CHAPTER IX

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

The divers kinds of punishment and the laws are set forth by Harrison (Holinshed, vol. i.):—

“The greatest and most greevous punishment used in England, for such as offend against the state, is drawing from the prison to the place of execution upon an hurdle or sled, where they are hanged till they be halfe dead, and then taken downe and quartered alive, after that their members and bowels are cut from their bodies and throwne into a fire provided neere hand and within their one sight even for the same purpose. Sometimes if the trespasse be not the more hainous, they are suffered to hang till they be quite dead. And whensoever any of the nobilitie are convicted of high treason by their peeres, that is to saie, equals (for an inquest of yeomen passeth not upon them, but onlie of the lords of the parliament) this maner of their death is converted into the losse of their heads onlie, notwithstanding that the sentence doo run after the former order. In triall of cases concerning treason, fellonie, or anie other greevous crime not confessed, the partie accused doth yeeld, if he be a nobleman, to be tried by an inquest (as I have said) and his peeres; if a gentleman, by gentlemen; and an inferiour by God and by the countrie, to wit the yeomanrie (so combat or battle is not greatlie in use) and being condemned of fellonie, manslaughter, etc., he is eftsoons hanged by the necke till he be dead, and then cut downe and buried. But if he is convicted of wilful murder, doone either upon pretended malice, or in anie notable robberie, he is either hanged alive in chains neere the place where the fact was committed (or else upon compassion taken first strangled with a rope) and so continueth till his bonds consume to nothing. We have use neither of the wheele nor of the barre, as in other countries, but when wilful manslaughter is perpetrated, beside hanging, the offender hath his right hand commonlie striken off before or neere unto the place where the act was doone, after which he is led forth to the place of execution, and there put to death according to the law.” (_See_ Appendix X.)

Felony was involved in various kinds of crime: such as breach of prison; disfiguring the person; robbery in disguise; rape; conspiracy against the prince; embezzlement of the master’s money; carrying horses into Scotland; stealing hawks’ eggs; unnatural offences; witchcraft, conjuring, sorcery, and digging up of crosses; prophesying upon arms, cognizances, names and badges; casting of slanderous bills; poisoning; desertion; clipping of coin; taking goods from dead men; highway robbery; stealing of deer; forging documents, etc., these were all, with some others, felony.

“If a woman poison her husband she is burned alive, if the servant kill his master he is to be executed for petie treason, he that poisoneth a man is to be boiled to death either in water or lead, although the partie die not of the practise; in cases of murther all the accessories are to suffer paines of death accordingly. Perjury is punished by the pillorie burning in the forehead with the letter P, the rewalting[15] of the trees growing upon the grounds of the offendors and losse of all his moveables. Manie trespasses also are punished by the cutting of one or both eares from the head of the offendor, as the utterance of seditious words against the magistrates, grain makers, petie robbers, etc. Roges are burned through the eares, carriers of sheep out of the land by the loss of their hands, such as kill by poison are either boiled or skalded to death in lead or seething water. Heretikes are burned quicke, harlots and their mates by carting, ducking, and dooing of open penance in sheets, in churches and market steeds are often put to rebuke.... Roges and vagabonds are often stocked and whipped, scolds are ducked upon cucking stooles in the water. Such fellons as stand mute and speak not at their arraignement are pressed to death by huge weights laid upon a boord, that lieth over their brest, and a sharpe stone under their backs, and these commonlie hold their peace, thereby to save their goods unto their wives and children, which if they were condemned should be confiscated to the prince. Theeves that are saved by their bookes and cleargie, for the first offense, if they have stolen nothing else but oxen, sheepe, monie, or such like, which be no open robberies, as by the high waie side or assailing of any man’s house in the night, without putting him in fear of his life, or breaking up of his wals or doores, are burned in the left hand, upon the brawne of the thumb with an hot iron, so that if they be apprehended againe, that marke bewraieth them to have been arraigned of fellonie before, whereby they are sure at that time to have no mercie. I doo not read that this custom of saving by the book is used anywhere else than in England, neither doo I find (after much diligent enquirie) what Saxon prince ordained that law.... Our third annoiers of the common-wealth are roges, which doo verie great mischief in all places where they doo become. For whereas the rich onlie suffer injurie by the first two, these spare neither riche nor poore; but whether it be great game or small, all is fish that commeth to net with them, and yet I saie that both they and the rest are trussed up apace. For there is not one yeare commonlie, wherein three hundred or four hundred of them are not devoured and eaten up by the gallowes in one place and other. It appearth by Cardane (who writeth it upon the report of the bishop of Lexouia) in the geniture of King Edward the sixt, how Henrie the eight, executing his laws verie severelie against such idle persons, I meane great theeves, pettie theeves and roges, did hang up threescore and twelve thousand of them in his time. He seemed for a while greatlie to have terrified the rest; but since his death the number of them is so increased, yea although we have had no warres, which are a great occasion of their breed (for it is the custom of the more idel sort, having but once served or seen the other side of the sea under colour of service to shake hand with labour, for ever, thinking it a disgrace for himself to return unto his former trade) that except some better order be taken, or the lawes be better made to be executed, such as dwell in uplandish towns and little villages shall live but in small safety and rest. For the better apprehension also of theeves and mankillers, there is an old law in England very well provided, whereby it is ordered, that if he that is robbed, or any man complaine and give warning of slaughter or murder committed, the constable of the village whereunto he cometh and crieth for succour, is to raise the parish about him, and to search woods, groves, and all suspected houses and places, where the trespasser may be, or is supposed to lurke; and not finding him there, he is to give warning unto the next constable, and so one constable after serch made to advertise another from parish to parish, till they come to the same where the offender is harbored and found. It is also provided, that if anie parish in this business doo not his dutie, but suffereth the theefe (for the avoiding of trouble sake) in carrieng him to the gaile, if he should be apprehended, or other letting of their worke, to escape the same parish, is not onlie to make fine to the king, but also the same with the whole hundred wherein it standeth, to repaie the partie robbed his damages, and leave his estate harmlesse. Certes this is a good law, howbeit I have knowne by mine owne experience, fellons being taken to have escaped out of the stocks, being rescued by other for want of watch and ward, that theeves have been let passe, bicause the covetous and greedie parishoners would neither take the paines, nor be at the charge to carrie them to prison, if it were far off, that when hue and crie have beene made even to the faces of some constables, they have said: ‘God restore your losse, I have other business at this time!’ And by such meanes the meaning of manie a good law is left unexecuted, malefactors imboldened, and manie a poore man turned out of that which he hath swet and taken great paines for, toward the maintenance of himself and his poore children and familie.” (Holinshed, vol. i.)

Among the punishments mentioned above was that of boiling alive. One unfortunate, named Rose, a cook in the house of the Bishop of Rochester, poisoned eighteen persons, of whom two died. He seems to have done this wilfully. He was boiled to death. This fearful punishment was inflicted by lowering the criminal slowly, inch by inch, affixed to a post into a deep caldron full of boiling water. How long the torture lasted before the heart stopped is not recorded.

The penalty for bloodshed in the King’s Court was the loss of the right hand. The ceremony observed for such a punishment made a ritual of a remarkable and imposing ceremony.

The offender, to quote Pike (_History of Crime_, vol. ii. p. 83), “was brought in by the Marshal, and every stage of the proceedings was under the direction of some member of the royal household. The first whose services were required was the Serjeant of the Woodyard, who brought in a block and cords, and bound the condemned hand in a convenient position. The Master Cook was there with a dressing knife, which he handed to the Serjeant of the Larder, who adjusted it, and held it ‘till the execution was done.’ The Serjeant of the Poultry was close by with a cock, which was to have its head cut off on the block by the knife used for the amputation of the hand, and the body of which was afterwards to be used to ‘wrap about the stump.’ The Yeoman of the Scullery stood near, watching a fire of coals, and the Serjeant Farrier at his elbow to deliver the searing-irons to the surgeon. The chief Surgeon seared the stump, and the Groom of the Salcery held vinegar and cold water, to be used, perhaps, if the patient should faint. The Serjeant of the Ewry and the Yeoman of the Chandry attended with basin, cloths, and towels for the surgeon’s use. After the hand had been struck off and the stump seared, the Serjeant of the Pantry offered bread, and the Serjeant of the Cellar offered a pot of red wine, of which the sufferer was to partake with what appetite he might.”

Pickpockets, still called cutpurses, abounded. They formed a distinct profession; there was even a school for them. This educational establishment was carried on by a certain man named Wotton, at a house near Billingsgate, in the year 1585. Purses were worn at the girdle, attached by a chain or by a leathern string, and the pickpocket could be known by the horn thimble worn on the right thumb to protect it from the knife with which he cut the purse. Maitland says (p. 269):—

“Amongest our travells this one matter tumbled owt by the waye, that one Wotton, a gentilman borne, kepte an Alehowse att Smarts Keye neere Byllingsgate, and reared upp a newe trade of lyffe, and in the same howse he procured all the Cuttpurses abowt this Cittie to repair to his said howse. There was a Schole Howse sett upp to learne younge boyes to cutt purses. There were hunge up two devices, the one was a pockett, the other was a purse. The pocket had in yt certen cownters, and was hunge abowte with hawkes bells, and over the toppe did hannge a little sacringe bell; the purse had silver in it; and he that could take owt a cownter without any noyse was allowed to be a publique ffoyster, and he that could take a peece of sylver owt of the purse without the noyse of any of the bells, he was adjudged a judiciall Nypper. Note that a ffoyster is a Pickpocte and a Nypper is termed a Pickepurse or a Cutpurse.”

Among the many additions to Literature made during the Elizabethan age we have as detailed a description of the rogues, vagabonds, and the criminal class in London as we can desire. Their tricks and cheats; their way of living; their language or slang, can all be read in books of the time. Harrison, already quoted, furnishes a great deal; more may be read in Awdeley, Harman and Rowlands, Dekker, etc. To spare the curious reader a great deal of trouble, he is referred to Furnivall’s _Rogues and Vagabonds of Shakspere’s Youth_.

Harman’s account of these cheats and rogues is full of entertaining anecdotes. For instance, there is the story of the robbery of his cauldron by the “Upryght men,” and how he recovered it:—

“I lately had standinge in my well house, which standeth on the backeside of my house, a great cawdron of copper, beinge then full of water, havinge in the same halfe a doson of pewter dishes, well marked, and stamped with the connizance of my armes, whiche being well noted when they were taken out, were set aside, the water powred out, and my caudren taken awaye, being of such bygnes that one man, unlesse he were of great strength, was not able far to cary the same. Notwithstandynge, the same was one night within this two yeares convayed more than half a myle from my house into a commen or heth, and ther bestowed in a great firbushe. I then immediatly the next day sent one of my men to London, and there gave warning in Sothwarke, kent strete, and Barmesey streete, to all the Tynckars there dwelling. That if any such Caudron came thether to be sold, the bringar therof should be stayed, and promised twenty shyllings for a reward. I gave also intelligence to the water men that kept the ferres, that no such vessel should be ether convayed to London or into essex, promysing the like reward, to have understanding therof. This my doing was well understand in many places about, and that the feare of espyinge so troubled the conscience of the stealer, that my caudoren laye untouched in the thicke firbushe more than halfe a yeare after, which, by a great chaunce, was found by hunters for conneys; for one chaunced to runne into the same bushe where my caudren was, and being perceaved, one thrust his staffe into the same bushe, and hyt my caudren a great blowe, the sound whereof dyd cause the man to thinke and hope that there was some great treasure hidden, wherby he thought to be the better whyle he lyved. And in farther searching he found my caudren; so had I the same agayne unloked for.”

The Hooker or Angler was one who by day walked about the streets, observing the windows and what was kept in them. At night he carried a stick fitted with a hook. He opened the window from the outside, and by means of his hook got out what he wanted. Once, says Harman, the Hookers dragged from a bed, in which lay asleep a man and two boys, the blankets and upper sheets, leaving them in their shirts.

The Rogue professed a part and dressed up to it. Harman tells a story of two rogues who wanted to break into a house but could not, because it was of stone, with the mullions of the windows too close for them to creep in. They had, however, a “horse-lock.” They woke up the tenant, who had with him only an old woman, and begged for alms. He opened the window and held out his hand with a penny in it. They seized his hand: he naturally thrust out the other to succour the first; they seized that as well, and clasped the two into the horse-lock, so that he was a prisoner until he gave up all the money in the house.

The “wild” Rogue is a variety distinguished by greater courage. Harman quotes one as a beggar by inheritance. “His grandfather was a beggar; his father was one; and he must needs be one by good reason.”

The “Prygger of Prauncers” was a horse-stealer; the Pallyard of Clapperdogen was one of the counterfeit sick men; he knew how to raise blisters, and to create a sore place by means of spearwort or ratsbane. The former raises a blister which passes away in a night; the latter a sore place that is incurable.

The Frater—in the name we seem to catch a memory of the extinct Friar—carried at his girdle a black box, in which there was a licence (forged) to beg.

The Abram man was one who feigned to have been mad, and to have been kept in Bedlam for a term of years.

The Freshwater Mariner or Whipjack was a beggar who pretended to be a sailor on his way to get a ship; or who had recently been shipwrecked; or who had been robbed by pirates; and who showed a forged writing signed, as it seemed, by men of substance and position confirming his story.

The Counterfeit Crank was a pretended epileptic. He carried a piece of white soap, which he put into his mouth to represent the epileptic foam. Harman draws a lively picture of such a man. He begged about the Temple, his face covered with blood and his rags with mud and dirt. At noon he repaired to the back of Clement’s Inn, where in a lane leading to the fields he renewed the blood on his face from a bladder which he had with him, and daubed his jerkin and hose again with mud. A certain printer watched him: in the evening he took a boat across the river; the printer followed him and caused him to be taken up in St. George’s Fields as a common beggar. They took him to the Constable’s house, where they stripped off his rags, showing him to be a healthy and comely man with no sign of any disease; in his pockets they found the sum of thirteen shillings, three pence, and a halfpenny; they gave him an old cloak of the Constable’s, in which he sat by the fire and drank three quarts of beer; after which he threw off the cloak and ran away naked. But they found out where he lived, viz. in a “pretty house, well stuffed, with a fair joined table, and a fair cupboard garnished with pewter.” So they took him to Bridewell, where they painted him, first in his disguise, and next in his proper attire. Then they whipped him through London and brought him back to Bridewell, where he stayed till they thought fit to let him go.

The Dommerar pretended to be dumb: he carried a forged licence, and generally pretended to have lost his tongue. One of them was, unluckily for himself, caught by a surgeon, who proved that he had a tongue though he had neatly folded it away somewhere; and as the fellow still would not speak, the surgeon tortured him till he did. This done, they haled him before the magistrate, who administered the usual medicine.

The Drunken Tinker’s career may be dismissed; so may that of the Pedlar; the Jackman made false writings and forgeries.

The “Demander for Glymmar” was a woman who pretended to have been burned out, and carried a begging licence.

The Basket women carried laces, pins, needles and girdles for sale. They bought coney skins and they stole linen from the hedges.

The “Autem Morte” and the “Walking Morte” were also pedlars, and of evil repute.

The Doxy was the companion and the confederate of the Upright Man.

The Dell, the Kynchen Morte, and the Kynchen Cove were boys and girls in training for the life of the vagabond.

