Part 11

The Monday after every monthly election, the accounts are audited and passed, and the balance divided; but if it amounts to 3s. 4d. _per_ man, the keeper of the prison, says our author, arbitrarily extorts from each prisoner 2s. 4d. without the least colour of right: but if the dividend rises not so high, he then only takes 1s. 2d. the other moiety of the 2s. 4d. being charged to the prisoners account, to be paid at the time of his discharge. Another great grievance the prisoners labour under, is, their being obliged to pay the turnkey 12s. _per_ month, for no other service than that of opening the door to let in gifts and charities sent to the prison, which often amount to little more than what he receives. _Johnson’s Description of Ludgate._

It is, however, necessary to inform the reader, that this account was printed many years ago; and indeed it is to be hoped that these grievances are already remedied; if they are not, it is high time that they were; for here justice and humanity loudly call for a reformation.

The annual sums paid to this prison by the several companies, and other regular benefactions, amount to upwards of 62l. besides a hind quarter of beef and a peck of oatmeal from the tallow chandlers company; nineteen stone of beef and five dozen of bread from the ironmongers company, and the provisions sent in by the Lord Mayor and other benefactors.

_The fees to be taken by the keeper of Ludgate, and the turnkeys under him, allowed of, and confirmed at a court of Aldermen, held on the 19th of January 1686._

At the coming in of every prisoner 1s. to the turnkey, and 2d. to the officer who conducts him thither.

The keeper finding and providing beds, bedding, mats and cords, sheets, blankets, and coverlets, the prisoners pay him for the bed lodging 3d. _per_ night; for the second lodging 2d. and for the third or meanest lodging 1d. _per_ night.

The keeper is to provide clean sheets every month for all his beds, and the prisoners who lie in them are to pay monthly to the chamberlain for washing them, 8d. between them, and no more.

But when the prisoners find their own beds and bedding, which the keeper is by no means to hinder, the prisoner is only to pay 3d. _per_ week for bed-room; or for chamber-room 4d. at the most _per_ week; and not above two to lie in a bed.

If the prisoner by his inability can go no farther than a couch, he is to pay only one penny _per_ week for chamber-room, and only one penny _per_ week for lamps and candles, which the keeper is to provide.

For every prisoner’s discharge the keeper is to receive 2s. and no more. For all actions and writs against him he is to pay the keeper only 1s. and not 1s. for every action, and 2s. 6d. for every writ, as was formerly taken.

The keeper shall not presume to take any other fees upon any pretence, demand, or allowance whatsover, for execution-money, action-money, or writ-money.

By the following account the reader may see how these orders are now obeyed.

_The charges of prisoners at their entrance into Ludgate; and dismission from thence._

A freeman of London being arrested by an action entered in either of the Compters, may refuse to go thither, and insist on being carried immediately to Ludgate; but the officers will extort from him 4 or 5s. as their fee for carrying him thither, though their due is but 2d.

On his being brought to Ludgate, the turnkey enters his name and addition in a book kept for that purpose; for which entry the prisoner pays 1s. 2d. after which the chamberlain furnishes him with a lodging at the rate of 1d. 2d, or 3d. _per_ night; but demands 1s. 6d. for sheets; and before he goes to rest, his fellow prisoners demand 4s. for garnish, which, if he does not pay, his cloaths are privately taken from him at night, and not returned till he has raised the money the next day. The steward also demands 1s. 6d. of him for coals, candles, and the use of the house.

He is however allowed the liberty of going abroad; which he may do either with a keeper, or upon giving good security to return at night. If he goes out with a keeper, he must pay 2s. 6d. to the head turnkey, and 1s. 6d. to the keeper who attends him; and every day he goes abroad afterwards, 1s. to the keeper, and as much to the turnkey. A bond is also given for the payment of his lodging to the master keeper, for which the turnkey takes at least 5s. as his fee.

If the prisoner pays the debt, and discharges all other actions against him in either Compter, he, upon his dismission, pays 2s. to the master keeper; 1s. 2d. to the turnkey; 1s. for every action entered against him; and if he is charged in execution, 2s. 6d. for every action against him. These fees and his lodging sometimes amount to as much as the debt. _Maitland, the last edit. printed in 1757._

LUDGATE _hill_, a spacious and handsome street, which extends from Ludgate down to Fleet bridge.

LUDGATE _street_, begins at the west end of St. Paul’s, and ends at Ludgate. It is a very spacious and handsome street, chiefly inhabited by silk mercers and woollen drapers.

