BOOK THREE

ENCYCLOPEDIC BIOGRAPHIES,

OR THE ROMANCE OF REALITY.

Success Maxims

“Never give up: for the wisest is boldest, Knowing that Providence mingles the cup; And of all maxims, the best, as the oldest, Is the stern watchword of ‘Never give up!’” —HOLMES.

I find nothing so singular in life as this: that everything opposing appears to lose its substance the moment one actually grapples with it.—HAWTHORNE.

Perpetual pushing and assurance put a difficulty out of countenance, and make a seeming impossibility give way.—JEREMY COLLIER.

The truest wisdom is a resolute determination.—NAPOLEON I.

He wants wit, that wants resolved will.—SHAKESPEARE.

When a firm decisive spirit is recognized, it is curious to see how the space clears around a man and leaves him room and freedom.—JOHN FOSTER.

Self-distrust is the cause of most of our failures. In the assurance of strength there is strength, and they are the weakest, however strong, who have no faith in themselves or their powers.—BOVEE.

Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control—these three alone lead life to sovereign power.—TENNYSON.

There is no fate! Between the thought and the success, God is the only agent.—BULWER.

Character must stand behind and back up everything—the sermon, the poem, the picture, the play. None of them is worth a straw without it.—J. G. HOLLAND.

I hate a thing done by halves. If it be right, do it boldly; if it be wrong, leave it undone.—GILPIN.

Doing well depends upon doing completely.—PERSIAN PROVERB.

Things don’t turn up in this world until somebody turns them up.—GARFIELD.

We live in a new and exceptional age. America is another name for Opportunity. Our whole history appears like a last effort of the Divine Providence in behalf of the human race.—EMERSON.

STATESMEN.

WILLIAM BOYD ALLISON.

William Boyd Allison was born at Perry, Ohio, March 2, 1829. His father, John Allison, was a farmer, and young William spent his boyhood in work on the farm and in attending the district school. At the age of sixteen he studied at the Academy at Wooster and subsequently spent a year at Allegheny college in Meadville, Pennsylvania. After that he made enough money by teaching school to pay for his admission in the Western Reserve college in Hudson, Ohio. He studied law in Wooster, and in 1851 was admitted to the bar. Soon after he became deputy county clerk. His political tastes were made evident early in life. In 1856 he was a delegate to the Republican state convention and supported Fremont for president. In the following year he moved to Ohio, and settled in Dubuque, where he has since resided. He was a delegate at the Chicago Republican Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President. At the beginning of the Civil war he was appointed on the staff of the Governor of Ohio. In 1862 he was elected to the Thirty-eighth congress and was re-elected three times in succession. He was the leading member of the ways and means committee during the Civil war and was of great use to the President and the Secretary of the Treasury in devising plans for raising money. He was elected to the United States senate in 1872. His previous record in the house caused his selection as chairman of the senate committee on appropriations. Mr. Allison has always taken a prominent part in tariff questions and was chiefly instrumental in framing the senate tariff bill of the Fiftieth congress. In 1881 he was offered the position of secretary of the Treasury by President Garfield, but declined, and, in 1888, he was a leading candidate for nomination for the presidency. After the election of Mr. Harrison he was again offered the treasury portfolio, which he again declined. Senator Allison has always held the respect of public men, and has never used his position to enrich himself. His tastes are refined, he is an agreeable host, and popular in both public and private life.

GROVER CLEVELAND.

Grover Cleveland was born at Caldwell, New Jersey, March 18, 1837. His ancestors came from England. His father was a Presbyterian minister and he was named after the Rev. Steven Grover. In 1841 the family moved to Fayetteville, New York, where the future president was educated in the public schools. Between lessons he acted as clerk in a country store. He received further education at a local academy, and was later appointed assistant teacher in the New York Institution for the Blind. In 1855, while helping his uncle, Lewis F. Allen, at Buffalo, compiling “The American Word Book,” he began to read law, and, in 1859, was admitted to the bar. He was appointed assistant district attorney of Erie county in 1863, but in 1865 he was defeated for the district attorneyship of the same county. Thereupon he became a member of a Buffalo law firm. In 1871 he was elected sheriff of Erie county. At the close of this term he helped to form the firm of Bass, Cleveland & Bissel. In 1881 he was elected mayor of Buffalo by the largest majority to a mayoralty candidate ever given in that city. In 1882 he was made governor of the state of New York. He was nominated as Democratic candidate for the presidency in 1884, was elected, and inaugurated on March 4, 1885. His term of office was notable on account of his exercising the veto power beyond all precedent. He vetoed one hundred and fifteen out of nine hundred and eighty-seven bills, which had passed both houses, one hundred and two of these being private pension bills. On June 2, 1886, he was married, in the White House, to Frances Folsom, the daughter of one of his former law partners. In 1888 Mr. Cleveland was candidate for a second term as president, but was defeated by Benjamin Harrison. In 1892 he was again a candidate, and this time he was elected. Mr. Cleveland was without doubt the most popular Democrat of his time when running for the presidency. He is an enthusiastic devotee of gun and rod, an ideal host, and even those who differ with him politically admit his statesmanship.

WILLIAM PIERCE FRYE.

William Pierce Frye, who, since 1861, has been United States senator from Maine, was born at Lewiston, Maine, September 2, 1831. His father was Colonel John N. Frye and his mother Alice N. (Davis) Frye. Graduating from Bowdoin college in 1850, he subsequently carried out the wishes of his family and the trend of his own inclinations by following a legal career, in which he was eminently successful. Becoming a member of the Maine legislature in 1861, he was mayor of Lewiston from 1866 to 1867, and afterward held a variety of political offices, including the attorney-generalship of Maine from 1867 to 1869, presidential elector 1864, was made a member of congress in 1871, which office he held for ten years, was chairman of the commerce committee of the senate and member of the peace commission in Paris, 1898; was president pro tem, of the senate from 1896 to 1901, and after the death of Vice-President Hobart discharged the duties of that office during the Fifty-sixth congress. He is now acting chairman of the committee on foreign relations. Mr. Frye married Caroline Spears, who died in 1900. His life history is one that has for its moral the power of integrity when welded to unceasing effort.

JOHN HAY.

John Hay, who, since 1890, has been secretary of state of the United States, first saw the light at Salem, Indiana, on October 8, 1838. His father was Dr. Charles Hay, and John was educated in the common schools at Warsaw, Illinois, and in the academy at Springfield, Illinois. He graduated from Brown university in 1858, and after a preparatory period in a local law school was admitted to the Illinois bar. Mr. Hay was one of the private secretaries of President Lincoln. He was breveted colonel of United States Volunteers and was also assistant adjutant-general during the Civil war. He has also been secretary of legation at Paris, Madrid and Vienna and was charge d’affaires at Vienna. From 1879 to 1881 he acted as first assistant secretary of state. During the international sanitary conference of 1881 he was made its president. His services as ambassador to England from 1897 to 1898 will be long remembered in connection with his tactful and dignified diplomacy. Mr. Hay, notwithstanding his many and onerous official duties has found time to write books of both prose and poetry. His Castilian Days and Pike County Ballads are among the most popular of these. In 1874 he married Clara Stone, of Cleveland, Ohio.

GEORGE FRISBIE HOAR.

A commanding figure among the Republican forces in the United States senate, not alone from his personality and ability, but also because of his attitude on trust legislation and on the Philippine question, is George Frisbie Hoar, Massachusetts. Mr. Hoar was born in Concord, Massachusetts, August 29, 1826. A graduate of Harvard in 1846, aged twenty, and later of Harvard law school, he has retained his interest in higher education, and in scholarly matters. He has been an overseer of Harvard college from 1874 to 1880, at various times regent of the Smithsonian Institute, a trustee of the Leicester academy and the Peabody Museum of Archæology, and officer of various national and state societies. He settled in Worcester, Massachusetts, after graduating and practiced law. He has been married twice, his first wife being Mary Louisa Spurr and his second Ruth A. Miller. His service in the senate, since 1877, is exceeded by but few fellow-members, and he represents that body’s best traditions. He was elected because, as legislator from 1852 to 1856, as state senator in 1856, and as member of congress from 1869 until he was sent to the senate, he had shown marked ability, an unfailing watchfulness for public welfare and an unswerving honesty as rare as it is desirable. Senator Hoar is a striking example of how irreproachable integrity can take active and prominent part in party politics. He has kept his influence in his party and in general legislation in spite of sometimes opposing leaders of his own party, when his conscience and judgment bade him do so.

HENRY CABOT LODGE.

Henry Cabot Lodge was born in Boston, Massachusetts, May 12, 1850. He prepared for college in Dixwell Latin school, and, entering Harvard, was graduated in 1876. After his graduation he spent a year in traveling. Returning to America in 1872, he entered the Harvard law school. In January, 1874, he became assistant editor of the North American Review, which position he held until November, 1876. In 1875 he was a lecturer on The History of the American Colonies, in Harvard. From 1879 to 1882 he was associate editor of the International Review of Boston. During the same period he was elected member of the Massachusetts house of representatives. In 1881 he was the Republican candidate for the state senate, but was defeated. He was nominated for congress in 1884, but was again defeated. In 1886, however, being nominated again, he was successful and was re-elected for three successive congresses, but resigned after his last election on account of having been made a United States senator, January 17, 1893. In the senate he has made his mark. Mr. Lodge is an orator of much ability, a far-sighted political executive, and a writer of considerable merit. Among his books are: A Short History of the English Colonies, Life of Washington, Daniel Webster, History of Boston, and he has contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica and other works. He is a fluent lecturer. He is a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, trustee of the Boston Athenaeum, a member of the American Antiquarian Society, and a member of the New England Historic Genealogical Society. In 1874 he was elected an overseer of Harvard university, and was offered the degree of LL.D. in 1875. He married, on June 29, 1871, Anna, daughter of Rear Admiral Charles S. Davis, and has three children by her.

RICHARD OLNEY.

Richard Olney was born in Oxford, Massachusetts, September 15, 1835, and is of English ancestry. He received his preliminary education at Leicester academy, and graduated with high honors at Brown university in 1856. He was graduated with the degree of bachelor of laws from Harvard law school in 1858, and was admitted to the bar in the following year, entering the office of Judge Benjamin F. Thomas, with whom he was associated for ten years. Mr. Olney made a specialty of the laws relative to wills, estates and corporations. In 1893 he was appointed attorney-general by President Cleveland. By his advice Mr. Cleveland called out regular troops, July, 1894, to suppress the rioting that followed on the Chicago American railway union strike. In March, 1895, he successfully defended that action in an argument before the Supreme Court in the habeas corpus proceedings brought by Eugene V. Debs, who had been convicted of inciting the strikers. Upon the death of Walter Q. Gresham, Mr. Olney was appointed secretary of state and took office June 10, 1895. He was married, in 1861, to Agnes Park, daughter of Benjamin F. Thomas, of Boston.

ELIHU ROOT.

Elihu Root, secretary of war of the United States and one of the most successful lawyers of his generation, was born at Clinton, New York, February 15, 1845. His father was Orin Root, who was for many years professor of mathematics at Hamilton college, from which institution young Root graduated in 1864. For a year or more he was a teacher in Rome, New York, academy. Coming to New York, he studied in the University law school until 1867, when he was admitted to the bar, beginning to practice forthwith. He lost no time in getting into the current of affairs in the metropolis, and soon began to attract attention on account of his earnestness and ability, and so, while still a very young man, was retained on important cases. President Arthur appointed him United States attorney for the southern district of New York in 1883. He was delegate-at-large at the state constitutional convention in 1894, was appointed secretary of war, August 1, 1899, by President McKinley, and was reappointed in 1901. As a corporation lawyer he has had to do with some historical legal cases, such as the Hocking Valley suit, in which the amount involved was $8,000,000. A few years ago he erected in the Hamilton college grounds the Root Hall of Science as a memorial to his father. He is married and has three children—two boys and a girl.

INDUSTRIAL LEADERS.

E. G. ACHESON.

E. G. Acheson, the inventor of carborundum, which may be called an artificial gem that, unlike the majority of gems, is much more useful than ornamental, has proven that for a man of ideas and ability the world of to-day is as full of opportunities as it was in those periods which are somewhat vaguely alluded to by less successful men as “the good old times.” Mr. Acheson was born at Washington, Pennsylvania, in 1854, and after receiving a public school, college and technical training, entered the employ of Edison, the inventor. From the first he was a persistent and somewhat daring experimentalist, one of his scientific fads being the manufacture of artificial diamonds, and it was during the investigations made by him in relation thereunto that carborundum—a substance which has revolutionized some industries and incidentally brought fame and fortune to its discoverer and his associates—was obtained. The principle of the electric furnace, by means of which the substance in question is manufactured, was in existence many years before Mr. Acheson began to use it in connection with his experimental work, but other scientists had failed to recognize its possibilities. Carborundum is produced by fusing carbon and silicon by means of a huge electric arc, the result being a mass of beautifully colored crystals which are harder than any known substance except diamonds. Carborundum is rapidly taking the place of emery for abrasive purposes. Another product of the electric furnace—artificial graphite—is also a discovery of Mr. Acheson, and which is of great value in many of the arts and sciences.

CHARLES HENRY CRAMP.

“He did not cease to be a student when he left school.” This fact to a very great extent accounts for the achievements of Charles H. Cramp, who is the president of the largest shipbuilding enterprise in the United States. He was born in Philadelphia, May 9, 1828, and is the oldest son of William Cramp, who was the founder of the industry which bears his name. After receiving a thorough schooling and graduating from the Philadelphia high school, he learned the shipbuilding trade with his father. He is now recognized as the head of naval architecture on the American continent. Mr. Cramp’s services in the reconstruction of the navy and in connection with the revival of the American merchant marine alone entitle him to permanent distinction. Beginning in 1887 his firm built, in rapid succession, the Yorktown (gunboat), the Vesuvius (dynamite torpedo vessel), Baltimore (protected cruiser), Philadelphia (protected cruiser), New York (armored cruiser), Columbia (protected cruiser), Minneapolis (protected cruiser), Indiana (battleship), Massachusetts (battleship), Brooklyn (armored cruiser), and the Iowa (seagoing battleship). The fleet has an aggregate of nearly eighty thousand tons of displacement and one hundred and forty-seven thousand indicated horse-power. The shipyard covers thirty acres of ground, employs six thousand men and was capitalized at $5,000,000 in 1894. The William Cramp & Sons Ship and Engine Building Co., from a simple shipyard, has reached the status of the greatest and most complete naval arsenal in the western hemisphere.

CHARLES RANLETT FLINT.

The personality of Charles R. Flint does not suggest the strenuous nature of his life, past and present; yet but few men in this country have shouldered or for that matter are shouldering so many business responsibilities as he is doing—and of large caliber at that. Mr. Flint’s successes on the lines indicated are due to system, and system only. With him there is a place for each responsibility and each responsibility occupies its place in the total scheme of his business existence. He was born at Thomaston, Maine, January 24, 1850, graduated from the Polytechnic institute, Brooklyn, in 1868, and in 1883 married E. Kate, daughter of Joseph F. Simmons, of Troy, N. Y. To catalogue the industries and enterprises which Mr. Flint has organized or is connected with would be an undertaking in itself. Suffice it that he is prominently identified with the rubber and lumber industries, is interested in street railways in New York state, is a director in several banks, has organized iron and steel, steamship, starch, caramel and general export companies, has acted as United States consul in Central American countries, in 1893 fitted out a fleet of war vessels for the Brazilian republic, bought for and delivered to Japan a cruiser during the China-Japan war, and, in 1898, was the confidential agent of the United States in negotiating for the purchase of war vessels.

CHARLES MELVILLE HAYS.

It is a good thing for the world at large that human talents are of a diversified nature. It is an equally excellent thing that the possession of special gift on the part of an individual is recognized by those with whom he comes in contact. A case in point is furnished by Charles M. Hays, who, until lately, was president of the Southern Pacific railroad. Mr. Hays’ work in life seems to have been that of turning unprofitable railroad systems into permanently paying propositions. He was born May 16, 1856, at Rock Island, Illinois, his parents being in fairly comfortable circumstances. After a common school training he entered the railroad service in 1873, his first position being in the passenger department of the St. Louis, Atlantic & Pacific railroad. The rungs of the ladder of his subsequent upward climb are something in this order: Prompted to a clerkship in the auditor’s office, he was at length placed in the general superintendent’s office on the same line; next he is heard of as secretary of the general manager of the Missouri Pacific railroad, and in 1886 he was made assistant general manager of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific railroad; three years later he was appointed general manager of the Wabash & Western railroad, and was afterward made manager of the Wabash system, which was the outcome of the consolidation of the Wabash Western and Wabash railroads. He has also been general manager of the Grand Trunk system, and, as already intimated, was, until recently, the president of the Southern railroad. When Mr. Hays took hold of the Wabash lines they were in about as bad a condition as railroad lines can be. The same remark applies to the Grand Trunk system. When Mr. Hays severed his connection with these corporations they were in a flourishing condition—popular with the public and paying as to dividends. He created their prosperity by the industrious exercise of his special talents. The lesson may be taken to heart.

JOHN B. HERRESHOFF.

The person who is handicapped in the struggle for existence by physical infirmities excites our sympathy, but when such an one achieves as well as or far better than the normal individual, we regard him with an admiration that is akin to wonder. John B. Herreshoff, the famous blind yacht and boat designer, is such an individual. He is a marvel such as the world has never seen before, and is not likely to witness for some time to come. He is the admitted head of a profession which as one would believe calls for keen eyes as a preliminary. Yet Mr. Herreshoff has set all precedent at naught. It would almost seem that his blindness, so far from being a handicap, is of positive value to him, for it is certain that those exquisite floating creations of his, have never yet been duplicated by the owners of eyesight. When, in August, 1851, the America won the famous “Queen’s Cup,” which has ever since remained on this side of the water, two youngsters were playing on a farm at Point Pleasant, at Bristol, Rhode Island. John, the oldest, was then a blue-eyed boy of ten. As soon as he could use a knife he began to whittle boats, and when fourteen years of age built a usable craft, which was said to be a marvel of beauty by local experts. At fifteen, blindness descended upon him, but he nevertheless continued to study boats and build them. His younger brother, Nathaniel, also had a love for boats, and together the two brothers lived and ruled and had their being in an atmosphere of boats. Both boys were educated at local schools, and John, with the assistance of his mother, managed to keep pace with his fellow pupils. Nathaniel became a civil engineer and made a name for himself in his profession. In the meantime the reputation of John had so extended that in 1863 he founded the Herreshoff Manufacturing Co., and fourteen years later Nathaniel became a partner in the concern and is now its superintendent. The fame of the Herreshoffs is perhaps best known to the public in connection with their construction of several of the defenders of the “Queens,” or, as it is better known on this side of the water, “The America Cup.” John B. Herreshoff, on being asked what the elements of success are, said: “Concentration, decision, industry, economy, together with an invincible determination and persistence, will always place a man in the position which he desires.”

LEWIS NIXON.

“Four letters sum up my idea of how to make a success in life; they are W-O-R-K (work).” These are the sentiments of Lewis Nixon, who starting life as a poor boy, has by sheer determination won social position, fame, wealth and political honor before he was forty. His story is a simple one, but none the less helpful. Born in Leesburg, Virginia, April 7, 1861, he was the son of Joel Lewis and Mary Frances (Turner) Nixon. His parents were in poor circumstances. His diligence in the public schools interested General Eppa Hunton (then representative from Virginia), who secured for him an appointment to the United States Naval academy at Annapolis as midshipman, and in 1882 he graduated at the head of his class. Going to England, he took a course in naval architecture and marine engineering. Upon returning to this country, he was appointed to the staff of the chief constructor of the navy and served as superintendent of construction at the Cramp yards and the New York navy yard. In 1890 he designed, in ninety days, the battleships Indiana, the Massachusetts and the Oregon. After resigning from the navy department, he became superintending constructor of the Cramps’ yard, Philadelphia, but soon after resigned that position and opened a shipyard of his own at Elizabeth, New Jersey. He has built the gunboats Annapolis, Josephine, Mangro and others, besides the submarine torpedo boat Holland. He was married in Washington, January 29, 1891, to Sallie Lewis Wood. Mr. Nixon is a member of the New England organization of architects and marine engineers, the chamber of commerce, and is a member of the Democratic club, Press club, Army and Navy club of Washington and others. He takes an active part in Democratic politics.

JOHN H. PATTERSON.

John H. Patterson, the president of the International Cash Register Co., of Dayton, Ohio, is a specimen of what, happily for this country, is not an infrequent young American, whose original capital being that of brains and industry, pays interest in the shape of great enterprises and a large fortune. Mr. Patterson’s parents were farmers. After a public school education he went to Miami university, and afterward to Dartmouth college. On graduating he began life without any definite plans, clerked, saved money and pushed ahead until he became manager of a coal mine. It was while he was holding this position that he heard of the then almost unknown cash register, bought two of them and saw that there was a field for their development and use. Together with his brother, Frank R. Patterson, he bought the patent of the machine and began to manufacture the registers. In 1894, after ten years of effort, and with success apparently in sight, the brothers were confronted with the complete failure of one of their new inventions and the return from England of a carload of broken machines, instead of an expected draft for $30,000. Nothing daunted, Mr. Patterson began to analyze the causes of the setback and came to the conclusion that the successful manufacture of the machines depended on the faithfulness of his workmen, which had to rest upon the mutual goodwill of employer and employe. This belief led him to adopt an industrial system which is probably unique in the annals of manufacturing enterprises. Briefly, it consists of developing the mechanical talents of the workmen by prizes and promotions; by making schools, clubs, libraries, choral societies and the like a part of the economy of the factory and by remembering that all work makes Jack and his bosses very dull boys indeed. That the principle is a sound one seems to be certain, if one may judge by the general use of the Patterson cash register.

MANUFACTURERS.

HUGH CHISHOLM.

The individual who begins life as a poor newsboy, and in the full flush of his manhood is found to be the head of an industry created by himself in which untold millions are invested, and which is of supreme importance to the community, serves his generation in more ways than one. If he has done nothing else he has acted as an exemplar for the faint-hearted, as a beacon for the persevering, and as a type of American manhood, and all that lies before it. Such an individual is Hugh Chisholm, who has brought into existence a corporation which is making paper for nearly all the newspapers of the United States. When it is said that one New York newspaper buys six thousand dollars worth of paper every day, some idea may be gained of the vast proportions of the industry. Mr. Chisholm was born at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada, May 2, 1847, and began life as a train newsboy on the Grand Trunk railroad, studying meanwhile in evening classes of business colleges in Toronto. When the Civil war broke out, the lad, who is of Scotch descent, with the shrewdness of his race, realized the possibilities of the situation and pushed his wares to the utmost, sometimes holding them at a premium. He at length was able to hire some other boys to sell newspapers for him. He next obtained from the railroad company the exclusive right to sell newspapers on the division east of Toronto. He extended his “combinations,” and when he was twenty-five years of age had the exclusive news routes over four thousand miles of railroad, and had two hundred and fifty men on his payroll. Selling out his interests to his brothers, who had similar interests in New England, he purchased the latter and located in Portland, Maine, where he added publishing to his business. Foreseeing a growth of the newspaper trade, and realizing that there would be a huge consequent demand for white paper, he organized the Somerset Fiber Company, the manufacturing of wood pulp at Fairfield. Later he established a number of pulp mills in Maine. Next he devised a plan of business consolidations and a few years ago the Chisholm properties and a score of other mills in New England, New York and Canada were merged into one company. The output of the mills is more than 1,500 tons per day and is increasing rapidly. In 1872 he married Henrietta Mason, of Portland.

THEODORE LOWE DE VINNE.

From a country printer boy to the head of one of the greatest printing establishments in the metropolis—this in brief is the story of the career of Theodore Lowe De Vinne. He was born in Stamford, Connecticut, December 25, 1828, being the second son of Daniel and Joanna Augusta De Vinne. His parents were of Holland extraction. His father was a Methodist minister, who was an uncompromising opponent of slavery. Theodore secured a common school education at Catskill, White Plains, and Amenia, New York, and at the age of fourteen entered the office of the Gazette, Newburgh, New York, to learn the printing trade. After he had gotten a general knowledge of the business he went to New York city in 1848. Two years later he obtained employment in the establishment of Francis Hart & Co. and rose to the position of foreman. In 1858 he became a junior partner in the firm and five years after the death of Mr. Hart, which took place in 1883, he changed the name of the firm to Theodore L. De Vinne & Co., making his only son, Theodore L. De Vinne, Jr., his partner. He now occupies one of the largest buildings in the United States, which is wholly devoted to the printing business. Mr. De Vinne has marked ability as an organizer, having, with the assistance of the late Peter C. Baker, formed the society now known as the Typothetæ. In 1850 he married Grace, daughter of Joseph Brockbant. He is the author of the Printers’ Price List, The Invention of Printing, Historic Types and Printing Types. Mr. De Vinne has done much to elevate the standard of typography. As early as 1863 the American institute awarded his firm a medal for the best book printing. The firm has published St. Nicholas and the Century since 1874.

WILLIAM LOUIS DOUGLAS.

