190, 191, 253, 482; reason for this hatred, 157; Pitt's apparent loyalty to, 424, 425; Pitt's desire for reconciliation with, 459, &c., 465-72; testifies to Walpole's bravery, 146; discourteous treatment of Temple, 484; repugnance to Legge, 481-2; the execution of Admiral Byng, 451

George III., as a lad, 292; compared with George II., 200; in the Lords, 430; and Mr. Fox, 342, 365, 367, 459, 474; endeavours to form a Pitt Ministry, 139, 140; Newcastle refuses a pension offered by, 174; on Pelham's death, 313; treaties with Hesse-Cassel and Russia, 371

'George III., Memoirs of the Reign of,' see Walpole, Horace

George IV., extravagance of, 195; compared with George II., 200

Georgia, 167, 208

Germaine, Lady Betty, 107

Germany, 109, 165, 194, 206

Gibbs' 'History of Aylesbury' referred to, 275

Gibbon, Edward, 47

Gibraltar, proposed restoration to Spain, 208

Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W.E., 230

Glasgow and the Jacobite occupation, 276

Glatz, ceded to Frederick II., 206, 210

Glenfinnan, the Young Pretender at, 243

Glover, Richard, 176, 177, 236, 237, 259, 346

Gordon, Rev., 493

Gower, Granville Leveson, 237, 247, 248

Grafton, Duke of, 264

Grandison, Catherine, Viscountess of, 26

Grandison, Lord, 12, 15, 41, 46

Granville, Earl, see Carteret, John

'Grattan, Life of,' referred to, 85, 86, 495

Gray, Sir James, 70

Gray, Thomas, lampoon on Fox, 297

Grenville, Family of, Pitt united to the, 17, 130, 131, 389

'Grenville Papers' referred to, 86, 131, 132, 134, 234, 277, 316, 319, 321, 327, 333, 465, 482

Grenville, George, opposed the war in Flanders, 223; the Buckingham Assizes, 272; speech on unrest with Spain, 167; offices held by:-- Prime Minister, 130; Lord of the Treasury, 239, 486; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 346; Paymastership, 467; Secretaryship of State offered to, 138; congratulated by Pitt, 348; Bill _re_ vessels captured before declaration of war, 423; position and reasons for his hatred of Pitt, 21, 131; opposition to Pitt, 268; letters from Pitt to, 141, 260, 276, 277, 455; Letters from Lyttelton to, 317, 327; visit to Bath, 328

Grenville, Henry, 133

Grenville, Lady, inherits Boconnoc, 24, 133

Grenville, Lady Hester, 410, 411; wife of Chatham, 53, 102, 352, 353, 356; letters of, and reference to, 99-102, 105, 110, 112-15, 124, 125, 311, 312; her character, 355; pension to, 124

Grenville, James, 133, 139, 311, 372, 467

Grenville, Richard Temple, afterwards Earl Temple, 81; resigned Privy Seal, 139; proposed as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 467; proposed as First Lord of the Admiralty, 479; refused to be First Lord of the Treasury, 136, 139; Order of the Garter, 139; his ambition a Dukedom, 140; application for title, 138; his bet, 138; apologises to Hervey, 138; cold reception at Court, 484-5; visits Chatham at Bath, 348; voted against the Hanoverians, 254; pensioned, 410; the Buckingham Assizes dispute, 272, 290; Letters to, 319-21, 326-7, 332; 'Letters of Junius' ascribed to, 136

Grenville, Thomas, killed in action off Cape Finisterre, 133

Grenvilles, the, 130, 137, 465, 483; public money drawn by, 134; friends of Pitt, 492

Grub Street, 298

Guernsey, 80

Hagley, Lord Lyttelton's seat at, 306, 307, 313

Hague, Embassy to the, 240

Halifax, Earl of, 472

Hamilton, Duke of, 6, 390, 404, 477

Hamilton, Lady Archibald, 352

Hamilton, Lord Archibald, 178

Hampden, Lord, attack on Pitt, 268, 290

Hampden, Richard, estate of, 233, 234

Hampshire, land purchased in, 6

Hampton Court, 84, 151, 198

Hannan, John, 52

Hannan, Sir William, 52

Hannibal, 191, 438

Hanover, Pitt's contempt for, 178, 186; George II.'s devotion to, 188, 189, 195, 198; his visit to, 194; his ideas for safeguarding, 286; Convention signed at, between Britain and Prussia, 210; George III.'s visit to, 371

Hanoverian Guards substituted for English Guards, 218

Hanoverians, allies of Britain, 211; English hatred of the, 218; vote for maintenance of the, 224, 225; transferred to Maria Theresa, 241, 242

Hapsburg, House of, 204

Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, Earl of, letters to, 259, 324, 325, 333, 337, 350, 351, 458; letters from, 351, 380, 381; on the alienation of the Prince of Wales from his parents, 156; as Newcastle's mentor and counsellor, 175, 314, 315; on Pitt's popularity in the Commons, 185; on Pitt's acrimoniousness, 219; and George II., 238, 239; on the foreign military policy, 246; his treatment of Newcastle, 279; supports Newcastle, 340; supports Pitt, 371-3; antagonism over Marriage Act, 305; as the brains of the Cabinet, 315-16; political unrest and intrigue of 1755-6, 386-90, 453, 464-5, 467-73, 476; 'Life of Hardwicke,' see Harris, George

Harrington, Earl of, 240, 246, 251

Harris, George, 'Life of Hardwicke' referred to, 152, 464, 465, 471

Harrison, Mr., 74, 75

Hartington, Lord, 289, 341, 343; Letters from Fox to, 359, 364

Hastings, 305

Hawke, Lord, 174

Hawkins, ----, 390

Hay, Dr., 467

Hayes, 103, 110, 111, 113, 114, 125, 306, 310, 311

Hedges, William, quotations from, 2

Hell-fire Club, 275

Henley, Robert, 155

Herrenhausen, 198

Hertford, Lord, 140

Hervey, Lord, 138, 153, 160, 164, 197, 413; 'Memoirs' referred to, 153, 162, 164

Hesse, Landgrave of, 209

Hesse-Cassel, Treaty with, 371, 374, 378, 379

Hessians, allies of Britain, 211

Hillsborough, Lord, 369, 439

Hoare, William, portrait of Pelham, 314; portraits of Pitt, 488, 489

Hochkirch, Battle of, 106

Holdernesse, Lady, 115, 116

Holdernesse, Lord, 282, 300, 397, 410, 411, 479, 482, 483

Holland, 40, 41, 199; the Dutch as allies, 211; guarantee of assistance to, 246, 247

Holland, Lady, 'Journal' quoted, 24

Holland House, meeting of Chatham and Fox at, 370

'Holland House MSS.' referred to, 296, 340, 342, 343, 350, 410, 431, 454, 459, 460, 476, 477, 479, 480-3, 486

Hollins, ----, 63

Holyrood, Prince Charles Edward at, 243, 244

'Homer, Original Genius of,' see Wood, Robert

Hood, Admiral, 353

Houghton, Walpole at, 147, 228; his burial at, 229

Howard, Frederick, see Carlisle, Earl of

Howe, Captain Lord, 399

Hungary, Queen of, 202; subsidy voted to, 205

Hurstmonceux, 305

Hyde, Lord, 462

Impiger, 332

India, Governor Pitt's progress in, 2, 3

Innes Family, 7

Iracundus, 332

Irwin, Lady, 159

Italy, war in, 213

Jacobinism, Governor Pitt on, 10

Jamaica, position of the Governorship of, 5

James I., 432

James II., 243, 276, 393

Jenkins' Ear, story of, 166

Jews' Naturalisation Act, 298, 299

Johnson, Dr., 257, 413, 493

Kaunitz, adviser of Maria Theresa, 400

Kensington, 82, 114-16, 118, 198

Khevenhüller, General, occupies Munich, 205

Kielmansegge's 'Diary,' quoted, 303

Kildare, Lord, 459

'Kildare, Narrative to,' quotations from, 476, 478, 479, 482

King, Mr., 305

Land's End, 226

Lanoe, Colonel, 58, 60

Lauffeld, Battle of, 212, 214

Leadam, quoted, 208

Leasowes, Shenstone's house at, 307

Lecky, W.E.H., 502

Lee, Dr., 155, 255, 268, 272, 275, 373

Legge, Henry Bilson, 330, 336, 380-2; letter to Chatham, 308, 309; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 346, 349, 405, 410, 411, 467, 480, 481; a Lord of the Treasury, 486; Pitt's Ministry, 483; the King's repugnance to, 482; proposed Peerage for, 479; on Chatham's speech, 360; refused to sign the Hesse-Cassel Treaty, 374; distrusted by Newcastle, 374; in praise of Walpole, 423

