Part 41

1564. (15th of February.) His Birth 1 His Ancestors 2 His early Years 3 1581. A Scholar of Arts at the University of Pisa 3 Studies Medicine under Andrew Cæsalpinus 3 His Work on the Hydrostatical Balance 4 Guido Ubaldi engages him to investigate the Centre of Gravity of solid Bodies 4 Appointed Lecturer of Mathematics at the University of Pisa 4 1600. Giordano Bruno burnt 4 Galileo attacks by Argument and Experiment the Aristotelian Laws of Gravity 5 Opposition of the Aristotelians to his Discoveries 6 A Method of clearing out the Harbour of Leghorn proposed by Don Giovanni de' Medici 6 Galileo opposes this Opinion; is persecuted in consequence 6 1592. He obtains the Professorship of Mathematics at the University of Padua 6 1593. Account of his Conversion to the Copernican System 7 He meets with an Accident 9 He completes his first Engagement at Padua 9 1598. Is re-elected other six Years 9 Accusation brought against him with respect to Marina Gamba 10 1604. A new Star excites the Attention of Galileo 10 1606. Again re-elected to the Professorship of Padua 10 His increasing Popularity 10 His Examination of the Properties of the Loadstone 10 1500. Doctor Gilbert's Work, the "De Magnete," published 11 1603. His Death 11 Cosmo proposes to Galileo to return to Pisa 11 The Arrangements suggested by Galileo, and the Manner of urging them 12 Dutch Telescopes 13 Galileo constructs his first Telescope 13 Interest which the Telescope excited in Venice 14 The Art of cleaning and polishing Lenses very imperfect 15 Results of the Observations of Galileo on the Moon 16 His Examination of the fixed Stars 16 1610. The Satellites of Jupiter discovered by Galileo 18 Galileo's Work, the "Sidereal Messenger," published 18 Reception which these Discoveries met with from Kepler 19 Horky; his Work against the Discoveries of Galileo 20 Simon Mayer 21 Discovery of new Satellites 21 First Enigma of Galileo published 23 His Observations on Saturn and Venus 23 1611. His Reception at Rome; he erects his Telescope in the Quirinal Garden 24 (March.) He discovers the Solar Spots 24 1610. Thomas Harriot discovers the Solar Spots (in December) 25 Professor Scheiner; his Letters on the Subject of the Solar Spots 26 These Letters answered by Galileo 26 Faculæ or Luculi discovered on the Sun's Disc, by Galileo 26 His Observations on Saturn 27 The Subject of floating Bridges discussed 28 Galileo "On Floating Bodies" 28 1613. His Letter to the Abbé Castelli 31 Caccini attacks Galileo from the Pulpit 31 Luigi Maraffi apologises to Galileo for this Conduct 31 Galileo, his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christian 31 1615. (26th of February.) Galileo appears before the Inquisition 31 He renounces his Opinions 33 The Copernican System condemned by the Inquisition 34 1616. Interview of Galileo with Pope Paul V. 34 Letter of Querenghi to the Cardinal D'Este 34 Negotiations of Galileo with Spain 35 1618. Three Comets appear 36 1619. Discourse on Comets by Marco Guiducci 36 "The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance" 37 1623. Galileo, his Work "Il Saggiatore" 37 Accession of Cardinal Barberini to the papal Throne 37 1624. Galileo, his Visit to Pope Urban VIII. 38 His Reception 38 1629. Death of Cosmo 39 Pecuniary Difficulties of Galileo 39 1630. Work of Galileo demonstrating the Copernican System 41 1632. "The System of the World of Galileo Galilei" 42 Influence of this Work on the public Mind 43 Galileo summoned to appear before the Inquisition 44 1633. (14th of February.) He arrives at Rome 45 Is visited by Cardinal Barberini; his Kindness to him 46 Trial of Galileo 47 (22d of June.) His Sentence 48 His Abjuration 49 What Excuse is there for his Humiliation and Abjuration? 50 Imprisonment of Galileo 52 He leaves Rome 52 He returns to Arcetri 52 Death of his Daughter 53 His Indisposition and Melancholy 53 1638. He obtains Permission of the Pope to return to Florence 53 Continued Kindness of the Grand Duke of Tuscany for him 54 His "Dialogues on Local Motion" 54 Discovery of the Moon's Libration 55 1637. Blindness of Galileo 56 He is visited by a Number of Strangers 58 1642. (8th of January.) His Death 58 His Epitaph and Monument 95 His House 60 His domestic Character 60 His Person 60 His scientific Character 61

GUICCIARDINI.