William Louis Douglas, of Brockton, Massachusetts, who, through the medium of his widely advertised shoes, is probably one of the most easily recognized men in the United States, was born in Plymouth, Massachusetts, August 22, 1845. The career of Mr. Douglas emphasizes the fact that the days of opportunity for young men without money or influence are by no means over. He was an orphan, handicapped by lack of schooling, a victim of injustice and apparently without any prospects in life whatever. Now he is the owner of a vast fortune, a great business, an honorable place among honored men, and has influence for good in laboring circles, and no small power politically. When Mr. Douglas was five years of age, his father was lost at sea. At the age of seven he was apprenticed to his uncle to learn the shoemaking trade. The uncle proved to be a hard taskmaster, and at the expiration of his apprenticeship William found himself the owner of just ten dollars and remembrances of many hard knocks. Subsequently he tried several ways of getting a livelihood, from driving ox teams in Nebraska to working at his trade. In conjunction with a Mr. Studley, he opened a boot store at Golden, Colorado. The venture did not pay, and returning to Massachusetts he took to shoemaking again until 1870, when he removed to Brockton to become superintendent of the shoe factory of Porter & Southworth. In 1876, with a borrowed capital of $375, he went into business for himself. Successful from the start, he, six years later, built a four-story factory, which had a capacity of 1,440 pairs of boots daily. In 1884 he placed on the market his well-known $3 shoe, with which his name and his face are so prominently identified. He has broken away from the old traditions of manufacturers by establishing retail stores, where he sells direct to the public. The Douglas factory of to-day was erected in 1892, and has a capacity of 10,240 pairs of boots daily. There are 2,724 employes. Mr. Douglas is Democratic in politics. He has been a member of the common council of Brockton several times and was its mayor in 1890. It was through his efforts that a bill was enacted in the state legislature of Massachusetts for the establishment of a board of arbitration and conciliation. Labor troubles are practically unknown in the Douglas factory. Mr. Douglas is also the author of the weekly payment law that observes in Massachusetts, is president of the people’s savings bank of Brockton, a director in the Home national bank and ex-president of the Brockton, Taunton & Bridgewater street railroad.

CHARLES EASTMAN.

Charles Eastman was born at Waterville, New York, July 12, 1854. Photographers, especially amateurs, need not be told who Mr. Eastman is, inasmuch as he has done much to popularize the camera and all that to it belongs. He was educated at Rochester, New York. Becoming interested in amateur photography, he began a source of exhausted experiments to the end of making dry plates and secured results which prompted him to make further investigations. These latter were successful also, and from this preliminary work rose the great business with which he is now identified. The kodak, which is probably the most popular of cameras in the world, is his invention also. He is manager of the Eastman Kodak Company, of Rochester, and of London, England; president of the General Aristo Company, of Rochester, and is the head of the so-called camera trust. Mr. Eastman is a member of many social and scientific organizations, and gives liberally to charitable institutions.

ALBERT AUGUST POPE.

The name of Colonel Albert August Pope is identified with the popularizing of the bicycle in this country, for he it was who, more than any other, gave it the impetus which made it a prime favorite with the public. Apart from that, however, he has furnished us with yet another example of the power of push, perseverance and probity. Colonel Pope was born in Boston, May 10, 1843, of poor parents. He had to leave school early in life in order to earn a livelihood. When ten years of age he peddled fruit, and it is said by persons who knew him in those days that he made it a rule to pay every debt as soon as it was due. After years of hard work young Pope, then nineteen, accepted a junior second lieutenancy in Company I, of the Thirty-sixth Massachusetts Volunteers. His record during the war was most brilliant, and he came out of it with the rank of colonel. He then went into business for himself and built up a profitable trade. It was in the centennial exposition in 1876 that he first saw a bicycle. Realizing the future of the machine, he in 1877 placed an order for “an importation of English wheels.” In the same year he organized the Pope Manufacturing Company. The vast nature of the business done by the corporation is a matter of familiarity to all those who were or are interested in bicycles. He also founded the publication entitled The Wheelman, putting upward of sixty thousand dollars in the enterprise. It is known to-day under the name of Outing. It was mainly through his efforts that public parks and boulevards were thrown open to the uses of bicycles, and that the machine was put upon the same footing as any other vehicle. When the bicycle interest began to wane, Colonel Pope turned his attention to the manufacture of automobiles. He also has a large interest in banks and other corporations. He is a member of the Loyal Legion and a visitor to Wellesley college, and the Lawrence scientific school. In 1871 he married Abbie Lyndon, of Newton, Mass.

C. W. POST.

The name of C. W. Post is identified with an industry that has only come into existence within the past few years, but which, nevertheless, has assumed tremendous proportions, and is remarkable in many ways, not the least of which is that it puts cereals to uses which were absolutely unknown a generation ago. Postum cereal coffee, for example, has only been before the public since 1895. Yet recently Mr. Post and his associates declined an offer of ten millions of dollars for the factories which made the coffee and its associated products of the wheat field. Mr. Post’s life story is that of a boy with a light purse, boundless ambition and a determination to reach the goal of large successes. He was born October 26, 1854, in Springfield, Illinois. After a common school education he entered the University of Illinois when thirteen years of age, took a military course, and remained there until he was fifteen, when the spirit of independence which has been a characteristic of his career throughout asserted itself. To use his own words, “I became weary of depending on my father’s money.” Leaving the university, he obtained a position with a manufacturer of farm machinery, which he sold and put in operation for the purchasers. After a couple of years of this work, he began business for himself in conjunction with a partner in the appropriately named town of Independence, Kansas. The firm dealt in hardware and farm machinery. But too little capital hampered his efforts, so he sold out and again took up drumming. Later he became manager of a wholesale machinery house in Kansas City. Returning to Illinois, he organized a company for the manufacturing of plows and cultivators, was quite successful, but his health breaking down, chaos resulted, and he lost all his savings. After dabbling in real estate in California, he ranched in Texas, fell ill again, recovered, and then bought twenty-seven acres of ground at Battle Creek, Michigan. Here it was that he began to make the famous coffee, to which allusion has been made. Here, too, he experimented with prepared, and finally placed upon the market those cooked and semi-cooked cereal foods with which we are familiar at the breakfast-table. The first year that the Post products were before the public, there was a profit of $175,000, the second year showed a loss of over $40,000—this being due to profits being sunk in advertising—and the third year there was a clear gain of $384,000. From that time on the business has been most profitable. It is stated that the concern is now preparing to spend one million dollars a year for advertising. Two years ago Mr. Post retired from the active conduct of the concern. He now divides his time between the offices in this country and abroad, and the chain of factories in the west. He is president of the association of American advertisers, and maintains at his own expense the Post check currency bureau at Washington.

JOHN WILSON WHEELER.

John Wilson Wheeler, whose name is familiar to every housewife who owns or wants to own a sewing machine, was born in Orange, Franklin county, Massachusetts, November 20, 1832, being the second of nine children. He was the son of a carpenter-farmer, and was educated in a district school. When about fourteen years of age he began to follow the trade of his father, and continued to do so until he was twenty-three years old. But he was not satisfied with his narrow surroundings, and so when the opportunity came for him to accept a place in a little grocery store in Fitchburg at one hundred and twenty-five dollars a year and his board he gladly accepted it. Returning to Orange some time later, he became a clerk in the store of one Daniel Pomeroy, finally succeeding the latter in the business, which he conducted for three years longer. Selling out, he became clerk in the claim agency of D. E. Chency, one of the leading men of the village. By this time he had established a reputation for ability and integrity, and so it came about that Mr. Chency and another of his friends loaned him two thousand dollars on his personal security to buy a grocery store. The venture was successful and was only given up in 1867, in order that Mr. Wheeler might become a partner in the firm of A. E. Johnson & Co. that had just started in a small way to make sewing machines. After some years of struggling the firm was turned into a corporation under the name of the Gold Medal Sewing Machine Company, Mr. Wheeler being secretary and treasurer. In 1882 the name was again changed to that of the New Home Sewing Machine Company. Of this corporation Mr. Wheeler was vice-president, as well as secretary and treasurer. He later became president, but subsequently resigned, but retained the office of treasurer, as well as being a member of the board of directors. How the business has grown from small beginnings to its present extensive status is a story that is familiar to everyone who knows somewhat of the sewing machine industry. The company employs nearly six hundred men and turns out about four hundred machines daily. Mr. Wheeler is also president of the Orange savings bank and of the Orange national bank, and has been president of the Orange Power company and the Orange board of trade. He has furthermore held office with the Boston mutual life insurance company, is the director of the Athol and Orange City railway company, is president of the Leabitt Machine company, of the Orange good government club and is vice-president of the Home Market club. He married Almira E. Johnson, by whom he had three daughters, only one of whom survives. He is the owner of much real estate, and is erecting a mansion near Orange at the cost of $150,000.

TRANSPORTATION LEADERS.

GEORGE F. BAER.

George F. Baer, when a boy, worked on his father’s farm in Somerset county, Pennsylvania. He was recently chosen president of the Philadelphia & Reading and New Jersey Central railroad systems, two of the most important transportation corporations in the country. He is also identified with many enterprises of a diversified and extensive nature. He is still in the prime of life, and the secret of his so attaining is an open one—he did not waste time. Young Baer attended school for but a few years, and then entered the office of the Somerset Democrat to learn the printing trade. But he did not permit himself to retrograde in his studies, but instead pored over books and practiced writing at night. When sixteen years of age he managed to get a year’s tuition in the Somerset academy and afterward secured a position as clerk in the Ashtola Mills, near Johnstown, Pennsylvania. At the end of twelve months he was made chief clerk. Resigning, he entered the sophomore class at Franklin and Marshall colleges. Next, and in conjunction with his older brother, he bought the Democrat. Then the war broke out and the brother enlisted. Mr. Baer, then hardly nineteen years of age, ran the paper alone. In 1862 he, too, got the war spirit and went to the front. He was mustered out in 1863 and forthwith began to read law with his two brothers. After practicing in Somerset for four years, he went to Reading, where he was retained by the attorney of certain railroads that were trying to compete with the Philadelphia & Reading railroad. The opposing company finally decided that he was worth more for them than against them and so made him its legal adviser. From that time up to his election as president of the corporation he had been its solicitor. He is also interested in coal mines, paper manufacture, banks and insurance corporations, is married and has five daughters.

AUGUST BELMONT.

August Belmont, builder of the New York City subway, began his career with the handicap of great wealth. His father, August Belmont, senior, was one of the richest and best known American bankers. His son August was graduated from Harvard University in 1875, and for a time gave himself up in large measure to the usual occupations of the youth of fortune. But as he grew older he interested himself more and more in the great banking business established by his father. In the course of a few years he became, on his own account, a power in the financial world. He is now an officer or director in many banking, railway, manufacturing and other corporations. In addition to these he has been a strong supporter of the best art, literary, patriotic and other American activities, being a member of numerous associations devoted to such movements. He has taken an active part in politics, and is much interested in the breeding of thoroughbred race-horses. His most conspicuous activity, however, has been the building of the subway, which has added so greatly to the transportation facilities of the metropolis.

ALEXANDER JOHNSTON CASSATT.

Another railroad man who has risen from a place of obscurity to a position of prominence is Alexander Johnston Cassatt, who has been president of the Pennsylvania railroad company since June, 1899. Like George H. Daniels, of the New York Central railroad, he started life as a rodman, in 1861, in the employ of the corporation of which he is now the head. Mr. Cassatt preferred to begin at the foot of the ladder for the sake of the knowledge of the primary details of the business which his so doing gave him, instead of making use of the influence as he probably could have obtained in order to assure him a less humble position. He was born in Pittsburg, December 8, 1839, and was educated at the University of Heidelberg and the Rensselaer Polytechnique institute. After his experiences as rodman, by force of sheer industry and integrity, he rose from place to place until, in 1871, he was made general superintendent of the Pennsylvania system and general manager of the lines east of Pittsburg. Between 1874 and 1882 he held the offices of third vice-president and second vice-president, was elected director in 1883 and was made president of the road in 1899. “Thoroughly ground yourself in the elementaries of your chosen business, and then stick to it,” is Mr. Cassatt’s advice to young men. He is a thorough believer in the old axiom that “a rolling stone gathers no moss.”

GEORGE HENRY DANIELS.

George Henry Daniels, who in his capacity of general passenger agent of the New York Central and Hudson River railroad, is probably better known personally or by repute to the traveling public, than any other man in this country, was born in Hampshire, Kane county, Illinois, December 1, 1842. He began his railroad career as a rodman in the engineering corps of the Northern Missouri railroads, and from that humble position has risen, not rapidly perhaps, but slowly and certainly, until he has the passenger transportation responsibilities on his hands of what is probably the greatest railroad in the United States. After some years of strenuous work, he became, in 1872, the general freight and passenger agent of the Chicago and Pacific railroad, and in 1880 was made ticket agent of the Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific road. After a number of varied experiences, all of which were in the west, and were connected with positions of great responsibility, he acted as assistant commissioner or commissioner for several roads, and in April, 1889, was rewarded for his years of faithful service by being appointed to the position which he now holds. No small portion of Mr. Daniels’s success is due to his personal tactfulness and unfailing courtesy; or, as someone has put it, he knows how to grant a favor without placing the grantee under an obligation, and he knows how to refuse a request without offending the individual who makes it.

GEORGE JAY GOULD.

George Jay Gould, whose name is so generally identified with high finance, is the son of the late Jay and Helen Day (Miller) Gould. He was born in New York in 1858 and received his education at the hands of private tutors or in private schools. Inheriting a genius for finance and an instinct for railroading, he has succeeded in successfully conducting those vast enterprises and investments which were brought into existence by his father. Mr. Gould is an ardent devotee of field sports, particularly those of which horses are a part and portion. He married Miss Edith Kingdon, who was at one time a member of Augustin Daly’s Dramatic Company in this city. By her he has two sons, both of whom are as fond of strenuous sports as is their father. Nevertheless he does not permit his pastimes to interfere with his business affairs, and is a familiar figure in the financial districts of New York City. He has been president of the Little Rock and Fort Worth railroad, Texas and Pacific railroad, International and Great Northern railroad, Manhattan Elevated railroad, Missouri Pacific railroad, and the St. Louis and Iron Mountain and Southern railroad. Mr. Gould is a good specimen of the young American who does not let his great wealth hamper his activities.

CLEMENT ACTON GRISCOM.

The placing of young men in positions of extreme responsibility seems to be peculiar to this country. Abroad such positions are usually held by persons of mature or advanced years. That the commercial world of America does not suffer from its departure from European customs in the respect cited is evidenced by its commercial and mercantile progress. Clement Acton Griscom, Jr., manager of the great American line of steamers is a case in point. He was born in 1868 and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1887. His father is Clement Acton Griscom, Sr., president of the line. Griscom, the manager, entered the service of the company the day following his last examination at college and two weeks before he received his diploma. He first worked as office boy in the freight department at a salary of $3.00 per week, and, as the story goes, although a college graduate and the son of the president, the other employes treated him exactly as they did the other boys. His business progress then was something in this order: junior clerk at $5.00 per week; junior clerk in the passenger department, $7.00 per week; clerk in the ticket department, dock clerk from 7 a. m. until 6 p. m., assistant to the manager of the Chicago office, assistant to the general manager in New York, supervisor at the head of the purchasing board steward departments, and finally manager. It will be seen that young Griscom had to “hoe his own row” completely, and, although at the time he, like the ordinary boy, objected to so doing, he now recognizes the wisdom of his father in compelling him to learn all there was to be learned. Under Mr. Griscom’s management, the American Line flourishes. He is also president of the James Riley repair and supply company, a director of the Maritime Exchange and is interested in a number of other enterprises. He married the daughter of General William Ludlow, and his friends say that his home life has had a determining influence on his career in general.

JAMES J. HILL.

Intimates of James J. Hill, the transportation giant of the northwest, say that the ambition of his life is to encircle the world with a system of railroads and steamships, all of which shall be under his guiding hand. He has nearly attained it. He owns the Great Northern railway, which stretches from Seattle, Washington, to St. Paul and Duluth, Minnesota. He is proprietor of the line of steamers which ply between Duluth and Buffalo. He is largely interested in the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, which covers the territory between Chicago, Philadelphia and New York. He is organizing, in Europe, a steamship company whose vessels shall have for their terminal ports Seattle, Washington, on the one side, and Vladivostok, Yokohama and Hong Kong on the other. He is now reaching out across the Pacific to Seattle, intending to connect his Great Northern road with the Trans-Siberian road, and the man who controls all these huge enterprises earned them from humble beginnings, and asserts that the principle that has enabled him to reach power and affluence is simply that of economy. When he earned five dollars a week he saved; now that he is the owner of an income the size of which he can hardly pass upon, he saves, not in miserly fashion, but he detests unnecessary expenditure. Mr. Hill was born near Guelph, Upper Canada, September 16, 1838. He was educated at Rockwood academy and started life in a steamboat office in St. Paul, Minnesota. Hard and continuous work brought its reward in the shape of his being made agent for the Northwestern Packet company in 1865. Then he branched out for himself, establishing a fuel and transportation business on his own account. From that time on his rise was rapid. He founded the Red River Transportation company, 1875; organized the syndicate which secured control of the St. Paul and Pacific railroad, became the president of the organized road and finally merged it with other lines into the Great Northern system of which he is now president. Mr. Hill is married and has several sons, all of whom are following the railroad business.

MELVILLE EZRA INGALLS.

One of the many railroad presidents who began life on a farm is Melville Ezra Ingalls. He was born at Harrison, Maine, September 6, 1842. Brought up on his father’s farm, he had his full share of hard work during boyhood. He was first educated at Burlington academy, later at Bowdoin college, and graduated from the Harvard law school in 1863. Establishing himself in practice in Gray, Maine, he soon found that the village was too small for his hopes and ambitions, so he removed to Boston. There he became identified with political affairs and was elected a member of the Massachusetts senate in 1867. In 1870 he was made the president of the Indianapolis, Cincinnati and Lafayette railroad, which was then in a bankrupt condition. A year later he was made receiver for the road. Then it was that Mr. Ingalls’ genius for railroading began to show itself. With the aid of the organization in 1873 and 1880, he put the successor of the road, which was the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis and Chicago, on a sound footing, subsequently consolidating it with other roads under its final title of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis railroad, now known as the “Big Four” system. Mr. Ingalls is president of the road, and up to February, 1900, was also president of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad. Mr. Ingalls’ successes have left him the same charitable, genial and approachable individual that he was when a struggling lawyer in a little village in Maine.

INVENTORS.

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL.

Alexander Graham Bell, whose name is so clearly associated with the invention and the development of the telephone, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 3, 1847. He was educated at the Edinburgh and London universities, and on graduating went to Canada in 1870, in which country he spent two years endeavoring to decide on a vocation. Later he located in Boston, where he became professor of vocal physiology at the Boston university. It was during this period that he became interested in and made an exhaustive series of experiments culminating in an application for a patent which was granted February 14, 1876. The history of the invention, which is second in importance only to the electric telegraph, is well known to the public. Without going into details, it is only necessary to say that Mr. Bell, like all other successful inventors, had to face and overcome the popular prejudices, and had to protect his rights in the courts through interminable law suits. The place that the telephone fills in the social and commercial economy of the world to-day is also too well known to need emphasis. Professor Bell is also the inventor of the photophone, and is interested in the current scientific efforts of the American association to promote the teaching of the deaf and dumb. Scientific honors have been showered upon him in connection with his inventions. In 1881 the French government awarded him the Volta prize, and he is the founder of the Volta bureau. He is also the author of many scientific and educational monographs.

CHARLES FRANCIS BRUSH.

The development and general use of the “arc” electric light is to a very great extent the outcome of the researches of Charles F. Brush. While the “arc” was by no means unknown to electricians prior to Mr. Brush’s development of it, it was he who was responsible for its becoming a commercial possibility. Mr. Brush was born in Euclid, Cuyahoga county, Ohio, March 17, 1849. His father was Colonel Isaac Elbert Brush, his mother being Delia Wissner (Phillips) Brush. Both parents came from old lines of American families. After periods spent in public schools in Ohio, Mr. Brush attended the Cleveland high school and graduated from the University of Michigan in 1869. From the first he displayed a fondness for electricity and chemistry, and subsequent to his graduating became an analytical chemist and consulting chemical expert in Cleveland. All this time, however, he was studying electricity, foreseeing the time when it would be one of the chief factors of modern civilization. In 1877 he devoted himself entirely to electrical affairs and a year later presented to the public the light with which his name is identified. In 1880 the Brush Electric Company was formed and the “arc” light grew in favor. A year later it was introduced into England and on the continent. Nevertheless Mr. Brush had the usual experience of inventors, but was successful in litigation and has the satisfaction of knowing that his claims of priority of invention have been recognized by the leading scientific societies in the world. He is interested in a number of electrical enterprises, is a member of many clubs and scientific and charitable institutions. In 1875 he married Mary E. Morris, of Cleveland, by whom he has three children.

SANTOS DUMONT.

Santos Dumont, who has attained world wide publicity in connection with his daring and novel experiments in ærostatics, is still a young man. He was born in Brazil in 1873 and is of French ancestry, although his father was also a Brazilian by birth. The Santos Dumont plantations at San Paulo are said to be the largest in the country in question, so large indeed that a small railroad runs around it, which is used for the transportation of labor and products. At an early age Santos Dumont developed a taste for mechanics and the railroad was his constant study and delight. When still a boy he was sent to France to be educated, and in that country, some thirteen years since, began to experiment with automobiles, abandoning them, however, in 1893, for ærostatics. His first ascents were made in spherical balloons, but he quickly adopted those of cylindrical form. He has practically invented the dirigible balloon of to-day through the medium of his ingenious arrangement of screws, rudders, motors, cars, shifting weights, etc. He was the first to give up the net and attach his car to the balloon itself. On July 12, 1901, he sailed from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and around in Paris. He has made over half a dozen machines and is engaged on others. During his experiments he has had more than one narrow escape from death, but these have had little or no effect upon his nerve or his enthusiasm.

PETER COOPER HEWITT.

Peter C. Hewitt—who is much in the eye of the scientific world by reason of his invention of an electric “convertor” and his discovery of a wonderful method of electric lighting—is the grandson of the late Peter Cooper, the philanthropist. Mr. Hewitt was born in New York city in 1861, his father being Abram Stevens Hewitt, who held the office of mayor of the metropolis from 1887 to 1889. After being educated by private tutors, he entered the Columbia university, New York city, and on graduating therefrom studied for some years in a technical school in New Jersey. Afterward he became connected with the glue factory established by his grandfather and owned by his father. But that bent toward scientific investigations which seems to have been born in him, prompted him to devote himself to experimental work in the laboratory. A portion of the result of such work has already been alluded to. There are not wanting indications that the electric light devised by Mr. Hewitt will, to a very great extent, take the place of that now furnished by the arc or incandescent filament. It is described as “soft sunlight.” Mr. Hewitt is married, his wife being Lucy, daughter of the late Frank Work. He is popular socially, and his private charities prove that he has inherited his grandfather’s great-heartedness to no small degree.

JOHN P. HOLLAND.

John P. Holland, the inventor of the submarine boat which bears his name, is an Irishman by birth. He is now about sixty years of age, hale, hearty and devoted to the task of improving the wonderful craft of which he is the creator. Mr. Holland reached this country early in the 70’s, but long before that he had come to the conclusion that much of the naval warfare of the future would be done beneath the water rather than on its surface. He states that his convictions in this respect were the outcome of a newspaper account of the fight between the Monitor and Merrimac, which he read about two weeks after the occurrence of that historical conflict. From that time on, he began to form plans and make models for submarine torpedo boats or destroyers. He not only had to contend with great mechanical difficulties, but even when his boat was so far perfected that it could be submitted to the authorities, he encountered prejudices and opposition of the strongest. As the matter now stands, the most conservative of naval experts have become convinced of the importance of the Holland submarine, that, too, not only in this country but abroad. The United States now owns a number of the boats, as does Great Britain. Mr. Holland, when he first came to this country, was a school teacher, and, like the majority of inventors who are not capitalists, had a hard time of it for many years. He was at length fortunate enough to interest some moneyed men in his invention and was enabled to devote himself entirely to it. It is said that his creations provide for every contingency, both above and below water. It was only after prolonged tests of their efficiency that the U. S. government added them to the navy.

WILLIAM MARCONI.

This is eminently the age of young men, and William Marconi is a case in point. He was born at Marzabotto, Italy, September 23, 1875, his father being an Italian and his mother an Englishwoman. After being educated at the universities of Bologna and Padua, he, at a very early age, began to evidence a liking for scientific pursuits. Happily for the world at large, Marconi’s father was so placed financially that he could permit of his son following his inclinations to the utmost. After some preliminary work, young Marconi instituted a series of experiments in order to test the theory, which at that time was a theory only, that electric currents under certain conditions are able to pass through any known substance. The result was that when but fifteen years of age he invented an apparatus for wireless telegraphy, which attracted the attention of Sir William Henry Preece, engineer and electrician-in-chief of the English postal service. The apparatus was tested in England and with success. For the next few years Marconi was engaged in perfecting his system. Public attention was called to his further successes in 1897 by messages being sent from Queen Victoria on land to the Prince of Wales (now King Edward), some miles distant on the Royal yacht. Later the British government engaged Marconi to install a number of wireless stations around the southern coast of England, and from that time on, wireless telegraphy has become an accepted fact with civilized governments all the world over. He came to this country in 1889, where he made more experiments and organized and incorporated a company for the commercial use of his methods. At the present writing messages have been successfully sent between England and America, a greater number of liners are equipped with the Marconi apparatus, and the same remark applies to the warships of the United States and European powers.

GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE.

George Westinghouse was born at Central Bridge, New York, October 6, 1846. Ten years later his parents removed to Schenectady, where he was educated in the public and high schools, spending much of his time in his father’s machine-shop. During the Civil war he served in the Union army. At its close he attended Union college, Schenectady, for two years. In 1865 he invented the device for replacing railroad cars on the track. In 1868 he invented and successfully introduced the Westinghouse air-brake. From time to time he has modified and improved this, one of the most notable of his inventions. He is also the inventor of many other devices connected with railroads, such as signals, automatic and otherwise, electric devices of several sorts and other things which make for the efficiency of transportation in general. He is the president of twelve corporations, a member of many scientific societies, and is also the recipient of medals and decorations from the king of Italy, the king of Belgium and other European notables. It is not too much to say that without the Westinghouse inventions railroading as we know of it to-day would hardly be possible. Apart from adding much to the safety of railroad travel, the Westinghouse brake permits paradoxically enough of speeds being attained which would not be possible under old-time conditions. Mr. Westinghouse’s inventive genius has been largely rewarded in a financial manner.

MERCHANTS.

EDWARD COOPER.