_St._ LUKE’S, in Old street, was erected on account of the great increase of buildings in the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate; for notwithstanding there being a chapel of ease, and several meeting-houses, the parish church could not contain half the inhabitants who were desirous of assembling there to attend divine worship. The Commissioners for erecting the fifty new churches taking this into consideration, purchased a piece of ground in this parish, and erected one of those churches upon it; after which the inhabitants applying to Parliament, had the Middlesex liberty of St. Giles appointed for the parish; and by the same act 3500l. was granted to be laid out in fee simple, for the support of a Rector, besides the profits of which the church-wardens were to pay him annually 120l. to be raised by burial fees.

The church was finished in 1732, and was consecrated the next year on St. Luke’s day, when the name of that saint was given as its patron. Though the building is convenient and well enlightened with two rows of windows, it is a very singular structure. In the center of the west front is the entrance, adorned with coupled Doric pilasters; and to this door is an ascent by a small strait flight of steps. Over the entrance is a round window, and on each side a small tower covered with a dome, and ornamented with two windows in front, one of the usual form, and another over it, answering to that over the door. The tower is carried up square, and behind it the roof of the church forms to the west a kind of pediment, broken by the rise of the tower to which it joins on each side. The uppermost stage of the tower diminishes very considerably, and this, which is the base of an obelisk, supports on each side a dial. From hence rises, as a steeple, a fluted obelisk, which reaches to a great height, diminishing slowly, and being of a considerable thickness towards the top, the upper edges are sloped off. In short, the whole is terminated by a ball and fane.

The advowson of this church is in the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s, and it is not to be held _in commendam_; all licences and dispensations for that purpose being declared void by the act abovementioned.

_St._ LUKE’S HOSPITAL _for lunatics_, a neat and very plain structure, at the north end of Moorfields. Nothing is here expended in ornament, and we only see a building of considerable length plaistered over and whitened, with ranges of small square windows, on which no decorations have been bestowed.

This hospital, which takes its name from its being situated in St. Luke’s parish, is supported by private subscriptions, and is designed as an improvement upon Bethlem, which was incapable of receiving and providing for the relief of all the unhappy objects for whom application was made.

Some of the reasons for setting on foot this kind and generous design, were, the expence and difficulty attending the admission of a patient into the hospital of Bethlem, which had discouraged many applications for the benefit of that charity, particularly on the behalf of the more necessitous objects, and of such who resided in the remote parts of this kingdom. By this unavoidable exclusion and delay many useful members have been lost to society, either by the disease gaining strength beyond the reach of physic, or by the patients falling into the hands of persons unskilled in the treatment of this disorder. And many of the unhappy persons afflicted with it, have from this delay, and the want of being put under the care of those experienced in guarding against their attempts, frequently committed the most fatal acts of violence on themselves, their relations and attendants. Had they joined this to Bethlem hospital, it would have deprived it of two of its principal advantages, the being under the immediate inspection and government of its own patrons and supporters; and of introducing more gentlemen of the faculty to the study and practice of one of the most important branches of physic.

In this hospital patients are taken in according to the order of time in which the petitions of their friends have been delivered to the Secretary, without favour or partiality. They are even admitted without any expence, except only such as are parish poor must have their bedding provided, and this they are at liberty to take away at their discharge.

On the admission of every patient, two responsible housekeepers, residing within the bills of mortality, must enter into a bond to the Treasurer for the time being, in the penalty of 100l. to take away such patient within seven days after notice given them for that purpose by the committee, or their Secretary. These securities must leave their names with their places of abode in writing, delivered to the Secretary at least four days before such admission, and must be approved of by the committee: but no Governor is to be security for any patient.

The patients in this hospital are not exposed to public view; and no money received for the use of this charity, is expended in entertaining the general court of committee at any of their meetings.

But no person is to be admitted who has been a lunatic above twelve calendar months; or has been discharged as incurable from any other hospital for the reception of lunatics; or who has the venereal disease; is troubled with epileptic or convulsive fits, or is deemed an ideot; nor any woman with child.

The general committee receive immediately into the hospital any patient who shall have been discharged cured, in case such patient relapses within two months. The general committee also take in by rotation such patients as are discharged uncured; but each of them is to pay 5s. _per_ week, till the charity is enabled to lessen that expence: but the number of these in the house are not to exceed twenty.

_An abstract of the rules with respect to the Governors, &c._

I. Every person paying twenty guineas or upwards, or paying five guineas, and signing an agreement to pay the same sum for the four next succeeding years, is admitted a Governor, except all persons acting as Physician, Surgeon, Apothecary, or Secretary to this hospital, (other than the six Apothecaries declared Governors at the general meeting held on the 29th of June 1750.)

II. For transacting the business of this hospital, a general court is held twice every year, viz. on the second Wednesday in the months of February and August, and at such general courts as are herein after mentioned, and every general court consists of nine Governors.