1482. (6th of March.) His Birth 63 His Parentage 63 His Education 64 He obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws 64 His Marriage 64 Sent as Ambassador, by the Republic, to Ferdinand King Aragon 65 He returns home 65 Leo X. visits Florence 65 Guicciardini sent to receive him at Cortona 65 He makes him Governor of Reggio and Modena 66 Death of Leo 66 Guicciardini, his memorable Defence of Parma 66 Made President of Romagna 67 His Administration 67 Made Lieutenant-general of the Pontifical Army 67 The Power of the Medici becomes odious in Florence 67 Dangers to which Clement VII. is exposed 67 The Palace of Government seized by the younger Nobility 67 Federigo da Bozzole sent to treat for it 68 Guicciardini, his Zeal in the Cause of the Medici 69 Reconciliation between Charles V. and Pope Clement VII. 69 Their united Arms turned against Florence 69 Second Restoration of the Medici 70 Overthrow of the Liberties of Florence 70 The Office of Gonfaloniere established 70 Alessandro de' Medici named Duke 70 His disgraceful Birth 70 His Vices 71 Guicciardini resigns the Government of Romagna 71 Murder of the Duke Alexander by Lorenzino de' Medici 72 Cosmo raised to the supreme Power 72 Guicciardini retires to his Country Seat at Montici 72 1540. (27th of May.) His Death 74

VITTORIA COLONNA.

Women who aspired to literary Fame in Italy 75 1465. Cassandra Fedele born; Politian's Letter to her 76 1490. Vittoria Colonna, her Parentage 77 Her Marriage with the Marquess of Pescara 77 Pescara made General of the Army at Ravenna 77 His Testimony of Affection to his Wife 77 Her Answer 78 Death of Pescara 78 Vittoria Colonna, her Grief in consequence 79 Her Poetry 80 Her Friendship for Cardinal Pole and Michael Angelo 81 1547. Her Death 81

GUARINI.

1537. His Birth 82 Little known of his early Life 82 His Marriage 82 1565. His Embassy to Venice to congratulate the new Doge, Pietro Loredano 83 1571. His Embassy to Rome to pay Homage to Gregory XIII. 83 1573. His Mission to Poland to congratulate Henry of Valois on his Accession 83 On his Return made Chancellor and Secretary of State 83 His second Visit to Poland 83 1575. (25th of November). His Letter to his Wife during his Journey 83 His "Pastor Fido" 87 His Quarrel with Tasso 87 1582. He requests his Dismissal from the Duke; he retires to his Villa 88 1585. His "Pastor Fido" acted at Turin 91 1586. Guarini returns to his Post at Court; is made Secretary of State 92 His Missions to Umbria and Milan 92 His Quarrel with his Son 92 1590. He leaves the Court of Alfonso and goes to that of Savoy 93 He leaves Savoy, and goes to Padua 93 1591. He loses his Wife 93 His Letter to Cardinal Gonzaga 93 His Visit to Urbino 94 He retires to Ferrara, deputed by the Citizens to congratulate Paul Usur 95 1608. Nuptials of Gonzaga and Marguerite of Savoy 95 1612. (7th of October.) His Death 95

TORQUATO TASSO, SON OF BERNARDO TASSO.

