iii. Those engaged in carrying to and from different parts of the same

town by land and water.

α. Passengers; as Omnibus-men, Cabmen, Glass and Job Coachmen, Fly Men, Excursion-van Men, Donkey-boys, Goat-carriage boys, Sedan and Bath Chair Men, Guides.

β. Goods; as Waggoners, Draymen, Carters, Spring-Van Men, Truckmen, Porters (ticketed and unticketed, and public and private men).

γ. Letters and Messages; as Messengers, Errand Boys, Telegraph Men, and Postmen.

δ. Goods and Passengers by water; as Bargemen, Lightermen, Hoymen, Watermen, River Steamboat Men.

_c._ Those engaged in the lading and unlading and the fitting of vessels, as well the packing of goods.

i. Dock and wharf labourers.

ii. Coal whippers.

iii. Lumpers, or dischargers of timber ships.

iv. Timber porters and rafters.

v. Corn porters.

vi. Ballast heavers.

vii. Stevedores, or stowers.

viii. Riggers.

ix. Packers and pressers.

III. _Benefactors_, or those who confer some _permanent_ benefit by promoting the physical, intellectual, or spiritual well-being of others.

A. EDUCATORS.

1. Professors.

2. Tutors.

3. Governesses.

4. Schoolmasters.

5. Ushers.

6. Teachers of Languages.

7. Teachers of Sciences.

8. Lecturers.

9. Teachers of “Accomplishments”; as Music, Singing, Dancing, Drawing, Wax-Flower Modelling, &c.

10. Teachers of Exercises; as Gymnastics.

11. Teachers of Arts of Self-Defence; as Fencing, Boxing, &c.

12. Teachers of Trades and Professions.

B. CURATORS.

1. Corporeal.

_a._ Physicians.

_b._ Surgeons.

_c._ General Practitioners.

_d._ Homœopathists.

_e._ Hydropathists.

2. Spiritual.

_a._ Ministers of the Church of England.

_b._ Dissenting Ministers.

_c._ Catholic Ministers.

_d._ Missionaries.

_e._ Scripture Readers.

_f._ Sisters of Charity.

_g._ Visitants.

IV. _Servitors_, or those who render some _temporary_ service or pleasure to others.

A. AMUSERS, or those who contribute to our entertainment.

1. Actors.

2. Reciters.

3. Improvisers.

4. Singers.

5. Musicians.

6. Dancers.

7. Riders, or Equestrian Performers.

8. Fencers and Pugilists.

9. Conjurers.

10. Posturers.

11. Equilibrists.

12. Tumblers.

13. Exhibitors or Showmen.

_a._ Of Curiosities.

_b._ Of Monstrosities.

B. PROTECTORS, or those who contribute to our security against injury.

1. Legislative.

_a._ The Sovereign.

_b._ The Members of the House of Lords.

_c._ The Members of the House of Commons.

2. Judicial.

_a._ The Judges in Chancery, Queen’s Bench, Common Pleas, Exchequer, Ecclesiastical, Admiralty, and Criminal Courts.

_b._ Masters in Chancery, Commissioners of the Bankruptcy, Insolvent Debtors, Sheriffs, and County Courts, Magistrates, Justices of the Peace, Recorders, Coroners, Revising Barristers.

_c._ Barristers, Pleaders, Conveyancers, Attorneys, Proctors.

3. Administrative or Executive.

_a._ The Lords Commissioners of the Treasury; the Secretaries of State for Home, Foreign, and Colonial Affairs; the Chancellor and Comptroller of the Exchequer; the Privy Council, and the Privy Seal; the Board of Trade, the Board of Control, and the Board of Health; the Board of Inland Revenue, the Poor-Law Board, and the Board of Audit; the Commissioners of Woods and Forests; the Ministers and Officials in connection with the Army and Navy, the Post Office, and the Mint; the Inspectors of Prisons, Factories, Railways, Workhouses, Schools, and Lunatic Asylums; the Officers in connection with the Registration and Statistical Departments; and the other Functionaries appertaining to the _Government at home_.

_b._ The Ambassadors, Envoys Extraordinary, Ministers Plenipotentiary, Secretaries of Legation, Chargés d’Affaires, Consuls, and other Ministers and Functionaries appertaining to the _Government abroad_.

_c._ The Governors and Commanders of British Colonies and Settlements.

_d._ The Lord Lieutenants, Custodes Rotulorum, High and Deputy Sheriffs, High Bailiffs, High and Petty Constables, and other Functionaries of _the Counties._

_e._ The Mayors, Aldermen, Common Councilmen, Chamberlains, Common Sergeants, Treasurers, Auditors, Assessors, Inspectors of Weights and Measures, and other Functionaries of _the Cities or incorporated Towns_.