III. At the general court held annually on the second Wednesday in the month of February, one President, four Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a general Committee, Physician, Surgeon, Apothecary, and Secretary, are elected for the year ensuing. And no person acting as Physician, Surgeon, or Apothecary to any other hospital or infirmary, can be Physician, Surgeon, or Apothecary to this hospital.

IV. All questions are determined by the majority of Governors present, on holding up of hands, or by a division, or by a ballot, in case it is required by seven or more Governors before a division is begun; and in all cases of an equality of votes, the person presiding for the time being has the casting vote. In all debates the person speaking stands up, and addresses himself to the chair, and no person is to speak more than once to the same question without leave.

V. At the general court to be held annually on the second Wednesday in August, a special committee of seven Governors, who are not of the general committee, are appointed to audit and examine the several accounts relating to this hospital, and report their opinion of such accounts to the general court held on the second Wednesday in February following,

VI. The President has power to order special general courts to be summoned as often as he thinks necessary: and, upon every vacancy in the office of Treasurer, Physician, Surgeon, Apothecary, or Secretary, a general court is summoned to meet, in order to fill up the vacancy. But no person is intitled to vote at such general court, unless he has paid his subscription money on or before the day in which the vacancy is declared.

VII. The general committee consists of the President, Vice-Presidents, and Treasurer for the time being, and of the five Governors named as lessees in the lease of the ground on which the hospital is built, and of all persons who have paid 100l. or upwards for the use of the hospital; and of such twenty-four Governors residing within the bills of mortality, as are annually elected for that purpose at the general court held on the second Wednesday in February, of which committee five at least are necessary to do business. They meet one stated day in every month, or oftener if they see convenient, and at such other times as the Treasurer, or any sub-committee for the time being appoint. And have power to hire, govern, and discharge the domestic servants of this hospital, to keep the buildings properly repaired, and purchase provisions, furniture, and other necessaries for the same: To admit and discharge patients: To see that the several books relating to the hospital be regularly kept: That all debts, legacies, annual subscriptions, and other revenues of this hospital be received and recovered as the same shall respectively become due: That all moneys in the hands of the Treasurer, above what is necessary in the opinion of the said committee for defraying the current expences of the hospital, be from time to time placed out in transferable government securities, and no other, in the names of the Treasurer for the time being, and two of the Vice-Presidents, or of two such other Governors as the general court shall appoint for that purpose: and that all just demands be regularly discharged at least once in six months. The committee have power to relieve any patient at his or her discharge with any sum not exceeding 20 s.

VIII. For the more easy dispatch of business, this committee has power to summon sub-committees, one of which is called the house committee; and such sub-committees have power to summon the general committee as often as they think proper.

IX. All purchases of provisions, and other materials for the use of the hospital, are to be made as often as possible by contract. But no contract is to be made by which any member of the committee is directly or indirectly concerned,

X. A book intitled The Visitor’s book, is kept in the hospital, for the Governors to enter complaints of any neglect or misconduct in the officers or servants, these complaints being signed by such Governor’s name, are taken into consideration, and redressed by the committee.

XI. The Physician, who is allowed to have the liberty of pupils, attends every committee day, and one other day in the week, and as often otherwise as there is occasion. The Surgeon also attends the hospital every weekly committee day, and as often as there is occasion; and the six Apothecaries who generously attend and administer their medicines gratis, are there monthly by rotation, attending every weekly committee day, and two other days in the week, and as often at other times as there is occasion.

XII. That every officer or servant who shall take any fee, gratuity or reward, directly or indirectly, from any tradesman or other person dealing with this hospital, patient, or friend of any patient, in respect of any service done or to be done, shall forthwith be discharged, and rendered incapable of being received again into the service of this hospital. Except that it shall be lawful for the Secretary of this hospital, upon his waiting on every Governor with a staff and a printed copy of the rules and orders of this hospital, to accept of a fee not exceeding one guinea.

Before we conclude this article it is proper to observe, that though this hospital was opened so lately as the 30th of July 1751, yet so great has been the encouragement it has met with, that on the 18th of August 1758, the clear estate of the hospital amounted to 14,502l. of which 14,200l. were in three _per cent._ East India annuities. At that time the number of discharged cured, amounted to 247, and those uncured to 138. Fifty patients were in the house; besides 20 patients who had been before discharged, and received again at 5s. _per_ week.

LUKENER’S _lane_, Drury lane.†

LUMBER _court_, West street, Soho.

LUMLEY’S _Almshouse_, in Pest-house fields, near Old street, was erected by the Viscountess Lumley, in the year 1672, for the accommodation of six poor women of the parishes of Bishopsgate and Aldgate; to each of whom she granted an allowance of 4l. and twelve bushels of coals _per annum_.