Edward Cooper, one of the more prominent merchants of New York, was born October 26th, 1824. He is the son of Peter Cooper, the philanthropist, and, like his father, has, during the course of a busy life, done much for the well being of the people of the municipality in which he lives. Mr. Cooper was educated in New York public schools and is a graduate of Columbia university. Throughout his life he has been more or less active in New York political affairs, and, while a consistent Democrat, has had no hesitation in putting principle before party. He was one of the leaders of the successful movement which overthrew the infamous Tweed ring. From 1879 to 1881 he was mayor of New York and added to his reputation by the honesty and energy of his administration. Mr. Cooper is associated with his brother-in-law, Abram S. Hewitt, in the conduct of the Trenton Iron Works, New Jersey Steel Works and other enterprises of a like nature. He is a good example of the man who does not permit his business affairs or his wealth to interfere with his obligations as a citizen.

ROBERT CURTIS OGDEN.

Robert Curtis Ogden was born at Philadelphia, July 20th, 1836, and is the son of the late Jonathan Curtis Ogden. He was educated in private schools in the city of his birth. On March 1st, 1860, he married Ellen Elizabeth Lewis, of Brooklyn. Since 1885 he has been a partner in the firm of John Wanamaker. His business acumen, as well as his bent toward philanthropic and religious work, has eminently fitted him to hold the responsible position which he occupies in the firm’s affairs. In spite of the many commercial duties which are part and portion of Mr. Ogden’s every-day life, he nevertheless finds time to attend to the many philanthropic enterprises in which he is interested. In 1889 he acted as a member of the State Johnstown Flood Relief Commission, which accomplished much in the way of relieving the sufferers from the disaster in question. He is also a director of the Union Hill Theological seminary, trustee of the Tuskegee Institute of Alabama and is first vice-president of the Pennsylvania Society of New York. Mr. Ogden takes an active part in church matters and is the author of several books and pamphlets, including “Pew Rentals and the New Testament—Can They Be Reconciled?” “Sunday School Teaching,” etc. As a contributor to the magazines, he is well known, some of the articles from his pen which have attracted much attention being “Getting and Keeping a Business Position” and “Ethics of Modern Retailing.” Mr. Ogden takes an active interest in the welfare of the young people employed by him and his partners.

HENRY SIEGEL.

Henry Siegel, whose name is identified with those huge so-called department stores, which are cities of commerce inclosed within four walls, was born March 17, 1852, at Enbighein, Germany. His father was the burgomaster of the village, and he himself was one of a family of eight children. Two of his brothers, on attaining manhood, came to this country and were fairly prosperous. The letters that they sent home acted as fuel to the ambitions of Henry, and so when seventeen years of age he sailed for America, and obtained a position in Washington, District of Columbia, in a dry goods house at a salary of three dollars per week. By dint of hard study at night schools he managed to get a fair English education and next became traveler for a clothing house. After some years of hard work, he and his brothers began business for themselves in Chicago and fortune followed their efforts. In 1887 he founded the well-known firm of Siegel, Cooper & Co., of Chicago, again prospered, and in 1896, together with his partners, opened a vast store on Sixth avenue, New York. In 1901 he sold out his interest in the New York enterprise, but immediately acquired the old-established firm of Simpson, Crawford & Co. He simultaneously disposed of his interest in the Chicago concern. A year later he bought a half-interest in the firm of Schlessinger & Mayer, of Chicago. Not content with these undertakings, early in 1903, he began to build a store at Thirty-fourth street and Broadway, New York, and also purchased an entire block in Boston on which he proposes to erect a building which shall dwarf those of which he is already the owner. And so the little German who began life as an errand boy is now one of the merchant princes of America.

FRANK W. WOOLWORTH.

Frank W. Woolworth was born at Rodman, New York, April 13, 1852. He passed his boyhood on his parents’ farm, was educated at a district school, and graduated from the Commercial college at Watertown, New York. His start in life was as a clerk in a dry goods store at Watertown. In 1878 he originated the popular five and ten-cent store, which, thanks to his energy and acumen, has attained such marvelous popularity. His employers, Moore & Smith, at his suggestion, bought $50 worth of the cheapest sort of goods and put them with other old shop-worn goods on the counter, displaying the sign “Any article on this counter five cents.” The stock was sold the first day, and Mr. Woolworth then decided to have a five and ten-cent store of his own. Borrowing $325, he opened a place in Utica, New York. The public patronized him and at the end of six weeks he had a net profit of $139.50. In 1869 he removed to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he opened a store, and next another at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Both of these ventures were successful and he now has stores in nearly every large city in the country, there being eight of such in New York alone. He was married, in 1876, to Jennie, daughter of Thomas Creighton, of Pictou, Ontario, Canada, and has three daughters. Mr. Woolworth’s career is a practical commentary on the value of the maxim that it is unwise to “despise the day of small things.”

FINANCIERS.

WILLIAM WALDORF ASTOR.

William Waldorf Astor, the capitalist and author, born in New York city, March 31, 1848 is the son of the noted John Jacob and Charlotte Augusta (Gibbs) Astor. He was educated chiefly by private tutors, among whom was a professor of the University of Marburg. At the age of 23 he was taken into the offices of the Astor estate in order to master the details of each department. Recognizing the need of a thorough legal education, he studied for two years in the Columbia Law School, being admitted to the bar in May, 1875. His father being convinced of the son’s exceptional business ability, subsequently gave him absolute control over all of his property. In 1877 Mr. Astor was elected a member of the New York state legislature from the Eleventh Assembly District, defeating the Tammany Hall and the Independent Democratic candidates. In 1879 he was elected to the state senate and in 1881 was nominated for congress in the district formerly represented by Levi P. Morton, but was defeated by Roswell P. Flower. In August, 1882, President Chester A. Arthur appointed Mr. Astor Minister to Italy. While in Rome he spent much time in studying the early history of the country, and on returning home, in 1885, published his novel, Valentino, which embodies his researches in the mediæval history of Italy. His later novel, Sforza, also deals with Italy in the Middle Ages. Mr. Astor has built the New Netherlands hotel, on Fifth avenue and Fifty-ninth street, New York city, and Hotel Waldorf Astoria, the latter on the site of the old Astor residence. In September, 1890, Mr. Astor moved to London, England, where he has entered upon a notable career in journalism. He now owns the Pall Mall Gazette, and has founded the Pall Mall Magazine. He is and has been a stockholder and director in several American railroads. He has other interests outside of his vast real estate holdings. On June 6, 1878, he was married to Mary Dahlgren, daughter of James W. Paul, of Philadelphia, Pa. Mrs. Astor died in 1894.

HENRY CLEWS.

When the long-sought-for opportunity to become a banker came to the ambitious young man, now the financier, Henry Clews, he did not let his chances pass him. He was born in Staffordshire, England, August 14, 1840, coming of a good old English family. His father, an able business man, intended Henry for the ministry of the Established Church of England. But at the age of fifteen the boy, visiting America with his father, became so interested in the country and its people that he gave up all idea of becoming a clergyman, and, with his parents’ consent, settled in the United States. His first position in this country was as a clerk with an importing firm, in which he rose to a position of responsibility. In 1859 he became a member of the firm of Stout, Clews & Mason, which subsequently became Livermore, Clews & Co. At the outbreak of the Civil War Secretary Chase invited him to become agent for selling government bonds. His unfaltering faith in their worth was shown by his subscribing to the National loan at the rate of five million or ten million dollars per day, even going into debt by borrowing on the bonds. This materially strengthened the public confidence in the government’s course of action. When Mr. Chase was congratulated upon his success in placing the war loans, he said: “I deserve no credit; had it not been for the exertion of Jay Cooke and Henry Clews I could never have succeeded.” Mr. Clews founded and organized the famous “Committee of Seventy” that successfully disposed of the “Tweed Ring.” After the Civil War, besides establishing a distinctive banking business, he became one of the largest negotiators of railroad loans in America or Europe. The present firm of Henry Clews & Co. was established in 1877, its members pledging themselves never to take any speculative risks. Mr. Clews has for many years been treasurer of the “Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,” and is also connected with many city institutions and financial corporations. He married Lucy Madison, of Worthington, Kentucky, a grandniece of ex-President Madison. He is a frequent contributor to newspapers and magazines and the author of Twenty-eight Years in Wall Street.

MRS. HETTY GREEN.

America’s richest woman, Mrs. Hetty Green, is like the majority of wealthy persons, not only able to keep, but to increase her riches. Her genius for finance is admittedly equal to that possessed by any of those individuals whose names are identified with vast and progressive wealth. She was born November 21, 1835, in New Bedford, Mass., her maiden name being Hetty Howland Robinson. Not long after her birth her father, Edward Mott Robinson, died, leaving her a large fortune. She was educated at the Mrs. Lowell’s school in Boston. In 1876 she married E. H. Green, of New York City. From thence on she began that financial career which has made her famous. Mrs. Green is said to be interested in nearly every large corporation all over the world. She also has large real estate holdings in a number of cities in this country, and is interested in many enterprises of a general nature. She personally manages her business affairs, and is a familiar figure in Wall Street, and “downtown” New York. Her formula for getting rich is that “Economy is the secret of making money.”

JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN.

John Pierpont Morgan was born at Hartford, Conn., April 17, 1837. His mother was a daughter of the Rev. John Pierpont, a noted clergyman, poet, author and temperance worker. He was educated at the English high school at Boston and at the University of Gottingen, Germany, from whence he graduated in 1857. On returning to the United States he became associated with the banking house of Duncan, Sherman & Co., of New York city. In 1860 he severed his connection with that firm and began business for himself. In 1864 he formed the firm of Dabney, Morgan & Co. Meantime he had become representative of the house of George Peabody & Co., of London, and during the Civil War he was able, through this connection, to render substantial assistance to the Federal government. In 1871 he organized the firm of Drexel, Morgan & Co., and by the death of Mr. Drexel, in 1893, he became senior partner. In 1895 the firm title was changed to J. P. Morgan & Co. He is also head of the firms of J. P. Morgan & Co., of London; Morgan, Hayes & Co., of Paris, and Drexel & Co., of Philadelphia. Mr. Morgan is generally known as the “King of Trust Magnates,” on account of his having engineered so many mercantile and financial consolidations; in fact, he has been instrumental in forming the majority of the great corporations or trusts. He gives large sums to charity, is a liberal patron of art, and is a member of all the leading clubs of New York and other cities. In 1865 he was married to Frances Louise, daughter of John Tracy. He has one son, John Pierpont Morgan, Jr., and three daughters. Mr. Morgan’s vast operations are not confined to this country. He is an active power in English and Continental financial circles.

JOHN DAVISON ROCKEFELLER.

The owner of what is believed to be the largest individual income in the world began his business life as a poorly paid clerk in a small provincial firm. John Davison Rockefeller was born at Richford, New York, on July 8th, 1839. He was educated in the local public schools. In 1853 his parents moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where, while still a boy, he obtained a position as clerk in a general commission house. When nineteen he went into business for himself by becoming a partner in the firm of Clark & Rockefeller, general commission merchants. Subsequently the firm admitted another partner, and under the title of Andrews, Clark & Co., engaged in the oil business. Its so doing, so it is said, was due to the sagacity of Mr. Rockefeller, who was one of the few men of the period who recognized the future and gigantic possibilities of the oil industry. Later changes were made in the organization of the firm, and in 1865, under the name of William Rockefeller & Co., it built the Standard Oil Works at Cleveland. In 1870 the works were consolidated with others and were then known as the Standard Oil Company. From time to time other oil interests were acquired, and in 1882 all were merged into the Standard Oil Trust. Ten years later, however, the trust was dissolved, and from that time to the present the various companies of which it was composed are operated separately, with Mr. Rockefeller at the head of the business as a whole.

CHARLES TYSON YERKES.

The Yerkes family is of Dutch origin, and Charles Tyson Yerkes was born June 25, 1837, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was educated at the Friends’ School and the Central High School in his native city, and entered business life as clerk in a flour and grain commission house. He worked without salary, since, in those days, it was counted a privilege to be connected with first-class houses. Because of his close attention to his duties he was presented with fifty dollars at the end of his first year’s service. In 1859 he opened a stock broker’s office in Philadelphia. During the Civil War he dealt heavily in government, state and city bonds. The panic occasioned by the Chicago fire caught him heavily indebted to the city for bonds sold for it. The authorities demanded settlement; but, being unable to pay in full, he made an assignment. In 1873 he commenced the recuperation of his fortune, and with success. In 1880 he made a trip to Chicago, and, becoming convinced of the opportunities the west offered to financiers, he joined an “improvement syndicate,” of which he later became sole owner. Subsequently he sold his interest in it and opened a banking house in Chicago. In 1886 he obtained control of the North Chicago Railway Company. He added other systems, and finally united several corporations under the title of the Chicago Consolidated Traction Company. Mr. Yerkes was a chief factor in getting the Columbian Exposition for Chicago. He is a devoted lover of art, and possesses a unique collection of pictures. His successful efforts to introduce New World street transportation methods into England are a matter of recent record. In 1861 Mr. Yerkes was married to Mary Adelaide Moore, of Philadelphia.

POLITICAL LEADERS.

NELSON WILMARTH ALDRICH.

The republican leader in the senate, Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, was born in Foster, Rhode Island, November 6, 1841. After having received a common school and academy education, he became engaged in mercantile pursuits in Providence, being entirely successful therein. While a very young man, Mr. Aldrich became interested in the conduct and welfare of public schools. He became so prominent in connection with efforts looking to school improvements that in 1871 he was elected president of the Providence common council. In 1873 he was a member of the Rhode Island legislature, and at 1876 was its speaker. It was about this period that Mr. Aldrich began to take an active part in national politics, in consequence of which he was made member of congress in 1879, holding that office until 1883, when he resigned in order to take a seat in the senate. Since that time he has been more or less continuously in the public eye. He is chairman of the committee of rules of the Fiftieth congress, and is, as already stated, republican leader in the senate. While Mr. Aldrich is not a brilliant orator, he has a remarkable instinct for organization, and it is that faculty more than any other that has obtained for him the prominent position in the Republican party which is now his.

WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN.

William Jennings Bryan was born in Salem, Marion county, Illinois, March 19, 1860. He got an elementary education at home from his mother until he was ten, and then attended public school until his fifteenth year, studying thereafter for two years at Whipple academy, Jacksonville, which he left in order to enter Illinois college. During his college course he was prominent in literary and debating societies and on his graduation, in 1881, delivered the valedictory of his class. For the next two years he studied law in the Union law college, and in the office of Lyman Trumbull, and upon his admission to the bar began to practice at Jacksonville. In 1884 he removed to Lincoln, Nebraska, and became a member of the law firm of Talbot & Bryan. He soon became active in politics, his first public reputation being made in the campaign of 1888. In 1890 he was sent to congress. In 1892 he was renominated and again elected. In 1896 he was a delegate from Nebraska to the national convention of the Democratic party at Chicago, where his brilliant speech in defense of free silver caused his nomination as candidate to the presidency of the United States. After a most remarkable campaign he was defeated. He was a colonel of the Third Nebraska Volunteers during the Spanish-American war, and at its termination returned to Nebraska, resuming his political activities. He edits and publishes The Commoner, a weekly periodical, in which he sets forth his political principles. Mary E. Baird, of Perry, Illinois, whom he married in 1884, has borne him three children.

ARTHUR PUE GORMAN.

There are very few people who begin political life as early as Arthur Pue Gorman. He was born March 11, 1839, and at thirteen years of age became a page in the United States senate. In 1866 he was appointed revenue collector in Maryland, which office he held until 1869, when U. S. Grant became president. From 1875 to 1879 he was state senator, and from 1881 to 1899 he was United States senator from Maryland. From 1869 to 1875 he was member of the Maryland House of Delegates. In spite of his limited schooling, he managed by wide and careful reading and practical experience to secure an education in general and in public matters in particular, which has procured for him the position of a notable political leader. It was largely through Mr. Gorman’s management that Grover Cleveland was elected to the presidency after an uninterrupted series of democratic defeats for a quarter of a century. Calmness of temper, courage, self-reliance and honesty are the qualities which he possesses, which, too, inspire respect and which win him triumphs. He is an able speaker and a master of parliamentary law. He has strikingly impressed himself upon national affairs, and his name has often been voiced in the press as a fit candidate for the presidency.

MARCUS ALONZO HANNA.

Marcus Alonzo Hanna, one of the most prominent figures in national republican affairs, was born September 24, 1837, at New Lisbon (now Lisbon), Ohio. His father was a grocer in that village. Young Hanna was educated at local schools, and in the Western Reserve college and Kenyon college, Ohio. When not in school he was helping his father in the latter’s store, and cut short his academic course in order to clerk for his father, who had decided on opening a place of business in Cleveland. Until he was twenty he thus worked, receiving a small salary for so doing. In 1861 his father died, and young Hanna became heir to the business, which he continued to run until 1867. During that year he sold out and laid the foundations of the vast fortune which he now possesses. Mr. Hanna is interested in banks, railroads, mines of many sorts, especially coal, steamship lines, etc. At a comparatively early age he became interested in political questions, into the solving of which he threw himself with characteristic earnestness. For many years he has been chairman of the republican national committee, and in that capacity he secured the nomination of the late President McKinley, as well as obtaining a second term for him. Mr. Hanna is United States senator from Ohio, having been elected to that office in 1897. In his own words, his success may be explained thus: “I was never penniless, because I always saved. I was never hopeless, because I would not be discouraged, and I always felt assured that present endeavors would bring forth future fruit.”

CARTER HENRY HARRISON, JR.

Carter Henry Harrison, Jr., was born in Chicago, April 23, 1860. He is the son of the late Carter Henry Harrison, one of the builders of the City of Chicago, who was its mayor five times. Carter Henry Harrison, Jr., was educated in the public schools, in educational establishments in Altenburg, Germany, at St. Ignatius college, Chicago, and the Yale law school, from which he graduated in 1883. On December 14, 1887, he was married to Edith, daughter of Robert N. Ogden, of the Court of Appeals, New Orleans. He followed his father’s profession of law and the real estate business. He also was the publisher of the Chicago Times, 1891 and 1893; was elected mayor of Chicago as a democrat, April 6, 1897, 1899, 1901 and 1903. Mr. Harrison has the courage of vigorous opinions politically, municipally and in other ways. While some may differ from him as to his beliefs and methods, even these admit his possession of those qualities which enable him to successfully fulfil duties that are usually relegated to much older men.

JOSEPH WINGATE FOLK.

One of the most prominent and promising young men in the political life in the United States is Joseph Wingate Folk, who was elected governor of Missouri in the fall of 1904. Though Governor Folk’s rise has been a very rapid one, it has been the result of qualities which make for the most substantial and enduring kind of political success. Dominating factors of Governor Folk’s career have been honesty and a rigid performance of duty. For these he has courted defeat and failure, has even undergone danger to his life. He has refused to listen for a moment to some of the largest financial offers that have ever been made to tempt a servant of the people to betray his trust. Not only has the power of money, but also the corrupt personal influence of many able men, been brought to bear upon him in his work as circuit attorney in St. Louis. Many of his friends, even, endeavored to persuade him that his course of action toward the political leaders in St. Louis would result only in disaster to himself. But Governor Folk’s invariable answer was that he accepted public office for no other purpose than to do his duty.

The result has been a great surprise to both his friends and enemies, and the introduction of an uplifting influence in American politics. Governor Folk has won a great personal triumph in his election to the governorship of Missouri, and the indications are that he will rise to still greater heights. His prominence and influence are rendered all the more notable by the fact that he is only thirty-five years old, and rose from the position of an obscure lawyer to American leadership in the short space of four years.

Governor Folk was born in the town of Brownsville, Tenn., in 1869. He finished his college education at Vanderbilt University, where he was known as a clever, whole-souled young man who devoted much attention to his books, but by no means neglected athletics and the general life of a college boy. He was admitted to the bar in 1890, and began the practice of law in St. Louis, where for some years his experiences were those of the average struggling young attorney. During this period of his career he became a friend of Henry W. Hawes, who was afterward one of his bitterest political enemies. Hawes rapidly rose to a position of considerable power in St. Louis, and when, in 1900, he was asked by the Democratic boss of the city, Edward Butler, to suggest a likely man for the place of circuit attorney, he at once recommended his friend Folk. Butler knew very little of the young lawyer, but on the strength of Hawes’ word he accepted him as being sufficiently pliable to serve the corrupt uses of the political machine.

Folk was elected and immediately inaugurated the now celebrated campaign against the corrupt practices of both his political supporters and his enemies. It was the former who suffered chiefly in the execution of Governor Folk’s ideas as to his duty. They were at first astonished, then incensed, and finally panic-stricken. Many of those who helped to elect him to office were sent to prison. Others were compelled to take flight to avoid the same fate. The St. Louis political machine, one of the most corrupt in existence, was shattered. It was a herculean task which Governor Folk had mapped out for himself, but his courage, steadfastness and ability carried him to a triumphant conclusion of it, and now he stands before the country as a political leader of the highest type.

LAWYERS AND JURISTS.

FRANK SWETT BLACK.

Frank Swett Black was born at Limington, Maine, March 8, 1853. He graduated from Dartmouth, 1875. He entered professional life as the editor of the Johnstown, New York, Journal. Later he became reporter of the Troy Whig, New York. He was a clerk in the registry department of the Troy postoffice, during which time he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1879. He was a member of congress in 1895 to 1897, and in 1897 was elected by the republicans as governor of New York state. He also won distinction as a trial lawyer and has defended a number of notable cases, among which was the celebrated case of Rollin B. Molineaux.

FREDERICK RENÉ COUDERT.

The young man who wishes to succeed in the profession of law would do well to study the life of the lawyer, Frederick René Coudert, whose every act has been marked by fairness and courtesy. He was born of French parentage in the city of New York in 1832, receiving his early education at his father’s school in that city. At the age of fourteen he entered Columbia college, graduating with highest honors in 1850, his address on that occasion calling forth much comment from the press. During the next few years he busied himself with newspaper work, teaching and translations, besides studying law; and at the age of twenty-one was admitted to the New York bar. His brothers, Lewis and Charles Coudert, Jr., joining him in the practice of law, they formed the firm of Coudert Brothers, one of the oldest and largest law firms of New York city, and of which Frederick R. Coudert is the recognized head. He has achieved quite a reputation as a speaker and lecturer; and among his most notable addresses might be mentioned one at the centennial celebration of Columbia college, 1887; an eloquent speech in favor of the Democratic union during the campaign of Tilden in 1879, and his public addresses on the arrival of Bartholdi’s statue of liberty and the statues of Lafayette and Bolivar. He has been quite active in the political work of the democratic party, but avoiding, rather than asking, public functions, several times having declined nominations which signified election to the bench of the Supreme Court. Mr. Coudert played a prominent part in the election of President Cleveland in 1884. Mr. Coudert’s abilities have been of great service in other fields. He was the first president of the United States Catholic Historical Society, holding the office several terms; for years president of the Columbia college alumni association; for years government director of the Union Pacific railroad; for a long time trustee of Columbia and Barnard colleges and of Seton Hall College, New Jersey, besides being the director in numerous social and charitable organizations. In 1880 Seton college awarded him the degree of LL.D., which degree was also given by Fordham college in 1884, and, in 1887, he received from Columbia college the degree of J. U. D. As a mark of recognition the French government presented him with the Cross of the Legion of Honor, which decoration he has also received from the governments of Italy and Bolivia.

JAMES BROOKS DILL.

A sturdy Scotch ancestry has given to the lawyer, James Brooks Dill, that pertinacity and determination which successfully overcomes all obstacles. He was born in Spencerport, New York, July 25, 1854, the oldest child of the Rev. James Horton and Catherine (Brooks) Dill. Four years after his birth his parents removed to Chicago, but upon the death of his father, in 1863, he removed with his mother to New Haven, Connecticut, continuing his studies in the elementary branches. After studying at Oberlin, Ohio, from 1868 to 1872, he entered Yale, graduating in the class of 1876. He now taught school and studied law, and in 1877 came to New York, where he obtained a position as instructor in Stevens’ Institute, Hoboken. Mr. Dill was graduated with the degree of LL.D. from the University law school in 1878, as salutatorian, and was then admitted to the bar of New York. Corporation law was made one of his special studies, and, in 1879, he won an important corporation case which soon established his reputation as a corporation lawyer and an authority on this particular subject. His marked business ability, combined with a clear legal mind, made his services sought by the many large and influential corporate interests. He was married in 1880 to Miss Mary W. Hansell, daughter of a Philadelphia merchant, thereupon removing to Orange, New Jersey. He became an active worker in the municipal and social improvement of the Oranges, organizing a People’s Bank, of which he has always been a director and counsel. He also assisted in establishing the Savings Investment and Trust Co., becoming director and vice-president. He is now director in the Seventh National Bank of New York City, the Corporation Trust Company of New Jersey, the American School of Architecture at Rome, the New England State Railway Company of Boston, the Central Teresa Sugar Company and others.

MELVILLE WESTON FULLER.

The most notable figure of the judiciary of this country is undoubtedly Chief Justice Melville Weston Fuller, of the Supreme Court of the United States. He is in every way the ideal dignitary of the bench, impressive as to appearance, forceful in forensic oratory, learned in the law and unblemished as to reputation, personal and professional. He was born February 11, 1833, at Augusta, Maine, coming of sterling New England stock. Graduating from Bowdoin college in 1853, and later educated at Harvard law school, he, in 1855, was admitted to the bar. Forming a law partnership in the town of his birth, he later established there a Democratic paper known as The Age, of which he became assistant editor. The venture was successful and The Age became a power in political circles in Maine. Young Fuller was also elected president of the common council, and city attorney for the town. But Augusta was too small a sphere for the rising young lawyer, so in 1859 he went to Chicago, where he opened a law office. Simultaneously he took an active part in Illinois politics. It was not long before he became a recognized political leader locally. In 1863 he became a member of the Illinois legislature, in which capacity he confirmed the beliefs of those who regarded him as a coming man. He was delegate to a number of Democratic national conventions, in each of which he was a prominent figure. President Cleveland appointed him chief justice on April 30, 1888, and he was confirmed and seated the year following.

JOHN WILLIAM GRIGGS.