_f._ The Churchwardens, the Commissioners of Sewers and Paving, the Select and Special Vestrymen, the Vestry Clerks, the Overseers or Guardians of the Poor, the Relieving Officers, the Masters of the Workhouses, the Beadles, and other _Parochial Functionaries_.

_g._ The Masters and Brethren of the Trinity Corporation, the Pier and Harbour Masters, Conservators of Rivers, and other Functionaries connected with Navigation, and the Trustees and Commissioners in connection with the Public Roads.

_h._ The Naval and Military Powers; as the Army, Navy, Marines, Militia, and Yeomanry.

_i._ The Civil Forces; as Policemen, Patrole, and Private Watchmen.

_j._ Sheriffs’ Officers, Bailiffs’ Followers, Sponging-house Keepers.

_k._ Governors of Prisons, Jailers, Turnkeys, Officers on board the Hulks and Transport Ships, Hangmen.

_l._ The Fiscal Forces; as the Coast Guard, Custom-house Officers, Excise Officers.

_m._ Collectors of Imposts; as Tax and Rate Collectors, Turnpike Men, Toll Collectors of Bridges and Markets, Collectors of Pier and Harbour dues, and Light, Buoy, and Beacon dues.

_n._ Guardians of special localities; as Rangers, and Park-keepers, Arcade-keepers, Street-keepers, Square-keepers, Bazaar-keepers, Gate and Lodge-keepers, Empty-house-keepers.

_o._ Conservators; as Curators of Museums, Librarians, Storekeepers, and others.

_p._ Protective Associations; as Insurance Companies against Loss by fire, shipwreck, storms, railway accidents, death of cattle, Life Assurance Societies, Provident or Benefit Clubs, Guarantee Societies, Trade Protection Societies, Fire Brigade and Fire-escape Men, Humane Society Men, and Officers of the Societies for the Suppression of Mendicity, Vice, and cruelty to Animals.

SERVANTS, or those who contribute to our comfort or convenience by the performance of certain offices for us.

1. Private Servants, regularly engaged.

_a._ Stewards.

_b._ Farm Bailiffs.

_c._ Secretaries.

_d._ Amanuenses.

_e._ Companions.

_f._ Butlers.

_g._ Valets.

_h._ Footmen, Pages, and Hall Porters.

_i._ Coachmen, Grooms, “Tigers,” and Helpers at Stables.

_j._ Huntsmen and Whippers-in.

_k._ Kennelmen.

_l._ Gamekeepers.

_m._ Gardeners.

_n._ Housekeepers.

_o._ Ladies’ Maids.

_p._ Nursery Maids and Wet Nurses.

_q._ House Maids and Parlour Maids.

_r._ Cooks and Scullery Maids.

_s._ Dairy Maids.

_t._ Maids of all work.

2. Private Servants temporarily engaged.

_a._ Couriers.

_b._ Interpreters.

_c._ Monthly Nurses and Invalid Nurses.

_d._ Waiters at Parties.

_e._ Charwomen.

_f._ Knife, boot, window, and paint Cleaners, Pot scourers, Carpet beaters.

3. Public Servants.

_a._ Waiters at hotels and public gardens.

_b._ Masters of the Ceremonies.

_c._ Chamber-Maids.

_d._ Boots.

_e._ Ostlers.

_f._ Job Coachmen.

_g._ Post-boys.

_h._ Washerwomen.

_i._ Dustmen.

_j._ Sweeps.

_k._ Scavengers.

_l._ Nightmen.

_m._ Flushermen.

_n._ Turncocks.

_o._ Lamplighters.

_p._ Horse Holders.

_q._ Crossing Sweepers.

THOSE WHO CANNOT WORK.

V. _Those that are provided for by some Public Institution._

A. THE INMATES OF WORKHOUSES.

B. THE INMATES OF PRISONS.

1. Debtors.

2. Criminals (Some of these, however, are made to work by the authorities).

C. THE INMATES OF HOSPITALS.

1. The Sick.

2. The Insane; as Lunatics and Idiots.

3. Veterans; as Greenwich and Chelsea Hospital men.

4. The Deserted Young; as the Foundling Hospital children.

D. THE INMATES OF ASYLUMS AND ALMSHOUSES.

1. The Afflicted; as the Deaf, and Dumb, and Blind.

2. The Destitute Young; as Orphans.

3. The Decayed Members of the several Trades or Sects.

_a._ Trade and Provident Asylums and Almshouses.

_b._ Sectarian Asylums and Almshouses--as for aged Jews, Widows of Clergymen, &c.

