xvii. Quack, and other Medicine Manufacturers, as Pills, Powders,

Syrups, Cordials, Embrocations, Ointments, Plaisters, &c.

3. Workers connected with the Superlative Arts, that is to say, with those arts which have no products of their own, and are engaged either in adding to the beauty or usefulness of the products of other arts, or in inventing or designing the work appertaining to them.

_a._ Printers.

_b._ Bookbinders.

_c._ Painters, Decorators, and Gilders.

_d._ Writers and Stencillers.

_e._ Dyers, Bleachers, Scourers, Calenderers, and Fullers.

_f._ Print Colourers.

_g._ Designers of Patterns.

_h._ Embroiderers (of Muslin, Silk, &c.), and Fancy Workers.

_i._ Desiccators, Anti-dry-rot Preservers, Waterproofers.

_j._ Burnishers, Polishers, Grinders, Japanners, and French Polishers.

_k._ Engravers, Chasers, Die-Sinkers, Embossers, Engine-Turners, and Glass-Cutters.

_l._ Artists, Sculptors, and Carvers of Wood, Coral, Jet, &c.

_m._ Modellers and Moulders.

_n._ Architects, Surveyors, and Civil Engineers.

_o._ Composers.

_p._ Authors, Editors, and Reporters.

⁂ Operatives are divisible, _according to the mode in which they are paid_, into--

1. Day-workers.

2. Piece-workers.

3. “Lump” or Contract-workers; as at the docks.

4. Perquisite-workers; as waiters, &c.

5. “Kind” or Truck-workers; as the farm servants in the North of England, Domestic Servants and Milliners, Ballast-heavers, and men paid at “Tommy-shops.”

6. Tenant-workers; or those who lodge with or reside in houses belonging to their employers. The Slop-working Tailors generally lodge with the “Sweaters,” and the “Hinds” of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland have houses found them by their employers. These “Hinds” have to keep a “Bondager,” that is, a female in the house ready to answer the master’s call, and to work at stipulated wages.

7. Improvement-workers; or those who are considered to be remunerated for their work by the instruction they receive in doing it; as “improvers” and apprentices.

8. Tribute-workers, as the Cornish Miners, Whalers, and Weavers in some parts of Ireland, where a certain proportion of the proceeds of the work done belongs to the workmen.

The wages of “society-men” among operatives are settled by _custom_, the wages of “non-society-men” are settled by _competition_.

Operatives are also divisible, _according to the places at which they work_, into--

1. Domestic workers, or those who work at home.

2. Shop or Factory workers, or those who work on the employer’s premises.

3. Out-door workers, or those who work in the open air; as bricklayers, agricultural labourers, &c.

4. Jobbing-workers, or those who go out to work at private houses.

5. Rent-men, or those who pay rent for

_a._ A “seat” at some domestic worker’s rooms.

_b._ “Power,” as turners, and others, when requiring the use of a steam-engine. Some operatives have to pay rent for tools or “frames,” as the sawyers and “stockingers,” and some for gas when working on their employer’s premises.

Operatives are further divisible, _according to those whom they employ to assist them_, into--

1. Family workers, or those who avail themselves of the assistance of their wives and children, as the Spitalfields Weavers.

2. “Sweaters” and Piece-master workers, or those who employ other members of their trade at less wages than they themselves receive.

3. “Garret-master” workers, or those who avail themselves of the labour (chiefly) of apprentices.

Operatives are moreover divisible, _according to those by whom they are employed_, into--

1. “Flints” and “Dungs;” “Whites” and “Blacks,” according as they work for employers who pay or do not pay “society prices.”

2. Jobbing piece-workers, or those who work single-handed for the public (without the intervention of an “employer”) and are paid by the _piece_. These mostly do the work at their own homes, as cobblers, repairers, &c.

3. Jobbing day-workers, or those who work single-handed for the public (without the intervention of an “employer”) and are paid by the _day_. These mostly go out to work at persons’ houses and frequently have their food found them. Among the tailors and carpenters this practice is called “whipping the cat.”

4. “Co-operative men,” or those who work in “association” for their own profit, obtaining their work directly from the public, without the intervention of an “employer.”

Lastly, Operatives admit of being arranged into two distinct classes, viz., the superior, or higher-priced, and the inferior, or lower-priced.

The superior, or higher-priced, operatives consist of--

1. The skilful. 2. The trustworthy. 3. The well-conditioned.

The inferior, or lower-priced operatives, on the other hand, are composed of--

1. The unskilful; as the old or superannuated, the young (including apprentices and “improvers”), the slow, and the awkward.

2. The untrustworthy; as the drunken, the idle, and the dishonest. Some of the cheap workers, whose wages are minimized almost to starvation point, so that honesty becomes morally impossible, have to deposit a certain sum of money, or to procure two householders to act as security for the faithful return of the work given out to them.

3. The inexpensive, consisting of--

_a._ Those who can live upon less; as single men, foreigners, Irishmen, women, &c.

_b._ Those who derive their subsistence from other sources; as Wives, Children, Paupers, Prisoners, Inmates of Asylums, Prostitutes, and Amateurs (or those who work at a business merely for pocket-money).

_c._ Those who are in receipt of some pecuniary or other aid; as Pensioners, Allottees of land, and such as have out-door relief from the workhouse.

II. _Auxiliaries_, or those engaged in promoting the enrichment and distributing the riches of the community.

A. PROMOTERS OF PRODUCTION.

1. Employers, or those who find the materials, implements, and appurtenances for the work, and pay the wages of the workmen.

_a._ Administrative Employers, or those who supply wholesale or retail dealers. These are subdivisible into--