Queen Elizabeth was fond of driving into the country as well as going upon the river. One summer evening she rode out from Aldersgate, along the road now called Goswell Road, towards the village of Iseldon or Islington. Just outside the town she was surrounded and beset by a number of beggars, to her great annoyance. Wherefore she sent her running footman, Stone, to the Mayor and to the Recorder complaining of this nuisance. The Recorder sent out warrants that same night to the quarters complained of, and into Westminster, with the result that seventy-four beggars were apprehended and sent to Bridewell, where they were “punished” (_i.e._ soundly flogged). Some of them were found to be very rich and usurers.

The mob under Elizabeth did not venture in assemblies on acts of violence. One or two exceptions must be made. Once an armed company, headed by gentlemen, attacked Bridewell. Seeing that their object was the release of certain unrepentant women whose profession concerned the gentlemen only, it is probable that the whole of the rioters were gentlemen. On another occasion the ’prentices rose against foreigners. Instances of hatred between Spanish residents and citizens of London are common in the pages of Machyn. Thus on October 15, 1554, a Spaniard killed a servant of Sir George Gifford without Temple Bar. The cause of the quarrel is not stated. Ten days afterwards the unfortunate foreigner was hanged at Charing Cross. On the 4th of November following there was a great fray at Charing Cross between Spaniards and English. Not many were hurt, and those who began it were arrested, especially a blackamoor. In January another Englishman was murdered by three Spaniards, two of whom held him while the other ran him through. In April was hanged a certain person, servant to a poulterer. He robbed a Spaniard in Westminster Abbey, and for the offence was condemned to be hanged for three days, and then to be buried under the gallows. He was hanged in a gown of tawny frieze, and a doublet of tawny taffeta, with hose lined with sarcenet. Before being turned off he railed at the Pope and the Mass.

Of street violence there was still a great deal, but not so much as formerly. The following letter speaks for itself.

“On Thursday laste (Feb. 13th 1587) as my Lorde Rytche was rydynge in the streates, there was one Wyndam that stode in a dore, and shotte a dagge at him, thynkynge to have slayne him; but God provyded so for my L. Rytche that this Wyndam apoyntynge his servant that mornynge to charge his dagge with 11 bulletts, the fellow, doubtinge he mente to doe sum myschefe with it, charged it only with powder and paper, and no bullett; and so this L.’s lyfe was thereby saved, for otherwyse he had beene slayne. Wyndam was presently taken by my Lord Rytche’s men, and, beynge broughte before the Counsell, confessed his intende, but the cause of his quarrell I knowne not; but he is commyted to the Towre. The same daye also, as Sir John Conway was goynge in the streetes, Mr. Lodovyke Grevell came sodenly uppon him, and stroke him on the hedd with a sworde, and but for one of Sir John Conwaye’s men, who warded the blow, he had cutt off his legges; yet did he hurte him sumwhat on bothe his shynns; the Councelor sente for Lodovyke Grevell and have commytted him to the Marchallcye.” (Drake, _Shakespeare and his Times_, vol. ii.)

The cucking-stool, trebucket, or tumbril, for the ducking of a scold, was commonly found in every village. There were several kinds of it. One was a chair set at the end of a braser which acted on a see-saw principle; one a stump put into the ground at the edge of the water. Another was a “standard” fixed at the entrance of a pond. To this was attached a long pole, at the extremity of which was fastened the chair. Such an one stood almost within the memory of man at the great reservoir in the Green Park. Another kind was a sort of cart on four wheels, with a braser, at the end of which was the chair. All over Oxford these things are found, also at Wootton Bassett, Broad Water Worthing, Leominster, Marlborough, Newbury, Scarborough, Warwick, Ipswich. In 1777 a woman was ducked at Whitchurch.

The trial of Ben Jonson, an account of which has been recovered by Mr. John Cordy Jeafferson for the Middlesex County Record Society, began with the inquest on the body of one James Feake, held in Holywell Street, St. Leonard’s Shoreditch, in the thirty-ninth year of Queen Elizabeth, and on the 10th day of December. The said James Feake was killed in a brawl by one Gabriel Spencer, who struck him with his sword in its scabbard in the right eye, so that he fell down, and after languishing for three days, died of the wound. What was done to Gabriel Spencer does not appear. Perhaps the case was treated as one of self-defence. However, Gabriel Spencer presently met with his reward. For in the month of September following, viz. in 1598, the said Gabriel fell to quarrelling with a young man named Ben Jonson, in Shoreditch, or Hoxton Fields; from words they quickly came to blows, and Gabriel was pierced by Ben Jonson’s sword through the right side, so that he died immediately. Jonson was thrown into prison and was tried for manslaughter, not for murder. He pleaded guilty; he also pleaded his clergy, read his “neck-verse,” and was released in accordance with the statute 18 Eliz. c. 7, after being branded in the hand with what the London people called the Tyburn T.

I have found one instance, the earliest, of a kind of transportation. Among Frobisher’s Company were six men condemned to death. Their sentence was commuted into banishment. They were sent on board Frobisher’s ship, to be landed on the shores of “Freezeland,” that is Greenland or Labrador, with weapons and provisions. They were instructed to win the good-will and friendship of the natives and to inquire into their “estate.” In other words, to find out all that could be learned concerning them. It is unfortunate that history makes no further mention of these pioneers.

The story of Thomas Appletree: his terrible accident; his deadly peril; his repentance; and his pardon, is pathetic. I suffer Stow to tell it in his own words:—

“The seventeenth day of July, the Queenes moste excellent Maiestie, being in ye river of Thamis, betwixt hir Highnesse Mannour of Greenewiche and Detteforde, in hur privie Barge, accompanyed with Monsier Schemere the French Embassadour, the Earle of Lincolne, and Maister Vizchamberlaine, etc., with whim she entred discourse about waightie affaires; it chanced that one Thomas Appletree, a yong man and servant to Maister Henrie Carie, with two or three children of hir Maiesties Chappell, and one other named Barnard Acton, being in a Boate on the Thamis, rowing up and downe betwixte the places above named, the foresaide Thomas Appletree hadde a Caliver or Harquebuze, whych he hadde three or foure times discharged with Bullet, shooting at randone very rashly, who by greate misfortune shot one of the Watermen, being the seconde man nexte unto the Bales of the saide Barge, labouring with hys Oare (whyche sate wythin five feete of hir Highnesse), cleane through bothe hys armes; the blowe was so greate and greevous, that it moved him out of his place, and forced hym to crye and scritche oute piteouslye, supposing hymselfe to be slain, and saying, he was shot through the body. The man bleeding abundantly, as though he had had 100 Daggers thrust into hym, the Queenes Maiestie showed such noble courage as is moste wonderfull to be heard and spoken of, for beholding hym so maimed, and bleding in such force, she never bashed thereat, but shewed effectually a prudent and magnanimous heart, and moste courteously comforting the pore man, she bad hym be of good cheere, and saide hee should want nothing that might bee for his ease, commaunding hym to be covered till such time as hee came to the shoare, till which time hee lay bathing in his owne bloud, which might have been an occasion to have terrified the eyes of the beholders. But such and so great was the courage and magnanimitie of our dread and soveraigne Ladie, that it never quailed. To be short, Thomas Appletree and the rest were apprehended and brought before her honorable Counsell, who with great gravitie and wisedome employed their times verie carefully, and with greate diligence examined the saide Appletree and his companions, and finding the case moste hainous and wicked, justly pronounced againste him the sentence of death, and commit him to the Marshalsea in Southwarke, from whence ye Tuisday following hee was brought through the Citie with the Knight Marshalles men, ledde up to the Tower Hill, and so to Radcliffe upp to Blackwall, and so downe to the waterside, where was a Gibet sett upp, directly placed betwixte Detforde and Greenewiche, for the execution of this malefactour, who in deed verie pitifully bewayled the offence hee had committed, and as well in prison as by the waie prepared himselfe verie penitently and willingly to offer his body to the death.

Thus verie godly hee purposed to finish his miserable and wretched life, and so prepared himselfe to ascend and goe upp the Ladder, and being on the same, he turned himselfe, and spake to the people as followeth: Good people, I am come hither to die, but God is my Judge, I never in my life intended hurt to the Queenes Most excellent Maiestie, nor meant the harme of any creature, but I pray to God with all my heart long to prosper and keepe her Highnes in health, who blesse and defende her from all perilles and daungers, who prosper her in all her affaires, and blesse her moste Honorable Counsell, giving them grace to doe all things to the glorie of God, and the benefit of this realme; but of all things I am moste sorie for my offence, and wofully bewaile the same; and more, I am penitent and sorie for my good Maister, Maister Henrie Carie, who hath been so grieved for my fault, suffering rebuke for the same: I would to God I had never been borne that have so grievously offended him. And with that the teares gusht oute of his eyes verie faste. This saide, hee persuaded all men to serve God, and to take an example by him, and every night and morning moved them devoutly to say the Lord’s Prayer. And as the executioner had put the rope about his necke, the people cried stay, stay, stay, and with that came the right Honorable sir Christopher Hatton, Vizchamberlaine to her highnes, who enquired what hee had confessed, and being certified, as is before expressed, hee bailed his bonet, and declared, that the Queenes Maiestie had sent him thither both to make the cause open to them how hainous and greevous the offence of ye said Thomas Appletree was, and further to signify to him her gracious pleasure; and so continued his message, as ye may reade it printed by itself, and annexed to this discourse. Which, when he had declared, the hangman was commanded to take the roape from his necke. Appletree being come downe from the Ladder, received his pardon, and gave God and the Prince praise for so great a benefite as he had by her moste gracious bountie received. This done, Maister Vizchamberlaine saide: Good people pray for the Queenes Maiestie, and then was this prayer saide, which is usually reade (for the preservation of her Maiestie) in the Church: O Almighty and everlasting God, the Lord of Lords, and King of Kings, which dost fro’ thy throne behold all the dwellers of the earth, most heartily we beseech thee with thy favour to behold our moste gracious soveraigne lady Queen Elizabeth, etc. Whereunto all the people joyfully accorded to saye Amen, crying, God save the Queen: casting up their Cappes.” (Stow’s _Chronicles of England_.)

One of the last cases of ordeal by battle belongs to the year 1571.

“The eighteenth of June, in Trinitie terme, there was a combat appointed to have been fought for a certeine manour and demaine lands belonging thereunto in the Ile of Hartie, adjoining to the Ile of Shepie in Kent. Simon Low and John Kime were plaintifs, and had brought a writ of right against Thomas Paramore, who offered to defend his right by battell. Whereupon the plaintiffs aforesaid accepted to answer his challenge, offering likewise to defend their right to the same manour and lands, and to prove by battell, that Paramore had no right nor good title to have the same manour and lands. Hereupon the said Thomas Paramore brought before the judges of the common plees of Westminster, one George Thorne, a big, broad, strong set fellow; and the plaintifs Henrie Nailer, maister of defense, and servant to the right honourable the earle of Leicester, a proper slender man, and not so tall as the other. Thorne cast downe a gantlet, which Nailer tooke up, upon the sundaie before the battell should be tried. On the next morow, the matter was staied, and the parties agreed, that Paramore being in possession should have the land, and was bound in five hundred pounds to consider the plaintifs, as upon hearing the matter the judges should award. The queens majestie abhorring bloodshed, and (as the poet very well saith)

“Tristia sanguinei deuitans praelia campi”

was the taker up of the matter, in this wise. It was thought good, that for Paramore’s assurance, the order should be kept touching the combat, and that the plaintifs Low and Kime should make default of appearance; but that yet such as were sureties for Nailer their champions appearance, should bring him in; and likewise those that were sureties for Thorne, should bring in the same Thorne, in discharge of their band; and that the court should sit in Tuthill Fields where was prepared one plot of ground of one and twentie yards square, double railed for the combat. Without the west square a stage being set up for the judges, representing the court of the common plees.

All the compasse without the lists was set with scaffolds one above another, for people to stand and behold. There were behind the square where the judges sat, two tents, the one for Nailer, the other for Thorne. Thorne was there in the morning timelie, Nailer about seven of the clock came through London, apparelled in a doublet, and gallie gascoine breeches all of crimsin satin, cut and rased, a hat of blacke velvet, with a red feather and band, before him drums and fifes plaieng. The gantlet cast downe by George Thorne was borne before the said Nailer upon a sword’s point, and his baston (a staffe of an ell long, made taper wise, tipt with horne) with his shield of hard leather was borne after him, as Askam a yeoman of the queenes gard. He came into the place at Westminster and staieng not long before the hall door, came back into the king’s street, and so along thorough the Sanctuarie and Tuthill street into the field, where he staied till past nine of the clocke, and then Sir Jerome Bowes brought him to his tent: Thorne being in the tent with Sir Henrie Cheinie long before.

About ten of the clocke, the court of common plees remooved, and came to the place prepared. When the Lord chief Justice, with two other his associates were set, then Low was called solemnlie to come in, or else to lose his writ of right. Then after a certeine time, the suerties of Henrie Nailer were called to bring in the said Nailer, champion for Simon Low. And shortlie thereupon, Sir Jerome Bowes, leading Nailer by the hand, entred with him the lists, bringing him downe that square by which he entred, being on the left hand of the judges, and so about till he came to the next square, just against the judges, and there making courtesie, first with one leg and then with the other, passed foorth till he came to the middle of the place, and then made the like obeisance and so passing till they came to the barre, there he made the like courtesie, and his shield was held up aloft over his head. Nailer put off his netherstocks, and so barefoot and barelegged, save his silke scauilones to the ankles, and his dublet sleeves tied up above the elbow, and bareheaded, came in, as is aforesaid. Then were the suerties of George Thorne called to bring in the same Thorne; and immediately Sir Henry Cheinie entering at the upper end on the right hand of the judges, used the like order in comming about by his side, as Nailer had before on that other side; and so comming to the barre with like obeisance, held up his shield. Proclamation was made that none should touch the barres, nor presume to come within the same, except such as were appointed.

After all this solemne order was finished, the lord chiefe justice rehearsing the maner of bringing the writ of right by Simon Low, of the answer made thereunto by Paramore, of the proceeding therein, and how Paramore had challenged to defend his right to the land by battell, by his champion Thomas Thorne, and of the accepting the triall that was by Low with his champion Henrie Nailer; and then for default of appearance in Low he adjudged the land to Paramore, and dismissed the champion, acquiting the suerties of their bands. He also willed Henrie Nailer to render againe to George Thorne his gantlet. Whereto the said Nailer answered, that his lordship might command him anie thing, but willingly he would not render the said gantlet to Thorne except he could win it. And further he challenged the said Thorne to play with him half a score blowes, to shew some pastime to the lord chiefe justice and to the other there assembled. But Thorne answered, that he came to fight, and would not plaie. Then the lord chiefe justice commending Nailer for his valiant courage, commanded them both quietlie to depart the field, etc.” (Stow’s _Chronicles of England_.)

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

THAMES WATER

“Peter Morice, a Dutchman, in 1580 explained before the Lord Mayor and Aldermen his invention for raising the Thames water high enough to supply the upper parts of the City, and threw a jet of water over the steeple of St. Magnus Church. Before this time no such thing had been known in England. Whereupon the City granted him a lease for 500 years of the Thames water, and the places where his mills stood, and of one of the arches of old London Bridge, at 10s. yearly. Two years afterwards they granted him another arch on the same terms. He received large grants from the City to help him to complete this curious system of hydraulic mechanism. In the Act for rebuilding the City after the Great Fire it was provided that Thomas Morris should have power to rebuild with timber his water-house for supplying the City (18 & 19 Charles II. c. 8). The works continued in the family till 1701, when they were sold for £36,000 to Richard Soames, and afterwards became the property of a Company. On June 23rd, 1767, the fifth arch was granted for the use of the Company. By Act of Parliament, 3 Geo. IV. cap. 109, July 26th, 1822, the Acts relating to the Company were repealed. The Company were to be paid £10,000, and their works to be removed by, or at the expense of, the New River Company.” (_Remembrancia._)

This invention and the subsequent supply of the whole City with water laid on, killed the Company of Water-bearers.