John William Griggs was born at Newton, New Jersey, July 10, 1849. He was graduated from Lafayette college in 1868, and, after studying law, was admitted to the bar in 1871. He practiced law at Paterson until 1876, in which year he was elected a member of the New Jersey general assembly. In 1886 he was president of the New Jersey senate. He was elected governor of New Jersey in 1896, which office he resigned to accept the office of attorney-general of the United States. He resigned the attorney-generalship in 1901.

OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, the son of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, the poet and essayist, was born at Boston, March 8, 1841. He graduated from Harvard in 1861, and from the Harvard law school in 1866. During the Civil war he served three years with the Massachusetts volunteers, and was wounded in the breast in the battle of Balls Bluff, and again wounded at the battle of Antietam. At the close of the war he engaged in the practice of law in Boston, and was editor of the Law Review from 1870 to 1873. In 1882 he became professor at the Harvard law school. In the same year he was made assistant justice in the Supreme judicial court, Massachusetts, and on August 2, 1899, he was made chief justice of the same court.

WILLIAM TRAVERS JEROME.

William Travers Jerome, who, by reason of being the district attorney of the metropolis, his power of pungent political oratory and his strenuous work as a municipal reformer, is one of the best known and decidedly one of the most interesting figures in the current history of New York, is still a young man. He was born April 18, 1859, in Lawrence, Massachusetts, receiving his initial education at the local public school and from private tutors; he took a classical course at Amherst college, and next was a student at the Columbia university law school of New York city. He was admitted to the bar in 1884 and became connected with a New York law firm. From the first he gave evidence of being the possessor of those qualities which later made him famous. As a lawyer his learnedly aggressive methods brought him popularity and many fees. As a justice of the court of special sessions, he lived up to the reputation that he had established on the bench. When, a few years since, he threw himself into the political whirlpool, he gave the country-at-large an excellent example of the man who has waited for his opportunity, recognizes it when he sees it and grasps it forthwith. It is not too much to say that Mr. Jerome did more than any one man, or, for that matter, any one group of men to free New York from certain evil influences which had fastened themselves upon it and its citizens. Here is what he says relative to his political success, but his remarks apply equally to success of all kinds: “A young man must have strong convictions of the right kind, hold to them through thick and thin, be willing to accept defeats smilingly, if necessary begin his work all over again, but still stick to it—and victory is assured.”

JOSEPH MCKENNA.

Another of the numerous successful jurists whose ancestry is Irish. He was the son of John and Mary McKenna, his father being from Ireland and his mother from England. He was born at Philadelphia, August 10, 1843, and was educated in the public schools and at St. Joseph college until 1855, when the family removed to Benicia, California, where he entered St. Augustine college and took up the study of law. Directly afterward he graduated and was admitted to the bar. In 1865 he was elected district attorney of Solano county. He served in this capacity for two terms. In 1873 he was elected to the legislature, and one year later the republicans nominated him for congress, but he was defeated, and not only on this occasion but again in 1878. In 1884, however, he was elected, and a year later entered congress, where he remained, by re-election, until 1891. As a member of the ways and means committee he had a great deal to do with important tariff legislation. In 1892 President Harrison appointed him circuit judge. In 1897 he entered McKinley’s cabinet as attorney-general, but in December of the same year was appointed judge of the Supreme Court of the United States to succeed Justice Field. He was married in San Francisco, 1869, to Amanda Borneman.

ALTON BROOKS PARKER.

Alton Brooks Parker comes from good old New England stock. He was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, May 14, 1851. Later his family moved to Cortland, New York, in which place he was educated, graduating from the normal school at that place. He spent three years in teaching, and then entered a law school at Kingston, New York, and afterward took a course at the Albany law school, where he was graduated in 1872. After being admitted to the bar, he formed a partnership with W. S. Kenyon at Kingston, New York. In 1877 Mr. Parker was elected surrogate of Ulster county, and was again re-elected in 1883. Two years later he was appointed, by Governor Hill, justice of the Supreme Court to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Hon. Theodoric R. Westbrook. At the end of the year he was elected justice for the full term. In January, 1889, the second division of the Court of Appeals was created, and Judge Parker was appointed to it, he being the youngest member who ever sat in the Court of Appeals in New York city. The second division court was dissolved in 1892, and at that time Governor Hill appointed him member of the general term of the first department, where he continued until 1895. He has always been active in politics and has been a delegate to nearly every state convention, and also to the national convention in 1884 which nominated Grover Cleveland. In 1895 he was chairman of the Democratic state executive committee. In 1897 he was elected by a majority of over sixty thousand to the office of chief justice of the Court of Appeals, the highest judicial office in the state of New York. He has often been mentioned as a possible candidate for president by the Democratic party. He was married October 16, 1873, to Mary L. Schoonmaker.

SOLDIERS AND SAILORS.

ADNA ROMANZA CHAFFEE.

Adna Romanza Chaffee was born at Orwell, Ohio, April 14, 1842. He was educated in the public schools and entered the army July 22, 1861, serving first as a private, but the close of the war, March 31, 1865, found him a captain. In 1868, in fighting the Comanche Indians on Paint Tree creek, Texas, he was made a major for gallantry in that and other campaigns, and was finally made lieutenant-colonel. At the breaking out of the Spanish-American war he was appointed brigadier-general of the United States volunteers, commanding the third brigade, fifth corps, in the Santiago campaign. He was promoted to major-general United States volunteers, July 8, 1898, and was honorably discharged as major-general, April 13, 1899, but was again appointed brigadier-general United States volunteers, one year later and assigned to the command of the United States forces for the relief of the United States legation at Pekin, China. In 1901 he was made a major-general United States army.

GEORGE DEWEY.

George Dewey, the third admiral of the United States navy, was born at Montpelier, Vermont, December 26, 1837. His father, Julius Yemans Dewey, was a physician. George attended school in Montpelier and at Johnson, Vermont. In 1853 he entered the University of Norwich, Vermont, but, instead of completing his course, he secured an appointment in the United States naval academy in 1854. He was graduated with honors in 1858 and was attached to the steam frigate Wabash. In 1861 he was commissioned a lieutenant and assigned to the steam sloop Mississippi, of the West Gulf squadron. He saw his first service under fire with Farragut in 1862, served with distinction all through the Civil war, and, at the close, he was commissioned lieutenant-commander. From 1868 to 1870 he was an instructor in the naval academy. Promoted to a captaincy in 1884, he was placed in command of the Dolphin, but in 1895 was returned to the European station in command of the flagship Pensacola; there he remained until 1888, when he was ordered home and appointed chief of the bureau of equipment, ranking as commander. On February 26, 1896, he was commissioned commander and made president of the board of inspection and survey, which position he held until January, 1898, when he was given command of the Asiatic station. While at Hongkong Prince Henry of Germany gave a banquet, at which he proposed a toast to the various countries represented, but omitted the United States, whereupon Commander Dewey left the room without ceremony. Three days after the beginning of the war with Spain President McKinley cabled him at Hongkong: “Proceed at once to the Philippine Islands. Commence operations, particularly against the Spanish fleet. You must capture or destroy the vessels. Use utmost endeavor.” Dewey’s success in carrying out these orders is known to all the world. President McKinley yielded to the popular demand that the rank of rear-admiral be revived in favor of Dewey. Accordingly, on March 3, 1899, the appointment was confirmed in executive session of the United States senate. He was married at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, October 24, 1867, to Susan B., daughter of ex-Governor Ichabod Goodwin, who died in December, 1872; he was again married to Mrs. Mildred Hazen in Washington on November 9, 1899.

ROBLEY DUNGLISON EVANS.

Robley Dunglison Evans, better known as Fighting Bob Evans, was born at Floyd Courthouse, Virginia, August 18, 1847. His father was a physician and a farmer, his mother being the daughter of John Jackson, of Fairfax county, and sister of James Jackson, who shot Colonel Ellsworth for capturing a Confederate flag on the roof of his hotel. Robley was educated at a country school and Gonzaga classical school, Washington, D. C. On September 20, 1860, he was appointed to the United States naval academy by Congressman William R. Hooper, from the Utah Territory. He was made a midshipman in 1860, and promoted to ensign in 1863. In 1864 and 1865 he served with his ship in the North Atlantic blockade squadron. He saw considerable service in the West Indies, and, in the attack on Fort Fisher, in 1865, received rifle shot wounds which disabled him for a time. In 1866 he was commissioned lieutenant; in 1868 was made lieutenant commander, and was later assigned to duty at the navy yard, Washington, and still later at the naval academy, Annapolis. From 1877 to 1881 he was in command of the training ship Saratoga, and later was promoted to commander. In 1891-’92 he was in command of the United States naval force at the Behring Sea to suppress sealing. In 1893 he was promoted to captain. During the Spanish-American war Captain Evans was in command of the battleship Iowa, which achieved distinction during the battle of Santiago, when the fleet of Admiral Cervera made an attempt to run the blockade. He served all through the Spanish-American war, and, in 1898, by his own request, he was detached from the command of the Iowa and was assigned to duty as a member of the board of inspection and survey. He was married in 1860 to Charlotte, daughter of Frank Taylor, of Washington, District of Columbia.

FRED FUNSTON.

Fred Funston was born in Ohio, November 9, 1865. His father was a prominent public man and one time a member of congress from Kansas. He was graduated in 1886 from the high school at Iola, Kansas, and later studied for two years in the state university at Lawrence, but was not graduated. In 1890 he was a reporter in Kansas City, and his first public work was done as botanist in the United States death valley expedition in 1891. Returning he was made a commissioner in the department of agriculture and was assigned to explore Alaska and report on its flora. In 1893 he floated down the Yukon alone in a canoe. He served eighteen months in the insurgent army in Cuba, and upon his return to the United States, in 1896, was commissioned a colonel in the Twentieth Kansas volunteers. In 1898 he went to the Philippines and took part in several battles. He crossed the Rio Grande river at Calumpit on a small bamboo raft under heavy fire and established a rope ferry by which the United States troops were enabled to cross and win the battle. For this deed of valor he was promoted to brigadier-general of the United States volunteers May 2, 1899. He remained in active service in the Philippines and organized the expedition which succeeded in the capture of Aguinaldo. For this he was promoted to brigadier-general United States army, March 20, 1901.

RICHMOND PEARSON HOBSON.

Many of our naval and army officers are of southern birth. Richmond Pearson Hobson is a case in point, since he was born at Greensboro, Alabama, August 17, 1870. His ancestors were English and many of them were members of the nobility. Young Hobson, after a course in the public schools and the Southern university at Greensboro, entered the United States naval academy at Annapolis in 1889. He was immediately appointed a midshipman on the Chicago, under command of Rear-Admiral Walker and ordered to the European station. Upon his return he received the compliment of an appointment as one of the United States officers permitted by the British government to receive a course of instructions at the Royal navy college, Woolwich, England. Here he remained three years, taking a special study in naval architecture. On returning home he received an appointment to the navy department at Washington, and discharged his duties with such fidelity and intelligence that he was given an appointment as assistant naval constructor. He was later ordered to the Brooklyn navy yard, where he remained one year. Next he went to Newport News to inspect the battleships Kearsarge and Kentucky, which were under construction there. He then became instructor in the post-graduate course in naval instruction, which he inaugurated at the naval academy in 1897. In 1898 he, with his pupils, was ordered to join Sampson’s fleet at Key West, with which he remained until the performance of the remarkable and historic feat of bottling up Cervera in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba. He received a great deal of deserved honor for this achievement, and was nominated by President McKinley March 1, 1899, to be advanced ten numbers from number one from the list of naval constructors for extraordinary heroism. This is said to be the greatest possible promotion in the naval service for gallant conduct in the face of the enemy. Hobson has done subsequent excellent work and is the author of a number of works on subjects relative to his profession.

WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY.

Winfield Scott Schley was born in Frederick, Maryland, October 9, 1839. After being educated in the public schools he entered the naval academy at Annapolis, September 20, 1856, and was graduated in 1860. During the Civil war he served in various capacities, and at its close he was commissioned lieutenant-commander and was made instructor in languages at the United States naval academy. In 1884 he volunteered for, and was placed in command of, the relief expedition sent to the arctic regions in search of Lieutenant Greely and his companions. Two other attempts to relieve Lieutenant Greely had been failures, but Commander Schley’s determination and intrepidity carried his expedition to success, and the seven survivors of the expedition were found and brought back, together with the bodies of those who had perished. In recognition of this achievement, the Maryland legislature presented him with a gold watch and a vote of thanks, and the Massachusetts Humane Society gave him a gold medal, and a territory west of Cape Sabine was named Schley land. He was also commissioned to carry, to Sweden, the remains of John Erickson, for which King Oscar awarded him a gold medal. In 1898 he was made commodore. Previous to the outbreak of the Spanish-American war he was given command of the “Flying Squadron.” On May 19 he was ordered by Sampson to blockade Cienfuegos. On May 29, he had been ordered to Santiago by the navy department and there he discovered the Spanish fleet in the harbor. At 8:45 of that day Sampson steamed eastward to Siboney, thus placing Schley in command. Scarcely an hour later the Spaniards emerged from the harbor, the Brooklyn, Schley’s ship, signalling, “clear ship for action,” “the enemy escaping to westward” and “close action,” and steamed forward to meet the advancing enemy. One after another the Teresa, Oquondo, Biscaya and Colon were run aground under a storm of American projectiles. The credit of this victory was claimed by Sampson, but as he was absent at the time, it became ultimately recognized by the American people that Schley had fought and won the victory. His ship was nearest to the Spanish squadron at the time of action and was the most badly injured of all the American fleet. At the close of the war he was placed on waiting orders. He was married in Annapolis, Maryland, September 10, 1863, to Anna Rebecca, daughter of George E. and Marie Caroline Franklin.

WILLIAM RUFUS SHAFTER.

William Rufus Shafter was born at Galesburg, Michigan, October 16, 1835. He was brought up on a farm and received a common school education. He entered the Union army as first lieutenant of the Seventh Michigan infantry. He rose in rank, and when mustered out of the volunteer service, in 1865, entered the regular army as lieutenant colonel. In 1867 he was breveted colonel and given congressional honor for gallant conduct at the battle of Fair Oaks, Virginia. He was made a brigadier-general May 3, 1897, in charge of the department of California and later a major-general of volunteers; May, 1898, he went to Tampa, Florida; afterward to Cuba, where he commanded the military operations which ended in the surrender of Santiago de Cuba in July, 1898, while at the close of the war he received his share of criticism for some incidents of the campaign, yet his personal gallantry and technical skill have never been questioned. His success in his chosen profession may be traced to his putting into practice the ruling axiom of his life, which he formulates thus: “I think that, when a man once finds the thing he likes, and for which he is best fitted, he is bound to like it always, and stick to it.”

JOSEPH WHEELER.

General Joseph Wheeler gained “three stars” on his coat-collar, in contending for the “Lost Cause.” He now has the two stars of a United States major-general in the Cuban war. General Wheeler was, from boyhood, a careful and painstaking student of the profession which he adopted. He was born at Augusta, Georgia, September 10, 1836, and was sent to West Point at seventeen. While others were passing their leisure moments in sport, young Wheeler could be found in the library, poring, with deepest interest, over those volumes which spoke of campaigns and battles, both ancient and modern, and examining military maps and plans of battle of distinguished generals. From the cavalry school at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, he went, in the spring of 1860, to New Mexico, and, in March, 1861, returned to Georgia. He became a first lieutenant of Confederate artillery at Pensacola, and led the Nineteenth Alabama infantry regiment as colonel. At Shiloh he had two horses shot under him, and is said to have carried the regimental colors in his own hands. On the retreat from Kentucky, Colonel Wheeler, as chief of cavalry, covered the movement. During this campaign, he met the enemy in thirty fights and skirmishes. Having been made a brigadier-general, on recommendation of Bragg, Polk, Hardee and Buckner, he was sent to Middle Tennessee. The Union troops at that time reported that “not a nubbin of corn was obtained without fighting for it.” Here he received the _sobriquet_ of “The Little Hero.” General Wheeler was sick when the American troops attacked Santiago, but he hastened on a litter to the point of danger, and by his words and example stimulated his men to victory. He was retired as brigadier-general September 10, 1900.

EXPLORERS.

EVELYN BRIGGS BALDWIN.

Evelyn B. Baldwin, the well-known arctic explorer, was born in Springfield, Missouri, July 2, 1862. He is the son of Elias Briggs Baldwin, who served with distinction during the Civil war. The subject of this sketch was educated at the public schools in Dupage county, Illinois, and, on graduating from the Northwestern college, Naperville, Illinois, taught in district schools for some time. After an experience as professional pedestrian and bicyclist in Europe, he returned to this country and was appointed principal of high schools and superintendent of city schools in Kansas. Next we hear of him as attached to the United States weather bureau and becoming inspector-at-large of the signal corps of the United States army. In 1883 he was a member of the Peary expedition to North Greenland in the capacity of meteorologist. In 1897 he made a voyage to the Andree balloon station in Spitzbergen, hoping to join that ill-fated scientist, but arrived a few days too late. In 1898 he accompanied Wellman’s polar expedition as meteorologist, and secured valuable data in connection with same. He also organized and commanded the Baldwin-Ziegler polar expedition in 1901. He is the author of several works on arctic exploration and is the member of a number of scientific societies.

FREDERICK ALBERT COOK.

Dr. Frederick A. Cook, physician by profession and explorer by inclination, was born in Callicoon Depot, Sullivan county, New York, on June 10, 1865. He is the son of Dr. Theodore Albert Cook and was first educated in Brooklyn, graduated from the University of the City of New York in 1890, and received his medical degree from that institution in the same year. His work of exploration has been confined to the arctic regions. He was surgeon of the Peary expedition in 1891 and acted in the like capacity for the Belgium antarctic expedition in 1897. Dr. Cook has a fertile pen, and it is mainly through its efforts that he is as well known to the American people as he is. He has contributed liberally to the leading magazines, writing on the problems of the north and south poles; is the author of a monograph on the Patagonians, and has published a work entitled The First Antarctic Night. He is a member of a number of scientific societies, has been decorated by King Leopold of Belgium and has received medals from foreign geological societies as a recognition of his services in the lines indicated.

SVEN ANDERS HEDIN.

The ancient Norseman’s desire to wander and to conquer still stirs the blood of many of his modern descendants. Happily nowadays, the wandering is done for the benefit of humanity and the conquests are those of peace and not of the “Swan Path.” Sven Anders Hedin, explorer and geographer, is a case in point. He was born at Stockholm, February 19, 1865, and is the son of Ludwig Hedin, official chief architect of Stockholm. When a mere child he exhibited the traits that distinguished his later years, and there are many stories told of how his parents were kept on the alert to prevent their baby—for he was not much more—from playing truant, which he did whenever the opportunity offered. The boy was indeed father to the man, and his parents, on his finishing his education, had the wisdom not to attempt to thwart his expressed desire to become an explorer. Had they done so the world would possess much less geographical knowledge than it now does. After courses in the universities of Stockholm, Upsala, Berlin and Halle, he began his travels. The Orient attracted him, and he made journeys through Persia and Mesopotamia. In 1895 he was a member of King Oscar’s embassy to the Shah of Persia. He is best known in connection with his explorations in Asia, those of Khorasan, Turkestan and Thibet being especially notable. Hedin is the author of many works on travel and has contributed largely to those journals which are published in the interest of science of geography.

E. BURTON HOLMES.

E. Burton Holmes, who is well known to the American public through his lectures on foreign countries, was born in Chicago, January 8, 1870. He is the son of Ira and Virginia (Burton) Holmes. Educated at first in the Allen academy, and subsequently in the Harvard school, Chicago, he, not long after his graduation, began to evince that uncontrollable desire to see the world which is innate in the breast of the born explorer. Notwithstanding that he is still a comparatively young man, Mr. Holmes has managed, since he attained his majority, to visit Japan, Algeria, Corsica, Greece and Thessaly. He has also taken part in an expedition sent under the auspices of a scientific organization to Fez, Morocco. All of the continental countries of Europe are known to him, as are the Hawaiian Islands, the Philippine Islands and China. He has visited the Yellowstone Park and the Grand Canyon of the Colorado river. His first appearance on the lecture platform was in 1890, and since then he has appeared in nearly all of the American cities. Mr. Holmes has graphic powers of description, which explains the popularity of his addresses. His lectures have been published in book form.

A. H. SAVAGE LANDOR.

The power of purpose is emphasized in the career of A. H. Savage Landor, artist and explorer. Son of Charles Savage Landor, and the grandson of Walter Savage Landor, author and poet, he was born in Florence, Italy; was educated in that city, and afterward went to Paris to study art. There he entered the studio of Julian, one of whose favorite pupils he soon became. There is every likelihood that he would have become prominent in art circles had it not been for his keen desire for travel. So deserting the easel for the knapsack, he visited Japan, China, Corea, Mongolia, India, Napaul, Thibet, America, Australia, Africa and other countries. He lived for some time among a curious race of aborigines known as the Hairy Ainu, in the wilds of Northern Japan. Mr. Landor is best known to the reading public by reason of his explorations in Thibet and the remarkable book which was the fruit thereof. During his sojourn in “The Forbidden Country” he underwent incredible hardships, and as a result of the tortures inflicted upon him by the natives who held him prisoner for some time, he will probably be a sufferer to the end of his days. A man, who when riding on a saddle studded with sharp spikes, can take note of the physical features of the surrounding country and can calculate the height of the plateau over which he is passing in agony must be molded from that kind of stuff of which hero adventurers are made. Likewise does he show the power of a purpose over the dangers and difficulties that threaten to thwart it.

FRIDTJOF NANSEN.

Of the several explorers who have endeavored to solve the mysteries of the Arctic regions, none perhaps is better known than Fridtjof Nansen, a descendant of the old Vikings. He was born in Christiania, October 10, 1861, and is the son of a lawyer well known in Norwegian legal circles. After an education, which began at home, he graduated from the University of Christiania, and immediately began to exhibit those nomadic tendencies which distinguish the born explorer. His first trip to the far north was in 1882, when he made a voyage to the seas surrounding Greenland. Returning with much valuable geological and zoological data, he was appointed curator of the natural history museum at Bergen. In 1889 he took his second trip to the Arctic, when he succeeded in crossing Greenland. Subsequent thereto he was made curator of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy of Christiania university. His most memorable undertaking, however, was in 1893, when he endeavored to reach the North Pole. Although he did not accomplish his object, he succeeded in getting nearer to it than had any of his predecessors. On that occasion he spent three years in the Arctic region, and again returned laden with data which, from a scientific standpoint, was invaluable. He was next appointed professor of zoology of the Christiania university. Nansen has published several books dealing with his life work, including Esquimaux Life, Across Greenland and Farthest North. He has also written a number of articles for magazines. He married Eva Sears, who was well known in musical circles of the continent.

ROBERT EDWIN PEARY.

Robert Edwin Peary, the brilliant Arctic explorer, was born at Cresson, Pennsylvania, May 6, 1856. After a course in public schools he entered Bowdoin college, graduating therefrom in 1877. In 1881 he was appointed civil engineer to the United States navy. From 1884 to 1885 he acted as assistant engineer in the surveys for the Nicaraugua ship canal, and from 1887 to 1888 was engineer in charge of further surveys for the same project. In this connection he invented the rolling lock-gate for canals. He inaugurated his career as Arctic explorer in 1886, when he made his famous reconnaissance of the Greenland inland ice cap, a thing that none of his predecessors had attempted. In 1891 he undertook another expedition to the north under the auspices of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. He also determined the insularity of Greenland, for which he received medals from a number of scientific organizations. Still another voyage was made in 1893, and a year later he discovered the famous Iron Mountain, which proved to consist of three meteorites, one of them weighing ninety tons. Some of the meteorites he brought back with him during a summer trip made in 1896. In 1898 he again started north in an endeavor to reach the North Pole, but was not successful. Lieutenant Peary married Josephine Diebitsch in 1888. He is the author of several books on his work in the arctic regions and of a great many papers in geological journals and popular magazines. He once remarked that even Polar ice would melt “by heat of effort,” meaning that any obstacle can be destroyed by enthusiasm and persistency.

HENRY MORTON STANLEY.

The career of Sir Henry M. Stanley is not only of a more or less romantic nature, but furnishes lessons that are as obvious as they are useful. Beginning life as an unknown boy, he is now one of the best-known, as he is the most highly honored of men. And he has thus achieved, through the medium of his stalwart mental and physical attributes. Sir Henry was born in Denbigh, Wales, and emigrated to the United States in 1856. He was adopted by a New Orleans merchant, whose name he now bears. Coming north, he became connected with the New York Herald, and in 1870 was sent to Africa by that newspaper, in order to explore some of the then unknown sections of that country. Returning to America, in 1874, he was ordered at brief notice by James Gordon Bennett, of the Herald, to find Dr. Livingston, the late famous traveler and missionary, from whom no tidings had been heard for some time. Stanley successfully carried out the instructions. Subsequently he discovered the source of the Congo, and still later his explorations, undertaken at the request of the King of Belgium, resulted in the foundation of the Congo Free State. He also commanded the Emin Pasha relief expedition. Since 1895 he has been a member of the British parliament. His books are many and have for the most part to do with his adventures and experiences in Africa. He was knighted by the late Queen Victoria for his services to science as explorer.

WALTER WELLMAN.

Walter Wellman, journalist and explorer, was born in Mentor, Ohio, November 5, 1858. He was educated in the district schools, and during his boyhood gave evidence of his journalistic instincts, for when but fourteen years of age he established a weekly newspaper at Sutton, Nebraska. When he attained his majority, he founded the Cincinnati Evening Post, the venture being of a successful nature. For many years he was political and Washington correspondent of the Chicago Herald and Times-Herald. Mr. Wellman, in 1892, succeeded in locating the landing place of Christopher Columbus, on Watling Island, in the Bahamas, and erected a monument upon the spot. In 1894 he took his initial trip to the Arctic regions, making explorations on the northeastern coast of Spitzbergen. Four years later he explored Franz Josef Land, where he discovered many new islands and made valuable contributions to Arctic geography. As a writer on subjects connected with the frozen north, he is well known by reason of his articles in leading magazines. He has also written on political and general topics.