Leicester House, 115, 155, 291-4, 318, 353, 368, 370, 371, 383, 386-8, 404, 456, 475, 481, 483-5

Lifeguards escort George II., 193

Ligonier, General, 212

Limerick, Lord, 184, 185, 187

Lincoln, acts as mediator between the Pelham brothers, 291

Linz, Archduke proclaimed in, 205

Liverpool, Lord, 141

'London Magazine, The,' 188

Londonderry, Lord, 1, 5, 6

Loo, 198

Lothian, Lord, 439

Loudoun, Lord, 441

Louis XIV., 133, 192, 193

Louis XV., 193, 208, 209, 212, 400; 'Louis XV. et la Renversement des Alliances,' see Waddington, Richard

Louis XVIII., 141

Louisbourg, 113, 243

Low Countries, 188, 212

Luneville, 45, 71, 72

Lyndhurst, Lord, 443

Lyte, Sir Henry, 'Dunster,' quoted, 6; 'History of Eton' referred to, 29

Lyttelton, Christian, marriage with Thomas Pitt, 17, 41, 130; her character, 17

Lyttelton, Sir George, afterwards Baron Lyttelton, Pitt correspondence referring to, 28, 41, 42, 49, 54, 58, 63, 77, 78, 317, 318, 321-4, 329, 331, 348; his companions in youth, 141; friendship with William Pitt, 130, 492; supports Pitt, 289; quarrel with Pitt, 407; reconciliation, 414; private secretary to Prince of Wales, 162; return to Parliament, 159; and standing army, 164; and Spanish War, 167-8; influence over Pulteney, 177; secret terms with Walpole, 177; policy concerning war in Flanders, 223-4; a Lord of the Treasury, 236, 237, 239; arranged coalition between forces of Stowe and Leicester House, 291; Cofferer, 346, 347; attempts reconciliation between Newcastle and Bedford, 412; Chancellor of the Exchequer, 412; his Budget, 440; War supplies, 446-8; Joint-Paymaster of the Forces, 455; character, 414; couplet, 158; works, 413; 'Memoirs and Correspondence of,' see Phillimore, R.J.

Lyttelton, Molly, 74, 353

Lyttelton, Sir Richard, 111, 130, 327, 423, 467 473

Lyttelton, Sir Thomas, 16

Lyttelton, William, 306

Macaulay, 31, 214

Macclesfield, Lord, death of, 134

Madras, 11

Maestricht, siege of, 278

Magyars appealed to by Maria Theresa, 205

Mahon, Lady, 126

Maillebois, Marshal, 204

Mainz, Elector of, 286

'Malta, Knights of,' see Porter

Mann, Sir Horace, 'Letters to Horace Walpole,' 50, 126, 138, 234, 253

Mansfield, Lord, see Murray, William, Earl of

Marchmont, Earl of, Duchess of Marlborough's bequest to, 234

'Marchmont Papers' quoted, 155, 168, 180, 224, 234, 235, 240

Maria Theresa, the War of Austrian Succession, 202-5, 208, 210, 213-15, 221, 222, 241, 242, 246, 247, 286, 395, 400; her character, 214, 215

Marlborough, Duke of, 131, 170, 343, 366, 477

Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of, death and bequests of, 21, 233, 234

'Marlborough, Duchess of, Life of,' see Thomson

Marriage Act, 305

Marseilles, 45, 70

Martin's 'Histoire de France,' quoted, 208

Martin, Mr., 357

Martyn, Mr., 46

Mayo, Mr., 39

Mediterranean, English fleet in, 205

Medmenham, Brotherhood of, 272

Meehan's 'Famous Houses of Bath,' quoted, 303, 304

Meredith, Sir William, 431

Middlesex, Lord, M.P. for Old Sarum, 270

Milan, 208

Miller, Mr. Saunderson, 307

'Ministry, The New,' a collection of songs, &c., 139

Minorca, 208, 294; fall of, 450-1

Mirabeau's power of oratory, 501

Mirepoix, Duchess of, 109

Mirepoix, Duke of, 399

Mohawks, 23

Mohun, Lord, sells Boconnoc, 6

Molinox, Mr., 63

Molwitz, Austrians defeated at, 203

Monmouth, Duke of, at Sedgemoor, 187

Mons, capture of, 212

Montagu, Duke of, 428

Montagu, Mrs. Elizabeth, 52, 54; 'Letters' quoted, 305, 306, 309, 353

Montcalm, General, 457; 'Montcalm and Wolfe,' see Parkman

Montespan, 192

Montpelier, 45, 71

Morayshire, 7

'Moreau, Souvenirs de,' referred to, 398, 400

Mudge, Mr., 501

Mug, Matthew, 299

Murray, William, Earl of, formerly Lord Mansfield, oratorical powers, 302; precision of, 496-7; eminence of, 340; Solicitor-General, 223, 318; Attorney-General, 453-5; his chance of promotion, 338; _re_ new Cabinet, 380; changes in the Cabinet, 389; _re_ Jacobites, 392; _re_ subsidy treaties, 431-4, 436; attitude towards Pitt, 268, 421; Pitt's attack on, 359, 360, 363-5; on Pitt's powers of ridicule, 503; enemy of Fox, 384; coolness towards Newcastle, 430; correspondence regarding, 54, 335, 336

Mutiny Bill, 276

Namur, capture of, 212

Naples, 195, 205

Napoleon I., 136, 215, 269

Napoleon III., 509

Navy, proposed reduction of the, 289

Necessity Fort, surrender of, 350

Nedham, Mrs. Catherine, see Pitt, Catherine

Nedham, Robert, his marriage with Catherine Pitt, 49; nominated for Old Sarum, 129

Nevers, 98

Newbury, 46, 74

Newcastle, Sir Thomas Pelham, afterwards Duke of, his character, 138, 173-4; an incident at his uncle's death, 138; refuses a pension, 174; contempt of George II. for, 150, 196, 245; supports Henry Pelham, 216, 217; blunder in the Lords, 227; supports the Dutch cause, 247; the Ministerial crisis of 1746, 248, 249, 252; the Seaford election, 270; his jealous nature, 279; his dislike for Bedford, 279, 280; views on the Hanoverian question, 286; Pitt's enmity with, 422, 427, 453, 471, 481, 486; profession of gratitude to Pitt, 290, 291; Fox's vengeance on, 296; his jealousy of Fox, 439; Fox's hatred of, 482; the Jews' Naturalisation Act, 298, 299; letters and correspondence, 97, 139, 281, 313, 316, 329-33, 347, 351, 386, 461-2; Secretary of State, 319, 321, 323; his appointments, 340; words with Chatham, 357; his power in the Commons, 361, 382; negotiations with Fox, 368-9; Prime Minister, 388; formation of Cabinet, 389; councils of war, 397; and Hanoverian treaties, 409; attempted negotiations between Newcastle and French Ambassador, 399; loyalty of Commons to, 410; Pitt's suspicions of, 411; attempted reconciliation between Newcastle and Bedford, 412; his opinion of Lyttelton, 412; political unrest, 430, 441, 453-5, 458-70; _re_ execution of Byng, 451, 452; deserted by his friends, 471-5; resignation, 485