E. THE INMATES OF THE SEVERAL REFUGES AND DORMITORIES FOR THE HOUSELESS AND DESTITUTE.

VI. _Those who are Unprovided for._

A. THOSE WHO ARE INCAPACITATED FROM WANT OF POWER.

1. Owing to their Age.

_a._ The Old.

_b._ The Young.

2. Owing to some Bodily Ailment.

_a._ The Sick.

_b._ The Crippled.

_c._ The Maimed.

_d._ The Paralyzed.

_e._ The Blind.

3. Owing to some Mental Infirmity.

_a._ The Insane.

_b._ The Idiotic.

_c._ The Untaught, or those who have never been brought up to any industrial occupation; as Widows and those who have “seen better days.”

B. THOSE WHO ARE INCAPACITATED FROM WANT OF MEANS.

1. Having no tools; as is often the case with distressed carpenters.

2. Having no clothes; as servants when long out of a situation.

3. Having no stock-money; as impoverished street-sellers.

4. Having no materials; as the “used-up” garret or chamber masters in the boot and shoe or cabinet-making trade.

5. Having no place wherein to work; as when those who pursue their calling at home are forced to become the inmates of a nightly lodging-house.

C. THOSE WHO ARE INCAPACITATED FROM WANT OF EMPLOYMENT.

1. Owing to a glut or stagnation in business; as among the cotton-spinners, the iron-workers, the railway-navigators, and the like.

2. Owing to a change in fashion; as in the button-making trade.

3. Owing to the introduction of machinery; as among the sawyers, hand-loom weavers, pillow-lace makers, threshers, and others.

4. Owing to the advent of the slack season; as among the tailors and mantua-makers, and drawn-bonnet-makers.

5. Owing to the continuance of unfavourable weather.

_a._ From the prevalence of rain; as street-sellers, and others.

_b._ From the prevalence of easterly winds; as dock-labourers.

6. Owing to the approach of winter; as among the builders, brickmakers, market-gardeners, harvest-men.

7. Owing to the loss of character.

_a._ Culpably; from intemperate habits, or misconduct of some kind.

_b._ Accidentally; as when a servant’s late master goes abroad, and a written testimonial is objected to.

THOSE WHO WILL NOT WORK.

VII. _Vagrants or Tramps._

Under this head is included all that multifarious tribe of “sturdy rogues,” who ramble across the country during the summer, sleeping at the “casual wards” of the workhouses, and who return to London in the winter to avail themselves of the gratuitous lodgings and food attainable at the several metropolitan refuges.

VIII. _Professional Beggars and their Dependents._

A. NAVAL AND MILITARY BEGGARS.

1. Turnpike Sailors.

2. Spanish Legion Men, &c.

3. Veterans.

B. “DISTRESSED-OPERATIVE” BEGGARS.

1. Pretended Starved-out Manufacturers, as the Nottingham “Driz” or Lace-Men.

2. Pretended Unemployed Agriculturists.

3. Pretended Frozen-out Gardeners.

4. Pretended Hand-loom Weavers, and others deprived of their living by Machinery.

C. “RESPECTABLE” BEGGARS.

1. Pretended Broken-down Tradesmen, or Decayed Gentlemen.

2. Pretended Distressed Ushers, unable to take situation for want of clothes.

3. “Clean-Family Beggars” with children in very white pinafores, their faces newly washed, and their hair carefully brushed.

4. Ashamed Beggars, or those who “stand pad with a fakement” (remain stationary, holding a written placard), and pretend to hide their faces.

D. “DISASTER” BEGGARS.

1. Shipwrecked Mariners.

2. Blown-up Miners.

3. Burnt-out Tradesmen.

4. Lucifer Droppers.

E. BODILY AFFLICTED BEGGARS.

1. Having real or pretended sores, vulgarly known as the “scaldrum dodge.”

2. Having swollen legs.

3. Being crippled, deformed, maimed, or paralyzed.

4. Being blind.

5. Being subject to fits.

6. Being in a decline, and appearing with bandages round the head.

7. “Shallow coves,” or those who exhibit themselves in the streets half clad, especially in cold weather.

F. FAMISHED BEGGARS.

1. Those who chalk on the pavement, “I am starving.”

2. Those who “stand pad” with a small piece of paper similarly inscribed.

G. FOREIGN BEGGARS.

1. Frenchmen who stop passengers in the street and request to know if they can speak French, previous to presenting a written statement of their distress.

2. Pretended Destitute Poles.

3. Hindoos and Negroes, who stand shivering by the kerb.

H. PETTY TRADING BEGGARS.

1. Tract sellers.

2. Sellers of lucifers, boot-laces, cabbage-nets, tapes, and cottons.

⁂ The several varieties of beggars admit of being sub-divided into--

_a._ Patterers, or those who beg on the “blob,” that is, by word of mouth.