Their Ancestors 98 1493. Bernardo Tasso appointed Secretary of State to Ferrante Sanseverino, Prince of Salerno 99 His Marriage with Portia Rossi 100 1544. (11th of March.) Torquato Tasso, his Birth 101 Bernardo Tasso joins his Patron in the War 102 Infancy of Torquato 103 Return of Bernardo from the War 103 1552. The Prince of Salerno and his Adherents declared Rebels 104 Bernardo, his Exile 104 Torquato Tasso, his Separation from his Mother; Lines written by him on this Occasion 105 He and Cowper compared 107 1556. Death of his Mother 108 Torquato Tasso at Rome with his Father 108 Is implicated in his reputed Treason 109 His Letter to Vittoria Colonna on the Marriage of his Sister Cornelia 110 Letter of Bernardo to his Daughter 110 Bernardo flies to Ravenna 111 He is invited to Pesaro 111 Vicissitudes of Bernardo Tasso 112 Torquato Tasso, his Studies 114 Boileau 115 "Joan of Arc" 117 "Curiosities of Literature" 118 Torquato translates his Father's Poems and Letters 118 "Amadigi" 119 Torquato Tasso studies Jurisprudence at Padua 122 His "Rinaldo" 122 Epic Poetry 125 "Gerusalemme Liberata" 126 Torquato leaves the Study of the Law, and repairs to Bologna 127 He returns to Padua and establishes the Degli Eterei 128 His "Discourses on Heroic Poetry" 130 1564. He visits his Father at Mantua 130 His Illness 131 1569. Bernardo Tasso, his Death 131 Torquato Tasso appointed one of the personal Attendants Cardinal D'Este 131 Zoilus 131 1565. Torquato Tasso at Ferrara, in the Service of Cardinal Luigi 132 Marriage of Alfonso Duke of Ferrara 132 Death of Pope Pius IV. 133 Torquato becomes acquainted with Lucretia and Leonora Este 133 A quotation from his "Aminta" 134 1568. Marriage of the Princess Anna of Este with the Duke Guise 136 Marriage of Lucretia D'Este with the Prince of Urbino 136 Torquato Tasso accompanies the Cardinal Luigi, as Legate, the Court of France 138 Two or three Anecdotes related of him 139 1572. Arrival of Tasso at Rome 140 His Reception by Pope Pius V. 140 Admitted into the Service of the Duke Alfonso 140 His "Aminta" 141 His "Torindo" and "Torrismondo" 143 His Illness 144 His Escape to Rome, with the Duke Alfonso's Consent 146 He returns to Ferrara 146 An Incident occurs to him which establishes him a Hero 147 His Malady 148 Is confined as a Lunatic by the Duke Alfonso 148 Efforts of the Duke to calm his Mind 149 His Love for the Princess Leonora 149 He visits his Sister 150 1579. Committed as a Lunatic to St Anne's Hospital 152 His Letter to Scipio Gonzaga 152 1581. Death of the Princess Leonora 156 Its Effect on Tasso 156 1586. Liberation of Tasso 157 His Controversy with the Della Cruscan Academy 158 His last Work, "Sette Giornate" 158 He recovers his Mother's Dowry 158 The Pope grants him a Pension 158 Manso, his Account of his Interview with Tasso during Time he supposed he was visited by a Spirit 159 1594. (25th of April.) Death of Tasso 161 His Works 161

CHIABRERA.

1552. His Birth 163 His Parentage 163 His Childhood 163 Enters the Service of Cardinal Comaro Camerlingo 164 His disastrous Residence at Rome 163 His Studies 164 His Style 165 His Elegiac Poems 166 A Quotation from Wordsworth's Translation 166 Generous Overtures of Charles Emanuel 167 He refuses 168 1637. His Death 168

TASSONI.

1565. His Birth 169 His early Life 169 1585. Obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws at the University of Bologna 169 1597. Visits Rome; enters the Service of Cardinal Colonna; sent by him to obtain Permission of Pope Clement VIII. to accept the Viceroyalty of Aragon; his Success 170 1622. His Works 171 1635. His Death 173

MARINI.

1569. (18th of October.) His Birth 174 He opposes his Father's Wishes to become a Lawyer; turns him out in consequence 174 1589. Publishes his "Canzoni de' Baci" 174 Concerned in some youthful Scrapes 175 Accompanies Cardinal Aldobrandini to Turin 175 His literary Quarrels 175 Marini publishes his Poem on the Murder of the Innocents 176 He accepts the Invitation of Marguerite of France 176 Her Death before his Arrival 176 Is received by Mary de' Medici 176 1623. He publishes his "Adone" 177 He returns to Rome 178 1625. (25th of March.) His Death 179

FILICAJA.

1642. (30th of December.) His Birth 180 His Parentage 180 His Education 180 His Marriage 181 His Odes 181 Kindness and Liberality of Christina of Sweden to Filicaja 182 He is appointed Governor of Volterra 182 His Return to Florence; his Character: his "Ode to the Virgin" 183 1717. His Death 184

METASTASIO.