EDUCATORS.

ELISHA BENJAMIN ANDREWS.

Elisha Benjamin Andrews was born at Hinsdale, New Hampshire, January 10, 1844. He received a public school education, meantime working on a farm. At the outbreak of the Civil war, although only seventeen years of age, he enlisted and served with distinction, being promoted to the rank of second lieutenant. A severe wound destroyed the sight of his left eye, and he received his honorable discharge in 1864. Forthwith preparing for college at Powers institute, he later studied at Wesleyan academy, entered Brown university and was graduated in the class of 1870. During the two years following he was principal of the Connecticut Literary institute at Suffield. In 1874 he graduated from the Newton Theological institution and was the same year ordained pastor of the First Baptist church, Beverly, Massachusetts. One year after he accepted the presidency of Denison university, Granville, Ohio. Afterward he held the professorship of homoletics, pastoral theology and church polity in Newton Theological institution, where he remained three years, and after studying a year in Germany, he filled the chair of professor of history and economy in Brown university. In 1889 he was elected president of Brown university. He has always been noted for his interest in public questions and has been a liberal contributor to magazines and other periodicals. He has published several books on history, philosophy and economics. In 1870 he married Ella A. Allen, of Boston, and has had two children by her.

NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER.

Nicholas Murray Butler was born at Paterson, New Jersey, April 2, 1862. He was educated in the public schools of his native city, where his father for many years had been president of the board of education. At sixteen he entered Columbia College, New York, and was graduated in 1882. The following year he received the degree of A.M. from his alma mater, and in 1884 the degree of Ph.D. The same year he visited Europe, studying at the universities of Berlin and Paris. Upon returning to America, in 1886, he became an instructor in philosophy in Columbia college. In 1890 he was made professor of philosophy, ethics and psychology. For a number of years he was president of the board of education of Paterson, New Jersey, and in 1887 he organized the New York college for the training of teachers, and which is now the Teachers’ college, Columbia university. In 1891 he founded the magazine Educational Review, which he has edited ever since and which is probably the foremost educational publication in the world. He is also the editor of the Teachers’ Professional Library and has published numerous educational essays and addresses. In 1894 he became an examiner for the state of New York, and in the same year was elected president of the National Educational association. In September, 1901, he was elected president of Columbia university to succeed Seth Low. On February 7, 1887, he married Susanna Edwards Schuyler. One daughter is the issue of the union.

CHARLES WILLIAM ELIOT.

Charles William Eliot was born in Boston March 20, 1834. After a period spent in the public schools he was prepared for college at the Boston Latin school, and entering Harvard he graduated in 1852. After graduation he took a position as tutor of mathematics in Harvard and went through an advanced course in chemistry with Professor Josiah P. Cook. In 1858 he undertook a trip to Europe to investigate its educational methods and make a further study of chemistry. From 1865 to 1869 he was professor of analytical chemistry in the Massachusetts institute of technology. In 1867 he was elected a fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences, and also became a member of the American philosophical society. He has delivered many noteworthy addresses on educational and scientific subjects and has written a number of text books, essays and educational contributions to periodicals. His principal works are text-books on chemistry, which were written in conjunction with Professor Francis H. Storer. In 1869 he was elected president of Harvard university. He is a member of many scientific societies and is regarded as an authority on abstruse questions and problems of chemistry and allied sciences.

WILLIAM HERBERT PERRY FAUNCE.

The Rev. W. H. P. Faunce, D.D., the new president of Brown university, Providence, Rhode Island, is not an example of success under difficulties. He has never experienced reverses, and he has always improved his opportunities. His father, Thomas Faunce, was a prominent clergyman at Worcester, Massachusetts, and had preached in Plymouth, in that state, which is the home of many generations of the family. I called upon Dr. Faunce, and was invited into his study. He is only forty years of age, a courteous, broad-minded gentleman. “I was born in Worcester,” he said, “but received a public school education at Concord and at Lynn, and in 1876 entered Brown university. After I was graduated, I taught for a year in mathematics, during the absence of a professor in Europe. I always intended to become a minister, and I entered Newton Theological Seminary. Eight months before graduation, I preached one Sunday in the State Street Baptist church, of Springfield, Massachusetts. It was a large church, having a membership of seven hundred and fifty. I did not know that the pulpit was vacant, and, peculiarly enough, chose for my text the sentence, ‘I that speak unto you am He.’ At the close of the services, I was asked to be their pastor, and, after I was graduated from the seminary, I was ordained. It was in 1889 that I was asked to preach as a candidate in the Fifth Avenue Baptist church, of New York, which I regret to leave. I refused to be a candidate; but members continually came to Springfield to hear me, and finally I was called. All along I have been more or less identified with college work, and my congregation tell me they have been expecting I would leave and devote myself to educational lines. For a number of years, I have been one of a board of preachers at Harvard, preaching there three weeks in the autumn, and three in the winter, and for six weeks each summer (the summer quarter), at the University of Chicago, where I also taught in theology. Again, I have preached quite regularly at Cornell, Amherst, Wellesley and Brown.” “Have other colleges asked you to become president?” “Yes; that is, two official boards of two colleges have sounded and invited me, but I considered that my work here was too important. Brown, however, is my alma mater.” “You must spend much time in study,” I remarked. “I have always kept my studies up,” replied Dr. Faunce. “I have been abroad three times to study German, French and philosophy. I am a great believer in constant work.” “Success? you ask. Why, success involves the complete expression of all of one’s powers, and every one leaves a lasting impression on the life of the world. The man who is sincere in the expressing of himself, in whatever line it may be, becomes a factor in the world. Genuine success is the kind that is helpful to others, as well as to the one who is striving. Every other kind falls short of the mark and becomes stale. How to achieve success? you ask. Show strong, absolute whole-heartedness in whatever you undertake; throw yourself, body, mind and soul, into whatever you do. Patiently master details. Most of the men that I know who have failed have ignored details,—have considered them petty and insignificant. They have not realized the importance of small things.” “Do you think the average man appreciates this?” I asked. “No.” Here Dr. Faunce was called away for a moment, and I picked up a book of Browning’s poems. These lines in “Christmas Eve” were marked:

Whom do you count the Worse man upon earth? Be sure he knows, in his conscience, more Of what Right is, than arrives at birth.

When he returned I asked: “Do you think that the worse individual, a useless member of society, can elevate himself and be of consequence?” “Most decidedly, and through work, congenial work. The happiest hours of a man’s life should be when he is working. A man will not succeed who is continually looking for the end of the day. Vacations are necessary, but they are for the sake of work and success.”

ARTHUR TWINING HADLEY.

The father of Arthur Twining Hadley, now president of Yale, was Professor James Hadley, a Yale graduate of 1842. He was a tutor at Yale three years, and, in 1857, he took President Woolsey’s place as professor of Greek. This place he held until his death, in 1872. His mother was Ann Twining, an intellectual woman, who completed the full Yale course in mathematics before the days of the “new woman.” Thus, young Hadley was, as Oliver Wendell Holmes might say, “fortunate in the choice of his parents.” He first saw the light at New Haven, April 23, 1856. Becoming a Yale graduate, in 1876, he was the valedictorian of his class. He spent some years in Berlin, and became a tutor in 1879, a lecturer at Yale (and Harvard) on political science in 1883, and a professor in 1886. He had also done journalistic work on several newspapers. His work on “Railway legislation” has been translated into French and German, and twice into Russian. He made two reports as commissioner of labor statistics for Connecticut, in 1885 and 1886. He wrote, at the Harpers’ solicitation, the article on “Yale” in their well-known volume, “Four Universities.” In 1891 he married Helen Harrison, daughter of Governor Luzon B. Morris, of Connecticut. President Hadley is the ideal educator, learned, sympathetic, progressive and possessing an intimate acquaintance with the details and duties of his onerous position.

WILLIAM TORREY HARRIS.

William Torrey Harris was born North Killingly, Connecticut, September 10, 1835. He was educated in local common schools and academies, and for two and a half years was a member of the Yale college class of 1858, but left before graduating. In 1857 he went to St. Louis, where, for some time, he acted as teacher, principal, assistant superintendent and superintendent of public schools. At the Paris exposition of 1878 thirteen volumes of reports prepared by Mr. Harris, and contributed to the educational exhibit of the United States, attracted such attention that he was given the honorary title of officier de l’Academie. The reports were placed in the pedagogical library of the Paris ministry of public instructions. When Mr. Harris resigned, in 1880, on account of failing health, the city of St. Louis presented him with a gold medal and a purse of $1000. He next visited Europe, representing the United States bureau of education at the international congress of educators held at Brussels in 1880. In 1889 he again represented the United States bureau of education at the Paris exposition, and on December 12 of the same year he was appointed United States commissioner of education and removed to Washington, D. C. Mr. Harris has contributed many educational articles to the magazines and was the founder of the Journal of Speculative Philosophy.

HENRY MITCHELL MCCRACKEN.

Henry Mitchell McCracken was born at Oxford, Ohio, September 28, 1840. His early education was obtained in the public schools and later at Miami university, from whence he graduated in 1857. He also studied at the United Presbyterian theological seminary at Zenia, Ohio, at the Princeton theological seminary, and at Tubingen and Berlin universities. His first professional work was that of a teacher of classics and a public school superintendent. From 1857 to 1860 he was pastor of the Westminster church at Columbus, Ohio, and later of the Presbyterian church at Toledo, Ohio. In 1868, he was elected chancellor of the Western university, at Pittsburg, and in 1880 was made vice-chancellor and professor of philosophy in the New York university, which position he held until 1891, when he was made chancellor. He is the author of numerous educational and theological works. In 1872 he married Catherine Hubbard. Chancellor McCracken’s life work has had a dominating influence on educational theories and methods in this country. His powers of professional expansion have enabled him to keep pace with the drift of modern thought and sentiment.

WOODROW WILSON.

Woodrow Wilson was born at Staunton, Virginia, December 28, 1856. He is of Scotch ancestry. After being trained in private schools of Augusta, Georgia, and Columbia, South Carolina, he graduated from Princeton in 1879, and then studied law at the University of Virginia. Being admitted to the bar, he practiced for a year in Atlanta, Georgia, and later entered Johns Hopkins university for a graduating course in history and politics. In 1885 he was chosen as an instructor in history and politics at Bryn Mawr college and in 1886 he received the degree of Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins university. In 1888 he was a member of the faculty in Wesleyan university, and in 1890 was called as the chair of jurisprudence at Princeton. In August, 1902, he was elected president of Princeton to succeed President Patton. He has published a number of educational text-books and historical, biographical and political works. His most recent and perhaps most important work is a history of the American people, issued in five volumes. President Wilson is well known as a lecturer on military and political subjects, through the medium of his contributions to various periodicals.

EDITORS.

HENRY MILLS ALDEN.

Harper’s Magazine is one of the classics in the vast library of monthly publications. Magazines, like people, have their periods of elevation and depression. But Harper’s has maintained a steady level of high-class individuality, this being due in no small degree to the work of Henry Mills Alden, who, since 1869, has been its editor-in-chief. Mr. Alden was born at Mount Tabor, near Danby, Vermont, November 11, 1836. He attended public school at Hoosick Falls, New York, graduated from Williams college in 1857, and from the Andover theological seminary in 1860, but he never took orders. His literary bent was made manifest early in life, and, after much general work with his pen, he became managing editor of Harper’s Weekly, which position he held until he was put in charge of the magazine. For some time he was lecturer at the Lowell institute, Boston. He is the author of some religious books, and also of Harper’s Pictorial History of the Great Revolution, Mr. A. H. Guernsey being associated with him in the production of that work. Mr. Alden’s life story is that of a man who, having a purpose, hopes on and works on, ceasing not until his hopes are lost in full fruition.

EDWARD WILLIAM BOK.

Edward William Bok, who, since 1888, has been the editor of the Ladies’ Home Journal, was born in Helder, Holland, October 9, 1863. He came to this country with his parents when six years of age and was educated in the public schools of Brooklyn. He then learned stenography and entered the employ of the Western Union Telegraph Company. Finding that his position had no future for him, he, in 1884, became connected with the firm of Henry Holt & Co., publishers, and later with the Scribner firm, with which he remained. His industry and integrity gained for him the respect of his employers, and when finally he became desirous of securing the control of the publication of which he is now owner, he had no difficulty in obtaining the needed capital with which to accomplish his desires. Mr. Bok is married and is the author of “A Young Man In Business,” “Successward,” etc.

JAMES MONROE BUCKLEY.

Of the several publications which voice the views of the religious world, perhaps none is better known or more generally read than is the New York Christian Advocate. Under the editorship of the Rev. Dr. James M. Buckley, the Advocate has become more than a mere reflex of the opinions of its contributors. It is a power for good and the extent of its usefulness is only bounded by the limits of its circulation, which are world-wide. Dr. Buckley was born in Rahway, New Jersey, December 16, 1836, his father being the Rev. John Buckley. Educated at first in Pennington, New Jersey, seminary, he later spent a year in the Wesleyan university, and afterward studied theology at Exeter, New Hampshire. He became a member of the New Hampshire conference of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1858, was called to Troy in 1863, and to Brooklyn three years later. Dr. Buckley has traveled extensively, and no small portion of the popularity of his work on the Advocate is due to the wide experience of men and manners which he acquired during his wanderings abroad and in this country. He is the author of several books, including Travels on Three Continents, Land of the Czar and the Nihilists, The History of Methodism in the United States and others. Dr. Buckley’s literary work in general is distinguished by a breadth of view and a charity of spirit which are only possible to the man of large mind and wide horizons.

RICHARD WATSON GILDER.

If a magazine contributor was asked what, in his opinion, represented the ultimate happiness of his ilk, he would probably reply, “the editorship of the Century.” That enviable position is at present held by Richard W. Gilder, and that Mr. Gilder has done honor to the wisdom which placed him in the editorial chair, is made manifest by the body matter of the magazine itself. He was born in Bordentown, New Jersey, February 8, 1844, his father being the Rev. William H. Gilder, and he was educated in the seminary established by his father at Flushing, Long Island. In 1863 he became a private in Landis’ Philadelphia battery, and, at the expiration of his term of service, had a year’s experience as a railroad man. Later he was correspondent, and afterward managing editor, of the Newark (New Jersey) Advertiser. From that time on Mr. Gilder has lived in an editorial atmosphere. In connection with Newton Crane he established the Newark Register, next edited the defunct New York monthly publication called Powers at Home, made his mark while so doing, attracted the notice of the Scribner management, and was made managing editor of its magazine in 1870 and editor-in-chief in 1881. Mr. Gilder has taken a prominent part in movements and organizations which had for their object the improvement of municipal conditions. He has held office as chairman of the New York tenement house commission, was the first president of the New York kindergarten association and is president of the Public Art League of the United States. He is also a member of the City club and of the Civil Service Reform league. His published books of poems include The Celestial Passion, Five Books of Songs and Two Worlds.

GEORGE BURTON MCCLELLAN HARVEY.

One of the most prominent, as well as one of the youngest occupants of an editorial chair is George Burton McClellan Harvey, who is president of the famous publishing firm of Harper & Brothers and editor of the North American Review. He was born at Peachan, Vermont, February 16, 1864, being the son of Duncan and Margaret S. (Varnum) Harvey. Educated at Peachan Academy, Mr. Harvey began his journalistic life by becoming reporter on the Springfield (Massachusetts) Republican. Subsequently he was on the reportorial staff of the Chicago News and the New York Herald, of which latter newspaper he was eventually made managing editor. He bought the North American Review in March, 1899, and was placed in charge of Harper & Brothers’ affairs a year later. Notwithstanding the onerous nature of his editorial duties, Mr. Harvey finds time to act as president of several electric railroads, in the construction of which he was also interested. Governors Green and Abbott, of New Jersey, respectively appointed him colonel and aide-de-camp on their staffs. The irresistible force of character and ability properly directed is shown by the career of Mr. Harvey.

GEORGE HOWARD LORIMER.

Horace Greeley is credited with the aphorism that “It is the man and not the machine, the editor and not the newspaper, that brings about the smooth running of the first and the popularity of the second.” George Howard Lorimer, editor-in-chief of the Saturday Evening Post, furnishes an excellent illustration of the verity of Greeley’s assertion. Under his management, the Post has, during the past few years, attained a popularity which was forbidden to it before he took charge of its affairs. The Post was founded by Benjamin Franklin, and it is the policy of Mr. Lorimer to retain somewhat of the quaint features of its earlier issues, but he weds them to modern methods. By means of this policy he has succeeded in galvanizing a moribund publication into active and prosperous life. Mr. Lorimer was born in Louisville, Kentucky, October 6, 1868, and is the son of the Rev. Dr. George and Belle (Burford) Lorimer. He was educated at the Moseley high school in Chicago, and took courses at Colby and Yale universities. In 1893 he married Alma Viola, daughter of Judge Alfred Ennis, of Chicago. Mr. Lorimer has, through the medium of the Saturday Evening Post, proven that literary matter of a helpful and elevating nature can be made as attractive to the average reader as so-called “popular fiction.”

WHITELAW REID.

Whitelaw Reid, the editor of the New York Tribune, was born in Xenia, Ohio, October 27, 1837, and is a graduate of Miami university, Oxford, Ohio. After leaving college Mr. Reid entered journalism, becoming editor of the Xenia News. In 1860 he was legislative correspondent, and a year later was war correspondent for several newspapers. In 1862 he became Washington representative of the Cincinnati Gazette. After a period spent in the service of the government, including the acting as librarian in the House of Representatives, Mr. Reid in 1866 tried his hand at cotton planting in Louisiana. But the newspaper instinct was too strong in him to warrant his being anything but a writer. In 1868, therefore, he became a member of the editorial staff of the Tribune; in 1869 he was appointed its managing editor and has been its editor-in-chief and practical proprietor since 1872. In 1877 he declined the appointment of United States minister to Germany and again in 1881. In 1889 he was United States minister to France, was special ambassador from this country to Queen Victoria’s Jubilee in 1897, and was a member of the Peace commission in Paris in 1898. He was nominated for the vice-presidency in 1892. Mr. Reid is the author of a number of books on political and journalistic questions. His life has been full of many but faithfully discharged duties.

ALBERT SHAW.

Albert Shaw, editor of the American Review of Reviews, was born in Shandon, Butler county, Ohio, July 23, 1857. He is the son of Dr. Griffin and Susan (Fisher) Shaw. Graduating from Iowa college, Grinnell, Iowa, in 1879, he became part owner of the Grinnell Herald, while taking a post-graduate course in constitutional history and economic science. He also studied history and political science at the Johns Hopkins university. All this was preparatory to entering the profession which he had chosen as his life work. Next he became editorial writer on the Minneapolis Tribune in 1882, studied journalism in Europe for a year, and in 1891 began to conduct the well-known publication with which he is now identified. Mr. Shaw is the author of a number of works on municipal government and political science, on which subjects he is accepted as an authority. He is a member of many learned societies and is well known on the lecture platforms of the universities and colleges of this country. Mr. Shaw is an excellent example of the value of thorough preparatory work looking to a given career.

HENRY WATTERSON.

Henry Watterson, who is responsible for the editorial policy of the Louisville Courier-Journal, was born in Washington, D. C., February 16, 1840. He was educated by private tutors, this owing to his being threatened with blindness. During the war he acted as staff officer in the Confederate army. When peace was established he at once engaged in newspaper work, and has ever since been more or less conspicuous in the field of journalism. Elected a member of congress in 1875, he has since, although repeatedly offered office, uniformly declined it. He was delegate-at-large from Kentucky for six Democratic national conventions. Mr. Watterson is not only distinguished as a journalist and author, but he has a well-deserved reputation as an orator. His command of the English language, allied to his general wit and braininess, have made his editorials famous throughout the country. He is the author of works on the Civil war and others. In 1865 he married the daughter of the Hon. Andrew Ewing, of Tennessee.

PUBLISHERS.

FRANK NELSON DOUBLEDAY.

The founder of the flourishing publishing house of Doubleday, Page & Co., of New York, is Frank Nelson Doubleday, who was born in Brooklyn in 1862, being the son of W. E. Doubleday. He was educated at the Polytechnic institute of the City of Churches, and during his school days gave indications of his future career, for before he had finished his studies he had established quite a flourishing job printing business among his schoolmates and friends. When fifteen years of age he got a position with the Scribners as errand boy, remaining with the firm for many years in a number of capacities. He founded the publication entitled “The Book Buyer,” and when Scribner’s Magazine was started he was made its manager and publisher. The average young man would have been contented with this position, which was honorable, professionally, and lucrative, financially. But young Doubleday was ambitious, and so in 1897 he joined the S. S. McClure Company. After a brief stay with them, he formed the Doubleday & McClure Co., book publishers. The firm flourished and published many works of well-known authors, including Rudyard Kipling’s “Day’s Work.” It was at this time that a close friendship was formed between Mr. Doubleday and the famous author. In 1900 Doubleday, Page & Co. came into existence, associated with the senior partner being W. H. Page, former editor of the Atlantic, and H. W. Lanier, who is a son of the poet, Sydney Lanier, and others. The firm established World’s Work, a magazine that achieved an immediate success. Another venture of the company was “Country Life in America,” which is typographically and artistically very beautiful. This magazine, too, was an emphatic success. He married Neltje de Graff, a descendant of a historic Dutch family. Mrs. Doubleday is the author of a number of works, many of which have to do with natural history subjects, including “Bird Neighbors” and “Nature’s Garden,” both of which are well known to students of nature.

ISAAC KAUFFMAN FUNK.

Originality has been a powerful factor in the career of the noted clergyman, editor and publisher, the Rev. Dr. Isaac Kauffman Funk. He was born at Clifton, Greene county, Ohio, September 10, 1839. His parents, John and Martha (Kauffman) Funk, were descendants of early Holland-Swiss emigrants to Pennsylvania. Graduating from Whittenberg college, Springfield, Ohio, with the degree of D.D., he from this same institution, in 1896, received the degree of LL.D. From 1861 to 1872 he was engaged in active work in the Lutheran ministry. At the end of that time he resigned his pastorate and traveled extensively in Europe, Egypt and Palestine. Upon returning to America he became associate editor of the Christian Radical. In 1876 he founded and published in New York city the Metropolitan Pulpit, now the Homiletic Review, acting as its editor-in-chief. His former college classmate, Adam W. Wagnalls, a lawyer of Atchison, Kansas, became in 1877 his partner, and the firm name was changed to I. K. Funk & Co., and later, in 1891, to Funk & Wagnalls Co. Their several branch houses in Canada and England, as well as their many published books which have met with public favor, testified to the business successes of the members of the concern. Dr. Funk is the founder of some well-known periodicals, among which The Voice, The Literary Digest and The Missionary Review are the most important. He also published a standard dictionary of the English language, of which he was editor-in-chief. The production of this work was a gigantic undertaking, costing nearly one million dollars.

WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST.

It is usually supposed, and rightly so, that a young man who inherits much wealth is not very likely to make his mark in the world. The career of William Randolph Hearst furnishes an exception to the general rule, however, for, in spite of being handicapped by a comfortable fortune, he has achieved no small reputation as a newspaper editor and publisher. Mr. Hearst was born in San Francisco, California, and is the son of the late United States Senator George F. Hearst. He is the owner of the San Francisco Examiner and other well-known newspapers. In 1895 he bought the New York Journal, later purchasing the Advertiser and consolidating it with the Journal to secure a franchise. In 1900 he founded the Chicago American, which paper has the largest morning circulation in the city in which it is published. At present Mr. Hearst is publishing altogether five large newspapers: two in New York, two in Chicago and one in San Francisco. He is a firm believer in the theory of so-called “yellow journalism,” claiming that with its help he reaches the masses. His papers are noted chiefly for their brilliant editorials. Mr. Hearst advocates the cause of the laboring classes, is a member of congress, has been mentioned as a possible candidate for the Presidential nomination on the Democratic ticket in 1904.

EDWARD EVERETT HIGGINS.

If you should ask Edward E. Higgins, the publisher of Success, what are the characteristics which have given him his present position in the publishing world, he would doubtless reply, “Courage, persistence and patience.” He has had an unusually varied training and experience. He was born on April 4, 1864, in Chelsea, Massachusetts, and, after a preliminary education in the local grammar and high schools, which were then considered among the best in the state, he entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was graduated as an electrical engineer in 1886. He obtained there the mathematical training which has remained with him ever since, and which has contributed not a little to his acknowledged power of distinguishing between the possible and the impossible in both engineering and business matters. Foreseeing the great future of the electric street railroad, he became associated, in its earliest development, with the Sprague and Edison companies, and it was largely through his efforts that electricity was first introduced into Buffalo and other cities of New York state. Acquiring a large fund of information on street railroad matters at home and abroad, Mr. Higgins became, in 1893, the editor of the Street Railway Journal, and has won an international reputation as a statistical, engineering and financial expert on street railway matters. In 1899 he perceived an opportunity to develop a large and important home publication from what was then a small and struggling periodical—Success—and acquired an interest, intending that it should be merely a side issue. But the phenomenally rapid growth of Success soon called for Mr. Higgins’ entire time, and the result is seen in the fact that Success, with its circulation of over 300,000, now, after only four years’ time, is one of the first half-dozen American magazines in circulation, prestige and general standing, and no paper is more useful or valuable in the home.

LOUIS KLOPSCH.