LUMLEY’S _court_, in the Strand.†

LUMLEY’S _street_, Marsham street.†

LUNN’S _court_, White’s yard.†

LUTKIN’S _corner_, Mill street.†

LYING-IN HOSPITAL, for married women, in Brownlow street, Long Acre. Amidst the variety of charities that are the distinction and glory of this age and nation, perhaps none has been proposed to the public more extensive in its benefits than the hospitals in this city for lying-in women. It is natural to observe, that the arguments for establishing any hospital, are at least as strong when applied to these. Poverty is an object of pity; sickness and poverty united seem to comprehend all the natural evils of life, and how great is the calamity of those poor who are frequently or periodically afflicted with sickness; and though their labour is at other times a bare support, are annually disqualified for providing for themselves and families! During the latter part of their pregnancy, and the time of their lying-in, the needy family is wholly taken up in attendance upon them; and the joys natural at such a season, are suppressed by the wants which surround them. Or if they be destitute of this attendance, how great is the hazard that the helpless mother, or the child, or perhaps both, may by their deaths become melancholy instances of the evils of real poverty!

By the plan of this hospital, every convenience these distressed objects can require, is amply provided; commodious apartments and beds, good nursing, plain suitable diet, proper medicines, the charitable assistance of gentlemen of skill and experience in midwifery, and, on due occasions, the spiritual comfort of a sober and pious divine.

Between the 7th of December 1749, when women were first admitted, and the 12th of April 1751, 299 patients received orders of admission; and the number of patients greatly increasing, four small houses contiguous to the back of the hospital were added to it, and fitted up at a great expence.

Women are received into this hospital in the last month of their pregnancy, on producing a letter of recommendation from a Governor, and making an affidavit of their marriage and their husband’s settlement, which affidavit is prepared for them _gratis_ by the Secretary; and where the husband cohabits with the wife, he is to join in the affidavit, unless prevented by sickness, or some other reasonable impediment. It is also required, that the women produce a testimonial of their honesty and poverty, under the hands of two substantial housekeepers in the neighbourhood where they lodge or reside, in case the weekly board shall, on examination, doubt of their being in such circumstances as to be proper objects of the charity.

Friday being the day appointed for the admission of women, they are to be at the hospital by ten o’clock in the forenoon, no letters of recommendation being received after that hour, it being necessary, for the dispatch of the business of the hospital, that their affidavits should be prepared and sworn to, before the weekly board sits, who enter upon business at eleven.

During their continuance in the house, necessaries are provided for them and their children, at the sole charge of the hospital; no money or other gratuity is to be taken of them by the nurses, or by any of the officers or servants of the house, on any pretence whatsoever.

That this excellent charity may be rendered more extensively useful to the public, and that not only this great metropolis, but the remotest parts of the kingdom may be supplied with well-instructed and experienced midwives, four female pupils at a time are permitted to attend the hospital, in order to their being instructed in midwifery. These pupils must be widows or married women, not less than twenty-five years of age, of a sober character, and such as are approved of by the committee. These are allowed to stay and board six months in the hospital, during which they dine at the steward’s and matron’s table. The gentlemen of the faculty who attend the hospital, at stated times, give them lectures in midwifery, and instruct them how to act in all natural and difficult births. And when they are thoroughly instructed, and sufficiently experienced, they receive from these gentlemen, on their leaving the hospital, certificates of their qualification. The expences of their instruction and board in the hospital have been settled at a general court; the particulars of which any persons desirous of becoming pupils may be informed of, by applying to the matron of the hospital. But no pupils of the male sex are permitted to attend this hospital.

The officers of this hospital, are, a perpetual President, four Vice-Presidents, and a Treasurer, who are chosen annually.

Two Physicians, and two Surgeons, practising midwifery, deliver the women in difficult cases. These gentlemen also meet at the hospital in consultation every Tuesday morning.

A Chaplain reads divine service in the hospital, baptizes the children, churches the women, and performs the necessary duties belonging to his function.

An Apothecary prepares such medicines as are prescribed for the women and children.

A Secretary keeps the accounts of the hospital, attends at general meetings, and weekly boards, and does all other business commonly done by the Secretaries, Clerks, or Registers at other hospitals.

A Steward takes care of the provisions and furniture, and does such other business as belongs to his office.

A Matron, well skilled in midwifery, delivers the women in easy, natural labours, takes care of the women, superintends the nurses, and sees every thing necessary for the women and children provided according to the direction of the Physicians and Surgeons. She has under her an assistant matron.

All officers and servants of the hospital, above the rank of assistant matron, a messenger, and nurses, are elected by ballot at a general court of the Governors: and on any vacancy, the day of election for filling it up is appointed at least one month, and not more than three months, from the day such vacancy happens, unless directed otherwise by an express order of a general court: but the inferior servants are appointed by a weekly committee.