Part 45

Camoens and Cervantes, their Destiny similar in many Respects 295 1817. The "Lusiad," Translation of it 295 Origin of the Family of Camoens 295 Derivation of his Name 296 1370. Vasco Perez de Camoens takes the Part of Castile against Portugal 297 1524. Birth of Camoens 298 1308. Foundation of the University of Coimbra by King Diniz 299 1537. Camoens enters the University of Coimbra 300 Extract from his fourth Canzone 301 Another Extract from another 301 1545. He leaves Coimbra 302 His Arrival at Court 302 He falls in Love; his Sonnet in Commemoration of this Occasion 303 The Poetry of Camoens and Petrarch compared 304 Translations of Camoens' Sonnets, by Doctor Southey 306 Exile of Camoens from the Palace 306 Writes several of his Lyrics during his Banishment 307 Lord Strangford's Translation of an Elegy written at this Time 307 1550. Bravery of Camoens while with the Troops at Ceuta 310 Loses one of his Eyes in a naval Engagement in the Straits of Gibraltar 310 1553. He embarks for India 310 Don Alfonso de Noronha, Viceroy of Goa 312 Camoens joins the Armament sent from Goa against the King of Cochin 312 Returns to Goa 312 Death of Antonio de Noronha 312 Camoens' Letter to a Friend, inclosing a Sonnet and Elegy on his Death 313 1554. Dom Pedro Mascarenhas succeeds Noronha in the Viceroyalty of Goa 315 Cruising of the Mahometans detrimental to the Portuguese 315 Expedition of de Vasconcellos to protect the Merchantmen 315 Camoens joins this Expedition 315 1555. Returns to Goa, and writes his ninth Canzone 315 Extortion and Tyranny of the Portuguese Government 316 Causes Camoens to write his Satire, "Follies of India" 316 1556. Departs from Goa in the Fleet which Barreto despatched to the South 317 Is appointed Commissary 317 Description of Camoens' Grotto at Macao 318 He composes the "Lusiad" 318 On his Return to Goa he is wrecked on the River Mecon 319 Arrives at Goa; the Kindness with which he is received by the new Governor, Dom Constantine de Braganza 320 Accused of Malversation in the Exercise of his Office at Macao 320 Extract from the "Lusiad" 320 Camoens pursues his military Career in India 321 He commemorates the Death of Dona Catarina de Atayde 322 Pedro Barreto appointed Governor of Sofala in the Mozambique 323 Camoens accompanies him 323 His dependent State 323 Quarrels with Barreto 323 Arrival of his Indian Friends, who supply his Wants, and invite him to accompany them 324 Barreto refuses to let him go until he paid 200 Ducats 324 He accompanies his Friends home 325 1569. Arrives at Lisbon 325 The Plague at Lisbon 325 Political State of the Kingdom disadvantageous to Camoens 325 1571. The "Lusiad" published 326 Melancholy Circumstances attending the last Days of Camoens 327 1578. Defeat of Sebastian in Africa 328 Its Effect on Camoens 328 1579. Last Scene of Camoens' Life 328 His Tomb 329 His Person 329 A Review of his Life 330 Extract from the "Lusiad," and a Critique on it 332

INDEX

A.

ABDORBHAMAN III., his efforts for the advancement of literature, III. 4.

Abreu, Duarte de, III. 324.

Acciajuolo, the seneschal, of Naples, I. 142.

Acquaviva, cardinal, III. 125.

Aga, Hassan, dey of Algiers, III. 138.

Aguirre, Lope de, III. 110.

Agyropylo, Giovanni, I. 163.