'Newcastle MSS.,' 316, 328, 349, 351, 374, 474, 486

Newdigate, Sir Roger, 363

Newton, Bishop, 'Works' referred to, 176; metaphor of, 494

Niesse ceded to Frederick II., 206

Nivernois, M. de, 121

Noailles, 400

Norfolk, election expenses in, 143

Norfolk House, 162

North, Lord, 265

Northampton, 43, 60, 64, 65, 234

Nugent, Robert, Earl, 140, 272, 275, 363, 428

Nuthall, Thomas, 312

Okehampton, 5, 75

Oliver, Dr., 106, 113

Onslow, Rt. Hon. Arthur, Chatham's appeal to, 359

Orange, House of, returned to power, 212

Orford's 'George III.,' see Walpole, Horace

Orleans, Regent of, 4

Orsini, 509

Orwell, portrait at, 353

Oswald, James, 292

Oswego, fall of, 457

Oudenarde, Battle of, George II. at, 194

Oxford, 10, 30, 31, 54, 119, 363

Pall Mall, 5, 26, 35

Pan, Temple of, 309

Paris, 45, 68, 109, 181, 182

Parkman's 'Montcalm and Wolfe' quoted, 396, 398, 457

Parliamentary History, see Cobbett, William

Parma, proposed reconquest of, 208

Paulett, Lord, 112

Peel, Sir Robert, 172, 224, 489, 490; a comparison, 230, 231

Pelham, Colonel, 305

Pelham, Rt. Hon. Henry, effect of his death, 96, 97, 301, 313-15, 506; the King's regard for, 196, 251, 313; eager for peace, 212; becomes Premier, 216, 217, 314; Chatham's support, 227, 291, 394; Carteret's support, 227, 291, 394; Carteret's dismissal, 235, 245; assistance to the Dutch, 246; refuses office perquisites, 256-8, 269, 314; on Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty, 277; eulogy of Chatham, 278, 315; seeks retirement, 283; foreign policy, 289, 447; 'Memoirs of Henry Pelham,' see Coxe, William

Pelham, Sir Thomas, see Newcastle, Duke of

Pembroke, Lord, 1st Dragoon Guards, 43, 76

Penshurst, Chatham visits, 305

Peter the Great, 147, 207

Philip, Don, designs on Milan, 208

Phillimore, R.J., 'Memoirs and Correspondence of Lyttelton' referred to, 140, 306, 324, 325, 338

Phillips, Mrs., 57, 63

Phillipson, Mr., 477

Pitt, Dr., 117

Pitt, Ann (sister to Lord Chatham), friendships, 41, 49, 53, 54; State appointments, 53, 87; nicknames, 55; correspondence with her brother, 55-84, 88-125, 492; quarrels with Chatham, 83, 85-7, 115, 256; retires to France, 92, 95; returns to England, 102-4; health and mental condition, 107, 115, 116, 120; income increased to, 121; resides at Kensington, 125; grief at death of brother, 127; under restraint, death, 126

Pitt, Betty (sister to Lord Chatham), history and description of, 49-52

Pitt, Catherine (sister to Lord Chatham), afterwards Nedham, 49, 84, 95, 96-8

Pitt, Clara Villiers, see Pitt, Betty

Pitt, Elizabeth, see Pitt, Betty

Pitt, Essex (daughter of Governor Pitt), marriage, death, 12, 14, 96

Pitt, George (of Strathfieldsaye), 26

Pitt, Harriot, wife of Robert Pitt, see Villiers

Pitt, Harriot (sister of Lord Chatham), matrimonial designs on, 41, 42, 44; her character, 48; marriage of, 49; illness, 60, 70, 74

Pitt, Hester, wife of Chatham, see Grenville

Pitt, John (great-grandfather of Chatham), Vicar of Blandford, 1

Pitt, John (son of Governor Pitt), disposition, 6, 12, 13

Pitt, John, a Dorsetshire kinsman, 305, 327

Pitt, John (eldest son of Lord Chatham), 455, 456, 477

Pitt, Lucy (daughter of Governor Pitt), marriage, death, 12-14

Pitt, Mary (sister of Lord Chatham), referred to, 95, 102, 103, 106, 107, 110, 113, 115; described, 49, 52; letter to Lady Suffolk, 102

Pitt, Robert (son of Governor Pitt, father of Lord Chatham), family relationships, 8, 12, 14-16, 26, 48; character, 12, 14; death, 5, 15, 19, 38; correspondence from son's tutor, 28, 31

Pitt, Thomas ('The Governor') parentage, characteristics, 1-5, 7, 14, 24, 508; prescience regarding Chatham, 11, 26; mourning item, 34

Pitt, Thomas (son of Robert, brother of Lord Chatham), conduct and characteristics, 14-16; seeks appointment, 18; marriage, 41; charge against, 49; parliamentary career, 129, 159, 270

Pitt, Thomas (son of Thomas Pitt), 1st Baron Camelford, letters quoted and referred to, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 15, 17, 44, 48, 50, 52, 54, 85-7, 92, 93, 102, 103, 111, 114, 116, 121, 127, 130, 159, 160, 413, 491, 496; created Baron Camelford, 19; on Chatham's marriage, 354, 355; bias toward Chatham, 23, 50, 102, 127, 257

Pitt, Villiers Clara, see Pitt, Betty

Pitt, William, 1st Earl of Chatham, see Chatham

Pitt, William (the younger), birth, 111; death, 353

Place Bill, extension of, 245

Plutarch, referred to, 443

Poetical quotations, 19, 62, 143, 148, 158, 174, 177, 211, 254, 298, 307

Poland, partition of, 215

Poland, King of, Berlin Treaty and the, 206

Poland-Saxony, claims of Austria on, 203

Polwarth, against Walpole, 148

Pomfret, Lord, 467

Pompadour, Madame de, 400

Pope, Alexander, quoted, 79, 131, 132, 197

Porritt's 'Unreformed House of Commons' referred to, 129

Porte, Mr. de la, 102

Porter's 'History of the Knights of Malta' quoted, 451

Portsmouth, Duchess of, intercedes for Governor Pitt, 3

Potter, Thomas, supports petition against Seaford, 271; Bucks Assize dispute, 272-5; Chatham's praise of, 454; position found for, 483, 486; opposes navy reduction, 289

Pragmatic Sanction, maintenance of, 202, 203

Prague, King of Bohemia proclaimed in, 205

Pratt, Charles, 1st Earl Camden, 27, 311

Preston, Mr., 50

'Pretyman Papers,' referred to, 355

Prevot, as a prototype, 441

Prior Park, 112

Protestant Succession, endurance to secure, 198

Prussia, Convention signed at Hanover, 210

Pulteney, Sir William, Earl of Bath, Ann Pitt's designs on, 54, 107; entertained at Stowe, 132; his wit, 254; idolised by the people, 175, 262; Walpole's use of, 176, 219, 505; stands aside for Carteret, 178; popularity declines, 184, 259; nettled at criticism, 185; claims head of Government, 216; forms a Government--its failure, 250, 251, 409; proscribed, 252; lack of character, 258; introduces Prize Bill, 422; Newcastle's reflection on, 472

Queensbury, Duchess of, 54, 84

Queensbury, Duke of, 249

Radway, 307

Ranby, Dr., 229

Raumer's 'Frederick II. and his Times,' 402

Reading, 43, 360

Redhall, 8

'Rejected Addresses,' see Smith, Horatio

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 23, 489

Rhine, River, 207

Richelieu, Duke of, 204, 427

Richmond, 147, 193

Richmond, Duke of, 295

Ridgeway, Earl of Londonderry, 12

Rigby, Richard, 424

Rivers, Lord, 1

Robinson, Sir Thomas, his appointments, 345; Master of the Wardrobe and Secretary of State, 330, 337, 344, 345, 349, 467, 482; pensioned, 391, 392, 439; Chatham's remarks to, 360; Newcastle's praise of, 344, 345; panegyric on himself, 428

Rochester, 104

Rogers, Samuel, 'Recollections of Samuel Rogers' referred to, 85, 86; 'Table Talk,' 364