No better example of the zealous religious worker, disinterested benefactor and talented journalist can be cited than the subject of this sketch, Louis Klopsch. He was born in Germany, March 26, 1852, receiving only a common school education. In 1886, after having removed to New York, he married May E., daughter of the Rev. Stephen Merritt. Becoming interested in newspaper work, he became the proprietor of the Daily Reporter, New York. He was also owner of the Pictorial Associated Press from 1884 to 1890, and has had charge of the Talmage sermon syndicate since 1885. On his return from Palestine, in 1890, he became connected with the Christian Herald, which he purchased in 1892. Since that time he has, through his paper, raised and distributed nearly $2,000,000 in international charities. In recognition of his relief work, during the Russian famine of 1892, he was received by the Czar of Russia, and in 1898 the English and Indian governments extended official thanks to him for his services in behalf of famine-stricken India. President McKinley appointed him one of the three commissioners in charge of the relief of the starving Reconcentradoes in Cuba, and for this purpose he raised nearly $200,000. In the spring of 1900, accompanied by Gilson Willets, Mr. Klopsch visited the famine and cholera fields of India, and through his paper, in six months’ time, secured a fund of $700,000 for their relief. He has also guaranteed the support of five thousand famine orphans in India.

SAMUEL SIDNEY MCCLURE.

One of the leading magazine publishers of to-day, Samuel Sidney McClure, was born in County Antrim, Ireland, February 17, 1857. Being an ambitious youth, he naturally turned to America, “the land of opportunity.” By his own earnest efforts he succeeded in securing a liberal education, being graduated from Knox college, Illinois, in 1882, obtaining the degree of A. M. in 1887. September 4, 1883, he was married to Harriet, daughter of Professor Albert Hurd, of Knox college, Galesburg, Illinois. He established, in November, 1884, a newspaper syndicate, and in 1893 he founded McClure’s Magazine, which ranks among the most popular periodicals of the day. His national reputation is largely due to this enterprise. His executive ability has made him the president of the S. S. McClure Company, and he has been a trustee of Knox college since 1894. Mr. McClure has discovered and recognized a human need, and by filling that need is realizing his well-merited success.

FRANK ANDREW MUNSEY.

The rise of Frank A. Munsey from a poor postoffice clerk in Augusta, Maine, to the head of one of the most profitable publishing houses in the world has been as rapid as it is remarkable. His only capital when he began his current business were his ideas and his nerve; yet, in less than ten years, he has made a fortune. Mr. Munsey was born in Mercer, Maine, August 21, 1854, the son of Andrew C. and Mary J. Munsey. After securing an ordinary education in the public schools of Maine, he began his business career in a country store, and later became manager of the Western Union telegraph office of Augusta, Maine. When, in 1882, he went to New York and started the Golden Argosy, a juvenile weekly (now the adult monthly, The Argosy), his friends thought he was as unwise as he was reckless. It is said that some of them actually proposed an inquiry into his sanity. Having made money by The Argosy, he invested it, in 1890, in a magazine, launching Munsey’s Weekly, which he converted October, 1891, into Munsey’s Magazine. He now also publishes The Puritan and the Junior Munsey, besides newspapers in New York and Washington. Although more widely known as a publisher than an author, he has written several books, including Afloat in a Great City, 1887; Boy Broker, 1888; Tragedy of Errors, 1889; Under Fire, 1890, and Deering Forte, 1895.

JOSEPH PULITZER.

Extraordinary energy and executive ability and a Napoleonic faculty of perceiving and utilizing the talents of others, are the qualities upon which the journalist and publisher, Joseph Pulitzer, has built his reputation and his fortune. He was born in Buda-Pesth, Hungary, April 10, 1847, and, after receiving a classical education in his native city, came to the United States at the age of sixteen. For two years he served as a private soldier in the Federal Army, and, afterward, failing to gain a foothold in New York city, he went to St. Louis, where he became a reporter on the Westliche Post, a German newspaper then edited by Carl Schurz. Studying law, he was next admitted to the bar of Missouri. Then he was made managing editor of the Post, and in 1869 was sent to the Missouri legislature. In 1878 he bought the St. Louis Dispatch, uniting it with the Evening Post as the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, which is now one of the most successful publications of the west. In 1883 Mr. Pulitzer purchased the New York World, which, thanks to his journalistic genius, is now one of the most widely read newspapers published in New York city. He was elected to congress in New York for the term of 1885 to 1887. In 1890 he erected in Park Row one of the most striking and costly newspaper buildings in the United States. In 1896 he was a strong advocate of the National (gold standard) Democratic party. Mr. Pulitzer has always been distinguished by his generous and courteous treatment of his subordinates.

JOHN BRISBEN WALKER.

Among the leading magazine editors of to-day is John Brisben Walker, the author and publisher of the Cosmopolitan Magazine, who is also the founder of Cosmopolitan university. He was born in western Pennsylvania, September 10, 1847, and is the son of John and Anna (Krepps) Walker, and his early education was received at Gonzaga Classical School, Washington, D. C. In 1863, he entered Georgetown university, remaining there until he received appointment to the United States military academy at West Point, in 1865. In 1868, however, he entered the Chinese military service, in which he remained for two years. Returning to America, he was married, in 1870, to Emily, daughter of General David Hunter Strother. For the next three years he was engaged in manufacturing in western Pennsylvania. In 1872 he was a candidate for congress on the Republican ticket, but was defeated. During the panic of 1873 his entire fortune was swept away. But, in spite of political and financial failure, Mr. Walker rapidly forged to the front again. He next entered in journalism, and for three years was managing editor of the Washington (D. C.) Chronicle. Then he moved to Colorado, and for about nine years was a successful alfalfa farmer in that State. In 1889 he located in New York, and bought the Cosmopolitan Magazine, of which he is still the editor. The entire plant was moved to Irvington-on-Hudson in 1895. While Mr. Walker has achieved notable success in the magazine business, the most notable work of his life was the founding of the Cosmopolitan university in 1896.

ORATORS.

ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE.

When the Indiana legislature elected Albert J. Beveridge to the United States senate in 1898, he was but thirty-six years of age, and with one exception was the youngest member of the distinguished body in question. Mr. Beveridge was born October 6, 1862, in a log cabin of Highland county, Ohio, his father being a small farmer. When the war broke out the year preceding his birth, his father and his four half-brothers entered the army, while his mother volunteered as a nurse. Moving to Illinois, they settled near Sullivan, renting a small farm there. At the age of ten the future senator was a full-fledged farm hand. At fourteen he was a railroad laborer and at sixteen joined a logging camp. Whenever he could find no work he attended school. At the age of seventeen young Beveridge heard that the district cadetship for West Point was to be filled by competitive examination. He was one of the competitors, and, although practically self-educated, took second place on a list of twenty-five. In 1881 he managed to enter De Paw university, his capital consisting of $50. By wheat-cutting in the summer, serving as a steward in the college club, and winning money prizes offered to students, he managed to pay his way. Graduating from college with high honors, he went direct to Indianapolis, called on General Benjamin Harrison and asked permission to study law with him. Failing in this, he obtained employment with Messrs. McDonald, Butler & Mason, well-known lawyers at the Indiana capital, and soon became a third partner in the firm. In 1889 he opened an office of his own, and his first fee was from Governor Hovey. His initial political speech was in 1884, and, as someone has put it, he turned out to be “a revelation, a dream of oratory and a trip-hammer of argument.” His fame as a speaker being established, he was in demand in all directions. His subsequent career is well-known to the public at large. In 1887 he married Miss Catherine Maud Langsdale, daughter of George J. Langsdale, the editor of a well-known paper in Indiana.

CHAMP CLARK.

Through the medium of a highly successful career, Champ Clark, who has a national reputation as stump speaker and forensic orator, furnishes yet another illustration of the possibilities that lie before the young American who determines to “get there.” Mr. Clark was born in Anderson county, Kentucky, March 7, 1850. First educated in the local schools, he later studied at the Kentucky university, Bethany college and the Cincinnati law school. In order to support himself while acquiring his education, he worked as a farm hand, a clerk in a country store, an editor of a country newspaper, and finally as a lawyer. Not long after he had begun to practice law for a livelihood he commenced to take an active interest in political affairs and was at length elected city attorney of Louisiana, Mo., and later for Bowling Green, Mo. He has served as prosecuting attorney of Pike county, and since 1893, has been a member of congress from the Ninth Missouri district. Mr. Clark’s eloquence, apart from his other notable qualities, makes him a prominent figure in congressional affairs.

WILLIAM BOURKE COCKRAN.

W. B. Cockran, the well-known lawyer and politician, who is also one of the most popular orators before the public, was born in Ireland, February 28, 1854. He was educated in that country, and later in France. When he landed in New York in 1871, he knew no one in America and had exactly one hundred dollars in his wallet. But he was well educated, of marked ability, and ambitious to the highest degree. Failing to secure something better, he became clerk in A. T. Stewart’s store. A month later, however, he obtained a position as teacher in a public school on Rutgers street, where he taught French, Latin and history. Still later he accepted an appointment as principal in a public school in Westchester. But at this period Mr. Cockran had mapped out his future. He had determined to become a lawyer, and when on Saturdays his time was his own, he studied law in the office of the late Chauncey Schaffer. Saving some money, he resigned as school principal, and for nearly a year did nothing but read. In 1890 he was admitted to the bar of New York. His rise thenceforward was rapid. Very soon he became known as a man of great ability as an advocate and of supreme eloquence as a speaker. It was not long before he had a lucrative practice, and took a foremost place among the best lawyers of the metropolis. In the meantime his repute as an orator had attracted the attention of democratic leaders, and hence it was that Mr. Cockran was in demand at national democratic conventions and “on the stump.” He was elected member of congress in 1891, serving in that capacity until 1895. In 1896, however, he refused to accept the 16 to 1 theory of the Democratic party and did his utmost to elect McKinley. Some will call Mr. Cockran a fortunate man, but as a matter of fact his fortune, professional and financial, is the outcome of his persistent industry and sincerity.

JOHN WARWICK DANIELS.

John Warwick Daniels was born at Lynchburg, Virginia, September 5, 1842. He was educated in the public schools of the town, at Lynchburg college, and also at Dr. Gessner Harrison’s university school. During the Civil war he was an adjutant-general in the Confederate army, serving on the staff of General Early. At the close of the conflict he took up the study of law at the University of Virginia and graduated in 1866. He has practiced ever since at Memphis, Va. He was elected to the state senate in 1875 and was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1869 to 1872. In 1881 he was democratic candidate for governor of Virginia, but was defeated. As member of congress in 1885 to 1887, and since 1887 as United States senator he has been much in the eye of the public. He is one of the most eloquent of forensic orators in America, as well as being the author of several well-known legal works.

CARL SCHURZ.

The riper years of Carl Schurz are so generally identified with the peaceful and progressive things that are the fruits of the rostrum of the orator and the sanctum of the editor that it seems hard to associate him with the stormy and romantic incidents that crowded his youth. Born in Liblar, Rhenish Prussia, on March 2, 1829, he was educated at the Cologne gymnasium, and at the age of seventeen entered the University of Bonn. When, in 1848, the revolutionary spirit became actively in evidence, he, together with Gottfried Kinkel, a professor of the university, started a liberal newspaper. As the consequence, the young men were forced to flee from Bonn. Later, Schurz received a commission as adjutant in the revolutionary army, and upon the fall of Badstadt was compelled to fly to Switzerland. His friend Kinkel was captured and sentenced to twenty years’ imprisonment. Schurz, however, did not desert his friend, but returning to Germany, by the exercise of marvelous courage and ingenuity, liberated Kinkel, and went with him to Scotland. Subsequently, and in Paris, Mr. Schurz entered the journalistic profession. In 1855 he, accompanied by his young wife, whom he had married while under the ban of the German authorities, came to America and settled in Philadelphia. Afterward he went to Madison, Wisconsin, where he became identified with local political affairs. He soon became a prominent figure in state politics. In the interval he had been admitted to the bar and now opened an office in Milwaukee. In 1860 he was a member of the national republican convention, and when Lincoln became president he was made minister to Spain. During the Civil war he served with distinction under General Franz Sigel, who had been his old commander in Germany. In 1866 he was made Washington correspondent of the New York Tribune. Later he established the Detroit Post. He disposed of his interest in it, and in 1867 removed to St. Louis, where he became editor of the Westliche Post. In January, 1869, Mr. Schurz was made United States senator for Missouri. He has taken an active and even strenuous part in presidential campaigns for many years. In 1884, 1888 and 1892 he supported Mr. Cleveland. When he visited Europe, in 1888, he was cordially received by Prince Bismarck and other German leaders. He is an author, having published several books, including a life of Henry Clay and an essay on Abraham Lincoln. His screeds are often seen in periodical literature.

MUSICIANS.

WALTER JOHANNES DAMROSCH.

It is questionable if there is a better method of giving intellectual pleasure to a large number of people than by teaching them concerted singing. More than that, music is admittedly one of the most powerful factors in the bringing into being those finer qualities which are identified with the higher civilizations. It follows, then, that the man who devotes his life to cultivating a love of music among the masses is a public benefactor. Such an individual is Walter J. Damrosch, who is both well known and popular in this country in connection with his work on the lines alluded to. Mr. Damrosch was born at Breslau, Prussia, January 30, 1862. His father was Dr. Leopold Damrosch, his reputation as a conductor being of an international nature, led to his coming to this country in 1871 to become director of the Oratorio society and Symphony society of New York. In the meantime Walter had received a thorough musical training under his father, and, when the latter died, in 1885, he succeeded to the directorship of the organizations named. Since that period his continuous and conscientious work for the popularizing of vocal music has borne fruit not only in New York, but in many other cities of the United States. Mr. Damrosch was also the director of German opera at the Metropolitan Opera House and added to his reputation in connection therewith. Mr. Walter J. Damrosch is married to Margaret, daughter of the late James G. Blaine.

HENRY LEWIS REGINALD DE KOVEN.

When individuality is allied to talent the world stands ready to recognize, applaud and recompense. But the welding process is not to be accomplished without faithful and constant effort. The results approximate genius so closely that the division between it and mere talent is more theoretical than absolute. All this applies to Henry L. R. De Koven, the composer, who is one of the younger, and, at the same time, one of the most successful of American musicians. Comic operas there are and comic operas there will be, but in most instances the end of their vogue marks also the end of their existence. In the case of Robin Hood, The Highwayman, and other of Mr. De Koven’s works, it is otherwise. Those named and others bid fair to remain popular beyond the limits of this generation. The composer was born at Littleton, Connecticut, April 5, 1861, his father being a clergyman. At first educated in public schools, he later went abroad, and was graduated from Oxford, England, in 1880. Like other successful composers, he gave indications of his love of music at an early age, and, during his college course, fostered his special gifts by constant study. After graduating, he studied still further under masters at Stuttgart, Florence, Paris and Vienna. On returning to this country he acted as musical critic on various publications coincidently with his work as a composer. Apart from his many operas he has written a number of songs. In 1884 he married Anna Farwell.

MAURICE GRAU.

Maurice Grau, who for many years was prominently identified with the exploiting of grand opera in this country, was born in Brünn, Austria, in 1849, and came to New York with his parents at the age of fifteen. He graduated from the Free Academy, New York, in 1867, attended the Columbia law school and later was for two years an employee of a law firm. Mr. Grau, however, was gifted with foresight. He saw that the citizens of this country, on recovering from the stress and strain of the Civil war, would not only be possessed of money with which to gratify their artistic instincts, but that these same instincts would come into active being. In other words, in his own way, Mr. Grau had faith in the recuperative powers of the United States. In 1872, therefore, he became manager for Aimée, the opera bouffe prima donna, and was also the manager of Rubenstein, pianist; Clara Louise Kellogg company, Salvini and other foreign musical and dramatic stars. Finally he became a member of the firm of Abbey, Schoeffel & Grau. Sarah Bernhardt, Patti, Henry Irving, Coquelin, Jane Hading, Maunet-Sully and Mlle. Rejane were exploited by the firm. Until 1902 he was managing director of the Maurice Grau opera company and lessee of the Metropolitan opera house, New York, in which capacity he annually produced for some years standard grand operas, the casts of which included the most famous singers of the present generation. He furthermore has acted as managing director of the Royal opera house, Covent Garden. On 1903 Mr. Grau severed his connection with the Metropolitan opera house, much to the regret of those to whose musical taste he had so successfully catered.

VICTOR HERBERT.

The secret of success, as far as those who cater to public amusement is concerned, is the placing of one’s fingers upon the pulse of the public and shape one’s methods and manners in accordance with the knowledge so obtained. Victor Herbert, the composer, has so shaped his career, and, while his work is more or less identified with the lighter forms of comic opera, he nevertheless has exhibited unmistakable musical genius. Mr. Herbert was born in Dublin, Ireland, February 1, 1859, and is the grandson of Samuel Lever, the author of Handy Andy, and other Irish novels. He began to study music in Germany when but seven years of age, and took lessons from a number of masters. While yet a boy, he was appointed the principal ‘celloist of the court orchestra in Stuttgart. After more study and a prolonged tour in Europe, he came to this country as ‘cello soloist of the Metropolitan opera house orchestra in New York. During his career of almost uninterrupted professional successes, he has been connected with the Thomas, Seidl and other orchestras in the capacities of ‘celloist and director. He has also been bandmaster of the Twenty-second Regiment of the national guard of the state of New York, and, in 1898, was made conductor of the Pittsburg (Pennsylvania) orchestra. Among the many comic operas which he has written are The Wizard of the Nile, The Viceroy and The Idol’s Eye. He is also the author of a number of orchestral compositions. In 1886 he married Theresa Foerester, a prima donna.

LEONORA JACKSON.

Of the many American girls who have made riches and reputations as violinists, none is better known to the musical world of this country and abroad than Leonora Jackson. Still a girl as far as years go, she has acquired a reputation as a virtuoso that usually comes to one in the sere and yellow times of life. She was born in Boston, February 20, 1879. After an education received in Chicago public schools, during which time she studied her favorite instrument, she went abroad and became a pupil in the Royal school of music, Berlin. While still a child, she made her début in Europe and scored an instantaneous success. She has appeared in concerts with Paderewski, Patti and other famous singers and musicians and has added to her reputation by scores of performances before musical societies in America and on the continent. Audiences of the Boston symphony orchestra concerts know her well. During the season of 1900 and 1901 she gave one hundred and sixty concerts in the United States, securing for herself in this connection a national reputation. Queen Victoria decorated her as a recognition of her talents. Miss Jackson has also appeared before the German empress and many other notables of Europe.

FRANZ KNEISEL.

Boston musical circles have a sincere affection for Franz Kneisel, not only on account of his musical gifts but in connection with the work that he has done for the Boston symphony orchestra. Apart from that, however, some of his admirers aver that as a violin soloist he has no equal in this country and but few rivals abroad. Be that as it may, it is certain that his gifts are of a remarkable nature, and, like all successful men, he has cultivated them, constantly and conscientiously. Franz Kneisel was born in Roumania, in 1865, of German parents. From a child he studied music and violin instruction under Grun and Hellmsburger and early gave indications of the successes that awaited him in the future. For some years he was concert master of the Hoffburg theatre orchestra of Vienna, and later of Bilse’s orchestra in Berlin. While filling these positions he acquired the reputation which led to his being invited to America. On reaching this country he at once became concert master of the Boston organization and director of the Kneisel quartet. He maintains his reputation as a violoncellist, however, in spite of the demands made upon his time by his other duties.

MAUD POWELL.

The popularity of Maud Powell, the violinist, amongst musically inclined people is not altogether due to a recognition of her genius. Those who know her life story know, too, that the place which she now occupies in the eye of the public has been obtained at the expense of a tremendous amount of work, in the face of many obstacles. Besides that, she is a typical American girl, which means that she is the possessor of the pluck independence and perseverance which are supposed to be characteristic of the citizens of the United States. Miss Powell was born in Peru, Illinois, August 22, 1868. She studied in the common schools at Aurora, Illinois, and, after some preliminary instruction on the violin in this country, took an advanced course of study in Leipzig, Paris and Berlin. As a pupil of the famous Joachim she gave promises of a brilliant future. Miss Powell is best known to the American public through the medium of her solos given in connection with orchestral concerts of Thomas, Seidl, Gericke, Nikisch, Damrosch and others. In 1892 she toured Australia and Germany with the New York Arion society, and, in 1896, on the strength of the popularity which she had established in her preceding tour, made another and most successful visit to Europe. She has contributed liberally on musical topics to a number of periodicals. Yet, as far as the American public is concerned, the fame of Maud Powell is permanently identified with her violin, rather than with her pen.

THEODORE THOMAS.

Like many of the well-known musicians of to-day, Theodore Thomas not only inherited his talents from his father, but was a pupil of the latter. Mr. Thomas shares with Damrosch and some other conductors the credit of making music, not only familiar to, but popular with, the masses in this country. He was born at Esens, Hanover, Germany, October 11, 1835, and at the age of ten made his first appearance in public as a violinist. Shortly after that he came to the United States, and for a number of years gave performances in New York. After a successful tour in the south, which extended over two years, he returned to New York and appeared in concerts and opera, first as violinist and later as orchestra conductor. In connection with other musicians he organized an annual series of chamber concerts. In 1867 he founded the Thomas orchestra and maintained it until 1888. He also acted as conductor for the Brooklyn and New York Philharmonic societies. In 1891 he moved to Chicago, and since then has been conductor of the Chicago orchestra. He is director of the Cincinnati college of music, was musical director of the Chicago exposition and has held other prominent positions in the musical world. He has been married twice, his second wife being Rose Fay, of Chicago.

SINGERS.

DAVID SCULL BISPHAM.

David Scull Bispham is another of those wise ones who recognized the call of his career and followed it. Originally intended for a business life, he found that his vocation was on the operatic stage, and in spite of the apparently insurmountable obstacles that intervened, he at length reached the goal of his desires. Mr. Bispham was born in Philadelphia January 5, 1857, and graduated in 1876 from Haverford college, a Quaker institution near Philadelphia. When not very much more than a baby he gave evidence of his musical taste, and when at college his connection with the glee club developed and fostered his gifts. Finally, after some years of experience as an amateur, he became a soloist in Philadelphia churches and in 1884 went to Italy to study and then appeared in concert in London. In 1892 he was intrusted with the rôle of “Tristan” at the Covent Garden Opera House, London, taking the audience of the British metropolis by storm. Since that time he has sung in all the great cities of the continent and of the United States, adding to his laurels meantime both as singer and actor. He is almost unexcelled as an oratorio vocalist, and is an exponent of classical ballads. Mr. Bispham was married in 1895 to Caroline, daughter of the late General Charles S. Russell. He is now the principal baritone of the Covent Garden Opera, London.

EMMA CALVÉ.

This generation seems to be particularly fortunate in regard to the number and the quality of its singers. Not the least prominent among these is Emma Calvé, the well-known prima donna, who has sung, so it is said, in every civilized or semi-civilized country in the world and in each and every instance has vindicated her professional reputation. She was born in France in 1866 and was educated at a convent. After some years of study under continental masters, she made her début in grand opera in 1882 at the Theater De la Monnaie, Brussels, where she appeared in Massenet’s Herodiade. Since then she has been intrusted with a number of responsible operatic rôles and is well known in the United States. No small portion of her current reputation rests upon the success that she achieved in connection with her appearance in Mascagni’s “Cavalleria Rusticana.”

ZELIE DE LUSSAN.

Among the younger prima donnas who have attracted nearly as much attention abroad as they have in this country is Zelie de Lussan. She is an American girl by birth and received her musical training in New York and Boston. Subsequently she studied abroad, and after some concert work in France and Germany, returned to the United States, where she appeared in English and grand opera. Her successes from the inception of her artistic career were almost continuous. Besides her vocal gifts she owns histrionic talents of a high order. Subsequent to her last New York appearance, she was again called to Europe, and in that connection has given renewed assurance of her abilities. She is one of the several American girls who have succeeded in a profession which bristles with difficulties.

EDOUARD DE RESZKE.

Edouard de Reszke was born at Vasevie, Poland, in 1853. He is the brother of Jean de Reszke, and with him shares vocal gifts of a high order and a permanent popularity among musically inclined people. He studied music and singing under Ciaffei and Celetti, making his début as an operatic singer in Paris in 1876 as the king in “Aida.” Since then he has been before the public more or less constantly, and his reputation has not waned by reason of his many years of professional life. He is a favorite in grand opera rôles in Europe and has appeared in every city of importance in the United States. He is the owner of a basso of remarkable purity and timbre.

JEAN DE RESZKE.

A triple alliance of magnificent vocal gifts, a commanding personality and a robust physique are responsible for the long and brilliant career of the operatic singer, Jean de Reszke. He was born in Vasevie, Poland. January 14, 1850, and studied under the masters, Ciaffei, Cotogni and Sbriglia. His début as baritone singer was made in Favorita, Venice, January, 1874, and his début as tenor singer in Madrid, 1879. Mr. de Reszke has appeared in leading rôles in grand opera both in the United States and Europe, one of his most popular characters being Tristan, in Tristan and Isolde. He was married to the Countess Marie de Goulaine, and now makes his home in New York city.

EMMA EAMES.

It is not often that one compasses one’s ambition to the full. More frequently it will be found that those whom the world calls successful are successful in part only, and that much is left unfilled. It is open to question, however, whether the man who has fully realized his hope is more happy than he to whom somewhat remains for which to crave and struggle. The answer to the question involved could hardly be given by Emma Eames, prima donna, for humanly speaking, she seems to have achieved the ambitions and the purposes of her life. The singer was born in Shanghai, China, August 13, 1867, of American parentage. Her childhood was spent in Boston, her musical education being at first under the direction of her mother and later under Miss Munyard, a well-known teacher of vocalism. While singing in a church choir in Boston, she attracted the attention of Prof. Gericke, then leader of the Boston symphony orchestra, and Prof. Paine, of Harvard, both of whom became interested in her. It was under their direction that the technical foundation of her future fame was laid. By their advice and with their assistance, she took lessons from Mme. Marchesi, of Paris, for two years and later, after instruction in operatic rôles by Prof. Gevart, chief of the Brussels conservatory of music, she made her début in Paris in Gounod’s Romeo and Juliet. A pronounced and spontaneous success was hers, and the news that a comparatively unknown American girl had become famous in a night excited the interest of musically inclined people all over the world. Gounod himself declared that she was his ideal Juliet. During her engagement in Paris, Miss Eames was the recipient of many social and official attentions, the president of the French republic honoring her with a decoration. In 1891 and the year following, she appeared in grand opera at the Covent Garden opera house, London, where she also scored. In 1893 and 1894 she gave New York audiences a taste of her quality by appearing in opera at the Metropolitan opera house and won immediate popular favor. She is installed a permanent favorite in musical circles of this country. In 1891 she married Julian, son of W. W. Story, the sculptor.