Alfieri, Vittorio, his birth and parentage, II. 250. His early education; placed at a public school at Turin, 252. System of education pursued at the academy, 253. Progress of his education, 255. Circumstances of his life greatly altered, 256. Anecdote characteristic of the obstinacy of his disposition, 258. Visits his mother at Genoa, 259. Admitted as ensign into the provincial regiment of Asti, 260. Visits Rome and Naples under the care of an English catholic, 261. Regards coldly those objects which render Rome a city of absolute enchantment, 262. Visits France and England, 263. Singularities of his character, 261. Circumstances of his entrance into Paris, 265. His enthusiasm on visiting London, 266. Becomes really in love, 267. Disappointed in a matrimonial project proposed to him by his brother-in-law, 268. Comes of age, according to the laws of his country, and sets out on his travels with an income of 1200_l_. a-year, and a large sum in ready money, 268. Visits England; his attachment to a lady of rank, 269. Is challenged by her husband, 270. Leaves his unworthy mistress, and pursues his travels, 271. Anecdote characteristic of the violence of his temper, 272. Becomes a cavalier servente to a lady of rank, 273. Determines to break off the disgraceful intercourse, 274. Gives the first token of the spirit of composition, in a sonnet in commemoration of the freedom he had acquired, 274. At the age of seven and twenty, enters into the difficult engagement with the public and himself, to become the writer of tragedies, 275. Difficulties which he had to overcome, 276. Resolves to pass six months in Tuscany, to learn, hear, and feel Tuscan only, 277. His labours in literature confined chiefly to formation of style, 278. Commencement of his friendship with Gori, 279. Commencement of his attachment to Louisa Stolberg, countess of Albany, 280. Energy and conciseness the distinguishing marks of his dramas, 282. Outline of his tragedy, entitled "Philip," 284. Takes up his residence at Rome, 286. Remarks on his sacred dramas, 287. His continued intimacy with the countess of Albany, 288. Goes into voluntary exile, to prevent any actual measures of prohibition and banishment, 290. Returns to Italy after two years, absence, 291. Outline of his tragedy, entitled "Myrrha," 292. Accompanies the countess of Albany to Paris, and establishes himself there, 293. Betakes himself to writing the memoirs of his life, 294. Remarks on his translation of the Æneid, 295. Driven from France by the revolution of 1791, 296. Returns to Florence with the countess of Albany, 297. His translation of "Sallust," an excellent specimen of style, 293. At the age of forty-six, applies himself with ardour to the study of the Greek language, 299. His melancholy increased by the irritation caused by political events, 300. His last illness and death, in the fifty-sixth year of his age, 301. Translation from a sonnet, in which he describes his own person, 302.

Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, I. 207.

Allegri, Francesco, I. 145.

Alphonso X., his zeal for literature; his poetry, III. 11.

Alphonso XI., his poems, III. 12.

Amalasunta, the Gothic queen of Spain, III. 3.

Andrea, prince of Hungary, I. 91.

Angelo, Michael, I. 34.

Angulo, doctor Gregorio de, III. 201.

Antiquário, Jacopo, I. 165.

Aquinas, Thomas, I. 9.

Archimedes, II. 3.

Aretino, I. 11.

Ariosto, Ludovico, his birth, parentage, and early education, I. 196. Composes a drama on the story of Pyramus and Thisbe, 197. Becomes eminent among his contemporaries for the critical skill with which he elucidated obscure passages in Horace and Ovid, 198. The golden age of his life shortened by the death of his father, 199. Obliged, at the age of four and twenty, to turn from quiet to active duties, and exchange Homer for waste books and ledgers, 200. Remarks on his satires, 201. Courted, admired, applauded, and of course envied, in the first circle of Italian society, both for his conversation, his learning, and his poetry, 202. Remarks on his work, entitled "Astolpho's Journey to the Moon," 203. Remarks on his "Orlando Furioso," 204. Sent by the duke of Ferrara, as ambassador to Rome, to pacify the wrath of Julius II., 205. His second embassy to Rome, and uncourteous reception from the pontiff, 206. Singular manner in which the duke retaliates for the indignity shown to himself and his representative, 207. Causes for the principal interruptions in his literary labours, 208. Refuses to accompany the cardinal Hippolito to visit his archbishopric in Segovia, 209. His whimsical letter to his brother Alessandro on the subject, 212. Persuaded to enter into the service of the duke of Ferrara, 217. His literary pursuits retarded by his struggles against the solicitudes, discomforts, and mortifications of narrow and precarious circumstances, 218. His curious reasons for not taking priest's orders, 219. Is patronised by Leo X., 219. His own account of Leo's ingratitude, 220. Extracts from his satires, 222. His description of his visit to Rome, and his specious reception by Leo, 223. Further extracts from his satires, 224. Simple, yet facetious, style of his fables, 225. Appointed to the government of Graffagnana, a mountainous district, lying between Modena and Lucca, 226. Story of a rencontre with some of his uncouth neighbours, 227. Extract from his Fifth Satire, 229. Invited to accept a third embassy to Rome, 230. His reason for refusing, as given in the Seventh Satire, 231. After three years, being released from the cares of his government, he returns with entire devotion of his time and talents to the "Sacred College of the Muses," 232. Anecdote, characteristic at once of his phlegm and his acuteness in his art, 233. Critique on his Seven Satires, 233. His last illness and death, 234. His person and character, 236. No poet of any age has more inseparably identified his conception with his language, 238. Impossibility of translating them, 239. Anecdote of, 241. Whimsical peculiarities of his personal habits, 242. His last hours, 243. Monuments to his memory, 244. Remarks on his works in general, 245. Review of his "Orlando Furioso," 250. Immoral tendency of his writings, 254.