Rolt, Bayntun, 172

Rolliad, quotation from, 19

Rondet, the royal jeweller, 4

Ross, Man of, 303

Roucoux, French victory at, 212

Royston, Lord, 465

Russell, Lord John, 231

Russia, George III.'s treaty with, 371, 378, 379

Ryder, Sir Dudley, 453, 455

Sackville, Lord George, 428, 442

St. James's Square, 105, 108, 110, 112, 113, 118, 120, 151, 162

St. Lawrence, River, naval battle at mouth of, 399

St. Rumbald, spring at, 304

Salisbury, 129

Samson of Battersea, nickname of Bolingbroke, 328

Sancho Panza, 191

Sandwich, Earl of, 279, 282

Sandys, Baron, 148

Sardinia, 203, 208; King of, 225, 258

Sarpedon, 181

Sarum, Old, 2, 4-6, 129, 270

Saunders, Sir Charles, 450

Savile, Sir George, 191

Savoy, House of, 208

Saxe, Marshal, marches against Austria, 209; successes in the Low Countries, 212

Saxons, as allies of Britain, 211

Saxony, entered by Frederick II., 210; Elector of, 206, 286, 289

Schwerin, Marshal, defeats Austrians at Molwitz, 203

Scrope, John, 187

Seaford, election of Chatham for, 270, 358

Sedgemoor, 187

Seine, River, 199

Selwyn, George, 109, 345, 390

Seward's 'Anecdotes' referred to, 55, 161, 172, 180, 501

Shelburne, Lord, thoughts on Thomas Pitt, 18; on the madness of the Pitts, 24; on Pitt's use of words, 501; on Richard Temple, 131; troop offered to, 160; on Pulteney's oratory, 176; 'Life of Shelburne,' see Fitzmaurice, Lord

Shenstone, William, 306

Sheridan, R.B., 502

Shippen, William, 148

Siddons, Mrs., 500

Sidmouth, Lord, 489

Silesia, 209

Sinclair, Sir John, 7

Sion, 115, 116

'Skew,' a nickname, 58, 69

Smith, Horatio, 'Rejected Addresses' referred to, 23

Smollett, Tobias, 174

Soho, 6

Solomon, name given to Chatham, 356

South Lodge, 308, 309

South Sea Bubble, 5

Spain, extravagance of the Bourbons, 195; claim on Austria, 203; cause of war with, 213; Walpole's policy, 145, 165, 167; war declared against, 201; 'Britons in Spanish prisons' cry, 167; peace question raised by Lord Egmont, 284

Spencer, Lady Diana, 151

Spencer, John, bequests to and from, 234

Sporus, 197

Stair, Lord, 207, 218

Stanhope, George, death of, 98

Stanhope, Lady Hester, 7, 139, 489; 'Memoirs,' 139

Stanhope, James, 1st Earl, 31; soldier and statesman, 5, 46; marriage with Lucy Pitt, 14

Stanhope, Philip Dormer, see Chesterfield, Earl of

Stanhope, Sir William, speech on the Bucks Assize dispute, 272-4

Stanislas, 71

Stanley, Hans, 327

Stannaries, Thomas Pitt, Warden of, 18

States General, a party to the Treaty of Berlin, 206

Stephen, Leslie, 'English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Century,' 214, 307, 353

Stewart, General, 26

Stockwell, I., as tutor to Lord Chatham, 31

Stone, Andrew, 384, 390, 460

Stone House, 304

Stormont, 453

Stowe, 77-82, 130, 132, 272, 291, 306, 352, 355

Strange, Lord, 277

Stratford, 5, 28

Stuart, House of, 144

Stuart, Charles Edward, 'the Young Pretender,' 199, 210, 211, 222, 226, 243

Stuart, Mrs., 96

'Sublimity Pitt,' 54

Subsidies, On, 205, 209, 289, 379, 380, 430-4, 436

Suffolk, 234

Suffolk, Lady, letters referred to, 12, 53, 54, 57, 76, 78, 79, 81, 86, 102, 104, 107, 127, 161

Sunninghill, 304

Surajah Dowlah, 457

Sussex, tour in, 305

Swallowfield, 5, 11, 43, 57

Sweden, King of, 209

Talbot, Lord, evil living of, 49

Taylor, Miss, 51

Temperley's 'Essay on the Causes of War with Spain' referred to, 166

Temple, Countess, see Grenville, Lady

Temple, Lord, see Grenville, Richard Temple, afterwards Earl Grenville

Temple, Sir Richard, Viscount Cobham, 17, 77, 81, 236, 245, 292, 304, 346, 505; builder of palace of Stowe, 130, 131; his entertainments at, 132; served under Marlborough, 131; called 'the brave Cobham,' 131; his great riches, 134, 141; various titles and honours conferred on, 131; opposed to the Excise Bill, 132; sides with Pitt, 22; Pitt devoted to Cobham, 160, 161, 178; quarrel with Pitt, 256; on the war in Flanders, 223, 224, 227; growing jealousy of his 'young patriots,' 273, 276; nicknames to, 131; death of, 133, 138

Temple Bar, 169

Thackeray, Francis, 'Life of Chatham' referred to, 28, 54, 163, 363

Thackeray, W.M., referred to, 13; satire on George II. mentioned, 196

Thames, Dutch ships in the, 226

'The Test,' a newspaper, 50

Thessaly, 332

Thirsk, 4

Thomson's 'Life of the Duchess of Marlborough,' 234

Timbs, 'Anecdote biography,' 308

'Tom Jones,' see Fielding, Henry

Torrens, W.T. McC., 'History of Cabinets,' 276

Towcester, 80

Townshend, Lady, 356

Townshend, Charles, 428, 435, 441, 467, 475

Townshend, Colonel, 277

Townshend, George, 428, 441, 467

Trinity College, Chatham admitted to, 30

Trojans, 332

Tunbridge, 306

Tunbridge Wells, 304, 309, 313

Twickenham, 5, 125

Underwood's 'Historical MSS.' quoted, 257

Utrecht, 18, 21, 39, 43

Vale Royal, 14

Vallière, La, 192

Vauxhall, New, 304

Vere, Lady, 107

Vere, Lord, 107

Versailles, 109; Palace at, 192; replica of, in a Bavarian lake, 192; Treaty of, 401

Very, Count, 109

Vesey, Mr., 39

Vienna threatened by the French army, 205

Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, 26

Villiers, Harriot, marriage with Robert Pitt, 12, 26; mother of Lord Chatham, 12; her family, 15; returns to France, 15; correspondence with her son, 38-46; death of, 48

Villiers, Lord, 39-41

Voiture, 61

Voltaire's 'Candide' referred to, 451

Waddington, Richard, 'Louis XV. et le Renversement des Alliances' referred to, 401

Waldegrave, Lady Betty, 108, 109

Waldegrave, James, Earl, procures Pitt letters of introduction at Paris, 70; on the character of George II., 194, 195; on Sir Thomas Robinson, 345; negotiates for Fox to enter the Cabinet, 366-8; 'Correspondence' referred to, 359, 364

Waldegrave, John, Earl, 109

Waller, 224, 236; appointed Cofferer, 237

Walpole, Horace, 2nd Earl of Orford (son of Sir Robert Walpole), 283, 412

Walpole, Horace, 4th Earl of Orford (brother of Sir Robert Walpole), his kinship with Lord Hervey, 197; affection for Lord Camelford, 19; as a gossip, 352; on Thomas Pitt, 18; charge against Betty Pitt, 49; _re_ Ann Pitt, 53, 54, 92, 116, 125-7; on Pitt's behaviour to his sisters, 50; on the Grenvilles, 133, 137, 139, 140; on George II., 193; on Pitt's speeches, 392, 394, 405, 421, 424, 431, 434-5, 438, 441; his admiration for Pitt, 341, 493, 503; on Pitt's impatience for office, 244; on Pitt's change of opinion, 288; on Pitt's sudden illness, 298; on Dr. Lee's attack on Pitt, 254-5, 268; on Pitt's resentment against the Newcastles, 300, 357; his partiality for Fox, 368; on Sir Thomas Robinson's appointment, 344; on Lyttelton, 413; on Lord Wilmington, 179; opposes Saxon subsidy, 289; on the Bath Ministry, 250; on the loss of Minorca, 452, 457; on the American war; on the scheme of the Notables, 480-1; letter to Bentley, 344.