“The ‘Rules, Ordinances, and Statutes made by the Rulers, Wardens, and Fellowship of the Brotherhood of Saint Cristofer of the Water-bearers of London,’ are dated October 20th, 1496 (_Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archæological Society_, vol. vi. p. 55). Their hall was situated in Bishopsgate Street, near Sun Street, now numbered 143 and 144, Bishopsgate Street Without:—‘Robert Donkin, Citizen and Merchant Taylor of London, left by his will, dated December 1st, 1570, that messuage or howse which he purchased of the Company of Water-bearers on the 9th of October, 1568.’”

APPENDIX II

SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT’S ACADEMY

In 1570 Sir Humphrey Gilbert laid before the Queen a plan for an Academy or University of London.

His plan was as follows:—

“Seeing that young gentlemen resort most freely to London there should be an Academy, viz.:—

1. A master for G. and L., £40. 2. Four Ushers at £20. 3. One Hebrew at £50. 4. One Logic and Rhetoric, £40. Exercise and instruction in English. 5. One Reader of Moral Phil., £100. 6. „ „ „ Natural Phil., £40. 7. Two mathematicians ea. at £100 {1. Arith., Geom., Fort. {2. Cosmog., Astronomy, Navigation. 8. Two Ushers at £40. 9. Riding Master. 10. Drill Master, £66:13:4. 11. Physician £100, with a garden. 12. Reader of Civil Law, £100. 13. Reader of Divinity, £100. 14. „ „ Law, £100. 15. Teacher of French, £26; Spanish, £26; Italian, £26; Dutch, £26; with Ushers at £10. 16. Master of Defence, £36. 17. Dancing and Vaulting School, £26. 18. Music, £26. 19. Steward, Cooks, Butlers, etc., £600. 20. Minister and Clerks, £66:13:4. 21. Teacher of Heraldry, £26. 22. Librarian, £26. 23. Treasurer, £100. 24. Rector. Amounting in all to £2966:13:4 a year.

“By erecting this academie, there shall be hereafter an effect, no gentleman within the Realm but good for something; whereas now the most parts of them are good for nothing. Your Majesty and your successive Courtes shall be for ever, instead of a nurserie of idlenes, become a most noble Academy of Chevallrie, Policy, and Philosophie.”

APPENDIX III

PETITION AGAINST ALIENS

“In most pitious and lamentable wise shewing and complaining unto your most excellent highness, your humble, true and faithful subjects, and contynualle orators, that is to sey, mercers, grocers, drapers, goldsmythes, skynners, haberdassers, Taylers, ledyrsellers, pursers, poyntmakers, glovers, powchemakers, Sadlers, Cutlers, pewterers, Cowpers, gyrdlers, founders, Cordeners; vyntners, sporyars, joyners, and all other Chapmen, retailers, occupiers of every craft, mystery, and occupation, in all and every your Cities, ports, towns, and boroughs within this noble realm of England. That where your said realm and land is so inhabited with a great multitude, needy people, strangers of divers nations, as Frenchmen, galymen, pycardis, flemings, keteryckis, Spaynyars, Scottis, Lombards, and divers other nations, that your liege people, Englishmen, cannot imagine nor tell wherto nor to what occupation that they shalle use or put their children to lerne or occupy within your said cities, boroughs, ports and towns of this your said realm, with many other Chappmen and poor commons using the said crafts, mysteries, and occupation in all and every shire of this your said realm!... now it is so, most redoubted Sovereign lord, that innumerable needy people of galymen, Frenchmen and other great multitudes of alien strangers, do circuit, wander, go to and fro, in every your Cities, ports, towns, and boroughs in all places, as well within franchises, privileges, and liberties, as without, to every man door, taking up standing, and there make their shows, markets and sales of divers wares and merchandise to their own singular profits, advantage, and advails, to the great disturbance, empoverishing, hurt, loss, and utter undoing of your natural subjects and liege people in all and every city, port, borough, town, and places of your said realm: and also of more convenience for their advancement, the said Aliens strangers use to hire them servants of their own nation, or other strangers, or go about, wander, and retail in all cities, ports, towns and boroughs, and all other places to bye, sell, retail, and occupy seats and merchandise at their pleasure, without lawful authority or license, contrary to the said acts and statutes afore provided, and contrary to the Charters, liberties, constitutions, and confirmations made, given, and granted by your said noble predecessor, afore rehearsed: by means of which unlawful retailing so customably haunted, used, and occupied, your liege people and natural subjects, their wives, children, and servants, be utterly decayed, empoverished, and undone, in this world, unless your excellent and benign grace of your tender pity be unto your said subjects gracious at this time showing in this behalf. And without a short remedy be had herein, your said subjects be not able, nor shall not be of power to pay their rents nor also to maintain their poor households and to bear lot and scot and all other priests’ benevolences, and charges in time of need and war for the defence of your grace and of this your said realm, for the repressing, subduing, and vanquishing of your ancient enemies Frenchmen, and all other their adherents and banished men outwards.” (_Furnivall._)

APPENDIX IV

THE ORDER OF PROCESSIONS

“Messengers of the Court. Gentlemen of lesse note. Esquiers. Esquiers of the Body. Clarkes of the Chancery. Clarkes of the Signet. Clarkes of the Privy Seale. Clarkes of the Counsell. Masters of the Chancery. Knights Batchlers. Knights Banneretts. Trumpets soundinge. Serjeants at Law. Queenes Serjeants. The Queen’s Attorney and the Queen’s Solicitor together. The Baron of the Exchequer. The Judges of the Common Pleas. The Judges of the King’s Bench. The Lorde Chiefe Justice of the Common Pleas, and the Lord Chiefe Justice of the Exchequer. The Lord Chief Justice of England, and the Master of the Rolls. The Younger Sonnes of Nobility. Knight of the Privy Counsell. Knights of the Garter. The Principall Secretary. The Treasurer of the Queen’s House, and Controller of the Queen’s House. The Queen’s Clarke and Hat-bearer. Two Heralds. The Barons two and two. Two Heralds. The Bishops. The Vicounts. Two Heralds. The Earls. An Herald or King of Armes. The Marques, etc. Places for Dukes. The Lord Chancellor of England. The Lord Treasurer of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury. Clarenciaux King of Armes. The Sergeants at Armes with Staves. Bearer of the Capp Royal, and the Carrier of the Marshall Rod of England. The Sword bearer on either side him. The Great Chamberleine of England. The Steward of the Queenes House on the left side. Then the Queene in her Chariotte. The Four Querryes of the Stable come next, with the Queen’s footmen: and without them all in a rancke wayted the Pentioners with their Partisans. Then the Master of the Horse. Then the Chamberleine of the Queenes House. Then the Vice-chamberleine with many Noblewomen, Ladyes and others.

In this order passing to St. Peter’s Church, in Westminster: was there met with the Queen’s Almoner, the Dean of Westminster with the Prebends and all the Quier in their Copes.”

APPENDIX V

THE CHANGES OF RITUAL

On 28th July 1900 was published in the _Athenæum_ of that date a paper by the late Rev. Prebendary Kitto, Vicar of St. Martin’s in the Fields, on the changes effected in the rites and ceremonies of that church during the years 1537–1560 or thereabouts. This instructive document was compiled from the accounts and papers preserved in the archives of the church.

Thus the ritual remained much the same during the reign of Henry VIII. as it had been before the commencement of the Reformation. They provided, as of old, candles, palms, incense; they hallowed sacred coals for Easter Eve; they provided lights for the font, for the rood loft, and for the altars; they set up the Easter sepulchre; they used the great Paschal Candle, the tabernacle, and the pyx; they maintained the side altars, and they not only repaired the vestments but they received gifts of new vestments. They had obits and “minds,” celebrated mass and kept up the images.

In 1538 lights before images were forbidden; but a perpetual light was maintained at the high altar.

In 1539 the Parish sold the iron and latten candlesticks which had been used for the images.

In the same year a Bible was bought for the church. It cost 12s. 8d.

In 1540 Henry is described under the title of “Defender of the Faith and Supreme Head, under God, of the Church of England and Ireland.”

In 1547 they sold all the wax they had in stock, according to the injunction.

In 1548 no more lights were allowed. The Parish sold the rest of their candlesticks, and bought a Paraphrase of the Gospel and a Communion Cup; they also whitewashed the church, in order, I suppose, to obliterate the pictures.

In 1549 the altars were stripped: there were to be no more flowers or garlands, no incense and no lights.

In 1550 they set up a box for the poor; sold their vestments; bought white surplices, and put a green cloth over the “Communion Table.”

In 1553 they sold the “old broken stuff of the Rood Loft” and made “Communion Pews.”

In the same year they were made to feel the mutability of things religious, because everything had to be restored at great expense. Their candlesticks, however, were of tin. They bought a cross for processions; a mass-book, a holy water stoup with a sprinkle; a basket for the holy bread; a pyx and all the other old vessels. Also, because under Edward they had written texts on the walls, they were now ordered to wipe them all out.

In 1559 they began to go back again to the Edwardian time, but not immediately. In 1560 the Bible was restored.

It is worthy of note that the parish officers were a little uncertain, after their melancholy experience, of the stability of things. They therefore kept the vessels bought in the time of Queen Mary until 1569, when, feeling somewhat reassured, they sold them all.

APPENDIX VI

GOLDSMITHS’ ROW

“Opposite to the Cross in Cheapside, on the south side of the street, there stood a superb pile of buildings, called Goldsmiths’ Row, extending from the west to Bread Street. This Row was erected in 1491, by Thomas Wood, Goldsmith, Sheriff of London. Stow describes it in 1598 as ‘the most beautiful frame of fair houses and shops that be within the walls of London, or elsewhere in England. It containeth in number ten fair dwelling-houses and fourteen shops, all in one frame, uniformly builded four stories high, beautified toward the street with the Goldsmith arms and the likeness of Woodmen (in memory of the founder’s name) riding on monstrous beasts, all of which is cast in lead, richly painted over and gilt.’ ‘This said front was again new painted and gilt over in the year 1594, Sir Richard Martin being then Mayor, and keeping the Mayoralty in one of them’ (Stow, edition 1633). ‘At this time the City greatly abounded in riches and splendour, such as former ages were unacquainted with. Then it was beautiful to behold the glorious appearance of Goldsmiths’ shops in the South Row of Cheapside, which, in a continued course, reached from the Old Change to Bucklersbury, exclusive of four shops only of other trades in all that space’ (Maitland’s _History of London_, edition 1760, vol. i. p. 301). King Charles the First in 1629 issued a Proclamation ordering the Goldsmiths to plant themselves, for the use of their trade, in Cheapside or Lombard Street. The Lords of the Council, in 1637, sent a letter to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen (_vide_ vii. 197), ordering them to close every shop in Cheapside and Lombard Street that did not carry on the trade of a Goldsmith, about twenty-four in all, Grove and one Widow Hill, Stationers; Dover, a Milliner; Brown, a Bandseller; Sanders, a Drugster; Medcalfe, a Cook; Edwards, a Girdler, etc.—Rushworth’s ‘State Papers.’” (_Remembrancia_, p. 106, n. 1.)

APPENDIX VII

LONDON PLANTS

In the _Archæologia_ may be found the following enumeration of plants grown in an Elizabethan garden:—

Adderstong—Ophioglossum. Affodyll—Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus. Affodyll Daffadilly. Appyl—Apple—Pyrus Malus; and garden varieties. Asche tre—Ash—Fraxinus excelsior. Auans—Geum urbanum, Avance or Avens. Betony—Saachys Betonica. Borage—Borrago officinalis. Bryswort—Bruisewort, Brusewort or Brisewort—Bellis perenni. Bugull—Bugle—Ajuga reptans. Bygull—Bigold—Chrysanthemom segetum. Calamynte—Calamintha officinalis. “The garden mynt.” Camemyl—Chamomile—Anthemis nobilis. “Camamyll.” Carsyndylls? “Cars or Carses—cress.” Centory—Great Centuary. Clarey—Clary—Salvia sclarea. Comfery—Comfrey—Symphytum officinale. Coryawnder—Coriander. Cowslippe—Cowslip. Dytawnder—Dittander and Dittany. Egrimoyne—Egremoyne. Elysauwder—Smyrnium Olusatrum. Feldwort—Felwort and Fieldwort. Floscampi? Campion? Foxglove—Digitalis purpurea. Fynel—Fennel. Garleke—Garlick. Gladyn—Iris foetidissima or Iris Pseudacorus. Gromel—Gromwell. Growdyswyly—Growndyswyly—Groundswyll. Hasel tre—Hazel tree. Haw thorn—Hawthorn. Henbane—Hyoscyamus niger. Herbe Ion. Herbe Robert—Geranium Robertianum. Herbe Water—Herb Walter. Hertystonge—Hartystonge—Hart’s-tongue. Holyhocke—Althaea rosea, or Malva sylvestris or Althaea officinalis. Honysoke—Honeysuckle. Horehound—Marrubium vulgare. Horsel—Horselle—Horsehele. Hyndesall?—Hind-heal. Langbefe, generally supposed to be Helminthia echioides. Lavyndull—Lavandula vera. Leke—Leek. Letows—Lettuce. Lyly—Lily. Lyverwort. Merege. Cannot identify. Moderwort—Motherwort. Mouseer—Mouse ear. Myntys—Mint. Nepte—Nep or Neppe or Nept. Oculus Christi—Salvia verbanaca. Orage—Atriplex hortensis. Orpy—Orpies. Ownyns and Oynet. Parrow? Cannot identify? mistake for Yarrow. Pelyter—Pellitory. Percely—Perselye —Parsley. Pere—Pear. Peruynke—Periwinkle. Primrole—Primrose. Polypody—Polypodium vulgare. Pympernold—Pimpernel. Radysche—Radish. Redenay. Cannot identify. Rewe—Rue. Rose—Rosa, red and white. Rybwort—Ribwort. Saferowne—Saffron. Sage—Salvia officinalis. Sanycle—Sanicle. Sauerey—Savory. Scabyas—Scabious. Seueny—Seniue. Common mustard or field senive. Sowthrynwode—Southernwood. Sperewort—Spearwort. Spynage—Spinach. Strowberys—Strawberries. Stychewort—Stichewort. Tansay—Tansy. Totesayne—Tutsan—Hypericum Androsæmum. Tuncarse—Town cress. Tyme—Thyme. Valeryan—a general name for Valeriana. Verveyn—Vervain—Verbena officinalis. Violet—Viola. Generally V. odorata. Vynys and Vyne tre—Vine. Walwort—Walwort or Danewort of Dwarf elder. Warmot—Wormwood. Waterlyly—Water lily. Weybrede—Plantago major. Woderofe—Woodruffe. Wodesour—Woodsour. Wurtys—Wortys. Wyldtesyl—Teazel. Ysope—Hyssop. “Ysopus is ysope.”

(_Archæologia_, vol. 1. p. 167.)