LILLIAN NORDICA.

Lillian Nordica, one of the most popular of American prima donnas, was born in Farmingdale, Maine, in 1859, her family name being Norton. Her musical education began early and was of a very thorough sort. After a period spent in local public schools, she became a student in the New England conservatory, her teacher being John O’Neil. Later she studied under San Giovanni at Milan, Italy. After preliminary work in concerts abroad, she made her operatic début at Brescia, Italy, in La Traviata, and scored instantaneously and emphatically. In 1887 she made a successful appearance in London, and later visited Paris, St. Petersburg and other European capitals. In each and every instance she repeated her initial successes. She has been twice married, her first husband being a Mr. Gower, and her second Herr Zoltan Done. The prima donna’s repertoire embraces the leading rôles of forty operas, and includes nearly all the standard oratorios. She is best known to the public in connection with Wagnerian parts, and has appeared in grand opera in this country on several occasions. Mme. Nordica has a charming personality, and her professional successes have by no means estranged her from the friends of her childhood.

ADELINA PATTI.

Theoretically the uses of poverty are many, tending to the development of varied virtues. As a matter of fact, poverty is the mother of much meanness and many crimes. The struggle for mere existence among the poor is so keen that it absorbs their mental and physical vitality. So it is that he or she who passes from the twilight of penury into the sunlight of prosperity must be rarely gifted. Such an individual is Adelina Patti, whose fame as a great singer is not only yet undimmed, but bids fair to last as long as music itself. Patti was born in Madrid, Spain, February 19, 1843, her mother being a prima donna at the Grand theater. In 1844 the family came to this country, the father being appointed one of the managers of the then Italian opera house on Chambers street, New York. Little Adelina received her preliminary musical training from her half-brother, Ettore Barilli. Owing to the financial stresses in which her parents then were, she, although only seven years of age, was allowed to make her début in concert at Tripler’s hall, New York, on which occasion her undeveloped but phenomenal voice attracted general attention. In 1859 she made her début in grand opera at the Academy of Music, New York, when she appeared in Lucia di Lammermoor. Her audience gave her a most cordial welcome. But, as it turned out, her struggles were only beginning. As far as the mere cultivation of her voice was concerned, her natural gifts were of such a nature that she had no difficulty in overcoming the technical obstacles of her art, but the spirit of jealousy and suspicion which success usually arouses in the breasts of the unknown, prevented her talents from being duly recognized, or, to put it in another way, she was so belittled by her rivals that she had to individually satisfy every great city in America that she had not been overrated. Patti was deeply wounded by these unlooked-for conditions, but nevertheless she bravely faced the sneers and unkind criticisms and overcame them, and for many years has occupied a place in the estimation of the public, which probably no other prima donna in the history of civilization has attained. Twice during her career she has been threatened with the total loss of her voice, but happily the “nightingale in her throat” is as yet unsilenced. To the end of her days she will reap the reward of the self-denial and persistent attention to duty and art which she gave them during the years of her childhood. She has been as successful abroad as she has in this country. In grand opera she has assumed nearly all existing prominent rôles. For some years past she made her home abroad. In 1881, Patti revisited the United States, when she received $5,000 per night, which is said to be the largest amount ever paid to a singer or actor for one performance. Married three times, her last husband was Baron Rolf Cedarstrom. She is the owner of a castle at Craig-y-Nos, Wales. During her last and most recent visit to this country, the American public gave her ample proof that she still occupies a warm place in its affection.

MARCELLA STENGEL SEMBRICH.

Marcella Stengel Sembrich is one of the several prima donnas to whom the American music-loving public has remained loyal for many years. As an artist she ranks with the foremost singers of to-day, while her domestic life is of an ideal nature. As a rule, the law of compensation takes greatly where it gives freely, and so the woman of talent who devotes herself to the service of the public is apt to be the loser as far as home life is concerned. In Mme. Sembrich’s case it is otherwise, however, and her social popularity, too, is no less than is her vogue on the operatic stage. The songstress was born at Lemberg, Galatia, February 18, 1858. Her early musical education was obtained in the Conservatory of Lemberg, after which she studied at Vienna and Milan. Her marvelous vocal gifts assured the success of her début as Elvira, in I Puritani, at the Royal theater, Athens. After a season spent on the continent in opera she, in 1883, came to this country under the management of Henry Abbey. Her reception here was of the warmest nature, and from that time on she has been a constant favorite with the American public. She has made a number of tours in the United States and has been uniformly successful in connection therewith. In 1877 she married Prof. Wilhelm Stengel, who had formerly been her teacher at Lemberg.

ACTORS.

WILLIAM H. CRANE.

A tireless worker and devoted to his calling, William H. Crane is without doubt one of the foremost comedians of the day. Mr. Crane was born in Leicester, Massachusetts, April 30, 1845. At the age of eighteen he made his professional début at Utica, New York. His first permanent engagement was with the Harriet Holman’s opera company, with which organization he remained for seven years. His first part, with this company, was that of the Orator, in The Child of the Regiment; later he filled the rôles of Beppo, in Fra Diavolo; Mephisto, in Faust; Hugh Challoner, in Ours; Dr. Dalcomora, in The Elixir of Love. Leaving the Holmans, he joined the Alice Oates opera company, becoming its leading comedian. Later, after creating the part of Le Blanc, in Evangeline, he, in 1874, became a member of the stock company playing at Hooley’s theater, Chicago. His first appearance in New York city was at Niblo’s theater, in 1876, and it was in the same year that at the Park Theater, he won distinct recognition as a comedian of exceptional talent by his impersonation of Dick Swiveler to The Marchioness. During this time an acquaintance with Stuart Robson resulted in the two actors collaborating in Our Boarding House, which was given its initial presentation at the Park theater, New York city, October 11, 1877. This engagement being ended, they formed a partnership that lasted for twelve years. Since 1899 he has appeared in star rôles in The Senator, On Probation, For Money, Brother John, A Fool of Fortune, A Virginia Courtship, and other plays. Mr. Crane has accumulated a comfortable fortune, and in the intervals of his professional labor enjoys a pleasant home life with his wife and children at Cohasset, Massachusetts.

JOHN DREW.

John Drew is an excellent example of a man finding his vocation and filling it. While it is true that he inherited his histrionic talent, his father, John Drew, Sr., having been a noted Irish comedian and his mother, Louise Lane Drew, also having been a great favorite on the stage—yet he has achieved success because of his personal efforts looking to its development. The prime requisite for advancement in any field is, first, find your talent, then bend every energy toward its development. The subject of this sketch was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November 13, 1853, and early showed a preference for the boards. He was educated at the Episcopal academy and by private tutors, making his first appearance behind the footlights at the Arch street theater, Philadelphia, as Plumper, in As Cool as a Cucumber. Although only nineteen, his efforts met with almost immediate success, and at twenty-one he joined Mr. Daly’s famous company soon quickly becoming the most popular member of the organization. Since 1892 he has been starring in his own company. Although Mr. Drew excels in society plays, he has also made a brilliant record in classical drama, and especially in Shakespearian rôles. Petruchio, in Taming of the Shrew, is his favorite character, and it is the most difficult and exacting of any he assumes. He has brought out in yearly succession The Butterflies, The Bauble Shop, Christopher, Jr., Rosemary, A Marriage of Convenience, One Summer Day, and The Liars. Commenting upon Mr. Drew, William Winter, the well-known critic, wrote “that he possesses drollery, the talent of apparent spontaneity, and the faculty of crisp emotion. He has surpassed all young actors of his day as a gay cavalier and the bantering farceur of the drawing-room drama of modern social life. He is thoroughly in earnest, and his attitude toward his art is that of intellectual purpose and authority.”

WILLIAM HOOKER GILLETTE.

We sometimes speak and often hear of an instantaneous success, but in reality there is no such thing as success or failure being immediate. Every real achievement is the culmination of weeks and months, and even years, of earnest and unremitting toil. The popular actor and well-known author, William Hooker Gillette, furnishes a case in point. The structure of his reputation bids fair to last indefinitely, but it rests on foundations of preparatory work of which the public knows but little. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut, July 24, 1855, being the son of Francis G. (late United States senator from Connecticut), and Elizabeth Daggett (Hooker) Gillette. Graduating from the Hartford high school at the age of twenty, he afterward attended the New York university for two years. From a lad he had given evidence of his love for the stage. While at the university he obtained a minor position in one of the theaters. In 1876, becoming a student in the Boston university, he followed the same plan of studying by day and playing in small parts at night. In this way he made himself thoroughly acquainted with the “business” of the stage, as well as the first principles of acting. Mr. Gillette made his first palpable hit in the title rôle of A Private Secretary by playing a part which required a particular delicacy of treatment.

NATHANIEL C. GOODWIN.

Even as a schoolboy the famous comedian, Nat. C. Goodwin, by his clever imitations of leading actors, displayed signs of his future greatness. He was born in Boston, July 25, 1857, and educated in the public schools of that city. His parents intended that he should follow a commercial career, but he early decided for the stage as against a business life. His mirth-provoking powers were finally recognized by Stuart Robson, who engaged young Goodwin at a salary of $5 a week to play the part of the Bootblack, in Law in New York. Mr. Goodwin’s reputation was quickly established, and the next season he contracted with Josh Hart to appear in the Eagle theater in New York city, at a salary of $150 a week. In 1876 he played Captain Dietrich in Evangeline, and three years later entered upon his career as a star, a practically unbroken line of successes having followed both here and abroad, for when, in 1890, he filled a long engagement in London, he was received with every manifestation of approval. Mr. Goodwin has been married three times, the last wife being Maxine Elliott.

JAMES KETELTAS HACKETT.

James Keteltas Hackett, one of the youngest of the prominent actors of America, and certainly the youngest actor-manager of note in this country, was born at Wolfe Island, Ontario, Canada, September 6, 1869. He is the son of the late James Henry Hackett, who in his time was also a notable figure of the American boards. After graduating from the College of the City of New York in 1891, he studied in the New York law school, but his inclination for the stage, which manifested itself almost as soon as he could talk, became more and more marked, and, abandoning the legal career which it had been intended he should follow, he gave himself up to studying for the stage. In 1892 he made his début in New York in the A. M. Palmer stock company. From the very first he gave unmistakable indications of his subsequent success. In four years—being then twenty-six years of age—he was leading man of the company in question, and was a star in the dramatic firmament of New York. From that time on his progress in his chosen profession has been unceasing. For some years he was under the management of Mr. Daniel Frohman, during which period he made distinctive hits in The Prisoner of Zenda and its sequel, Rupert of Hentzau, and The Pride of Jennico. Leaving Mr. Frohman’s management, he branched out for himself. As already intimated, he is as successful as he is popular. He married Mary Mannering, a well-known actress, whom he met during his association with the Frohman forces.

SIR HENRY BRODRIBB IRVING.

Sir Henry Brodribb Irving, who has created an era in theatrical art, did not attain his ambitions until he had experienced a full share of disappointments and privations. His name is now associated with all that makes for the splendor of the drama, spectacular and intellectual. But the time was with Sir Henry when the next meal was an unknown quantity, when his wardrobe was carried on his back, and when his future seemed to be without promise professionally or otherwise. But with him, as with other successful men, his belief in himself enabled him to combat stress of troubles and finally landed him at the goal of success. Apart from all else he has, through the medium of his masterly productions of Shakespeare’s plays, done more to revive an intelligent interest in the “Immortal Bard” than has any other manager-actor of this generation. His keenest critics admit his genius, even while they comment on his methods. Like most men of his type he has a marked individuality, and for this reason he has been accused of mannerisms. On the other hand, his admirers claim that his individuality is responsible for no small portion of the charm and power of his work. The actor was born in Keinton, near Glastonbury, England, February 6, 1838, his actual name being Brodribb. By permission of the English authorities in 1887 he was authorized, however, to continue the use of the adopted name of Irving. Educated in private schools in London, he, in 1856, went on the stage in the provinces. His first appearance before a public was a failure, pure, simple and absolute. The London stage first knew him in 1859; then he returned to the provinces, remaining therein until 1866, when he once more came to London, playing in several different theaters, but in minor rôles. At about this period his talents began to assert themselves, and since 1871 Sir Henry Irving has been successfully before the public at the Lyceum Theater, London, of which he was lessee and manager from 1878 until 1899. He is well known to play-goers in this country by reason of his several tours here. In recognition of his work for the betterment of the stage he was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1895. Sir Henry Irving is also an author, his most notable work being The Drama.

JOSEPH JEFFERSON.

Many ancestors of Joseph Jefferson followed the profession of acting. Both his father and mother were players. He was born at Philadelphia, February 20, 1829, was educated at home and first appeared on the stage as a child in the old-time favorite play of Pizarro. In 1843 his father died, and he joined a party of strolling players, who traveled through Texas and followed the United States army to Mexico. His first prominent rôle was that of Asa Trenchard, in Our American Cousin, which was first presented October 18, 1858, and continued for one hundred and fifty consecutive nights at Laura Keene’s theater in New York city. His other notable parts have been Newman Noggs, in Nicholas Nickelby; Caleb Plummer, in The Cricket on the Hearth; Dr. Pangloss, in The Heir-at-Law; and Dr. Ollapod, in The Poor Gentleman. But the public chiefly identify him with the title rôle of Rip Van Winkle, which he has played in every city in the United States, and also in England and Australia. He enjoys the distinction of having presented the character more times than any other actor has ever played a single character in the history of dramatics. Besides being one of the most popular actors of his times, Mr. Jefferson is a painter of considerable ability and is an author of some note. His “autobiography” is his most important work, but he has also contributed many articles to the magazines. He married, in 1848, Margaret Lockyer, and after her death took to wife Sarah Warren, in 1867.

EDWARD H. SOTHERN.

How many failures in life are caused by misfit occupations! The world would have perhaps never known of Edward H. Sothern if he had followed the wishes of his father in choosing a life career. This man, who has attained such prominence in the histrionic profession would probably have been doomed to obscurity had he become a painter. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, December 6, 1859, being the second son of Edward Askew Sothern, the famous comedian. At the age of five he was taken to London, where he received his education. He studied drawing for some time, his father wishing him to become an artist, but he seems to have inherited a predilection for the stage. It was during his two visits to the United States with his father in 1875 and 1879, that, in spite of his parents’ objections, he decided to become an actor, which he did, making his début as a cabman, in Sam, at the Park theater, New York city. Later he joined his father’s company, but shortly after resigned in order to become a member of John McCullough’s company. In 1883, after appearing for two years at the Criterion, Standard, Royalty and other London theaters, and traveling one year, in company with his brother, Lytton Sothern, he returned to this country, again entered the company of John McCullough, becoming its leading comedian. Subsequently Mr. Sothern played with Helen Daubray, in One of Our Girls; he first took a leading rôle as Jack Hammerton, in The Highest Bidder. Since that time he has starred with his own company in Lord Chumley, The Maister of Woodbarrow, Prisoner of Zenda, Under the Red Robe, etc. He married Virginia Harned, his leading woman. Mr. Sothern has had an adequate professional training and his creditable work proclaims him a master of his art.

ACTRESSES.

MAUDE ADAMS.

Maude Adams is descended from a long line of theatrical people. She was born at Salt Lake City, Utah, November 11, 1872. Her mother was the leading woman of a stock company in that city, and at a very early age Miss Adams appeared on the stage in child’s parts. Her school days were scarcely over when she joined the E. H. Sothern Company. She afterward became a member of Charles Frohman’s stock company, and still later was leading lady for John Drew. Her most pronounced success was as Babbie, in The Little Minister and another as the title rôle of l’Aiglon. She also received much publicity as the model for the silver statue which was exhibited at the World’s Fair, Chicago. Miss Maude Adams has established herself permanently in the good-will of American play-goers.

VIOLA ALLEN.

Viola Allen was born in the south, but went to Boston when three years of age. She was educated in that city and at the Bishop Strachan school, Toronto, Canada. Her début was made at the Madison Square theater, New York, in Esmeralda, in 1882. During the season of 1883 and 1884 she was leading lady for John McCullough, and afterward played classical and Shakespearian rôles. She was a member of the Empire theater stock company in 1892, but her principal success was in creating the character of Gloria Quayle, in The Christian, which had a long run in New York in 1898, succeeded by a tour through the principal cities of the country. Miss Allen’s private charities are many, and she is identified with those phases of church work which have to do with the bettering of the conditions of the poor.

ETHEL BARRYMORE.

Ethel Barrymore, one of the youngest stars in the theatrical profession, was born in Philadelphia in 1880. She comes of a professional family, and when, while yet a child, gave to those who were responsible for her first appearance behind the footlights assurance of innate talent. Miss Barrymore was by no means unknown to Metropolitan play-goers prior to the time when, under Mr. Charles Frohman’s management, she made her stellar début a few years since. The young actress is a finished comedienne and is a member of that modern school of comedy that cultivates repressed effort.

MRS. LESLIE CARTER.

David Belasco, playwright and manager, has been uniformly successful with his plays and his stars. A case in point is that of Mrs. Leslie Carter, who has been connected in a professional capacity with Mr. Belasco for some years. Stepping from social circles in Chicago to the stage, she was in the first instance a somewhat indifferent specimen of the crude amateur actress, but Mr. Belasco detected in her undeveloped talent, and the rest is professional history. Under his guidance as tutor and manager she holds a prominent place in the theatrical world. Her first success was made in the Heart of Maryland and her last and most notable in Du Barry.

ELEANORA DUSE.

Eleanora Duse, the Italian tragedienne, who is Signora Cecci in private life, was born, in 1861, in Vigovano, Italy. At an early age she gave indications of those histrionic talents which subsequently made her famous. For many years she was one of the most notable figures on the stage of her country. She made her American début in 1893 at the Fifth Avenue theater, New York. While there is no gainsaying the sincerity and finish of her art, yet at the same time there are not a few critics who take exception to it on the score of the sombre plays and methods of the actress. Since her début she has visited the United States on more than one occasion, and in each instance her following in this country have accorded her the welcome which is due to her as an artiste and a woman.

MAY IRWIN.

“Blessed are the laughmakers,” is one of the later beatitudes, and on that score May Irwin will certainly receive her share of blessings. She was born at Whitby, Ontario, Canada, in 1862, and made her début at the Adelphi theater, Buffalo, in February, 1876. Later, with her sister Flora, she became a member of Tony Pastor’s company, and shortly afterward joined Augustin Daly’s company. She ranks as one of the wholesome mirth-making actresses of the American stage. The plays in which she has starred include The Widow Jones, The Swell Miss Fitzgerald, Courted Into Court, Kate Kip, Buyer, and other farcical comedies. In 1878 she was married to Frederick W. Keller, of St. Louis, who died in 1886.

VIRGINIA HARNED.

Virginia Harned was born at Boston, and, at the age of sixteen, made her début as Lady Despar, in The Corsican Brothers. She first played in New York city in 1890 at the Fourteenth street theater in a play entitled “A Long Lane or Green Meadow.” In this play she made so good an impression that she was engaged by Daniel Frohman as leading woman for E. A. Sothern. In 1896 she was married to Mr. Sothern and has since appeared in leading parts in his company. Probably her greatest success was in the creation of the title rôle of Trilby.

MRS. LILLIE LANGTRY.

Mrs. Lillie Langtry, if she has done nothing else, has proven that a woman can command admiration even when she is no longer in the first flush of her youth or in the full bloom of her womanhood. This statement is made in view of the public regard which she still enjoys as an actress, in spite of the fact that she first saw the light in 1852, in Jersey, Great Britain. Her father was connected with the Established church of England. She married an officer in the English army and subsequently settled in London. Domestic differences ensuing, she went upon the stage. Her American début, as an actress, was made in 1893 at the Fifth avenue theater, New York. Since then she has visited this country on two or three occasions. Mrs. Langtry is popularly known as the Jersey Lily. She was married for the second time in 1899.

JULIA MARLOWE.

That tender and graceful exponent of some of Shakespeare’s women, Julia Marlowe, was born at Coldbeck, Cumberlandshire, England, August 17, 1870. She came with her parents to this country when she was five years of age. After a period spent in Kansas, the family removed to Cincinnati, where she attended public school until she was twelve years of age. She then became a member of a juvenile opera company which produced Pinafore, Chimes of Normandy, etc. After several years of arduous work and study, she appeared in New York, but was a failure. Not discouraged, however, she went to work to study again, and in the spring of 1897 attained that recognition from a metropolitan audience for which she had striven so faithfully. Since that time she has advanced in her profession and has secured a prominent place among the leading actresses of to-day.

ORGANIZERS AND LECTURERS.

CYNTHIA MAY WESTOVER ALDEN.

Mrs. Cynthia May Westover Alden is an example of the possibilities of journalism as a vocation for women. She was born at Afton, Iowa, May 31, 1862, being the daughter of Oliver S. and Lucilda (Lewis) Westover. After a period spent in local common schools, she graduated from the Colorado state university and the Denver business college. Subsequently she taught geology, book-keeping and vocal and instrumental music. The owner of an excellent voice, she was for some years a soprano soloist in several church choirs in New York. In 1887 she was appointed United States inspector of customs at the port of New York, and during her term of service as such made many important seizures. She was also secretary in a municipal department of New York, and for a time was an employee of the New York state museum of natural history, resigning therefrom to engage in journalism. After editing the woman’s department of the New York Recorder, she took charge of a similar department on the New York Tribune. She is now on the editorial staff of the Ladies’ Home Journal. Mrs. Alden is also the founder and president-general of the International Sunshine society. Her life has been as busy as useful, and she has made for herself a large circle of friends who, though not knowing her personally, are nevertheless acquainted with her through the medium of the kindly and helpful journalism with which she is so generally identified.

CLARA BARTON.

That most noted and beloved of humanitarians, Clara Barton, is of Puritan ancestry, being born in Oxford, Massachusetts, in 1830. She was the daughter of Captain Stephen and Sally Stone Barton, and was educated at Clinton, New York. When still very young she founded a seminary for girls at Elizabethtown, New Jersey. Later, she became principal of the first public school in Bordentown, New Jersey, resigned through sickness and was the first woman to hold a regular clerical position under the government, afterward being appointed to the patent office at Washington, District of Columbia. During the Civil war she was instrumental in forming the famous sanitary commission which did such magnificent work for the sick and wounded at Bull Run, Antietam, Spottsylvania and many other battlefields of the war. When the Andersonville prisoners were released they received timely aid through her relief work, and by her earnest efforts the fate of over thirty thousand missing men was ascertained by means of the bureau of records which she organized at Washington. During the Franco-Prussian war she and her assistants nursed the sick and wounded in Strasburg and Metz. In the days of the Commune she entered Paris, distributing food and clothing to the hungry and starving. On her return to the United States in 1873, she started the successful movement to obtain recognition of the projected Red Cross society from the government. In 1882 the society was organized and she became its first president. In that capacity she has superintended the work of giving help to sufferers from the Michigan forest fires, the earthquake at Charleston, floods on the Ohio and Mississippi, 1884; the Johnstown flood, the Galveston disaster, 1900, etc. Wherever there has been a cry from the sufferer, Clara Barton, often in the face of almost insurmountable difficulties and constant danger, has ever responded to the call of duty.

FRANCIS EDWARD CLARK.

Francis Edward Clark, the president of the United Societies of Christian Endeavor comes of New England stock, although he was born in Aylmer, province of Quebec, September 12, 1851. His parents died when he was a child, and his uncle, the Rev. E. W. Clark, adopted him and took him to Claremont, New Hampshire. Thus it was that he acquired a new name and country. Education and home influence inclined him to the ministry, and he early decided to become a clergyman. After an academic and college course—the latter at Dartmouth—he studied theology for three years at Andover, and was later appointed pastor of Williston church, Portland, Maine, a small mission from which he built a large Congregational church. One of his many ideas was the exaction of a pledge of faithful Christian endeavor from the members of his Bible classes. The results were of so marked a nature that the well-known society of which he is president was a consequence thereof. Churches of many denominations endorsed the idea, and within a few years national conventions of the organization were held which made the world think that a tidal wave of religious enthusiasm was sweeping over it. An organ of the movement was founded, entitled “The Golden Rule,” with Dr. Clark as editor-in-chief. The work continued to grow, and finally he was compelled to resign from the pastorate in order to devote himself to the needs of the society. The movement has extended all over the world, and in connection with it he has organized other societies, such as The Tenth Legions, The Macedonian Phalanx, The Christian Association, and Quiet Hour. Dr. Clark was married in 1876 to Harriet E. Abbott. He is the author of several books dealing with his life work.

MARY LOWE DICKINSON.

Mrs. Mary Lowe Dickinson, the well-known authoress, was born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, in 1897. She received a preparatory education in the common schools, then was placed under the instruction of private tutors, and subsequently studied art and literature abroad. Returning to this country, she became head assistant in the Chapman school, Boston, taught for some time in the Hartford female seminary and finally was made principal of the Van Norman institute, New York. Marrying John B. Dickinson, a New York banker, she on his death some years since became professor of belles lettres, emeritus professor and lecturer at Denver university. She is now connected in an official capacity with a number of philanthropic and religious institutions, is the editor of Lend a Hand Magazine, and for ten years has edited The Silver Cross. She has written poems and works of fiction which are illustrative of various lines of philanthropic work.

THOMAS DIXON, JR.

Thomas Dixon, Jr., lecturer, writer and clergyman, was born in Shelby, North Carolina, January 11, 1864, his father being the Rev. Thomas Dixon. He graduated from Wake Forest college, North Carolina, in 1883, from the Greensboro, North Carolina, law school in 1886, and from Johns Hopkins university in 1899. Harriet Bussey became his wife on March 3, 1886, in Montgomery, Alabama. He was a member of the North Carolina legislature from 1884 to 1886. Resigning in order to enter the ministry, he was ordained a Baptist clergyman in 1887, taking a pastorate at Raleigh, North Carolina, and late in the same year accepted a call to Boston. Two years later he came to New York, where he has become noted by reason of his pulpit treatment of topics of the day in a manner uniquely his own. He is the author of several works on religious and social problems, one of which, The Failure of Protestantism in New York, which was published in 1897, has attracted much attention. Mr. Dixon is a forceful speaker, a man of magnetic presence, and possesses the courage of his convictions to a high degree.