Walpole, Horace, 'Memoirs of the Reign of George III.,' quotations from, 92, 140, 268, 359, 367, 370, 374, 394-5, 462, 467, 469, 478-81.

Walpole, Sir Robert, 1st Earl of Orford, character of, 132, 144, 146, 254; his love for sport, 147; his relations with George II., 196, 219; on the political character of George II., 194; his relations with Pitt, 74, 75, 158-60, 170, 178, 186, 187; his attitude towards the Prince of Wales, 152, 157; his attitude towards Newcastle, 175-7; supports Pelham, 314-15; his policy regarding Spain, 145, 167, 169, 201; on the Army, 164; on the Secessions, 168; supports Maria Theresa, 203; favours the Hanoverian vote, 225; speech on threatened landing of the Pretender, 227; temporary resignation of, 179; inquiry into administration of, 184; punishment of, 183; succeeded by Lord Carteret, 205; fall of, 148, 149, 171-3, 178, 505, 506; resignation of, and papers burnt by his brother Horace, 172; impeachment of, 473; illness and death of, 228, 229; compared with Pitt and Peel, 230-2; 'Memoirs of Sir Robert Walpole,' see Coxe, William

Walpole, Thomas, purchases Hayes, 310

Washington, George, General, 350, 397

Webster, Sir Whistler, 305

West, Gilbert, 304, 307, 309, 492; his house at Wickham, 356

West, Molly, 352

Westminster, Treaty of, 401

Westminster School, 359

Westphalia, 306; Treaty of, 286

Whately, Mr., 'Observations on Modern Gardening,' 309

Wickham, Chatham's honeymoon spent at, 356

Wilberforce, William, 261

Wilhelmine, Princess of Prussia, afterwards Margravine of Bareith, 151

Wilkes, John, 136, 358, 359, 491

Wilkins' 'Political Ballads,' 298

William III., indifference to England, 198, 199; Pitt's story of his coming, 276

Williams, Sir Charles Hanbury, 174; lampoon on Pitt, 235; 'Works of,' quoted, 211, 235, 465

Wilmington, Lord, 179, 216, 217, 314, 505

Wilton, Joseph, 490

Wiltshire, lands purchased in, 6

Wimbledon, Duchess of Marlborough's estate at, 234

Windsor, 156

'Wingfield MSS.' quoted, 343, 359, 474, 485

Winnington, Thomas, 250, 254

Wood, Robert, 'Essay on the Original Genius of Homer' quoted, 182

Worms, Treaty of, 208, 225

Wotton, residence of George Grenville, 113, 352, 354

Wyndham, Baron, 148, 254

Wynn, Sir Watkin, 224

Yarmouth, Lady, 280, 388, 481; and George II., 193, 371, 464; mistress of George II., 465; and Pitt, 108-10, 263, 464, 472; Fox solicits her influence to obtain a peerage, 296; and Fox's overtures with the King, 341; her utterance regarding, 461

Yonge, Lady, 240

Yorke, Charles, 371, 372; interview with Chatham, 373

Yorke, Joseph, 185

Yorke, Philip, see Hardwicke, Earl of

Zoroastrians, politicians compared with, 389

LONDON: STRANGEWAYS, PRINTERS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Camelford.

[2] Diary of William Hedges, III. x.

[3] Hedges, III. xii.

[4] He purchased it from Lord Salisbury about 1690. Hedges, III. xxx.

[5] The portrait of the Governor at Boconnoc represents him with the diamond in his hat. That at Chevening with the diamond in his own shoe.

[6] Camelford.

[7] Camelford.

[8] Lyte's Dunster, 494.

[9] This and the following extracts from the Governor's correspondence are all taken from the Dropmore Papers (Hist. MSS.).

[10] Lady Suffolk's Letters, i. 101-4.

[11] Camelford (italics his).

[12] Camelford.

[13] Dropmore Papers, i. 70.

[14] Camelford.

[15] Ib.

[16] Dropmore Papers, i. 75.

[17] Camelford.

[18] Camelford.

[19] Journal, ii. 45.

[20] Dropmore Papers, i. 38, 41.

[21] Tom Jones, Book xiii. Chapter i.

[22] Life of Shelburne, i. 72.

[23] Addressed: To Robert Pitt, Esqr, at Stratford, near Old Sarum, Wilts. Endorsed: 'Mr. Burchet's letter about my Sons att Eton. Febry 4th, 1722.'

[24] Lyttelton's Misc. Works, p. 650. 'Written at Eaton School, 1729.' The date is obviously wrong, for Pitt and Lyttelton both went to Oxford in 1726.

[25] Endorsed: 'from my Son William Sept. 29th: recd Oct. 10th, 1723.'

[26] Endorsed: 'from Mr. Stockwell about ye charges of my Sons going to Oxon: Novr 1726 ansd Decr 1st.'

[27] Mourning for the Governor.

[28] Endorsed: 'from Mr Stockwell about my Son Wm from Oxon: Decr 22d ansd 29th 1726.'

[29] Paduasoy.

[30] Endorsed: 'from my Son Willm Oxon Jany 20th wth ye acct ye 100 answd ye 24th 1726/7.'

[31] Endorsed: 'from my Son Willm Aprill 10th wth an acct of 3 mos expences 47 05 0 Rems in his hand 9 15 0 In all 57 0 0

Answd Aprill 25th, wth leave to draw for 25l.'

[32] Lyttelton, Misc. Works, 665.

[33] Always spelt Needham in the peerage books, always Nedham by the family and those concerned.

[34] 'Villiers Pitt' to William Pitt. 'Tours, June 1, 1752.' Chatham MSS.

[35] Mann and Manners at the Court of Florence, i. 382.

[36] 'The Test' was a weekly paper published in 1756-7, written principally by Arthur Murphy, and inspired by Henry Fox, as may be seen from his letters. See too Orford, ii. 276, and Walpole to Mann, Jan. 6, 1757. There had been a previous 'Test' in 1756, of which there was published only one number, written by Charles Townshend. See Orford, ii. 218.

[37] Walpole to Mann, Jan. 17, 1757.

[38] To William Pitt, Oct. 10, 1751. Chatham MSS.

[39] Dutens' Mémoires d'un Voyageur qui se repose, i. 31-42.

[40] Tours, June 11, 1752. Villiers Pitt to W. Pitt. Chatham MSS.

[41] Or 1787? as says a note in the Delany Memoirs, iv. 266. It matters little.

[42] Climenson's 'Elizabeth Montagu,' ii. 53. See, too, Mrs. Montagu's Letters, vol. iii.

[43] Suffolk Letters, ii. 233.

[44] Camelford MS. Cf., too, William's letter of Sept. 29, 1730.

[45] Thackeray, i. 158 note.

[46] There is a crayon portrait of her at Boconnoc, which the writer has not seen. It 'represents the strong contemplative face of a woman well past her first prime,' and was taken, apparently, in 1765.

[47] Seward's Anecdotes, ii. 355.

[48] All these letters from William to Ann Pitt come from the papers at Dropmore, unless where noted otherwise.

[49] 'To Mrs. Ann Pitt, at Mrs. Phillips's, at Bath. T. Pitt Free.'

[50] Dr. Charles Bave, a physician of the highest character at Bath. See note on Vol. I., p. 408, of Lady Suffolk's Letters.

[51] This must almost certainly be Ayscough, in spite of 'Skew's' being the hereditary nickname of the Fortescue family.

[52] These are probably Colonel and Mrs. Lanoe, with whom Ann appears to be staying at Bath.

[53] Lyttelton's Misc. Works, 619.

[54] 'Mrs. Ann Pitt, at Col. Lanoe's at Bath.'

[55] 'To Mrs. Ann Pitt jun. at Boconnock near Bodmin Cornwall.'