APPENDIX VIII

THE GALLANTS’ WALK IN ST. PAUL’S

“Your mediterranean isle is then the only gallery, wherein the pictures of all your true fashionate and complemental Gulls are, and ought to be hung up. Into that gallery carry your neat body: but take heed you pick out such an hour, when the main shoal of islanders are swimming up and down. And first observe your doors of entrance, and your exit: not much unlike the players at the theatres: keeping your decorums, even in phantasticality. As for example: if you prove to be a northern gentleman, I would wish you to pass through the north door, more often especially than any of the other: and so, according to your countries take note of your entrances.

Now for your venturing into the walk. Be circumspect, and wary what pillar you come in at: and take heed in any case, as you love the reputation of your honour, that you avoid the serving-man’s log, and approach not within five fathom of that pillar: but bend your course directly in the middle line, that the whole body of the church may appear to be yours: where, in view of all, you may publish your suit in what manner you affect most, either with the slide of your cloak from the one shoulder: and then you must, as ’twere in anger, suddenly snatch at the middle of the inside, if it be taffeta at the least: and so by that means your costly lining is betrayed, or else by the pretty advantage of compliment. But one note by the way I do especially woo you to, the neglect of which makes many of our gallants cheap and ordinary, that by no means you be seen above four turns: but in the fifth make yourself away, either in some of the semsters’ shops, the new tobacco-office, or amongst the booksellers, where, if you cannot read, exercise your smoke, and inquire who has writ against this divine weed, etc. For this withdrawing yourself a little will much benefit your suit, which else, by too long walking, would be stale to the whole spectators: but howsoever if Paul’s jacks be once up with their elbows, and quarrelling to strike eleven: as soon as ever the clock has parted them, and ended the fray with his hammer, let not the Duke’s gallery contain you any longer, but pass away apace in open view: in which departure, if by chance you either encounter, or aloof off throw your inquisitive eye upon any knight or squire, being your familiar, salute him not by his name of Sir such a one, or so: but call him Ned, or Jack, etc. This will set off your estimation with great men: and if, though there be a dozen companies between you, ’tis the better, he call aloud to you, for that is most genteel, to know where he shall find you at two o’clock: tell him at such an ordinary or such: and be sure to name those that are dearest, and whither none but gallants resort. After dinner you may appear again, having translated yourself out of your English cloth cloak into a light Turkey grogram, if you have that happiness of shifting: and then be seen, for a turn or two, to correct your teeth with some quill or silver instrument, and to cleanse your gums with a wrought handkerchief: it skills not whether you dined, or no: that is best known to your stomach: or in what place you dined: though it were with cheese, of your mother’s own making, in your chamber, or study.

Now if you chance to be a gallant not much crost among citizens: that is, a gallant in the mercer’s books, exalted for satins and velvets: if you be not so much blest to be crost (as I hold it the greatest blessing in the world to be great in no man’s books): your Paul’s walk is your only refuge: the Duke’s tomb is a sanctuary: and will keep you alive from worms, and land-rats, that long to be feeding on your carcass: there you may spend your legs in winter a whole afternoon: converse, plot, and talk any thing: jest at your creditor, even to his face: and in the evening, even by lamp-light, steal out: and so cozen a whole covey of abominable catchpolls. Never be seen to mount the steps into the quire, but upon a high festival day, to prefer the fashion of your doublet: and especially if the singing-boys seem to take note of you: for they are able to buzz your praises above their anthems, if their voices have not lost their maidenheads: but be sure your silver spurs dog your heels, and then the boys will swarm about you like so many white butterflies: when you in the open quire shall draw forth a perfumed embroidered purse, the glorious sight of which will entice many countrymen from their devotion to wondering: and quoit silver into the boys’ hands, that it may be heard above the first lesson, although it be read in a voice as big as one of the great organs.

This noble and notable act being performed, you are to vanish presently out of the quire, and to appear again in the walk: but in any wise be not observed to tread there long alone: for fear you be suspected to be a gallant cashiered from the society of captains, and fighters.” (_The Gull’s Horn Book._)

APPENDIX IX

MONTHLY PROVISION TABLE THROUGH THE YEAR 1605

+---+--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D | | | | a | e | a | p | a | u | u | u | e | c | o | e | | | | n.| b | r | r | y | n | l | g | p | t | v | c | | | | . | . | . | i | . | e | y | u | t | . | . | . | | | | | | | l | | . | . | s | . | | | | | | | | | | . | | | | t | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . | | | | | +---+--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | | Rooe |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Bucke |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|...|...|...| | | Braune |———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Muttone |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Pigge |———|———|———|———|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Hare |———|———|———|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | M | Beefe |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | E | Veale |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | A | Lambe |———|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|———|———| | T | Dowe |———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———| | | Baconn |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Porcke |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|———|———|———| | | Rabbetts |———|———|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Hinde |———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———| | | Kidde |...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Stagges |...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...| | | Gote |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|...|———|———| +---+--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | | Bustarde |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|———|———|———| | | Goose |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———| | | Green Goose |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|...|...|...|...| | | Heron |———|...|———|...|...|———|———|———|...|———|———|...| | | Egrett |———|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Widgeon |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———| | | Curlewiake |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Turkie |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Phesaunte |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Pullett |———|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|———|...|———|———| | | Bayninge |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Ruffe |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...| | | Plover |———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———| | | Snipe |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———| | | Partreges |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Larckes |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|———|———| | | Crayne |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Storcke |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Shoveller |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———| | | Brue |———|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Curlewe |———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Gull |———|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|———| | | Peacocke |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|———|———| | | Henne |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———| | | Redshanke |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Knotte |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Blankett |———|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Stockdoves |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Indecocke |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Quales |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|———|———| | | Thrush |...|———|———|...|...|———|...|...|...|———|———|———| | | Pidgeons |...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|———|———| | F | Stennts |...|———|———|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | O | Turtells |...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | W | Goldnye |...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | L | Jedcokes |...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|...| | | Pevetts |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...| | | Sea Pie |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Pea Chicks |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Petterells |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|...|...|...| | | Stares |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Churre |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Sparrows |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Swanne |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Hernne |———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|———| | | Bitter |———|———|———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|...| | | Mallarde |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———| | | Cudberduce |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———| | | Cullver |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———| | | Caponne |———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|———|———| | | Godwite |———|———|———|———|———|...|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Ree |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Dotterell |———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...| | | Teale |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Woodcocke |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———| | | Plover |———|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Fellfaire |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———| | | Finshes |———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Smalebirds |...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———| | | Chickens |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...| | | Chitt |...|...|...|...|———|...|———|———|...|...|...|...| | | Kennecis |...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...| | | Mewe |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|...|...|...| | | Tearne |...|...|...|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...| | | Blackbirds |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|———|———|———| | | Young Turkies|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|...|...|...|...| | | Auk |...|...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...| | | Martines |...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...| | | Crouces |...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|...|...|...| | | Dunlings |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...| | | Railes |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|...|...| | | Lapwine |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|...| | | Golne |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|...| +---+--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | | Kennecis |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Pearches |...|———|———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Linge |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Tunny |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Turbutt |———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Whitinge |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Soles |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Lamprons |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Carpe |———|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|———|———|———|———| | | Tench |———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...| | | Oysters |———|———|———|———|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———| | | Cockells |———|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———| | | Codde |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Porposse |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Haddocke |———|———|———|———|———|...|———|———|...|...|———|———| | | Sealumpe |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|———|———| | | Place |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...| | | Chevine |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...| | | Pike |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Eles |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|———|———| | | Crabbs |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Crevices |———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Styrgeon |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | F | Seals |———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | I | Thornebacke |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | S | Salmon |———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|———|———| | H | Dace |...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Habberdine |...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Roche |...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Mussels |...|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———| | | Crefishes |...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Smeltes |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...| | | Barbell |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...| | | Breame |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Rudds |———|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|———| | | Lobsters |———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———| | | Praunes |———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———| | | Herings White|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Herings Red |...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Herringes |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Britt |...|...|...|———|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...| | | Conger |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...| | | Cunninge |...|...|...|———|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Goodgions |...|...|...|———|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...| | | Rochetts |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...| | | River Trout |...|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Trout |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...| | | Flounders |...|...|...|———|———|———|...|———|———|———|...|———| | | Lamprais |...|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Mades |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...| | | Loche |...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Gurnard |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...| | | Sprates |...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Dabes |...|...|...|———|———|———|...|———|———|———|...|———| | | Dory |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|———|———|...|...| | | Millett |...|...|...|———|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...| | | Perches |...|...|...|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Burbott |...|...|...|———|———|———|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Menewes |...|...|...|———|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...| | | Mackarell |...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|...|...|...|...| | | Shads |...|...|...|...|———|...|———|———|...|...|...|...| | | Mopps |...|...|...|...|...|———|...|———|———|———|...|———| | | Breate |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———|———|———|...| | | Smalcod |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———|———| | | Shrimps |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———| | | Perrewinkell |...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|...|———| +---+--------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

Maitland gives a Table of Prices for the years 1274, 1302, 1314, 1531, and 1550. Note that in the years 1314 and 1550 provisions were excessively dear.

+--------------------------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------+ | | 1274. | 1300 or | 1314. | 1531. | 1550. | | | | 1302. | | | | +--------------------------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------+ |A Fat Cock |... |1½d. |... |¾d. | ... | |The best Hen |3½d. |... |1½d. |... | 9d. | | „ Pullet |1¾d. |¾d. |... |... | 6d. | | „ Capon |2d. |2½d. |2½d. |1s. | 1s. 4d. to| | | | | | | 1s. 8d. | | „ Goose (according |5d. or 4d. |4d. |3d. |... | 6d. to 9d.| | to season) | | | | | | | „ Wild Goose |4d. |... |... |... | ... | | „ Pigeon |3 for 1d. |... |3 for 1d.|12 for 10d.| 12 for | | | | | | | 1s. 2d. | | „ Mallard |3½d. |1½d. |... |... | ... | | „ Wild Duck |1¾d. |... |... |... | ... | | „ Partridge |3½d. |1½d. |... |... | ... | | „ Larks (per dozen)|12 for 1d. |... |... |12 for 5d. | 12 for 8d.| | „ Pheasant |4d. |... |... |... | ... | | „ Heron |6d. |6d. |... |... | 2s. 6d. | | „ Plover |1d. |1d. |... |... | 4d. | | „ Swan |3s. |3s. |... |... | 6s. 8d. | | „ Crane |3s. |1s. |... |... | 6s. | | „ Peacock |1d. |... |... |... | ... | | „ Coney |4d. |... |... |... | ... | | „ Hare |3½d. |... |... |... | ... | | „ Kid (according |10d. or 6d. |... |... |... | ... | | to season) | | | | | | | „ Lamb |6d. or 4d. | 1s. 4d. |... |... | ... | | | | or 4d. | | | | | „ Plaice |1½d. |... |... |... | ... | | „ Soles (per dozen)|3d. |... |... |... | ... | | „ Mullet | 2d. | ... | ... | ... | ... | | „ Haddock | 2d. | ... | ... | ... | ... | | „ Conger | 1s. | ... | ... | ... | ... | | „ Turbot | 6d. | ... | ... | ... | ... | | „ Mackerel | 1d. | ... | ... | ... | ... | | „ Gurnard | 1d. | ... | ... | ... | ... | | „ Herring (accord- |6 for 1d. or| | | | | | ing to season) | 12 for 1d. | ... | ... | ... | ... | | „ Lamprey | 4d. | ... | ... | ... | ... | | „ Oysters |2d. a gallon| ... | ... | ... | ... | | „ Salmon (according| 5s. or 3s. | | | | | | to season) | | ... | ... | ... | ... | | „ Eels | 25 for 2d. | ... | ... | ... | ... | | „ Smelts |100 for 1d. | ... | ... | ... | ... | |A Quarter of Wheat | ... | 4s. | ... | ... |8s. to 13s.| | „ Pease | ... | 2s. 6d. | ... | ... | 3s. to 5s.| | „ Oats | ... | 2s. | ... | ... | 4s. | |A Bull | ... | 7s. 6d. | ... | ... | ... | |A Cow | ... | 6s. | 12s. | ... | ... | |A Fat Sheep | ... | 1s. | ... | 2s. 10d. | 2s. 4d. to| | | | | | | 4s. 4d | |An Ewe | ... | 8d. | ... | ... | 1s. 8d. to| | | | | | | 2s. 6d. | |An Ox | ... | ... | £1:4s. | £1:6:8 | £2:5s. to | | | | | or 16s. | | £1:8s. | |A Hog | ... | ... | 3s. 4d. | 3s. 8d. | ... | |Eggs | ... | ... |20 a 1d. | ... | ... | +--------------------------+------------+---------+---------+-----------+-----------+

APPENDIX X

EXECUTIONS

The following is a list of executions which took place in the thirty years ending 1586. It shows the various crimes which were then considered capital:—

1563. A soldier executed at Newhaven for drawing his weapon without orders. 1563. A sergeant and soldier executed for drawing their weapons against their captain. 1569. Mestrell a Frenchman, and two Englishmen, hanged for counterfeiting money. 1569. Sixty rebels executed at Durham. 1569. A ’prentice hanged for murdering his master. 1569. Five rebels executed at York. 1570. Thomas and Christopher Norton executed for treason. 1570. John Throckmorton and five others executed for treason. 1570. John Felton hanged for nailing the Pope’s Bull to the Bishop of London’s Palace. 1570. Two young men hanged for debasing coin. 1570. Dr. John Storie hanged for high treason. 1571. Rebecca Chamber burnt for poisoning her husband. 1572. Barneie, Mather, and Rolfe, hanged for treason. 1572. Martin Bullocke hanged for robbery and murder. 1572. Duke of Norfolk beheaded for treason. 1573. Percy, Earl of Northumberland, beheaded as a conspirator. 1573. John Hall and Oswald Wilkinson hanged for treason. 1573. A man hanged for murder. 1573. George Browne hanged for murder. 1573. Anne Sanders, Anne Drurie, and trustie Roger hanged as accessories to murder. 1573. Anthonie Browne hanged for felony. 1574. Peter Burchet hanged for murder. 1575. Two Dutch Anabaptists burnt at Smithfield. 1575. Twenty-two pirates executed. 1575. Thomas Greene, goldsmith, hanged for clipping coin. 1576. A woman burnt at Tunbridge for poisoning her husband. 1576. A man hanged at Maidstone as an accessory to poisoning. 1577. Cuthbert Maine hanged as a Romanist. 1577. John Nelson and Thomas Sherewood hanged for denying the Queen’s supremacy. 1577. John de Loy and five Englishmen executed at Norwich for counterfeiting coin. 1577. Seven Pirates hanged at Wapping. 1577. An Irishman hanged on Mile End Green for murder. 1580. A man named Glover hanged for murder. 1580. Richard Dod hanged for murder. 1580. William Randall hanged for conjuring. 1581. A man hanged at St. Thomas Waterings for begging by a licence signed by the Queen’s own hand counterfeited. 1581. Edward Hance a seminary priest hanged. 1581. Edmund Campion, Ralfe Sherwin, Alexander Briars, hanged for high treason. 1581. John Paine executed at Chelmsford for high treason. 1581. Thomas Foord, John Shert, Robert Johnson, priests, hanged for designs against Elizabeth. 1582. Laurence Richardson and Thomas Catcham executed for Romanism. 1582. Philip Prise hanged in Fleet Street for killing a Sheriff. 1583. Thomas Worth and Alice Shepheard hanged in Shoolane for killing a ’prentice. 1583. Elias Shackar hanged at Bury St. Edmunds for spreading seditious literature. 1583. Ten priests hanged. 1583. John Lewes burnt at Norwich for heresy. 1583. John Slade and John Bodie hanged for high treason. 1583. Ten horsedealers hanged at Smithfield for robbery. 1583. Edward Arden hanged for treason. 1583. William Carter hanged for high treason. 1584. Francis Throckemorton hanged for treason. 1584. William Parrie hanged for treason. 1585. Thomas Awfeld and Thomas Weblie hanged for publishing seditious matter. 1586. Two seminary priests hanged at Tyburn. 1586. A witch burnt at Smithfield. 1586. A woman executed at Tyburn for adultery. 1586. Two priests hanged at Tyburn for treason. 1586. Jone Cason hanged for witchcraft. 1586. A man named Foule hanged for robbing his wife. 1586. Henry Elks hanged for counterfeiting the Queen’s signature. 1586. Seven persons condemned for treason. 1586. John Ballard, a priest, executed for conspiring with Anthony Babington against Elizabeth. With him were executed John Savage, Barnewell, Tichborne, Tilneie, Edward Abingdon, Anthony Babington. 1586. Thomas Salisbury executed for treason. With him suffered Henry Dun, Edward Jones, Charnocke, Robert Gage, Jerom Bellamie. 1586. Three seminary priests hanged at Tyburn. 1563–1586—76 Executed for high treason. 71 Rebels. 17 Murder. 3 Military offences. 12 Counterfeiting and clipping coin. 2 Counterfeiting Queen’s signature. 29 Pirates. 2 Witchcraft and conjuring. 3 Heresy. 12 Robbery. 1 Adultery.