Aristotle, II. 5.

Attila the Hun, I. 2.

Audibert de Noves, I. 68.

Ayala, III. 12.

B.

Barbariccia, I. 15.

Barbato, the chancellor of the king of Naples, I. 120.

Bardi, cavalier de, I. 6.

Barlaam, Bernardo, I. 91.

Barreto, Pedro, governor of Sofala, III. 323.

Barrili, Giovanni, I. 120.

Basseville, Hugh, II. 314.

Bazan, Don Alvaro, III. 113.

Beatrice Portinari, I. 6.

Bella, the mother of Dante, I. 2.

Bellarmine, cardinal, II. 33.

Bembo, Bernardo, I. 35.

Bembo, cardinal, I. 204.

Benavides, don Diego de, III. 141.

Bene, Sennucio del, I. 90.

Benedict XII., pope, I. 89.

Bermudez, Geronimo, a monk of the order of St. Dominic, author of the first original tragedy published in Spain, III. 97.

Berni, Francesco, his birth and early life, I. 188. Notice of his writings, 189.

Bianchi, I. 18.

Bibbiena, cardinal, I. 188.

Boccaccio, Giovanni di, his birth and parentage, I. 116. His early education, 117. His sensations on visiting the tomb of Virgil, 119. His first meeting with Petrarch, 120. His own account of his attachment to the lady Mary, natural daughter of Robert, king of Naples, 121. Description of her person, 122. Outline of his poem, entitled "Filocopo," 123. The first to render the _ottava rima_ familiar to the Italians, 124. Obliged to return to Florence, 125. The "Decameron," a model of the Tuscan dialect, 125. Writes his "Ameto," a composition of mingled prose and verse, the first of the kind, 126. Returns to Naples on his father's second marriage, 126. His description of the plague in Florence, 129. His works preached against and prohibited by Salvanorola, 130. Returns to Florence on the death of his father. Commencement of his intimacy with Petrarch, 131. Sent on various embassies, 132. His political negotiations, 133. His letter to Petrarch, expressing his regret and disappointment on his having taken up his abode at Milan, under the protection of Giovanni Visconti, 133. Petrarch's moderate answer, 134. Popularity of the "Decameron," 134. His disinterested love of letters, and extraordinary efforts to create and diffuse a knowledge of the Greek language and writers, 135. Spends large sums of money in the acquisition of ancient manuscripts, 136. Anecdote illustrative of his anxiety for the possession of them, 136. His unwearied and successful labour in the cause of Hellenic literature, 137. Obtains a decree from the Florentine government for the erection of a Greek professorship in their university, 138. Beneficial change in moral habits brought about by the admonitions and example of Petrarch, 138. The work begun by Petrarch, achieved by a singular circumstance, 139. His letter to Petrarch on the subject, 140. Adopts the clerical dress, and endeavours to suppress those writings which scandalised the pious, 142. Retreats from Florence, and takes up his abode at the castle of Certaldo, 143. Brief review of his later works, 144. Appointed, on two occasions, ambassador to pope Urban V., 145. His letter to Petrarch, describing his visit to the daughter and son-in-law of that poet, 146. Retires to the quiet of Certaldo, where he busies himself in the publication of his work of the "Genealogy of the Gods," 147. Appointed by the Florentine government to the professorship for the public explanation of the "Divina Commedia," 148. His last illness and death, 149.

Bojardo, Matteo Maria, his birth, parentage, and early life, I. 181. His marriage and death, 182. Abstract of the story of his "Orlando Innamorato," 183.

Boniface, pepe, VIII., I. 66.

Borgia, Cæsar, his early life, I. 265. His remorseless cruelty, 267. His conversations with Machiavelli, 268. Anecdote characteristic of his system of government, 279. His downfal, 281. His imprisonment and death, 284.