[56] 'To Mrs. Ann Pitt at Mrs. Phillips's at Bath. T. Pitt Free.'

[57] Same address.

[58] 'To Mrs. Ann Pitt, at Bath.'

[59] Ante, p. 56.

[60] Dr. Ayscough?

[61] 'To The Honble Mrs. Ann Pitt at St. James's House Londres.'

[62] Illegible.

[63] 'To The Honble Mrs Ann Pitt at Mrs Richard's In Pallmall, London. Angleterre.'

[64] 'To the Honble Mrs Ann Pitt at St. James's House London. Angleterre.'

[65] 'To the Honble Mrs Ann Pitt at St. James's London. Free--Will, Herbert.'

[66] Doubtless his brother.

[67] His brother.

[68] Sir William Corbett.

[69] 'To The Honble Mrs Ann Pitt at St. James's London.'

[70] Elected Feb. 18, 1735.

[71] Doubtless his brother.

[72] Lyttelton--a mere guess.

[73] Doubtless his brother.

[74] N.B.--Pope was at Stowe during this month. See Lady Suffolk's Letters, ii. 143.

[75] 'To the Honble Mrs Pitt at Kensington House Middlesex. Free--W. Pitt.'

[76] Camelford MS.

[77] Recollections of Samuel Rogers, p. 104.

[78] Grenville Papers, i. 13.

[79] Chatham MSS.

[80] Orford, i. 85.

[81] His aunt.

[82] Their cousin, Colonel the Hon. George Stanhope, who distinguished himself at Falkirk and Culloden.

[83] Letter dated Oct. 21, 1754, in the Chatham MSS.

[84] 'To The Honourable Mrs. Ann Pitt, W. Pitt.'

[85] Lady Suffolk's Letters, ii. 251.

[86] Delany, iv. 156.

[87] Walpole to Mann, Oct. 30, 1778.

[88] Ib. May 9, 1779.

[89] Delany, v. 403-5.

[90] Lady Suffolk's Letters, ii. 234.

[91] Porritt's Unreformed House of Commons, i. 35. T. Mozley when the nineteenth century was well advanced saw the constituency of Old Sarum in the person of 'a bright looking old fellow with a full rubicund face and a profusion of white hair.' Reminiscences, ii. 13.

[92] Grenville Papers, i. 423.

[93] Grenville Papers, i. 423-5.

[94] Grenville Papers, ii. 496.

[95] Ib. ii. 512.

[96] Lord Dundonald in his 'Autobiography' says that it produced 20,693_l._ p.a.

[97] Dickins and Stanton. 'An Eighteenth Century Correspondence,' 193.

[98] It seems best to call this worthy, who assumed the name of Dodington, by his patronymic; for it is his own name, and the most appropriate.

[99] Walpole to Mann, Feb. 25, 1750.

[100] Memoirs of Lady Hester Stanhope, iii. 179.

[101] See 'The New Ministry, containing a collection of all the satyrical poems, songs, &c. 1742.'

[102] Phillimore's Lyttelton, 681.

[103] Orford's George III. iii. 137.

[104] Ballantyne's Carteret, 107.

[105] Harris's Hardwicke, i. 382.

[106] These expressions are taken from Hervey's Memoirs.

[107] Dated Feb. 8, 1748. Bedford Correspondence, i. 320.

[108] Marchmont Papers, i. 84.

[109] Lord Dover's note to H. Walpole's letter of March 21, 1751.

[110] Carlisle Papers (Hist. MSS.), 172.

[111] Seward, ii. 362.

[112] Lady Suffolk's Letters, ii. 151.

[113] Hervey, ii. 195.

[114] Hervey, ii. 80.

[115] Ib. ii. 82.

[116] Parl. Hist. x. 464-7.

[117] Coxe's Sir R. Walpole, i. 575.

[118] Life of Shelburne, i. 46.

[119] Coxe's Sir R. Walpole, i. 580 note.

[120] See Temperley's Essay on the causes of this war in Trans. of Royal Hist. Soc. Series II. vol. iii. p. 207.

[121] Parl. Hist. x. 1284.

[122] Parl. Hist. x. 1280-3.

[123] Coxe's Sir R. Walpole, i. 594 note.

[124] Marchmont Papers, ii. 180, note by Rose.

[125] Life of Shelburne, i. 37. Seward's Anecdotes, ii. 309.

[126] Coxe's Sir R. Walpole, i. 695.

[127] Sir C.H. Williams, ii. 140-1.

[128] Dutens' Voyage, &c., i. 142.

[129] Life of Shelburne, i. 45.

[130] Bishop Newton's Works, i. 93.

[131] Ballantyne's Carteret, 2.

[132] Seward's Anecdotes, ii. 280.

[133] Marchmont Papers, i. 42, 73.

[134] Wood's Essay on the Original Genius of Homer, p. vii. n. (Ed. 1775).

[135] Chesterfield, v. 65.

[136] Chesterfield's Letters, iv. 358.

[137] Parl. Hist. xii. 416-427.

[138] Harris, ii. 31.

[139] Parl. Hist. xii. 561.

[140] Ib. xii. 488.

[141] Parl. Hist. xii. 490.

[142] Parl. Hist. xii. 940 note.

[143] Ib. xii. 1033.

[144] Orford, Rem. 97.

[145] Hervey, ii. 182, 228.

[146] Holdernesse to Newcastle, Nov. 22, 1756. Add. MSS. 32869.

[147] Frederick, iii. 141.

[148] Martin, Hist. de France, xv. 265. Leadam, 376.

[149] Sir C.H. Williams, i. 247.

[150] L. Stephen, English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Century, 138.

[151] Parl. Hist. xiii. 136.

[152] Parl. Hist. xiii. 473 (note). Cf. Phillimore, 226. But Carteret had taken the lead of the Prince's party in the House of Lords so far back as 1737.

[153] Parl. Hist. xvi. 1097.

[154] Fortescue, Hist. of the Army, ii. 101.

[155] Marchmont Papers, i. 80.

[156] Ib. i. 176.

[157] To Mann, Jan. 24, 1744. Cf. Parl. Hist. xiii. 467 note.

[158] Orford, ii. 132.

[159] Thomson's Life of the Duchess of Marlborough, ii. 571-2.

[160] Marchmont Papers, ii. 338.

[161] H. Walpole to Montagu, June 24, 1746. Cf. Grenville Papers, i. 131. Camelford MS.

[162] H. Walpole to Mann, June 20, 1746.

[163] Marchmont Papers, i. 70.

[164] Works of Sir C.H. Williams, 1822, ii. 152.

[165] Glover, 30.

[166] Marchmont Papers, i. 67, 172. It was said that Harrington, from an interest in Lady Yonge, wife of the actual incumbent of the office, did his best to prevent Pitt's becoming Secretary for War. Ib. 97. But there was a more majestic obstacle.

[167] Parl. Hist. xiii. 1054-6.

[168] Parl. Hist. xiii. 1176.

[169] Parl. Hist. xiii. 1177.

[170] Bedford is ranked by Newcastle among the Cobham deputation, though he was First Lord of the Admiralty at the time. Perhaps he was the honest broker.

[171] Newcastle to Chesterfield, Nov. 20, 1745. Add. MSS. 32705.

[172] Newcastle to Chesterfield, Feb. 18, 1746, in Coxe's Pelham Adm. i. 292.

[173] Newcastle to Chesterfield, Feb. 18, 1746, in Coxe's Pelham Adm. i. 293.

[174] Coxe's Lord Walpole, ii. 142.

[175] Coxe's Lord Walpole, ii. 133.

[176] Newcastle to Chesterfield, Feb. 18, 1746.

[177] Orford, i. 110. Walpole to Mann, April 2, 1750.

[178] Cartwright to Pitt, Feb. 27, 1745 (Chatham MSS.). We obtain the exact salary more or less correctly from a lampoon.

'Hibernia, smile! Thrice happy isle, On thy blest ground Twelve thousand pound For Stanhope's found, Three thousand clear For Pitt a year; So shalt thou thrive, Industrious hive, While these and more Increase thy store.'