APPENDIX XI

PLAN OF TOTTENHAM COURT

(MARQUIS OF SALISBURY’S COLLECTION, HATFIELD HOUSE)

(Endorsed 1) The plot of Toten’am Coorte. (Endorsed 2) Ap. 1591 Totenham Cort.

Below the plan is written:—

“M^d. [memorandum] there doth belonge to the said Scite of Tottenham Court two other Closes over and above the pastures mentioned in this plotte; And not here mentioned by reason they lye so farr distaunt from the said londes mentioned in this plott: Vĩz the one of the said Closes doth lye in Kentishe Towne in the said Countie, distaunt one Mile and more from the farthest part Northward of the ground mentioned in the said plott, late in the Tenure of Widowe Glover: And the other Close contayning 4 Acres by estimacõn doth lye in the parishe of St Pancrasse in the said Countie now or late in the Tenure of Willm̃ Bunche, distaunt from the South part of the saied landes mentioned in the said plott one quarter of A myle: w^{ch} saied two Closes w^{th} two Tenem^{ts} there (As I am enfourmed) are demised unto Serieaunt [Serjeant] Haynes for certaine yeares yet enduring, by the right Honourable Henry late Earle of Arundell, And Robert late Earle of Leyester; yeelding yearley to the Cofferer of hir Ma^{ts} [Majesty’s] housholde—lxvi^s viii^d. The charge of the new building of one of the Tenem^{ts}, And the continuall Repairing thereof, hath (As I am enfourmed) cost Serieaunt Haynes—xxxiii^{li} vi^s viii^d. And the new building of the other, w^{th} the repairing thereof did coste Alexander Glover late Hearde there—xx^{li} or thereabouts.

Also I am enfourmed, that Serieaunt Haynes doth hold the said ffowre Closes, lying next the said Parke pale, w^{th} thafter pasture of two of the same Closes, beyng the middle Closes; yeelding yearlie ffiftie loades of hay, to be delivered at the Muse, ffor and twords her Ma^{ts} [Majesty’s] provision there, cleere above all charges; every loade to contayne 18. hundred weight. And thafter pasture of the other two Closes are to be used for the feede of her Ma^{ts} Cattell untill the feaste of the Purification of o^r Lady following.

Also I finde one Danyell Clerke one of her Ma^{ts} servaunts doth now dwell in the Scite of the said howse, w^{ch} is A very slender building of Timber and Bricke And hath beene of a larger building, then now it is: ffor some little parte hath been pulled downe of late, to amend some part of the howses now standing; w^{ch} has beene repaired of late, by the said Alexander Glover Heard there: And other some part being two Roomes, whereof the one Roome contayneth in breadth w^{th}in the wall 15 foote; And in lengthe 24 foote; And thother Roome is 15 foote broade, and in length 34 foote very greatlie decaied, w^{ch} will coste to be repaired—lx^{li} at the least. And the said cheife howse, one Stable, and two barnes, And A little Close called Ponde Close, w^{th} the Ortcyard, And the two Closes called Murrells mentioned in the platt are used to be fedd w^{th} her Ma^{ts} Cattell, At the discretion of her Ma^{ts} Officers.

6^t Aprilis 1.5.9.1 ̃p. me Willm̃ Nector.”

NOTE ON AGAS’S MAP AT THE END OF THE VOLUME

Ralph Agas was born about 1540. He was a land-surveyor, and his chief claim to notice lies in the three maps or plans he made of London, Oxford, and Cambridge. Of these the one reproduced in this volume, entitled “A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, the Borough of Southwark and parts adjacent,” was engraved by Edward J. Francis, and edited by W. H. Overall, F.S.A. Mr. Overall made a careful examination of all the facts, and believes that the original map of Agas was not made earlier than the year 1591, though it has been commonly supposed to have been made about 1560. Of the original, two copies are extant—one in the Guildhall, and the other in the Pepysian Collection at Magdalen College, Oxford.

In 1737 G. Vertue published a copy of Agas’s map, altering the original in many important particulars, which are enumerated by Mr. Overall in his account of the map. Among these may be mentioned the water-bearers seen off Tower Stairs and the Steelyard, filling their casks, which are slung across the backs of horses, by the aid of a long-handled ladle. In Vertue’s map this interesting detail is turned into a meaningless one, namely, a man driving cows into the water with a whip. In Agas the figures seen in the fields are in Elizabethan costume; in Vertue’s map they are in the costume of William III.’s reign. Other particulars omitted in Vertue are the royal barge in mid-stream off Baynard’s Castle; the Martello Tower at the mouth of the Fleet; the Chapter House and the Church of St. Gregory on the south side of St. Paul; and various other points. By noting these details, Vertue’s spurious reproduction can be at once distinguished from the genuine map of Agas.

INDEX

Abergavenny, 218

Abram man, the, 386

Acheley, R., 42

Acton, Barnard, 389

Africa, trade with, 222

Agas, Ralph, 186, 417

Aldermen, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 26, 27, 37, 40, 77, 78, 90, 98, 210, 211, 212, 259, 309, 313, 324, 342, 345, 371, 373, 397

Aldermen, Court of, 27, 28, 40, 220

Aldersgate Street, 58, 246

Aldersgate, Ward of, 76

Aldgate, Ward of, 76

Ale and beer, 292, 293, 300, 302, 334, 337, 368

Aliens, 13, 14, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 42, 59, 61, 80, 82, 203, 237, 238, 242, 387, 399

Allen, Cardinal, 72, 73, 119, 143

Allen, J., 376

Almshouses, 375–378

Ambassadors, the French, 23, 24, 26, 39, 351, 389; the Russian, 63, 234

Amusements—Archery, 193, 343, 354–356, 363; bear-baiting, 74, 241, 343, 346, 347, 352–354; bowls, 181, 290, 363; bucklers, 25; bull-baiting, 343, 346, 347, 352, 353; cards, 290, 363; cock-fighting, 363; dancing, 20, 153, 182, 325, 343, 363; dice, 290; fighting, 183; hawking, 98; hunting, 100, 215, 363; masques, 313; May-day games, 347; pigeon-shooting, 153; quarter-staff, 343, 352, 363; quintain, 343; reading, 365; single-stick, 352; story-telling, 364, 365; tennis, 290; theatres (See _Drama, Theatres_); tilting and tournaments, 100, 351, 363; and women, 272; wrestling, 183, 343, 352, 363

Anabaptists, 160, 161

Anfrelini, Fausto, 286

Anglers, 385

Anstry, Ralph, 10

Antwerp, 219–220, 232

Apollo Club, 340

Appletree, Thomas, 82, 389–391

Apprentices, 12, 13, 80, 199, 218, 275, 276, 291, 310, 323–332, 387

Apprentice bell, the, 147

Apsley, 246

Ardeley, J., 136

Arden of Faversham, 47

Armour, 318, 319, 322

Arthington, Henry, 158, 159

Arthur, Prince, 9

Artillery Company, 356

Artillery Ground, 16

Arundell, Earl of, 39

Ascham, 248

Ashmole, 165

Askew, Anne, 31

Astrology, 165

Atwater, John, 9

Audley, Lord, 7, 8

Autem Morte, the, 387

Awdeley, 384

Aylmer, Lawrence, 12

Babington Conspiracy, the, 81

Bacon, Lord, 202, 248

Bainbrigg, 150

Bakewell, 150

Bale, John, 129, 130, 257

Ballads, 251, 252, 253

Balthazar, 203

Bankside, 203, 240, 346, 347, 352

Barbican, the, 100

Barges, 39, 86, 211, 259, 351, 389, 417

Barley, W., 246

“Barmesey” Street, 384

Barnard’s Inn, 276, 333

Barnet, 140

Barnstaple, 218

Barrington, Daines, 355

Barton, Elizabeth, 31, 32

Basinghall Street, 201

Basket woman, the, 387

Bassishaw, Ward of, 76

Bath, 217, 376

Bavaria, Duke of, 99, 100

Baynard’s Castle, 12, 35, 181, 203, 417; Ward of, 76

Beaumont, F., 247, 339

Bedford, 217

Beds, 278, 281, 284, 333

Beggars and rogues, 19, 20, 29, 40, 41, 44, 147, 288, 291, 347, 366–371, 380, 381, 385, 387

Bele, Dr., 24, 25

Bellmen, 63

Bentley, Justice, 150, 151

Bermondsey, 237, 370

Berwick, 218

Betrothal, 311, 312

Bible, the, 45, 46, 70, 121, 127, 144, 178, 197, 227, 285

Billingsgate, Ward of, 76

Bishopsgate Street, 99, 195, 397

Bishopsgate, Ward of, 76, 204

Bishop of London, 30

Black Death, 369

Blackfriars, 128, 148, 203

Blackheath, 7, 26

Black Waggon, the, 26

Blackwall, 191, 390

Blackwell Hall, 43

Bodmin, 218

Boleyn, Anne, 30, 38, 39, 40

Bond, Martin, 77, 78

Bonham, John, 256

Books, sale of, 244, 245, 246, 247, 272, 273

Booksellers and authors, 247

Borough, the, 333

Boswell, 339

Bow, 238

Bowes, Sir J., 392

Bowes, Lady, 150

Boxley, Holy Rood of, 148

Boy-Bishop, the, 46, 356, 364

Boycott, the, 42

Bradford, John, 58

Bread Street, 200, 339, 403

Bread Street, Ward of, 76

Brecknock, 218

Bricks, 276

Bridewell, 185, 315

Bridewell, Palace of, 28, 48, 132, 178

Bridge foot, 53

Bridge House, the, 313

Bridge, J., 246

Bridge Within, Ward of, 76

Bridge Without, Ward of, 48

Bridgewater, 218

Bridgnorth, 217, 377

Bridport, 218

Bristol, 217, 376

Britannia Fields, 356

Brixton, 150

Broad Street, 181, 202, 221, 355

Broad Street, Ward of, 76

Broad Water Worthing, 388

Brockby, Anthony, 129

Broken Wharf, 158

Brome, 340

Bromley, R., 136

Brook, Robert, 49

Browne, John, 259

Browne, Sir T., 248

Buckingham, 217

Buckingham, Duke of, 30

Bucklersbury, 180, 403

Bunhill Fields, 16

Burbage, James, 345, 346

Burby, C., 246

Burgundy, Margaret, Duchess of, 13

Burleigh, 85, 143

Burnell, Anne, 159

Burroughs, 222

Butchers, 151, 152

Butcher Row, 44

Butler, N., 246

Cadman, 246

Caerleon, 218

Caermarthen, 218

Calais, 62

Cambridge, 218, 376

Camden, 240

Campeggio, Cardinal, 28, 39

Campion, Edmund, 72, 81

Candlewick, Ward of, 76

Cannon Street, 44

Canterbury, 140, 191, 217

Canting, 367

Capel, William, 12

Cardiff, 218

Cardmaker, J., 58, 140

Carey, Henry, 389

Carion, 284

Carmillion, Alice, 258, 260

Carpenter, John, 35, 375

Carpets, 277, 278, 281

Carter Lane, 273

Carthusian martyrs, the, 111, 112, 132, 136

Carver, D., 136

Carving, 297, 298

Casaubon, Isaac, 203

Cason, Joan, 163, 164

Caursini, 111

Cavendish, Sir Charles, 150

Cavendish, George, 286, 287

Cavendish, Thomas, 222, 227

Caverley, H., 257

Caxton, 182, 244, 254

Chancellor, Richard, 222, 234

Chancery Lane, 44, 83

Chaplains, domestic, 274

Chapter House, 417

Charing Cross, 155, 387

Charity, 74, 369, 374–378

Charnock Conspiracy, the, 81

Charter House, 67

Chaucer, 247

Cheapside (Cheap, Chepe), 8, 20, 23, 25, 83, 90, 91, 142, 154, 158, 180, 181, 203, 211, 337, 339, 347, 362, 371, 403; conduit in, 20, 90, 91; Cross in, 180, 403; Standard in, 90, 180

Cheap, Ward of, 76

Cheinie, Sir H., 392

Chelsea, 86

Chester, 218, 263

Chicheley, R., 375

Chichester, 217

Child, Sir Josiah, 236

Children of the Chapel, 349, 389

Children of St. Paul’s, 349

Children of the Revels, 349

Children of Westminster, 349

Children of Windsor, 349

Children, treatment of, 274, 285

Chiswell Street, 44

Cholmeley, Ranulph, 91

Christmas, 356–359

Churches, 70, 290; behaviour in, 152–154, 272; bells, 147, 148, 171, 172; burials in, 315; changes in, 144–146; Feast of All Fools in, 356; Lord Mayor’s attendance at, 214; Mysteries in, 364; processions in, 148; ritual, 402; services in, 144, 145, 148; sword-stands in, 214; treatment of, 153: All Hallows, 176; St. Andrew’s by the Wardrobe, 201; St. Antholin’s, 148; St. Augustine’s, 118; St. Botolph’s, 192, 194; St. Bride’s, 140; St. Catherine Cree, 118; Chapel Royal, 262; St. Christopher le Stock, 145, 147, 148; St. Dunstan’s in the East, 78; St. Dunstan’s in the West, 94, 273; St. Ethelburga’s, 150; St. Giles’s, Cripplegate, 78, 176, 194, 227, 377; St. Gregory’s, 417; St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate, 77, 78; Holy Trinity, 118; Leadenhall Chapel, 40; St. Leonard’s, Shoreditch, 192, 193; St. Magnus, 397; St. Margaret’s, Lothbury, 147; St. Margaret Patens, 145; St. Margaret’s, Westminster, 58, 118, 140, 146; St. Mary Overies, 164; St. Mary Spital, 24; Mercer’s Chapel, 203; St. Michael’s, Eastcheap, 182, 339; St. Michael le Querne, 180; the Papey, 176; St. Paul’s Cathedral, 5, 9, 16, 40, 46, 47, 53, 98, 140, 150, 157, 158, 177, 178, 180, 194, 212, 272, 358, 365, 407, 408; St. Peter-le-Poor, 118; St. Peter’s, Westminster, 194, 401; St. Thomas Acon, 97, 154; Westminster Abbey, 12, 20, 67, 96, 118, 387; Whitechapel, 44, 192