Boscan Almogaver, Mosen Juan, the first Spanish poet who introduced the Italian style, III. 21. Outline of his life, 22. Circumstances which induced him to introduce the Italian style, 23. His translation of Castiglione's "Libro del Cortigiano," 24. Commencement of his friendship with Diego de Mendoza, 25. Translation of his epistles in imitation of Horace, 26. His death, 32. His person, 33. Review of his writings, 34.

Boutervek, III. 8.

Bowring, Dr. his translation of the Spanish Cancionero, III. 9.

Bozzole, Federigo da, II. 66.

Bracciolini, Poggio, I. 151.

Brossana, Francesco, I. 105.

Bruni, Leonardo, I. 18.

Bruno, Giordano, II. 4.

Bubwith, Nicholas, bishop of Bath, I. 8.

Bulgarelli, Marianna, the prima donna, II. 191. Her friendship for Metastasio, 192. Her death, 198.

Buondelmonte, Zanobi, I. 304.

Burchiello, the word "burlesque" derived from his name and the style of his writings, I. 180.

Burney, Dr., his account of his visit to Metastasio in 1772, II. 210.

C.

Cabassoles, Philip de, bishop of Cavaillon, his intimacy with Petrarch, I. 83.

Cabral, Antonio, III. 324.

Cabral, Fernando Alvares, III. 311.

Cacciaguida, I. 2.

Caccini, his personal attack upon Galileo from the pulpit, II. 31.

Cassalpinus, Andrew, the celebrated botanist, II. 3.

Cæsarini, Virginio, II. 37.

Caffarelli, general, II. 375.

Calderon, don Pedro, his birth, parentage, and early education, III. 279. His fame established as a poet, 280. Enters the military service at the age of five and twenty, 280. Summoned to court by a royal order, for the sake of writing a drama for a palace festival, 281. Quits the army, and becomes a priest, 281. His death and character, 282. Review of his writings, 283.

Calistus II., pope, I. 169.

Caloria, Tommaso, I. 87.

Caluso, the abatte, II. 274.

Camara, Ruy Diaz de, III. 327.

Camerlingo, cardinal, II. 163.

Camoens, Vasco Perez de, his birth and parentage, III. 296. Extract from his "Lusiad," 299. Translation of a sonnet in commemoration of that attachment which shed a disastrous influence over the rest of his life, 303. Compared with Petrarch, 304. Dr. Southey's translation of one of his sonnets, 306. His exile, 307. Mutilated in the wars of his country, but receives neither reward nor preferment, 310. His pathetic description of his friend Noronha's exile, 312. Offers to serve as a volunteer, and accompanies Vasconcellos in his expedition against the Mahometans, 315. Suspected of composing another satire; arrested, and banished to China, 316. Retires from the details of business, to pursue his poetical occupations, 317. Obtains leave to return to Goa; is wrecked at the mouth of the Mecon, 315. Pursues his voyage to Goa, where he is received by the viceroy with kindness and distinction, 320. Extracts from the seventh canto of the "Lusiad," 321. His poem commemorating the death of Caterina d'Atayde, 322. Accompanies Baretto, when he was appointed governor of Sofala, 323. Returns to Portugal, 324. Political state of the country disadvantageous to him, 325. Writes the "Parnasso de Luis Camoens," 325. A pension of 15,000 reis granted to him, 326. His illness and poverty, 327. His interview with the cavalier Camara, 328. His death, 329. His person, 329. Review of his life, 330. Review of his writings, 332.

Campaldino, the battle of, I. 14.

Camporese, the renowned philosopher, II. 189.

Cancionero, the, III. 9.

Canigiani, Eletta, the mother of Petrarch, I. 61.

Caprona, the siege of, I. 15.

Carafa, Federigo, III. 41.

Carnescecchi, Pietro, II. 81.

Caro, Rodrigo, III. 83.

Casavecchia, Filippo, I. 296.

Castañeda, Gabrièl de, III. 133.

Castelli, Benedetti, II. 28.

Castillano, Diego, III. 138.

Castillejo, Cristoval, III. 93. Specimen of his style, 94.

Cavalcanti, Guido, I. 19.

Cavalcanti, Mainardo de', I. 134.

Caza, Francesco della, I. 263.