Sir C.H. Williams, ii. 166.

[179] Camelford.

[180] Cf. Underwood MSS. (Hist. MSS.), p. 405.

[181] He avowed this to Newcastle (Orford, George III. i. 82 note). But it was otherwise patent.

[182] Parl. Hist. xiv. 103.

[183] See the debate in Parl. Hist. xiv. 204.

[184] Gibbs' History of Aylesbury, 502.

[185] Torrens says (History of Cabinets, ii. 119) that this speech was revised by Pitt, but gives no authority. Almon (i. 172) specifically declares that it was written by Gordon.

[186] Parl. Hist. xiv. 502.

[187] Grenville Papers, i. 93-5.

[188] Parl. Hist. xiv. 664.

[189] Parl. Hist. xiv. 692-6.

[190] Coxe's Pelham Adm. ii. 370.

[191] Add. MSS. 32721.

[192] July 20, 1750. Add. MSS. 32721.

[193] Coxe's Pelham Adm. ii. 131, 370.

[194] Ib. ii. 396.

[195] Parl. Hist. xiv. 801.

[196] Coxe's Pelham Adm. ii. 225, 359.

[197] Parl. Hist. xiv. 967.

[198] Stone to Newcastle, Feb. 22, 1750/1. Add. MSS. 32724.

[199] Parl. Hist. xiv. 970.

[200] Coxe's Pelham Adm. ii. 144.

[201] Coxe's Pelham Adm. ii. 165.

[202] Holland House MSS.

[203] Colebrooke's Memoirs, i. 63.

[204] Earl of Rochester. Ib. 73.

[205] Wilkins, Political Ballads, ii. 312.

[206] Parl. Hist. xv. 154.

[207] September, 1749.

[208] Almon, i. 195.

[209] Pitt to Newcastle, July 25, 1753. Add. MSS. 32732.

[210] Pitt to Newcastle, March 6, 1754. Add. MSS. 32734.

[211] Feb. 11, o.s. 1751. Letters, ii. 97.

[212] Climenson's Mrs. Montague, ii. 51. Kielmansegge's Diary, 131.

[213] Meehan's Famous Houses of Bath, 112.

[214] Meehan, 111.

[215] Climenson.

[216] Mrs. Montagu's Letters, iii. 235.

[217] Memorials of Lord Gambier, i. 61. Cf. Mrs. Montagu's Letters, iii. 240.

[218] Pitt to Newcastle. Tunbridge, Aug. 14, 1753. Add. MSS. 32732.

[219] Phillimore, 265.

[220] An Eighteenth Century Correspondence, 388 n. See too Harris's Hardwicke, ii. 456.

[221] Timbs, Anecdote Biography, 156, quoting from The Ambulator (1820).

[222] Legge to Pitt. Berlin, July 10, 1748. Chatham MSS.

[223] Climenson, ii. 9-10. Mrs. Montagu's Letters, iii. 181.

[224] Nuthall to Lady Chatham, March 25, 1768. Chatham MSS.

[225] Chatham to Nuthall, Oct. 7, 1772. Chatham MSS.

[226] October 6, 1753. Add. MSS. 32733.

[227] October 13, 1753. Add. MSS. 32733.

[228] Pitt to Newcastle, March 7, 1754. Add. MSS. 32734.

[229] Grenville Papers, i. 109.

[230] Ib. i. 111.

[231] Pitt to Newcastle, March 11, 1754. Add. MSS. 32734.

[232] Murray.

[233] This seems an allusion either to Leicester House, or, less probably, to Newcastle.

[234] Grenville Papers, i. 106.

[235] Granville Papers, i. 110.

[236] Pitt was member for Aldborough, one of Newcastle's boroughs.

[237] Phillimore's Lyttelton, 449.

[238] Phillimore's Lyttelton, 453.

[239] Grenville Papers, i. 112.

[240] Add. MSS. 32734. f. 322.

[241] Grenville Papers, i. 116.

[242] Pitt to Newcastle, April 2, 1754. Add. MSS. 32735. The more elaborate draft of this letter is given with a wrong date in the Chatham Corr. i. 85.

[243] Chatham Corr. i. 89.

[244] Chatham Corr. i. 95.

[245] Add. MSS. 32735. f. 21.

[246] Harris's Hardwicke, iii. 8.

[247] The sense shows clearly that Pitt intended to write 'unwilling'.

[248] Phillimore, 466.

[249] Holland House MSS.

[250] Holland House MSS.

[251] H. Fox to Argyll, Sept. 26, 1755 (H.H. MSS.).

[252] H. Fox to the Duke of Marlborough, March 22, 1754 (H.H. MSS.).

[253] Wingfield MSS. 224b in Hist. MSS.

[254] Walpole to Bentley, March 17, 1754.

[255] Colebrooke, i. 18.

[256] An Eighteenth Century Correspondence, 230.

[257] Newcastle to Pitt, April 2, 1754, Chatham Corr.

[258] Supra, p. 335.

[259] Add. MSS. 32733. Pitt to Newcastle, April 22, 1754.

[260] Bubb, 304.

[261] Aug. 29, 1754. H.H. MSS.

[262] Bubb, 317.

[263] Newcastle to Hardwicke, Oct. 2, 1754. Add. MSS. 32737.

[264] Hardwicke to Newcastle, Oct. 3, 1754. Add. MSS. 32737.

[265] Orford, i. 78.

[266] An Eighteenth Century Correspondence, p. 154.

[267] Mrs. Montagu's Letters, iii. 273.

[268] Orford, i. 406-7.

[269] Fox to Hartington, Nov. 26, 1754, in Waldegrave, p. 146. Orford, i. 408. Cf. Calcraft to Digby, Nov. 26, 1754, in Wingfield MSS.

[270] Butler's Rem. i. 144.

[271] Waldegrave, 149-50

[272] Fox to Hartington, Nov. 28, 1754, in Waldegrave, p. 150. Orford, i. 142.

[273] Butler's Reminiscences, i. 145.

[274] Table Talk of S. Rogers, p. 100.

[275] Orford, i. 417.

[276] Ib. 418.

[277] See Pitt's obscure note in Chatham Corresp. i. 130, and the interpretation in Orford, i. 419.

[278] Orford, i. 420.

[279] Coxe's Lord Walpole, ii. 406.

[280] Bubb, 319-21. Orford, ii. 37.

[281] The accession of Fox to the Cabinet is beset with small difficulties of chronology. Horace Walpole in his Memoirs (i. 147) tells us that the King sent for Fox on November 29, 1754, and in a letter of January 9, 1755, announces that Fox had been admitted to the Cabinet. Yet we have Fox's own letter to Pitt of April 26, 1755, announcing that the King that afternoon had signified to him his admission to the Cabinet. (Chatham Corresp. i. 132). It is evident that Horace Walpole believed, prematurely, that the matter was settled early in January. Strangely enough our surest authority in all these transactions, except Waldegrave, who is vague and dateless, is the corrupt and perfidious Bubb.

[282] Thackeray gives a different account of this interview and of that with Charles Yorke, we know not whence derived. The account in the text is that of Charles Yorke and Hardwicke themselves (Harris, iii. 29-34) and in part Bubb, on the authority of James Grenville (p. 340).

[283] Newcastle to Hardwicke, Sept. 3, 1755. Add. MSS. 32858. See too Orford, ii. 40.

[284] Add. MSS. 32858.

[285] These two sentences are transposed for the sake of clearness.

[286] Italics ours.

[287] Italics ours.

[288] There was some family connection between Bubb and the Grenvilles, though it is not easy to trace. Bubb's property indeed, to his disgust, was entailed on Temple.

[289] Bubb, 370.

[290] Add. MSS. 32859, f. 86.

[291] Orford, ii. 45.

[292] Orford, ii. 7-9.

[293] Orford, ii. 17.

[294] 'Montcalm and Wolfe,' i. 483.

[295] Ib. i. 510.

[296] Ib. i. 54, 66.

[297] 'Montcalm and Wolfe,' i. 214-26.

