iii. Trading Operative Employers, or those who obtain work in

considerable quantities, and employ others at reduced wages to assist them in it; as “Sweaters,” “Seconders,” &c. These are either--

α. Piece Masters; as those who take out a certain piece of work and employ others to help them at reduced wages.

β. “Lumper” Employers, or those who contract to do the work by the lump, which is usually paid for by the piece, and employ others at reduced wages in order to complete it.

⁂ Employers are known among operatives as “honourable” or “dishonourable,” according as the wages they pay are those, or less than those, of the Trade Society.

2. Superintendents, or those who look after the workmen on behalf of employers.

_a._ Managers.

_b._ Clerks of the Works.

_c._ Foremen.

_d._ Overlookers.

_e._ Tellers and Meters, or those who take note of the number and quantity of the articles delivered.

_f._ Provers, or those whose duty it is to examine the quality or weight of the articles delivered.

_g._ Timekeepers, or those who note the time of the operatives coming to and quitting labour.

_h._ Gatekeepers, or those who see that no goods are taken out.

_i._ Clerks, or those who keep accounts of all sales and purchases, incomings, and outgoings of the business.

_j._ Pay Clerks, or those who pay the workmen their wages.

3. Labourers.

_a._ Acting as motive powers.

i. Turning wheels, working pumps, blowing bellows.

ii. Wheeling, dragging, pulling, or hoisting loads.

iii. Shifting (scenes), or turning (corn).

iv. Carrying (bricks, as hodmen).

v. Driving (piles), ramming down (stones, as paviours).

vi. Pressing (as fruit, for juice; seeds, for oil).

_b._ Uniting or putting one thing to another.

i. Feeding (furnace), laying-on (as for printing machines).

ii. Filling (as “fillers-in” of sieves at dust-yards).