Church ales, 290

Church House, the, 155–157

Cinque Ports, the, 218, 227

Citizens, Musters of, 37, 38, 320–322

City, the—and aliens, 13, 19, 23, 25, 42, 61, 80; and apprentices, 12, 13; and Cardinal Wolsey, 23; and charity, 371; and the companies, 17; and country trade, 13; and the drama, 342–345; the Earl of Essex, 83; and the Exchange, 220–222; and its Fleet, 77; fortified, 15; and the freemen, 130; and the French War, 23, 40, 62; government of, 209–215, 370; and the Great Beam, 43; and Henry VII., 4, 7, 8, 10–13; and Henry VIII., 16, 18–20, 38; and Katherine of Aragon, 38; and the manors, 194, 195; and the markets, 48; and the medical profession, 30; and military service, 75–80; and the monasteries, 40, 132; and its offices, 27; and the priests, 72; prosperity of, 172; and Protector Somerset, 49; and Protestantism, 148, 149; and Queen Elizabeth, 38, 84; and Queen Mary, 52, 62; and Roman Catholicism, 58; and the Russian Ambassador, 63; and sanitation, 13, 40, 42; separation of, from the Court, 272; and soldiers, 317; and the Sovereign, 18, 68; and the Spanish marriage, 57; state of, at death of Henry VIII., 44; and supplies of men and money, 42, 62, 75, 78; and trade, 13, 197; and vagrants, 370, 371

City Companies, the, 8, 13, 20, 23, 53, 62, 76, 86, 110, 130, 231, 234, 314, 315, 374; Joint-Stock, 236; Regulated, 236; Clothworkers, 377; Drapers, 232; Fishmongers, 315; Grocers, 43; Leathersellers, 172; Mercers, 35, 62, 221, 222, 232; Merchant Adventurers, 231–233, 237, 242; Merchant Taylors, 13, 35, 376, 377; Painter-Stainers, 259; Staplers, 231, 232; Stationers, 245, 246, 251, 317, 377; Water-bearers, 397

City Constables, 20

City Courts, 42

City Granary, the, 42

City Offices, 63

City Watch, the, 20

Clare Market, 199

Clarence, Duke of, 181

Cleaton, Ralph, 150

Cleef, Joost van, 260

Clement VII., Pope, 118, 119

Clement’s Inn, 386

Clergy, the, 4, 28, 30, 32, 33, 40, 42, 53, 56, 57, 64, 126, 149–151, 244, 261

Clerks, Company of, 314

Clinton, Lord, his Company, 350

Clochard, the, 180

Cloth, manufacture of, 43

Cloth Market, the, 43

Clough, Richard, 220

Cnihten Gild, 194

Coaches, 198–200

Coat-money, 318

Cockaine, Sir W., 233

Coinage, the, 47

Colchester, 203, 217, 376

Cold Harbour, 181

Coleman Street, 201; Ward of, 76

Colet, John, 34, 35, 376

Collier, Payne, 251

Commissioners for religion, 68

Common Council, 24, 28, 48, 49, 63, 78, 323, 324, 373

Common lands, 35, 36, 37

Commons, House of, 43, 112, 149, 373

Companies’ Halls, 176, 202, 325; Grocers’, 180, 209, 210; Haberdashers’, 201, 210; Mercers’ 180; Merchant Taylors’, 26, 209, 351, 355; Painter-Stainers’, 259; Sadlers’, 201; Water-bearers’, 397

Conscience, Court of, 42

Constables, 24

Convocation, 40, 56

Conway, Sir J., 388

Cooke, Sarah, 163, 164

Cooper, Elizabeth, 138

Coppinger, Edmond, 158, 159

Cordwainer Street, Ward of, 63, 76

Corineus, 95, 263–265

Cornelius Agrippa, 165

Cornhill, 16, 20, 148, 220, 273, 337, 358, 362; Ward of, 35, 76, 214

Cornish Rebellion, the, 7, 15, 47

Corporation, the, 5, 43, 48, 77

Corvus, Johannes, 258

Coryat, Tom, 228

Cosmo, Duke of Tuscany, 292

Council, the King’s, 37, 72

Counterfeit Crank, the, 386

Coventry, 217, 263, 376

Cowbridge, 218

Craftsmen, 18, 42, 49, 136, 300, 301, 309

Cranmer, 46, 53, 142, 146, 162

Crimes, 81, 82, 367, 379–391

Cripplegate, Ward of, 76

Croker, C., 256

Cromwell, Thomas, 30, 40, 219

Crosby Hall, 181

Cucking-stool, the, 388

Cunningham, 217, 218, 238, 239

Dacre, Lord, 155

Dance of Death, the, 47, 180

Danne, M., 376

Dartmouth, 218

Davis, John, 100

Day, John, 246

Dean of St. Paul’s, 30

Dean’s Mews, 346

Debtors, 43, 84, 288

Dee, John, 165, 166

Dekker, 248, 384

Dell, the, 387

Demander for Glymmar, the, 387

Denton, 217

Deptford, 7, 100, 228, 288, 389, 390

Derby, 156, 376

Derby, Earl of, 39; his Company, 350

Des Periers, Bonaventure, 258

Dialects, 254

Dissent, 144

Distress, 374

Dobbs, Sir R., 48

Doctor’s Commons, 276

Dogs, 40

Dolet, Etienne, 111, 258

Dominican Friars, 28

Dommerar, the, 386

Donkin, Robert, 397

Dorchester, 218

Dorchester Street, 356

Dorset, Marquis of, 39

Dover, 62

Dowgate, Ward of, 76

Doxy, the, 387

Drake, Francis, 77, 100, 181, 197, 222, 227, 228, 240, 288

Drama, the, 248, 342, 343, 344, 347

Draper, Christopher, 63

Drapers’ Gardens, 201

Drayton, Michael, 47

Dress, 37, 38, 51, 53, 77, 102, 103, 104, 197, 198, 270–273, 303–312, 318–320, 324, 325, 329, 338, 347, 362, 363, 377, 387, 392

Dryden, John, 165

Dudley, 12, 20, 30

Dunkirk, 62

Dunstable, 146

Dutch traders, 235

Eastcheap, 203, 302, 338

East India Company, 222, 237

Eastland Company, 236

Education, 34, 35, 48, 221, 222, 260, 261, 274, 377, 398

Edward VI.—state of City at his accession, 47; and the schools, 48; last appearance in public, 51, 233, 234; death and burial, 53

Elizabeth, Queen—Accession, 64, 67; birth, 38, 65; at Mary’s entry into London, 52, 53; dress, 304; appearance, 65, 66, 103, 104; learning, 66, 104; character, 66; and Mary, 66; enters London, 67; and the City, 68, 76, 78, 84; and religion, 68, 70, 72, 96, 98; and aliens, 82; encourages trade, 83; and growth of London, 83; and Mary, Queen of Scots, 83, 84; and debtors, 84; death, 84; her progresses, 85; her palaces, 86, 98, 99; her coronation, 96; and sports, 98; and monopolies, 238; and Thomas Appletree, 389–391; and the drama, 343, 349, 351; and the beggars, 387; her hospitality, 99, 100; and Sir F. Drake, 100; and the Maundy, 100, 101; her Court at Greenwich, 102–105; her portraits, 105, 106

Elizabeth, Lady (wife of Henry VII.), 5, 6

Elstow, Convent of, 115

Eltham, 59

Emperor, the, 39

Empson, 12, 20, 30

Epping Forest, 36

Erasmus, 111, 144, 250, 276, 286

Erber, the, 181

Essex, Earl of, 26, 83; his Company, 350

Evil May Day, 24, 218, 242, 324

Exchange, the Royal, 181, 197, 204, 219–222, 336, 341, 357, 403

Executions, 8, 9, 20, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 38, 40, 47, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 72, 80, 81, 82, 132–142, 159–161, 164, 326, 367, 372, 379, 387, 414, 415

Execution Dock, 82

Exeter, 217, 376

Exeter, Marquis of, 30

Exmew, 136

Explorers and adventurers, 222, 224–237

Fabyan, Alderman, 8, 9, 284

Family of Love, the, 160

Famines, 216

Fanatics, 158–161

Farringdon Within, Ward of, 27, 76

Farringdon Without, Ward of, 35, 76, 194, 259

Fasting, 127, 151, 152

Fawconer, T., Mayor, 193

Feake, James, 388

Feast of Fools, 356, 364

Feckenham, Abbot, 155

Felton, John, 71

Fenchurch, 86

Fenchurch Street, 20, 63, 362

Ferrar, 58

Ferrers, George, 43, 44

Fetherstone, William, 59

Fetter Lane, 44

Feversham, 217

Field, Richard, 246

Finger-rings, 286

Finsbury, 194, 355

Finsbury archers, 355, 356

Finsbury Fields, 16, 346

Fish Market, 339

Fish Street, 58, 203

Fisher, Bishop, 30, 32, 111, 112, 133, 136

Fitch, Ralph, 222

Fitz Stephen, 354

Flammock, Attorney, 7

Fleet River, 194, 417

Fleet Street, 38, 44, 93, 185, 194, 217, 244, 340, 364

Flemish immigrants, 80, 203, 204, 220, 237, 238, 258, 294, 347

Fletcher, 247

Flick, Gerbud, 258

Flower, William, 58

Fludd, Robert, 165

Food and drink, 42, 43, 63, 77, 180, 181, 212, 292–302, 312, 313, 334, 335, 368, 409–413

Ford, 247

Fore Street, 194

Foreign goods, sale of, 13, 310

Forest, Dr., 133–135

Forks, 294, 295

Forman, Sir W., 320

Former, Simon, 165

Foster, Agnes, 376

Fowler, Sir R., 214

Fox, John, 225, 226

Foxe, John, 138, 246

Frater, the, 386

Fraternity of St. Thomas à Becket, 232

_Fratres de Sacca_, 132

Freemen, 130, 237, 317, 323, 327

French War of 1557, 62

Freshwater Mariners, the, 386

Fretchvell, Sir Peter, 150

Friars, the, 122–124, 126, 131, 135, 136, 291

Friday Street, 339, 340

Frobisher, Martin, 77, 78, 222, 227, 240, 388, 389

Fulham, 238

Fuller, John, 376

Fuller, Thomas, 340

Funerals, 154, 313–315

Furniture, 277–284, 293, 335

Gardens, 201, 202, 272

Gardiner, Robert, 165

Garret, Sir W., 210

Gates, 8; Aldersgate, 176, 185, 387; Aldgate, 20, 38, 42, 44, 52, 160, 172, 181, 192, 362; Billingsgate, 337, 375, 384; Bishopsgate, 175, 185, 192; Cripplegate, 185, 194, 346, 377; Dowgate, 181, 204, 337; Ludgate, 176; Moorgate, 193; St. George’s Bar, 16; Temple Bar, 16, 44, 94, 95, 245, 246, 264, 340, 387; Tower Postern, 171

Geffery, William, 159, 160

Gell, Dr., 165

Gentry, and apprenticeship, 330, 331

George of Paris, 47

Gerard’s _Herbal_, 202

Giants, 95, 263–265, 363

Gibson, Avice, 376

Gifford, Sir George, 387

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 77, 222, 227

Gloucester, 58, 217, 376

Gog and Magog, 95, 263–265

_Golden Hind_, the, 228

Golden Lane, 346

Goldsmith, 339

Goldsmiths’ Row, 200, 403

Googe, Barnabe, 46, 132, 174

Goswell Road, 387

Goswell Street, 44

Gower, 247

Gracechurch Street, 16, 20, 87, 234, 302

Grafton, R., 4, 5, 23, 26, 36, 39, 246, 248

Grantham, 217

Grasschurch, 362

Grass Market, 339

Gravesend, 241

Gray’s Inn, 202, 276, 333

Gray’s Inn Lane, 44

Great Beam, the, 43

Great Grimsby, 218

Great Liberty Manor, 48

Great Wycombe, 217

Great Yarmouth, 217

Greenland, 389

Green Park, the, 388

Greenwich, 27, 38, 68, 100, 233, 320, 351, 377, 389, 390

Greenwich Palace, 51, 102

Grenville, Sir R., 228

Gresham, Lady, 220, 222

Gresham, Sir J., 48, 49, 220, 363

Gresham, Sir R., 126, 219

Gresham, Sir T., 99, 181, 202, 219–221, 254, 257, 272, 286, 376

Gresham Street, 201

Greville, Lodowick, 388

Grey, Lady Jane, 52–56

Groom of the Salcery, 382

Grub Street, 44

Guildable Manor, 48

Guildford, 217

Guildhall, 16, 24, 42, 49, 53, 71, 210, 212, 264, 265, 326, 345

Guilds, the, 38, 144, 218, 219

Gutter Lane, 159

Hackett, William, 158, 159

Hackney, 40

Haddington, 363

Hadleigh, 58

Hainault, Forest of, 36

Hakluyt, 224–226, 233

Hall, 248

Hall, Bishop, 274

Hamburg Company, the, 233

Hamont, Matthew, 161

Hampstead, 44

Hampstead Heath, 35

Hampton Court, 49, 86, 100, 260

Hanseatic League, 13, 82, 231

Harding, 284

Harman, 384, 385

Harrison, William, 200, 246, 250, 279, 293, 333, 344, 366–368, 372, 379, 384

Harty Island, 391

Hatfield, 67

Haverfordwest, 218

Havre, 76

Hawes, Christopher, 12

Hawes, Lord Mayor, 214

Hawkers and pedlars, 83

Hawkins, Sir John, 77, 78, 227, 240

Hawkwood, J., 257

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 202

Helston, 218

Henley, orator, 265

Henry VII., 3–16; and the Earl of Warwick, 4, 6; enters London after Bosworth Field, 5; coronation, 5; and the Lady Elizabeth, 5, 6; and the City, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13; and Perkin Warbeck, 9; and the plague, 9; builds his chapel, 12; and the Flemings, 13; his funeral, 16

Henry VIII.—visits City, 16; and the City, 18–20, 26, 27, 28, 38, 39, 40, 42; his coronation, 20; his character, 21, 22; his poems, 21; and aliens, 24, 26; receives the Emperor, 26, 39; and Katherine of Aragon, 28, 38, 112; and Cardinal Wolsey, 28; and religion, 31, 32, 40; and the poorhouses, 41, 48; death 41, 44; and taxes, 42; Head of the Church, 112

Henryk, 220

Hentzner, Paul, 98, 99, 102, 191, 228, 277, 350

Heralds, College of, 276

Hereford, 217, 376

Herrick, 359, 362

Hertford, the Earl of, his Company, 350

Hewitt, Sir W., 212, 214

Heywood, 338

Highgate, 36, 63, 234

High Street, 44

High Street, Borough, 186, 346

Hill, Rowland, 43

Hill, Sir T., 5

Hills, R., 376, 377

_Hind_, the, 227

His Majesty’s servants, 350

Hobbs, 235

Hog Lane, 192

Holbein, 258, 259

Holborn, 44, 194, 246, 337, 363

Holidays, 356

Holinshed, 9, 10, 16, 22, 58, 248, 250, 279, 293, 294, 333

Holywell, Lane, 346

Holy Well Street, 44, 388

Honiton, 237

Hookers, 385

Hooper, Bishop, 46, 58, 140, 250

Hooper, H., 246

Horenbout, Lucas, 258, 260; Gerard, 258, 260; Susanna, 258, 260

Horn Alley, 58

Horne, Robert, 68

Hospitality, 155, 369

Hospitals—St. Anthony’s, 34; St. Augustine Papey, 130; St. Bartholomew’s, 41, 130, 194, 222, 371, 373; Bethlehem, 41, 130, 159, 160, 192, 222, 371, 375, 377; Bridewell, 48, 372; Charter House, 176; Christ’s, 176, 222, 373, 376, 377; Elsing Spital, 41, 130, 375; St. James’s, 375; John Lofken’s, 375; St. Laurence Poultney, 375; St. Mary Spital, 130, 222, 375; Stodies Lane, 375; St. Thomas Acon, 34; St. Thomas’s, 48, 130, 222, 372, 373, 378; Tower Hill, 130; Whittington’s College, 74, 97