[298] Souvenirs de Moreau, i. 62.

[299] Moreau, i. 58.

[300] Waddington. Louis XV. et le Renversement des Alliances, pp. 471-6.

[301] Baumer, Frederick II. and his Times, 227.

[302] Ibid. 233.

[303] Carlyle, Frederick, iv. 509.

[304] Orford, ii. 55-62.

[305] Fox to Ellis. Holland House MSS.

[306] Camelford.

[307] Walpole here professes to give Pitt's words exactly.

[308] _I.e._, suppose any man should have purposely put off bringing hither troops from Ireland, with the object of making this country appear so unprotected as to require foreign mercenaries.

[309] Orford, ii. 67-76.

[310] Parl. Hist. xv. 544-616.

[311] Bedford Corr. ii. 179.

[312] Bedford Corr. ii. 180.

[313] Orford, ii. 86-97.

[314] Orford, ii. 98-101.

[315] Orford, ii. 107.

[316] Holland House MSS.

[317] Orford, ii. 135-9.

[318] Orford says that Sackville moved for them on April 29. The Parliamentary History says that Fox moved for them on March 29 (xv. 702).

[319] Parl. Hist. xv. 702.

[320] Orford, ii. 185-6.

[321] Orford, ii. 188-90.

[322] Orford, ii. 193-7.

[323] The Consul at Genoa had warned Newcastle early in February that a surprise attack on Minorca was meditated. Mr. Corbett, who states this, (England in the Seven Years War, i. 97) excuses Newcastle for neglecting the information, one does not see why. More attention was paid to an intercepted despatch of the Swedish minister at Paris, dated February 25, 1756.

[324] Walpole to Chute, June 8, 1756.

[325] 'So also we find it recorded during the siege of Malta, that some hesitation having displayed itself on the part of the slaves in exposing themselves, during their pioneering labours, to a fire more than ordinarily deadly, the Grand Master directed some to be hanged and others to have their ears cut off, "pour encourager les autres" as the chroniclers quaintly and simply record.' Porter's 'History of the Knights of Malta,' ii. 272.

[326] Fox to Ellis, July 12, 1756. Holland House MSS.

[327] Chatham Corr. i. 158.

[328] 'Montcalm and Wolfe,' i. 413.

[329] Newcastle to Hardwicke, Sept. 2, 1756. Add. MSS. 35416.

[330] Fox to Kildare. This, an undated narrative among the Holland House MSS., seems to me the best statement from Fox's point of view. From Lord Kildare's reply it is evident that it was written and despatched towards the end of Nov. 1756.

[331] Narrative to Kildare.

[332] Fox to Stone, October 7, 1756. Holland House MSS.

[333] Ib.

[334] Fox to Ellis. H.H. MSS., Oct. 12, 1756.

[335] Newcastle to Fox, Oct. 12, 1756. H.H. MSS.

[336] Newcastle to Lady Yarmouth, Oct. 13. Add. MSS. 32868.

[337] Fox to Digby, Oct. 1756. Wingfield MSS. in Hist. MSS.

[338] Orford, ii. 253.

[339] Narrative to Kildare.

[340] Newcastle to Hardwicke, Oct. 15, 1756. Harris, iii. 73.

[341] Hardwicke to Newcastle, Oct. 19, 1756. Add. MSS. 32868.

[342] Harris, iii. 77.

[343] Grenville Papers, i. 178.

[344] Sir C.H. Williams, iii. 41.

[345] Shelburne, i. 83.

[346] Add. MSS. 35416; cf. Orford, ii. 257.

[347] Orford, ii. 259.

[348] Leadam, 445 note. Orford, ii. 259.

[349] Shelburne, i. 83 note.

[350] Add. MSS. 35870 'Powis Ho., October 24, 1756. Sunday night.'

[351] This poor Hanoverian victim, as completely as Andersen's Tin Soldier, has melted into nothingness. But he once caused a mighty stir. He bought four handkerchiefs, and by mistake, as was universally conceded, took the whole piece, which contained six. Yet he was put in prison on a charge of theft. His commanding officer demanded his enlargement. Failing in this attempt, he obtained a warrant from Holdernesse for his release. The whole country was aflame in an instant with the old hostility to German mercenaries, Holdernesse was severely threatened, and the innocent soldier cruelly flogged. See Orford, ii. 248-9.

[352] Strangely enough there is a different answer appended to this report.

'That H.M. had been desirous, in this time of difficulty, to have the assistance of Mr. Pitt in his service, and for that purpose to consider him and those connected with him in a proper manner. That H.M. continues in the same disposition, tho' what has been suggested by Mr. Pitt will not in the King's opinion form a system for carrying on H.M.'s service.'

This may have been the first draft, and it may have been found, as usual, that the less said the better.

[353] Partly given in Harris, iii. 80.

[354] Newcastle to Hardwicke, Oct. 13, 5 o'clock, 1756. Add. MSS. 32868, f. 251.

[355] Ib.

[356] Digby to Lord Digby, Oct. 28, 1756. Wingfield MSS. in Hist. MSS.

[357] West to Newcastle, Newcastle MSS.

[358] Orford, ii. 262.

[359] Fox to Ellis. July 15, 1755. Holland House MSS.

[360] Narrative to Kildare.

[361] October 20, 1756. Holland House MSS.

[362] Holland House MSS.

[363] Bubb, 389.

[364] Orford, ii. 263.

[365] Narrative to Kildare.

[366] Bedford Corresp. ii. 210.

[367] Orford, ii. 266.

[368] See the summonses in the Holland House MSS. For example, that to the Duke of Marlborough. 'Nov. 2, 1756. My dear Lord, H.M. desires Your Grace would without fail be in town to-morrow evening. You shall find at Marlbro' House a summons to the place of meeting, and I leave to Mr. Hamilton to acquaint Your Grace more fully than I have time to do with the intention of it. Adieu. The D. of Bedford is kept in town and all great Lords within reach are sent to.'

[369] Narrative to Kildare.

[370] Narrative to Kildare.

[371] Holdernesse to Newcastle, Nov. 2, 1756. Add. MSS. 32868.

[372] Bubb, 390.

[373] Fox to Marlborough, 1756. Holland House MSS.

[374] Bedford Corresp. ii. 208.

[375] Orford, ii. 269.

[376] Bedford Corresp. ii. 210.

[377] The salary and allowances of Secretary of State were 2680_l._, as appears from a paper of Fox's. But there was also 3000_l._ for Secret Service which Fox appears to reckon as salary. H.H. MSS.

[378] Orford, ii. 268.

[379] Holland House MSS. H. Walpole to Fox, Oct. 27, 1756.

[380] Fox to Bedford, Nov. 23, 1756.

[381] H.H. MSS.

[382] Narrative to Kildare.

[383] Bedford Corr. ii. 170, 220. Bedford to Fox, Nov. 17, 1755 (H.H. MSS.).

[384] Holland House MSS.

[385] Add. MSS. 32869.

[386] Chatham Corr. i. 190-4.

[387] Newcastle to Hardwicke, Sept. 2, 1756. Add. MSS. 35416.

[388] Fox to Digby. Wingfield MSS. in Hist. MSS.

[389] 'As your Lordship is of opinion that I cannot (which is firmly my own) rechuse Mr. Pitt,' &c. Newcastle to Hardwicke, Nov. 3, 1756.

[390] 'Do you know that Sir George now Lord Lyttelton, who had engaged with the Duke of Bedford for one and one at Okehampton, named Pitt to His Grace as the man to be chosen in his room?' Fox to ----, Dec. 14, 1756 (H.H. MSS.).

[391] Camelford.

[392] Supra, p. 75.

[393] Works, i. 135.

[394] Life of Grattan, i. 234.

[395] Cradock's Literary Memoirs, i. 100-1.

[396] Foote's Table Talk, p. 103.

[397] Seward's Anecdotes, ii. 357.

Transcriber's Notes: Many sentences in letters start with lower case. Inconsistent and dubious spellings have been retained. Many french accents missing. Superscripts formatted with carets eg: Septembr ye 29th