Celsi, Lorenzo, doge of Venice, I. 105.

Cervantes, III. 120. His birth and parentage; little known of his early life, 123. Enters a student in the university of Salamanca, 124. His poems published at Madrid, 125. Leaves Madrid in the service of cardinal Acquaviva, 125. Visits Rome; changes the whole course of his life; and volunteers to be a soldier, 126. His services during the Turkish war, 127. Wounded in the battle of Lepanto, 128. Receives an increase of pay, and is passed into a company of the tercio of Figueroa, 128. Visits Rome, Florence, Venice, Bologna, Naples, and Palermo, 129. Taken prisoner by an Algerine squadron on his return to Spain, 130. Interesting details of his captivity, 131. Makes several attempts to regain his liberty, 133. Detected in planning his escape; is sentenced to the bastinado, 137. His courage and heroism excite the respect of the friars of the Order of Mercy, who resided at Algiers for the purpose of treating for the ransom of the Christian captives, 139. Ransomed for 500 golden ducats, and left free to return to Spain, 140. Determines to refute certain calumnies of which he was the object, 141. Returns to his native land depressed by poverty, and obscured by want, 142. Becomes again a soldier by profession, 143. First appears as an author in the year 1584, 144. His marriage with donna Catilina de Palacios y Salazar, 145. Commences writing for the theatre; endeavours to rectify the deficiencies of the stage and scenery, 146. Accepts the situation of commissary, and sets out with his family for Seville, 147. His office abolished; he becomes the agent to various municipalities, corporations, and wealthy individuals, 148. During his distasteful employment at Seville, acquires the bitter view of human affairs displayed in Don Quixote, 149. Translation of his verses to the monument of the kings at Seville, 150. Various annoyances which he suffered in his financial occupations at Seville, 151. Anecdote, displaying the style in which justice was carried on in Spain, 152. Removes with his family to Valladolid, 153. His poverty the great and clinging evil of his life, 153. His letter to his uncle during his imprisonment at La Mancha, 154. Writes "Don Quixote" during his imprisonment, 155. Fails in his attempt to introduce himself to the duke of Lerma, 156. Difficulties which he encounters in publishing "Don Quixote," 157. The "Buscapié" attributed to him, 158. Success of "Don Quixote" excites the enmity of the men of letters of his day, 160. Suspected of murder, and thrown with his entire family into prison, 162. Is set at liberty, 162. Publishes his "Voyage to Parnassus," 164. Anecdote, showing the high esteem in which "Don Quixote" was held, 165. Brings cut his "Twelve Tales," which raises yet higher his character as an author, 167. His portrait of himself, in his preface to the "Twelve Tales," 168. His account of the origin of the Spanish drama, and the amelioration that he in his younger days introduced, 169. Publishes his "Persiles and Sigismunda," and the second part of "Don Quixote," 170. His dedication of it to the count of Lemos, 171. His last illness, 172. His interview with the student of Toledo, 173. His farewell letter to the count of Lemos, 174. His death, in the sixty-ninth year of his age, 174. His character, 174. Brief review of his works, 175. Extract from his "Numantia," 176. Extract from the comedy of "Life in Algiers," 178. Extract from his "Voyage to Parnassus," 184.

Cetina, III. 93.

Charlemagne, I. 2.

Charles of Valois, I. 20.

Chiabrera, Gabbriello, his birth, parentage, and early education, II. 163. Enters into the service of cardinal Camerlingo, 163. Writes some odes in imitation of Pindar; makes the Greek lyrical poets his models, 164. Wishes to transfuse the spirit of the Greeks into the Italian language, 165. Style of his poetry, 166. Specimen of his serious style, as translated by Wordsworth, 166. His death and character, 168.

Chiaramonte, Scipio, II. 44.

Chrysoloras, Emanuel, I. 151.

Ciani, a Carthusian monk; his visit to Boccaccio, I. 139.

Clement VI., pope, I. 89.

Colombe, Lodovico delle, II. 28.

Colonna, Giacomo, commencement of his friendship with Petrarch, I. 66.

Colonna, cardinal, I. 73.

Colonna, Vittoria, her birth, parentage, and marriage, II. 77. Her letter to her husband during his imprisonment, 78. Her grief at his death, 79. Extracts from her poems, 80. Her death, 81.

Conrad III., emperor, I. 2.

Consalvo, the Spanish general, I. 284.