Households, management of, 198

Howard, Katherine, 30

Howard, Lord, 54; his Company, 350

Hoxton, 40, 193, 194, 356

Hoxton Fields, 44, 388

Huguenots, 237

Huicke, Doctor, 68

Hull, 217

Hun, Richard, 32–34, 110

Hunsdon, 86

Huntingdon, Earl of, 39

Husbands, R., 63

Hyde Park Corner, 291

Ilchester, 218

Images, sacred, 144

Immigrants, 200, 203, 237, 238

Inns and taverns, 63, 180, 288, 294, 308, 309, 333–341, 343, 347, 384

Ipswich, 118, 217, 376, 388

Irving, Washington, 339

Iseldon. See _Islington_

Isle of Wight, the, 237

Islington (Iseldon), 176, 193, 194, 291, 310, 356, 387

Jackman, the, 386

Jenkinson, A., 222, 224, 234, 235

Jewel, Bishop, 162

Jews, 204, 238–240

Joan of Kent, 47

Joan, Sister, 114

Johnson, Richard, 254

Jonson, Ben, 151, 163, 228, 247, 272, 294, 296, 297, 303, 307, 338, 339, 340, 388

Jordan, Thomas, 264

Journeymen, 218, 219

Judd, A., 376

Jugglers, 273

Juries, 13, 14, 42, 61, 62

Katherine of Aragon, 9, 38, 134

Keats, 340

Keble, A., 376

Kenilworth, 85

Kent Street, 384

Kentish Town, 416

Kildare, Earl of, 30

Kime, John, 391–393

King John’s Palace, 181

King’s bed, the, 282, 283

King’s Court, punishment in, 382, 384

King’s Evil, the, 164

King’s Lynn, 217

King’s Manor, 48

King’s Mews, the, 205

King’s Wardrobe, the, 181

Kingston on Thames, 375

Kissing, 286, 287, 312

Knight, William, 205

Knights of the Garter, 16

Knoles, Thomas, 375

Kynchen Cove, the, 387

Kynchen Morte, the, 387

Labrador, 389

Lamb’s Conduit, 377

Lambarde, William, 102

Lambe, W., 377

Lambert, 31

Lambert, William, 377

Lambeth, 155

Lambeth Palace, 33

Lancaster, 218

Lane, Sir Robert, his Company, 350

Laneden, T., 136

Langbourne, Ward of, 76

Langdon, Essex, 155

Langland, Bishop, 115

Langton, 284

Large, Sir Robert, 182

Latimer, 21, 46, 133, 140, 371, 372

Launceston, 218

Leadenhall, 42, 83, 358, 362

Leadenhall Market, 43

Leadenhall Street, 20, 43

Leake, W., 246

Leedes, William, 222

Leicester, 218, 376

Leicester, Earl of, 77, 85, 356–358, 391; his Company, 345, 351

Leigh, Gerard, 356

Lent, 151

Leominster, 388

Levant Company, the, 222, 237

Lever, 371, 372

Lewes, 218

Libraries, 129

Lilly, William, 165

Lilypot Lane, 201

Limehouse, 174, 191

Lime Street, 142

Lime Street, Ward of, 76

Lincoln, 217, 376

Lincoln, the Earl of, 389

Lincoln, John, 24–26

Lincoln’s Inn, 166

Lincoln’s Inn Fields, 291

Ling, 246

Lingard, 143

Liskeard, 218

Litany, the, 145

Literature, 244–258, 284, 285, 384

Liverpool, 218

Lofken, John, 375

Lollardry, 33, 45, 110, 260

Lombard Street, 24, 181, 215, 219, 403

Lombardi, 203, 221

London archers, 355

London, Bishop of, 246

London Bridge, 83, 203, 204, 259, 263, 313, 339, 397

London Cries, 83

London, growth of, 83

London, military state of, 75, 76

London, population of, 76, 77

London, Port of, 240

London Stone, 155, 203, 337

London Wall, 171–176, 188, 193, 201

London Worthies, the, 254–257

Long Lane, 44

Lord Admiral’s Company, the, 350

Lord Chamberlain, the, 16, 39, 327, 328, 329, 345; his Company, 350

Lord Mayor, the, 5, 10, 12, 13, 16, 24, 26, 27, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 49, 52, 53, 61, 62, 74, 78, 83, 86, 91, 98, 100, 151, 152, 209–215, 264, 265, 313, 317, 324, 328, 342, 345, 373, 387, 397

Lord Mayor’s Show, 264, 265

Lord of Misrule, 288

Lostwithiel, 218

Lothbury, 44, 337

Lotteries, 365

Low, Simon, 391–393

Ludgate Hill, 83

Ludlow, 217, 377

Lunebourg Table, the, 103

Lydgate, 247

Lyme, 217

Lynn, 376

Lynn Bishop, 217

Lynne, William, 220

Lyzarde, N., 260

Machyn, Henry, 139, 154, 215, 313, 387

Maidstone, 203, 377

Maitland, 13, 15, 43, 49, 54, 74, 157, 212, 323, 325, 344, 384

Maldon, 218

Maleverer, H., 257

Malpas, Philip, 375

Malt, Isabel, 58

Malt, Timothy, 59

Malyns, 238

Manorial system, the, 194, 216

Maps of London, 185, 194, 417

March, the old English, 317, 318

Marching Watch, the, 49, 362, 363

Margaret, Princess, 10

Marine Insurance, 221

Market gardens, 294

Markets and fairs, 48, 62, 63, 83

Markham, Gervase, 270

Marlborough, 388

Marlowe, 247

Marriages, 311, 312

Marshal, the, 382

Marston, 247, 248, 265

Martin, Sir R., 403

Mary, Queen—and the Act of Succession, 38; enters London, 52, 53; and the City, 52, 53, 54, 62; coronation, 53; the Spanish match, 53, 54, 59; and Parliament, 56; and the French War, 62; loans, 62, 68; death, 63; burial, 67; and monasteries, 68; her appetite, 292

Mary, Queen of Scots, 51, 83

Masques, 351, 352

Massam, William, 210

Massinger, 247

Master-cook, the, 382

Maundy, the, 100

May Day, 358–360

Mead, 300

Meat Market, 339

Medicine, profession of, 30

Merchants, 196, 217, 271, 272, 276, 306, 341; houses, 276

Meteren, E. van, 269

Micklethwaite, T. T., 144

Middlemore, 136

Middleton, William, 246

Midsummer Watch, 360, 363

Milbourne, J., 376

Mile End, 37, 148, 320

Mile End Green, 351

Miles Lane, 339

Millbank, 194

Miller, Simon, 138

Mincing Lane, 78

Miracle plays, 343, 356

Missenden, Abbey of, 116

Misson, 287

Monasteries, the—disrepute of, 110, 123; dissolution of, 112, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126-132, 143, 144, 148, 155, 200; wealth of, 112, 113, 119, 123, 172; morality of, 114, 115, 116, 117; libraries, 129, 257, 258; hospitals, 130; and the poor, 130, 131, 155, 172

Monastic Houses, 28, 30, 68, 369, 370, 374, 375; Austin Friars, 120, 174, 186; St. Bartholomew’s, 120, 132, 174, 176, 185, 194; Bermondsey, 6, 186; Black Friars, 68, 119, 186; the Charter House, 119, 185, 194; the Church House, 174; Clerkenwell Nunnery, 185, 195; Cotham Nunnery, 116; Crutched Friars, 119, 142, 172, 174, 186; Daventry, 118; Eastminster, 119, 172, 174, 185; Elsing Spital, 174; Elstow, 115; _Fratres de Sacca_, 182; Grey Friars, 37, 119, 132, 171, 174, 176, 186; St. Helen’s, 119, 122, 172, 174, 186; Holy Trinity, 119, 130, 172, 174, 186; Holywell, 120, 174, 192, 346; St. James’ on the Wall, 174, 377; Jesus Commons, 122; St. John’s Priory, 185, 194; St Katherine’s by the Tower, 172, 191; Knights Hospitallers, 174, 176; St. Mary of Bethlehem, 132, 185; St. Mary Spital, 174, 185, 192, 193; Minoresses, 120; Papey, 174; St. Peter’s, Westminster, 122; Poor Clares, 172, 174; Studley, 116; St. Thomas’s, 132; White Friars, 120, 174, 185

Money-lending, 238–240, 288

Monks, the ejected, 122

Monkwell Street, 201, 377

Monopolies, 233, 238

Monoux, Sir G., 27, 219, 376

Montague, Lord, 63, 234

Montgomery, 218

Moore, John, 159, 160

Moorfields, 36, 42, 185, 193, 194, 272, 355

Moorgate, 201

More, Bishop, 32

More, Sir T., 30, 111, 112, 133, 136, 152, 186–190, 371

More, Sir W., 284

Morice, Peter, 397

Moro, Antonio, 260

Morris, Thomas, 397

Mortlake, 238

Moryson, Fynes, 228, 333, 335

Mundy, Sir John, 24, 25

Music, 262, 277, 290, 294, 338, 340

Muswell Hill, 36, 40, 44

Nailer, Henry, 391–393

Nash, 248

Nevill, Colonel John, 292

Newbery, John, 222

Newbury, 388

Newcastle, 217, 376

Newdigate, 136

New Fish Street, 337, 360

Newgate Market, 337

Newhall, Essex, 52

New North Road, 356

Newport, 218

New Radnor, 218

New St. Christopher’s Alley, 220

Newton, Sir J., 165

New Year’s gifts, 102

Nichols, J. G., 259

Nicolas, A., 376

Noblemen’s houses, 97

Noble Street, 201

Nonconformists, 59, 144

Nonsuch, 86, 260

Norfolk, Duke of, 26

North, Lord, 58

Northampton, 217, 376

Northumberland, Duke of, 51

Northumberland House, 181

Norton, 246

Norton Folgate, 192

Norwich, 203, 217, 237, 376

Nostradamus, 165

Nottingham, 217

Noyes, J., 137, 138

Nucius, Nicander, 287

Oat Lane, 201

Observant Friars, 135, 136

Offley, H., 351

Old Baily, the, 159

Old Change, 158

Old Fish Street, 337

Old Jewry, 182

Ordeal by battle, 391–393

Order of Communion, the, 144

Ordinaries, 294, 301, 302

Ordish, M., 273

Ormes, Cicely, 138

Ormond, T., 136

Osborne, Richard, 212

Osborne, Sir E., 210, 212

Oxenham, Sir J., 182

Oxford, 6, 118, 142, 217, 376, 388

Oxford, Earl of, 39

Oxford, University of, 261

Pageants, 20, 22, 23, 37–40, 51, 53, 63, 67, 86–96, 183, 211, 212, 263–265, 362, 363, 400, 401

Painting, 258–260

Palls, 315

Paramore, Thomas, 391–393

Pardon Churchyard, 180

Paris Gardens, 74, 203, 346, 347, 352

Parishes, 148; officers, 373; All Hallows the Great, 34; St. Andrew’s, Holborn, 34; St. Andrew Undershaft, 259; St. Dunstan’s in the East, 34; St. Faith’s, 377; St. Giles’s, Cripplegate, 77; St. Leonard’s, Shoreditch, 388; St. Martin’s, 34, 148; St. Mary le Bow, 34; St. Paul’s, 34; St. Peter’s, Cornhill, 34

Parker, Archbishop, 155, 340

Parker, Henry, 260

Parker, Sir H., 281

Parliament, 38, 48, 56

Parrat, Sir John, 90, 93

Parry, William, 81

Parsons, 72

Paternoster Row, 273

Patrick, friar, 9

Paul’s Churchyard, 93

Paul’s Cross, 77, 78, 160, 178, 180, 342

Paul’s Gate, 362

Paul’s Walk, 347

Pawnbroking, 238

Peele, 247, 248, 365

Pembroke, 218

Pembroke, Earl of, 51, 62; his Company, 350

Penbrooke, Simon, 164

Penni, B., 260

Pepwell, Henry, 246

Perlin, Stephen, 190, 191

Persecution, religious, 31, 33, 34, 47, 58, 112, 133–142, 160, 161

Petty Almaigne, 204

Petty Flanders, 204

Petty France, 44, 204

Philip of Spain, 61

Philpot, Archdeacon, 140

Philpot, John, 375

Philpot, Mayor, 227, 254, 257

Philpot, Somerset Herald, 330

Physicians, 143

Physicians, College of, 30

Picard, Henry, 255

Pickpockets, School of, 384

Pie Powder, Court of, 48

Pilchard, Henry, 255

Pilgrimage of Grace, the, 39

Pillory, the, 20

Pimlico, 310

“Pink,” 259

Pirates, 82, 217, 222, 236, 257

Plague, the, 9, 29, 40, 147, 200, 216, 344, 369, 374

Plants, London, 404, 405

Plate, 283, 284

Players, 97, 349, 350

Plays, ownership of, 350; price of, 350

Plymouth, 43, 78, 218

Poetry, 175

Poets, Elizabethan, 247, 248

Pole, Cardinal, 58

Polley, M., 136

Ponsonby, 246

Pontefract, 217

Poole, 217

Poole, Sir J., 150, 151

Poor, the, 130, 131, 366–378; poorhouses, 41, 48; overseers of, 373; relief of, 368, 371–375

Pope, the, claims of, 111; and Queen Elizabeth, 70–72

Population, 200

Portsmouth, 217

Portsoken, Ward of, 76, 172, 194

Portuguese, 203

Poultry, the, 180

Prayer Book, the, 144

Press, censorship of, 245, 246

Presteign, 218

Preston, 218

Printing, 244–246, 272

Prisons—Bridewell, 48, 159, 327, 373, 386, 387; Clink, 347; Compters, 25, 43, 63; Debtors’, 130, 288; Houses of Correction, 368, 373, 374; King’s Bench, 48, 222; Ludgate, 16, 222, 331, 376; Marshalsea, 12, 48, 59, 159, 160, 222, 388, 390; St. Martin’s, 25; Newgate, 24, 25, 28, 44, 71, 80, 133, 134, 140, 142, 160, 176, 222; Poultry Compter, 25, 222; the Tower, 6, 8, 25, 38, 44, 136, 388; Wood Street Compter, 25, 159, 222

Privy Council, the, 373, 374

Protestantism, 98, 121, 127, 133, 136–142, 146, 148

Provost-Marshal, the, 326

Prygger of Prauncers, the, 386

Prynne, 343

Punishments, 147, 155, 159, 160, 161, 273, 274, 325, 367, 368, 370, 371, 372, 373, 379–384, 386, 387, 388, 391