_b._ Screevers, or those who beg by screeving, that is, by written documents, setting forth imaginary cases of distress, such documents being either--

i. “Slums” (letters).

ii. “Fakements” (petitions).

I. THE DEPENDENTS OF BEGGARS.

1. Screevers Proper, or the writers of slums and fakements for those who beg by screeving.

2. Referees, or those who give characters to professional beggars when a reference is required.

IX. _Cheats and their Dependents._

A. THOSE WHO CHEAT THE GOVERNMENT.

1. Smugglers defrauding the Customs.

2. “Jiggers” defrauding the Excise by working illicit stills, and the like.

B. THOSE WHO CHEAT THE PUBLIC.

1. Swindlers, defrauding those of whom they buy.

2. “Duffers” and “horse-chaunters,” defrauding those to whom they sell.

3. “Charley-pitchers” and other low gamblers, defrauding those with whom they play.

4. “Bouncers and Besters” defrauding, by laying wagers, swaggering, or using threats.

5. “Flatcatchers,” defrauding by pretending to find some valuable article--as Fawney or Ring-Droppers.

6. Bubble-Men, defrauding by instituting pretended companies--as Sham Next-of-Kin-Societies, Assurance and Annuity Offices, Benefit Clubs, and the like.

7. Douceur-Men, defrauding by offering for a certain sum to confer some boon upon a person as--

_a._ To procure Government Situations for laymen, or benefices for clergymen.

_b._ To provide Servants with Places.

_c._ To teach some lucrative occupation.

_d._ To put persons in possession of some information “to their advantage.”

8. Deposit-Men, defrauding by obtaining a certain sum as security for future work or some promised place of trust.

C. THE DEPENDENTS OF CHEATS ARE--

1. “Jollies,” and “Magsmen,” or accomplices of the “Bouncers and Besters.”

2. “Bonnets,” or accomplices of Gamblers.

3. Referees, or those who give false characters to swindlers and others.

X. _Thieves and their Dependents._

A. THOSE WHO PLUNDER WITH VIOLENCE.

1. “Cracksmen”--as Housebreakers and Burglars.

2. “Rampsmen,” or Footpads.

3. “Bludgers,” or Stick-slingers, plundering in company with prostitutes.

B. THOSE WHO “HOCUS,” OR PLUNDER THEIR VICTIMS WHEN STUPIFIED.

1. “Drummers,” or those who render people insensible.

_a._ By handkerchiefs steeped in chloroform.

_b._ By drugs poured into liquor.

2. “Bug-hunters,” or those who go round to the public-houses and plunder drunken men.

C. THOSE WHO PLUNDER BY MANUAL DEXTERITY, BY STEALTH, OR BY BREACH OF TRUST.

1. “Mobsmen,” or those who plunder by manual dexterity--as the “light-fingered gentry.”

_a._ “Buzzers,” or those who abstract handkerchiefs and other articles from gentlemen’s pockets.

i. “Stook-buzzers,” those who steal handkerchiefs.

ii. “Tail-Buzzers,” those who dive into coat-pockets for sneezers (snuff-boxes,) skins and dummies (purses and pocket-books).

_b._ “Wires,” or those who pick ladies’ pockets.

_c._ “Prop-nailers,” those who steal pins and brooches.

_d._ “Thimble-screwers,” those who wrench watches from their guards.

_e._ “Shop-lifters,” or those who purloin goods from shops while examining articles.

2. “Sneaksmen,” or those who plunder by means of stealth.

_a._ Those who purloin goods, provisions, money, clothes, old metal, &c.

i. “Drag Sneaks,” or those who steal goods or luggage from carts and coaches.

ii. “Snoozers,” or those who sleep at railway hotels, and decamp with some passenger’s luggage or property in the morning.

iii. “Star-glazers,” or those who cut the panes out of shop-windows.

iv. “Till Friskers,” or those who empty tills of their contents during the absence of the shopmen.

v. “Sawney-Hunters,” or those who go purloining bacon from cheesemongers’ shop-doors.

vi. “Noisy-racket Men,” or those who steal china and glass from outside of china-shops.

vii. “Area Sneaks,” or those who steal from houses by going down the area steps.

viii. “Dead Lurkers,” or those who steal coats and umbrellas from passages at dusk, or on Sunday afternoons.

ix. “Snow Gatherers,” or those who steal clean clothes off the hedges.

x. “Skinners,” or those women who entice children and sailors to go with them and then strip them of their clothes.

xi. “Bluey-Hunters,” or those who purloin lead from the tops of houses.

xii. “Cat and Kitten Hunters,” or those who purloin pewter quart and pint pots from the top of area railings.

xiii. “Toshers,” or those who purloin copper from the ships along shore.