Puritans, 74, 121, 127, 128, 148, 262, 273, 312

Pynson, R., 244, 246

Queenborough, 217

Queen Elizabeth’s Bath, 205

Queenhithe, Ward of, 76

Rabelais, 111, 258

Raleigh, Sir W., 222, 247

Ramsay, M., 376

Randoll, William, 164

Ratcliff, 174, 191, 227, 233, 390

Rawson, R., 376

Reading, 376

Rebellions, 47, 53, 54, 62, 83

Recorder, the, 16, 37, 50, 91, 210, 328, 387

Recusants, 143

Red Cross Street, 77

Redman, Robert, 246

Redriff, 227

Reformation, the, 45, 46, 112

_Revenge_, the, 228

Rich, Barnaby, 247

Rich, Lord, 388

Richard of Almayn, 116

Richmond, 16

Richmond Palace, 86

Ridley, 46, 48, 133, 140

Riots, 13, 23–26, 37, 41, 57, 58, 243, 326, 387

Rochester, 217

Rochford, Lord, 30

Rochford, Lady, 30

Rogers, Dr. John, 46, 58, 140

Roman Catholics, 70, 143, 144

Roman Catholic emissaries, 71–74, 81

Roman Church, the, 4, 40, 112, 113

Rome, commerce with, 43

Roundels, 293

Rowe, Sir T., 376, 377

Rowlands, 384

Rozmital, Leo von, 286

Rushes, floors covered with, 276

Russia Company, the, 82, 234–236

Russia, trade with, 222

Rutland, Earl of, 39

Sackvile, 247

Sackville, Sir R., 68

St. David’s, 58

St. Donanverdh, 116

St. Erkenwald, 257

St. George’s Fields, 386

St. Giles’, 215

St. Helen’s Place, 201

St. James’s Palace, 86

St. James’s Park, 363

St. John’s Street, 44

St. Katherine’s, 288

St. Katherine’s Precinct, 185

St. Magnus Corner, 203

St. Martin’s-le-Grand, 42

St. Michael’s Churchyard, 338

St. Michael’s Lane, 339

St. Pancras, 194

St. Paul’s Churchyard, 71, 180, 246, 273, 340

St. Peter, Manor of, 194

St. Quentin, 62

St. Thomas à Becket, 232, 254, 257, 375

Salisbury, 7, 217, 263, 376

Salisbury, Lady, 30

Sanctuary, 155

Sanctuary, Westminster, 363

Sands, Dr., 59

Sandwich, 203, 237

Sandys, 153

Sanitation, 13, 29, 30, 40, 42

Saunders, Lawrence, 58

Savage, Mr., 68

Savoy, Duke of, 62

Savoy, Palace of, 48, 181

Savoy, the, 203

Saxe-Weimar, Duke of, 228

Scarborough, 217, 388

Schools, 260, 261, 376–378; St. Anthony’s, 74, 148; of London, 35, 222; Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s, 398; Grammar Schools, 34, 35; Gresham College, 181, 182, 221, 222; Grey Friars, 48; Merchant Taylors’, 376, 377; St. Paul’s, 93, 376; Westminster Abbey, 155; Whittington College, 74

Seething Lane, 142, 182

Sentree, the, 337

Serjeant-at-Arms, 43

Serjeant of the Ewry, 382

Serjeant Farrier, 382

Serjeant of the Cellar, 382

Serjeant of the Larder, 382

Serjeant of the Pantry, 384

Serjeant of the Poultry, 382

Serjeant of the Woodyard, 382

Sermons, 149, 153, 154, 178, 254

Servants, 271, 273, 275, 276, 309

Sessions of Peace, 42

Sevenoake, W., 256

Seymour, Lady Jane, 126

Seymours, the, 47

Shakespeare, 203, 238, 246, 247, 278, 281, 282, 287, 338, 340, 346, 349, 350

Sharpe, 53, 74, 77

Shaston, 218

Shaw, Sir John, 209

Shene, 8

Shene House, 68

Sheppey, Isle of, 391

Sherborne, 218

Sheriffs, 8, 12, 37, 42–44, 71, 210, 302, 309

Sheriff Hutton Castle, 4, 5

Sherrington’s Library, 180

Shipping, increase of, 240

Shirley, 264

Shoe Lane, 44, 244

Shops, 83, 84, 191, 198, 199, 200, 272, 276, 310, 403

Shop Signs, 273

Shoreditch, 5, 44, 192, 193, 194, 356, 388

Shrewsbury, 217, 376

Shrewsbury, Earl of, 26, 214

Sidney, Sir W., 43

Silk, trade in, 235

Simnel, Lambert, 6

Skelton, 247, 248

Skogan, 248, 365

Smithfield, 34, 44, 47, 58, 59, 68, 134, 139, 140, 142, 160, 176, 185, 191, 203, 355

Smyth, Henry, 246

Soames, Richard, 397

Soldiers, 316–322

Somerset House, 67, 100

Somerset, Protector, 49, 51

Somerton, 218

Southampton, 203, 217, 233, 376

Southwark, 16, 48, 164, 346, 347, 378, 384, 390

Spain, plots from, 80; immigrants from, 80

Spain, war with, 43

Spaniards in London, 59, 61

Spencer, Gabriel, 388

Spenser, Edmund, 247

Spital sermon, 24

_Squirrel_, the, 227

Stadlow, George, 49

Stafford, 217

Standish, Dr., 24

Staple Inn, 232, 333

Star Chamber, 32, 62

Steelyard, the, 13, 82, 100, 417

Stocker, Sir W., 5

Stocks, the, 362

Stockwood, John, 342

Stoddart, George, 240

Stodie, Doll, 256

Stone House, the, 181

Storey, Dr. John, 81

Stow, 117, 118, 171–183, 191, 248, 265, 313, 320, 338, 347, 358, 360, 362, 375, 389, 390, 403

Strand, 38, 44, 186, 337

Strange, Lord, his Company, 350

Stratford, 217

Stratford-at-Bow, 140, 142

Streets—state of, 29, 30, 191, 199; games in, 273; paving of, 44; performances in, 273; policing of, 63, 324

Street Cries, 198

Streets (Strettes) Guillim, 260

Strype, 327

Stubbes, Philip, 153, 156, 166, 271, 287, 288, 289, 290, 305, 310, 359, 374, 375

Suburbs, 44, 200

Succession, Act of, of 1534, 38

Suckley, H., 43

Suffolk, Duchess of, 100

Suffolk, Duke of, 26, 39, 48

Sumptuary laws, 310

Sun Street, 397

Sunday, observance of, 154, 273, 289, 343, 344, 345, 352

Superstition, 162–167, 306, 307

Surrey, Earl of, 26, 30

Sussex, Earl of, 39; his Company, 350

Sutton Valence, 377

Swan Alley, 220

Swansea, 218

Swearing, 285, 286

Sweating sickness, 5, 29, 47

Sword-stands, 214

Sylvester, 247

Symon, Sir R., 6

Syon House, 68

Talismans, 164, 165

Tarleton, 248

Tate, John, 376

Taunton, 218

Tavistock, 218

Taxes, 40, 42, 48, 217, 372, 373

Taylor, John, 240

Taylor, Rowland, 58

Temple, the, 203, 356, 386

Tenby, 218

Terling, Levina, 258, 260

Thames, River, 11, 39, 67, 86, 100, 186, 194, 197, 211, 288, 351, 389, 397

Thames Street, 13, 181, 197, 360

Theatres, 175, 176, 240, 273, 288, 289, 331, 342–365; interior of, 348, 349; Curtain, 343, 346; Fortune, 346; Globe, 241, 346, 347; Hope, 347; Rose, 241, 347; Swan, 241, 347; The Theatre, 343, 346; Whitehall, 349

Theobalds, 85

Thorne, George, 391–393

Thorpe, 246

Throgmorton, Nicholas, 61, 62, 157

Tilbury, 77

Tithes, 28

Tobacco, 181, 285, 348, 354

Tombs, 146

Torture, 31, 72

Tothill Fields, 391

Toto, Antonio, 260

Tottell, Richard, 246, 340

Tottenham Court, 416

Tower, the, 25, 39, 49, 67, 96, 99, 203, 263

Tower Ditch, 42, 194

Tower Hill, 9, 59, 130, 326, 390

Tower Postern, 42

Tower Royal, the, 181, 203

Tower Stairs, 417

Tower Street, 96

Tower Street, Ward of, 76

Towns, dilapidated state of, 217, 218

Trade—revival of in sixteenth century, 18, 197, 219–237; and the Spanish War, 43; decay of, 216–219; restrictions on, 62, 63, 84; and Queen Elizabeth, 83; foreign trade, 83, 230–237, 241–243; and aliens, 237–242; and monopolies, 233, 238; money-lending, 238–240, 288; commercial treaties, 242

Trafalgar Square, 205

Trained Bands, 16, 39, 76–78, 309

Trees, 201

Truro, 218

Tudson, J., 136

Tumblers, 273

Turberville, 8

Turkey Company, 236, 237

Tyburn, 7, 9, 32, 59, 71

Uniformity, Act of, 69

Upright Men, the, 384, 387

Usk, 218

Usury, 238

Uxbridge, 140

Vagrants, 370–373

Venner, 143

Vergil, Polydore, 283

Vestments, 146, 147, 148

Vintry, the, 337

Vintry, Ward of, 76

Volpe, Vincent, 258, 260

Wade, Christopher, 136

Wages and salaries, 244, 259, 260, 296, 369

Walbrook, 140

Walbrook, River, 188, 194

Walbrook, Ward of, 76

Waleys, Mayor, 257

Walking Morte, the, 387

Walsingham, Sir F., 124, 182

Walthamstow, 376

Walworth, William, 255

Wandsworth, 238

Wapping, 227, 288, 370

Warbeck, Perkin, 6–9

Warde, 246

Wardrobe, 201

Warne, J., 136

Warren, J., 136

Warwick, 218, 376, 388

Warwick, the Earl of, 4, 6, 8, 9, 181; his Company, 350

Watchmen, 374

Water Lane, 44

Watermen, 240, 241, 389

Water-supply, 40, 44, 188, 193, 194, 285, 377, 397

Watling Street, 158

Wats, T., 136

Webbe, Sir W., 254

Weddings, 304, 312, 313

Welford, Sir T., 326

Wellington Square, Hoxton, 356

Wells, river of the, 188

Wentworth, Lord, 97

Westchepe, Cross of, 12

Westchester, 376

Westminster, 38, 43, 44, 53, 58, 63, 67, 100, 211, 363, 368, 387

Westminster, Abbot of, 96

Westminster Hall, 8, 26, 31, 155, 203

Westminster Palace, 60

Weymouth, 218

Whale-fishing, 235

Wheeler, John, 232

Whipjack, 386

Whipping, 59

Whitchurch, 388

White, E., 246

White, Sir Thomas, 256, 376

Whitechapel, 194

White Cross Street, 44, 194

Whitehall, 86, 98, 99, 320

Whitsuntide, 360, 362

Whittington, 176, 182, 254, 257, 375

Wigan, 218

Wilford, Ralph, 9

Willesden, 194

William, Bishop, 98

Williams, the martyr, 136

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, 51, 222, 233

Wiltshire, Earl of, 26, 39

Wimbledon, Lord, 317

Winchelsea, 217

Winchester, 7, 217, 376

Windows, 276

Windsor, 51, 241

Windsor Castle, 86

Wine, 43, 180, 190, 210, 271, 292, 293, 294, 300, 334, 337

Wise, 246

Witchcraft, 82, 163–164

Wither, George, 265

Wolsey, Cardinal, 23, 24, 26, 27, 42, 43, 112, 118, 119, 155, 283, 286

Women—position of wives, 269, 270, 271; dress, 270, 271; ostentation of, 272; amusements, 273; and smoking, 285

Wood, Anthony à, 156, 261

Wood, Thomas, 403

Wootton Bassett, 388

Worcester, 217, 376

Worcester, Earl of, 39; his Company, 350

Worsley, 260

Wotton, 384

Wright, Andrew, 259, 260

Wurtemberg, Duke of, 203

Wyatt’s Rebellion, 53, 54, 62

Wych Street, 44

Wyclyf, 4, 123

Wyndham, 388

Wynkyn de Worde, 244

Wythypool, P., 27, 28

Yeoman of the Chandry, 382

Yeoman of the Scullery, 382

Yeomen of the Guard, 5

Yeomen of the Laundry, 100

York, 217

York Castle, 239

York, John, 49

THE END

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

{Transcription: This antient and famous City of London, was first founded by _Brate_ the Trojan, in the year of the World two thousand, eight hundred thirty & two, and before the Nativity of our Saviour Christ, one thousand, one hundred and 30. So that since the first building, it 2 thousand 6 hundred 60 & 3 years. And afterward was repaired and enlarged by King _Lud._ but at the present so flourisheth, that it containeth in length from the East to the West about 3. English miles, from the North to the South about 2 English miles. It is also so plentifully peopled, that it is divided into a hundred and 22 Parishes within the Liberties, besides 16 Parishes that are in the suburbs. It is planted on a very good soyle: for on the one side it is compassed with come & pasture ground, on the other side it is inclosed with the river of Thames, which not only aboundeth in all kind of fresh water-fish, but also is so navigable, that it as well bringeth abundance of commodities from all parts of the World, as also conveieth forth such commodities as the plentifulnesse of our Contry doth yield us: which both augments the fame thereof abroad, and also increaseth the riches thereof at hom; so that as it is head and chief City of the whole Realm, so it is likewise head and chief Chamber of the whole Realm, as well for our outward and inward commodities. God prosper it at his pleasure Amen.

New Troy my name: when first my fame begun By Trajan Brute: who then me placed here: On fruitfull soyle, where pleasant Thames doth run Sith Lud my Lord, my King and Lover dear, Encreast my boundes and London (far that rings Through Regions large) he called then my name How famous since (I stately seat of Kings) Have flourish’d aye: let others that proclaim. And let me joy thus happy still to see This vertuous Peer my Soveraign King to be.}

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] Richard Grafton, Chronicler, born _circa_ 1572.

[2] “Mortuary = a gift left by a man at his death to his parish church for the recompence of his personal tythes and offerings not duly paid in his lifetime” (_Johnson’s Dictionary_).

[3] _History of London_, Book I. p. 255.

[4] _Pawne_ = a gallery.

[5] William Harrison, who wrote “The Description of England” for Holinshed’s _Chronicles_.

[6] Holinshed’s _Chronicles_.

[7] Or fee-farm rent.

[8] Many of these details were published for the first time in Sharpe’s _London and the Kingdom_, i. 494 _et seq._

[9] A rich and precious stuff composed of silk with threads of gold.

[10] Treene = wooden, especially used of plates.

[11] See _Remembrancia_, pp. 550–551.

[12] See _Remembrancia_, p. 230.

[13] These titles began with Henry VII., who seeing an inhabitant of Shoreditch shoot with extraordinary skill, dubbed him Duke of Shoreditch; this being copied by others, as Marquesses, Earls, etc., drew such ridicule upon the Company as finally brought contempt on the archery itself.

[14] _The Anatomie of Abuses_, Turnbull’s edition 1836, p. 50.

[15] Rewalt = to give up or surrender (_Century Dictionary_).

Transcriber’s Notes:

- Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - Text enclosed by ‘►◄’ is in blackletter font (►blackletter◄). - Blank pages have been removed. - A few obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. - Otherwise spelling and hyphenation variations remain unchanged. - Illustrations: internal caption-like text is replicated in the external caption. More extensive text is replicated in a {Transcription: ... } block.