HERBERT HUNGERFORD.

Herbert Hungerford was born at Binghamton, New York, February 22, 1874. He was brought up on a farm, obtained the groundwork of his education in district schools, and graduated from the academy at Windsor, New York, in 1895. The following year he entered Syracuse university, but was compelled to leave at the close of the freshman year on account of illness. Serving as a private in the First Regiment of New York volunteer infantry during the Spanish-American war, he, while the regiment was stationed at Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, established, edited and published the News Muster, which was a unique contribution to the curiosities of journalism, being the first illustrated newspaper published by a body of soldiers in the field. At the close of the war he returned to Binghamton and there organized the initial branches of the Success league. Later he was called to New York to further and take charge of the development of the organization in question, which is a federation of literary, debating and self-culture societies. The league has developed rapidly under his direction, now having branches in every state and in nearly every city and town of importance in the United States. He was married, in 1898, to Grace M. Whipple, of Binghamton, New York.

JOHN MITCHELL.

The story of the early struggles of the labor leader, John Mitchell, is both pathetic and inspiring. A son of the common people, he has risen from being a poor door-boy in the coal mines of Illinois, to a position of great trust and general honor. Mr. Mitchell was born in Braidwood, Brill county, Illinois, February 4, 1869, being the son of Robert and Martha Mitchell. Compelled to leave school at the age of ten, his subsequent education was obtained by night study. He afterward studied law, worked on a farm, became coal miner and was finally attracted to the labor movement, which at that time was directed by the Knights of Labor. In 1888 he took an active part in trade union affairs as president of the local organization of the Knights. Knowing that knowledge is power, he read everything that came within his reach and joined debating societies, athletic associations, independent political reform clubs and various other organizations, in order to take advantage of the several opportunities that they presented to him. When, in January, 1890, the order of United Mine Workers of America was organized, he was among the first to be enrolled, and in January, 1898, was elected its vice-president. He has been re-elected every year since, is also second vice-president of the American Federation of Labor and a member of various committees at the National Civic Federation. During the five years of his leadership the union has grown from a membership of forty-three thousand to a membership of over three hundred thousand. He has brought about many reforms in the interests of labor. His chiefest achievement is that of securing a settlement of the recent great coal mine strike through the arbitration commission appointed by President Roosevelt. He has demonstrated anew the force of the maxim that “It is to him only who has conquered himself it is given to conquer.”

ERNEST THOMPSON-SETON.

Historians of the Wild—of the denizens of fields and woods and rivers—there are and have been, but in the majority of instances their work has been confined to mere descriptions of the personalities of birds and beasts and fish from the standpoint of the museum, rather than from that of the interested, if unscientific, observer. Ernest Thompson-Seton, however, naturalist and artist, has, through the medium of his books, managed to so wed popular interest and scientific data that the result is fascinating in the extreme. He has shown, too, that to a man of talent there is always a new field to be discovered amid the old ones, which, apart from all else, is a lesson that no one can afford to ignore. Thompson-Seton was born in South Shields, England, August 14, 1860. He is a descendant of the famous Setons of Scotland, Thompson being a _nom de plume_. Coming to this country when a boy, he at first lived in the backwoods of Canada and also had experiences on the plains of the then far west. He was educated at the Toronto collegiate institute and also at the Royal academy, London, England. In 1896 he married Grace, daughter of Albert Gallatin, of San Francisco. His qualifications as a naturalist becoming known to the government of Manitoba, he was made official naturalist therefor, subsequently publishing works on the birds and mammals of that territory. He studied art in Paris and was at one time one of the chief illustrators of the Century dictionary. His works on natural history topics are well known. Thompson-Seton is what may be called a psychological naturalist, inasmuch as he analyzes the mentalities of his subjects. The results are seen in such books as The Biography of a Grizzly, The Trail of the Sand Hill Stag, Wild Animals I Have Known, etc.

CANADIANS.

SIR WILFRID LAURIER.

The man who stands before the world as Canada’s most distinguished statesman is Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Premier of the Dominion. Sir Wilfrid has very broad and very optimistic ideas as to the destiny of Canada, and these he expresses with a poetic eloquence which never fails to arouse enthusiasm. His oratory takes lofty flights.

Sir Wilfrid was born in the Province of Quebec in 1841. French was the language of his childhood. He went to school in his native parish, and later took the classical course at L’Assomption College. He began in 1860 to study law in the office of the late Hon. R. Laflamme, Q. C., who was Minister of Justice for the Dominion and one of Sir Wilfrid’s colleagues at Ottawa, when the latter became a member of Parliament. He was admitted to the bar in 1864. Eager to succeed, he devoted himself so zealously to his legal work that after three years of practice his health gave way, and he was forced to retire to the country. In the town of L’Avena he became editor of _Le Defrecheur_, a journal devoted to political and social reform. It was in this work that he first actively interested himself in politics. His articles in the journal were full of the earnestness, enthusiasm and eloquence which have since brought him fame.

Country air agreed with the young lawyer and writer. He regained his health, and opened a law office at St. Cristophe, now Arthabaskaville, where he made his home until he removed to Ottawa as Prime Minister of Canada. He first held office in 1871, when he was elected to the Quebec Assembly. He resigned his seat in the general elections of 1874, was elected by the same constituency to the Dominion House of Commons, and when Parliament assembled was given the honor of seconding the address in reply to the speech from the Throne. His burst of oratory on the occasion attracted wide attention and caused prophecies to be freely made that he was destined for great things.

It was only two years afterward, in 1876, that he attained the distinction of a position in the Cabinet, being appointed Minister of the Internal Revenue in the Mackenzie administration. His constituency did not support him in the next general election, but he was returned to Parliament from Quebec East, which constituency has ever since been his political sponsor. When the Mackenzie government was defeated in the elections of 1878, Mr. Laurier, who had by this time become the acknowledged leader of the Liberal party in Quebec, joined his friends in Opposition and waited for eighteen years for his party’s return to power. This came in 1896. Mr. Laurier was then supreme in the House of Commons, and was called upon to organize a new government. Thus it was that he rose to the exalted position of Premier of Canada and found the opportunities which have given him so high a place among the world’s statesmen.

Perhaps the most important policy which he inaugurated upon his rise to power was that of a preferential tariff in favor of Great Britain. It was due to this policy, as well as to his high position in the affairs of Canada, that when he went to England upon the occasion of the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee in 1897 he was received with distinguished honor. The Queen made him a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Oxford and Cambridge Universities conferred upon him honorary degrees. Upon a visit to the Continent of Europe during this trip abroad he was entertained by President Faure of France and was received by the Pope at Rome. When he returned to Canada he was greeted with great enthusiasm by all classes. In the general election of 1904 Sir Wilfrid’s administration gained a triumphant endorsement at the polls.

LORD STRATHCONA.

One of the foremost of Canada’s great workers is Lord Strathcona, who, as Donald Smith, was born in Scotland in 1820. He received his preliminary education in the common schools. He gave up the law, and became, when he was eighteen, an employee of the Hudson Bay Company on the bleak coast of Labrador.

Here he remained for thirteen years, becoming one of the company’s most valued traders. From Labrador he went, in 1851, into the wilderness of the Northwest, where he rose through the grades of trader, chief trader, factor and chief factor. In 1869 he reached the top rung of the ladder in the Hudson Bay Company, receiving the appointment of resident governor.

He established himself in Montreal, but when the half breeds and Indians under the leadership of Louis Riel rose in rebellion against the project of transferring to the Crown the vast tracts of territory belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, Donald Smith again utilized his remarkable skill and experience in dealing with these children of nature. He went to the seat of the trouble at Red River Settlement, where he was made a prisoner and threatened with death. He obtained his liberty, and through his strong but adroit attitude toward the rebels was able to keep them in check until the arrival of troops. As a reward for this achievement he was elected to the Dominion House of Commons, and became a zealous supporter of the administration of Sir John McDonald.

In the early seventies Donald Smith undertook to raise the very large amount of capital necessary for the new Canadian Pacific railroad across the continent. On more than one occasion the enterprise threatened ruin for those connected with it, but Donald Smith eventually triumphed, and in 1885 the road was completed to the Pacific. The man who had commenced life as an humble trader had become by this time a celebrated and very important man in Canada, and in recognition of his services Queen Victoria bestowed on him in 1886 the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. Upon the occasion of the Queen’s Jubilee in 1897, being then Lord High Commissioner of Canada, Sir Donald was raised to the peerage, and became Lord Strathcona. In commemoration of the Jubilee he gave in the same year, jointly with Lord Mount Stephen, the sum of one million dollars to the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, and eight hundred thousand dollars more to endow the institution, which, through his generosity, has become one of the best equipped hospitals on the continent. Lord Strathcona has also given at least a million dollars to education in Canada, most of the money going to McGill University. He has also contributed largely to the Royal Victoria Hospital for Women in Montreal. Lord Strathcona’s philanthropy is made the more notable by the fact that while he has large means, he does not possess the immense wealth of some of the American financiers. In addition to his railway and numerous other interests in Canada, he is president of the Bank of Montreal, which is one of the largest banking institutions in the world.

At the outbreak of the war between Great Britain and the Boers Lord Strathcona further increased his usefulness to Canada and the Empire by the organization of a body of mounted troops called “the Strathcona Horse.” These men, many of whom were recruited from the Northwest, and who represented the flower of Canadian horsemanship and valor, went to South Africa, and greatly distinguished themselves in the service of the Queen. Their work at the front was not as important, however, as was their influence in the direction of solidifying the union between the mother country and the colony.

In spite of the fact that he is now eighty-four years old, Lord Strathcona is still a restless and energetic spirit. He has residences in Montreal, Winnipeg, Nova Scotia, Scotland and London, and divides his time between them. In London he is fond of entertaining the leaders in political and commercial life. He spends much of his time in Canada, however, and often makes trips across the continent. In many respects he is Canada’s most remarkable citizen.

ILLUSTRATORS.

WILLIAM DE LEFTWICH DODGE.

Among the American mural decorators who have achieved a reputation which is not confined to the land of their birth, is William de Leftwich Dodge. Some of the principal decorations of the Boston public library and the capitol of Washington are the outcome of his genius. He has also executed a number of private commissions, and in each and every instance has given evidence of fertile imagination and forceful execution. It is perhaps too much to say that Mr. Dodge has inaugurated or suggested a new school of mural art, but it is certain that he has so modified accepted methods that the results are practically without precedent as far as his special line of work is concerned. He was born in Liberty, Virginia, and, after a preliminary art education in this country, studied in Paris and Munich. He began his career proper as an illustrator, but it was not long before he realized that his future lay along the lines of decoration rather than in the pages of publications, and, as has been intimated, his successes have vindicated the wisdom of his decision. He has been awarded the third medal of the Concours d’Atelier, Paris; the gold medal, Prize Fund exposition, 1886; three medals Cours Yvon, 1887; Prix d’Atelier, 1888, and medal of the Columbian exposition, 1893.

CHARLES MENTE.

Charles Mente, a popular illustrator, comes of a musical family, and so narrowly escaped being a musician instead of an artist. He was born in New York city, educated in the public schools and afterward learned wood-carving, making figureheads and ornamental work on furniture. This work was not to his taste, however, so he entered the credit department of A. T. Stewart’s store, New York city. This was even more distasteful, and, resigning, he spent his evenings attending Cooper institute art classes, and later the art students’ league. At that time all illustrations were drawn on wood. Mr. Mente’s first drawing was for Harper & Brothers, and was successful, and for two years he worked for that firm. By the end of that period he had managed to save about $1,500, with which he went abroad to study in Munich at the Royal academy. There he received a medal, with honorable mention. Coming back to New York, he was engaged as a teacher of painting at the Gotham art students’ league, but gave up this position to devote himself to painting and illustration. He has received first prize at the exposition of the Chicago society of artists, a gold medal of the Art club of Philadelphia in 1895, and a diploma of excellence and silver medal at the Cotton States’ international exposition, Atlanta, Georgia, in 1895. Mr. Mente’s reputation rests to a great extent on his pictures based on inspirational subjects.

THURE DE THULSTRUP.

The vigor of the work of Thure de Thulstrup is known to the reading public mainly through his illustrations in metropolitan magazines, but he has also painted a number of canvases which show that he is as much at home with the brush as with the crayon or pencil. Thulstrup was born in Stockholm, Sweden, and, after graduating from the Royal Swedish military academy, was commissioned a lieutenant of artillery in the army of that country. But being of an adventurous spirit, he went to Algiers, where he enlisted in the First Zouave Regiment of the French army, saw some service in Northern Africa, and was afterward given a commission in the Foreign Legion. While a member of that body, he took part in the Franco-German war of 1870-’71, and also assisted in crushing the Commune in Paris. In 1872 he set sail for Canada, where he obtained a position as civil engineer. From his boyhood he had delighted in sketching, and it was about this time that he determined to put his artistic gifts to practical use. His début as an illustrator was with the New York Daily Graphic in the 70’s. Subsequently he became connected with the Frank Leslie Magazine and with Harper & Brothers, and it was his work with the last named firm that established his reputation as an illustrator. He has painted a number of military pictures, including a series of twelve which have to do with stirring events of the Civil war in this country. Recently he has been engaged on canvases which illustrate cavalier life in Virginia in the middle of the eighteenth century. He has drawn the pictures of a number of books.

CARTOONISTS.

T. S. ALLEN.

One of the artists whose purpose in life seems to be smile-breeding is T. S. Allen. Well known in connection with his work in the columns of the New York American, his studies of and contingent jokes on “tough” youngsters under the caption of “Just Kids” are full of genuine humor. Mr. Allen was born in 1869, in Lexington, Kentucky, and was educated at Transylvania university, of that state. After some years spent in writing jokes, jingles, etc., for local and New York newspapers, he began to illustrate the same in a manner which quickly caught the attention of editors. To-day he has an established reputation as a graphic humorist, and his work finds a ready and remunerative market.

CHARLES G. BUSH.

Charles G. Bush, the cartoonist of the New York World, is an example of success achieved comparatively late in life. His early work consisted for the most part of magazine illustrations of a serious nature. After studying in Paris, under Bonnat, he, on his return to America, endeavored to follow a career of painting, but fate willed it otherwise. In 1895 Mr. Bush drew a cartoon in which David B. Hill was the principal figure. The New York Herald accepted the picture, and the next morning Mr. Bush woke up to find himself famous as a cartoonist. From thence on his career has been one of more or less constant successes.

LOUIS DALRYMPLE.

Louis Dalrymple, the illustrator and cartoonist, was born at Cambridge, Illinois, January 19, 1861. After receiving a common school education, he entered the Pennsylvania academy of fine arts, graduated from it with credit and later studied at the art students’ league of New York. Subsequently he branched out for himself and began to submit drawings to the metropolitan comic publications and newspapers. Work of this kind secures immediate recognition for an artist who can comply with the public demands of the moment. Mr. Dalrymple being not only clever but shrewd, it came about that within a very short time he was kept busy in executing commissions. His work is characterized by a delicacy and acumen that prove that he thinks as well as he draws.

SYDNEY B. GRIFFIN.

When the modern daily newspaper began to add to its news columns the so-called supplement, there was a coincident demand for artists who had the gift of humor. Sydney B. Griffin was one of such, and for some years past his supply of unique ideas seems to have been inexhaustible. He was born October 15, 1854, of English and Scotch parents, attended public schools at Detroit, Michigan, and, in 1888, came to New York. When his first ideas were presented to Puck they were declined, but upon his taking them to Judge they were accepted forthwith. Mr. Griffin took the trouble to inform the Puck people of his success with their rivals, whereupon he was told that his work had been refused for the simple reason that it was so excellent that it was feared that it was not original. However, Puck made the amende honorable by engaging him forthwith. Mr. Griffin’s style is bold and slashing and his drawings are full of point and power.

R. F. OUTCAULT.

In the world of illustrators, the man who can originate an idea which excites the laughter and holds the attention of the public is indeed fortunate. Such an individual is R. F. Outcault, the artistic father of the “Buster Brown” series which appear in the Sunday New York Herald. He is also the author of the “Yellow Kid” and “Hogan’s Alley” pictures of the Sunday New York World, and of equally laughable creations in the New York American and other publications. Born in Lancaster, Ohio, January 14, 1853, he was educated in that town. In 1888 he secured a position with Edison, and went to Paris in the inventor’s employ. Returning to this country, he illustrated for some time with a fair degree of success, but it was not until 1894 that he made his first distinctive hit as a comic artist. Mr. Outcault’s personal description of his daily life is interesting. He says: “I have flowers, a garden, a dog and a cat, good music, good books, light stories, draw pictures, smoke a pipe, talk single tax theories, am a member of a couple of clubs, lead the Simple Life.”

CARL E. SCHULTZE.

Humor, strenuous and wholesome, marks the work of Carl E. Schultze. His name is literally a household word in this country by reason of that quaint conceit, “Foxy Grandpa,” of which he is the creator. He was born on May 25, 1866, Lexington, New York, and was educated in the public schools of that town and at Cassel, Germany. On his return to America he studied art under Walter Satterlee, of New York. For some time later he seems to have been undecided as to how to apply his gifts, but an accidental sketch submitted to a Chicago paper, resulted in his being forthwith engaged by that publication. After remaining in Chicago on several newspapers for some years, he took a trip to California, doing further artistic work in San Francisco. At length he determined to beard the metropolitan journalist lions in their dens. After a struggle, during which he did work on Judge and other New York publications, he became a member of the staff of the Herald, where, thanks to an accidental inspiration, “Foxy Grandpa” came into existence. Later he became connected with the New York American. Mr. Schultze is a man of magnificent physique, and is held in high esteem by those who know him. He is the author of several works of comic drawings, and “Foxy Grandpa” has been dramatized.

EUGENE ZIMMERMAN.

Eugene Zimmerman’s cartoons in Judge are characterized by an insight into the political questions of the hour which is assisted rather than hindered by the sheer humor of his work. He was born at Basel, Switzerland, May 25, 1862. While yet a baby his parents came to the United States and settled at Paterson, New Jersey, where he received his education in the public schools. After leaving school, he was in turn a farmer’s boy, an errand boy in a store, a fish peddler, a baker and a sign painter, but sketched and drew continuously. In 1882 he secured a position in the art rooms of Puck, and after doing considerable work for that publication left it in order to join Judge. He has also illustrated books and articles by Bill Nye and James Whitcomb Riley. As a caricaturist pure and proper he is almost without a rival in this country.

HUMORISTS.

GEORGE ADE.

George Ade has an established reputation among those who are lovers of wholesome humor. His sketches, given in a picturesque dialect, are characterized by a freshness of observation which is aided rather than marred by the so-called slang in which they are written. Born at Kentland, Newton county, Indiana, February 9, 1866, he graduated from the University of Lafayette, Indiana, and subsequently became reporter and telegraph editor on the Lafayette Evening Call. In 1891 he went to Chicago, as a member of the staff of the Daily News of that city, and afterward joined the forces of the Tribune. After establishing a reputation as a humorist, he turned playwright and has scored several metropolitan successes. His Fables in Slang, issued in 1899, and More Fables are the best known of his pen products.

JOHN KENDRICK BANGS.

John Kendrick Bangs occupies a distinctive position in the domain of humor. To use the vernacular, he is in a class by himself, and so the products of his pen can hardly be referred to or compared with that of any other of the writers of to-day. He was born in Yonkers, New York, May 27, 1862, his father being Francis N. Bangs, who for many years was the president of the Bar association of New York. Mr. Bangs graduated from Columbia university in 1883 and entered his father’s office, but his humor would not down, and so it was that he shortly deserted the law in order to become the associate editor of Life. This was in 1884. Since that time he has held many responsible journalistic positions in New York, and in his present capacity as editor of Harper’s Weekly has added much to the reputation which is deservedly his.

SAMUEL LANGHORN CLEMENS.

Samuel L. Clemens, who is better known as “Mark Twain,” was born in Monroe county, Missouri, November 30, 1835, and received his education at the village schools. On his father’s death, which took place when he was twelve years of age, he went to work in order to contribute to the support of his mother and little brothers and sisters. As an apprentice in the office of the Hannibal (Missouri) Courier, he laid the foundations of his reputation as author and journalist. Within the following twenty-five years he was steamboat pilot, soldier, miner and editor. His first contributions under his famous nom-de-plume appeared in 1862, in the newspaper, The Virginia City Enterprise. Since 1872 he has devoted himself to literary work, lecturing occasionally, and making frequent trips to Europe. It is said that nearly a million copies of his works have been sold. Space will not permit of a full list of them, but Roughing It, The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, and Pudden-Head Wilson are classics whose popularity bids fair to last as long as American literature itself.

FINLEY PETER DUNNE.

The author of the immortal “Mr. Dooley” is Finley Peter Dunne, who began life as a Chicago reporter, but is now under contract to Harper Brothers to write exclusively for their publications. He was born at Chicago, July 10, 1867, was educated in local public schools and began his reportorial life in 1885. After serving on the staffs of several Chicago papers he became editor of the Journal of that city in 1897. It was about this time that he conceived “Mr. Dooley.” The reputation which that unique character brought him resulted in his being engaged to contribute to a syndicate of New York, Chicago and San Francisco newspapers, and later to form his current connection with the Harpers.

SIMEON FORD.

Simeon Ford, the after-dinner speaker and raconteur who, so it is said, can look more sad and at the same time talk more humorously than any other man before the American public, was born in Lafayette, Indiana, in 1856. After an education received in the public schools of the town of his birth he studied law, but finding that there was but little merriment in Blackstone and briefs, abandoned his first intentions, and after plunges into various businesses, drifted to New York, where, in 1883, he fell in love with and married Julia Shaw, the daughter of the proprietor of the Grand Union hotel. He forthwith became a partner with his father-in-law, and from thence on has been as successful as a hotel manager as he is famous as an after-dinner speaker.

ELIZABETH MERIWETHER GILMER.

Elizabeth Meriwether Gilmer, whose nom-de-plume is “Dorothy Dix,” was born in Montgomery county, Tennessee, November 18, 1870. She was married November 21, 1888, to George O. Gilmer. In 1896 she became the editor of the woman’s department of the New Orleans Picayune, and contributed to that paper a series of articles called Dorothy Dix Talks, which won her immediate recognition as a humorist. In 1900 she joined the New York American and Journal staff as a writer on special topics, which she treats in a breezy, snappy fashion.

GEORGE V. HOBART.

George V. Hobart, the humorist and librettist, who is well known to the newspaper public under his nom-de-plume of Dinkelspiel, was born at Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. When a boy he studied telegraphy and obtained a position as an operator on one of the Cumberland (Maryland) newspapers. One day between the clicks of his instrument he wrote a humorous story, and handed it to the editor, who remarked, “I want more of that.” That was the beginning of the famous Dinkelspiel sketches. Mr. W. R. Hearst, of the New York American, saw Hobart’s work, called him to New York. He is the author of several comedies and books of musical productions.

MELVIN DE LANCY LANDON.

Melvin De Lancy Landon, “Eli Perkins,” was born at Eaton, New York, September 7, 1839. After a course of preparation in the public schools he entered Union college and graduated in 1861. One week later he received an appointment from the United States treasury, but soon resigned his position to enlist in the Union army to take part in the Civil war. He left the army, in 1864, with the rank of major. Next he became a cotton planter in Arkansas and Louisiana. Later he traveled in Europe and was secretary of the United States legation at St. Petersburg. In 1877 he was married to Emily Louise Smith. He has written copiously for magazines and other publications. But it is his books, Wit, Humor and Pathos, Franco-Prussian War, Wit and Humor of the Age, Kings of Platform and Pulpit, and Thirty Years of Wit, upon which his reputation as a humorist rests.

JOURNALISTS AND WRITERS.

STEPHEN BONSAL.

A most industrious contributor to magazines and writer of short stories is Stephen Bonsal. He was born in Virginia in 1863, and educated in St. Paul’s school, Concord, New Hampshire. After finishing his studies in this country he went to Gottingen and Heidelberg, Germany. Returning to this country, he entered journalism. In this connection he is best known as representing the New York Herald during the Bulgarian-Servian war. In the service of that newspaper, he also went to Macedonia, Morocco and Cuba. Leaving newspaper work, he next entered the United States diplomatic service and was secretary of legation and chargé d’affaires in Pekin, Madrid, Tokio and Corea from 1890 to 1896. Besides his magazine work, he is the author of several books, including Morocco As It Is and The Real Condition of Cuba.

RICHARD HARDING DAVIS.

Like many other authors, Richard Harding Davis comes of literary stock, his father being S. Clark Davis, editor of the Philadelphia Public Ledger, and his mother Rebecca Harding Davis, whose works of fiction have brought her a certain amount of public notice. After graduating from the Lehigh university of Pennsylvania, Mr. Davis made a reputation for himself in newspaper circles in his native city. He is a versatile writer and prefers fiction to fact. He first attained prominence through the medium of his Van Bibber Sketches. War correspondent as well as novelist, his life has been filled with stirring incident. Mr. Davis has been charged with egotism by his critics, but every man who is conscious of his individuality is subject to such attacks. Married Cecil Clark, daughter of J. M. Clark, of Chicago, April 4, 1899.

HAMLIN GARLAND.

One of the best-known makers of magazine literature is Hamlin Garland, who was born in West Salem, Wisconsin, September 16, 1860, of English-Dutch parentage. In 1881 his studies were completed in Cedar Valley seminary, Wisconsin, and he next spent some years in traveling and teaching in the east. Later he took the lecture platform, was an occasional writer of sketches and short stories, and spent some time in Boston studying and teaching. He is an ardent advocate of the single tax doctrine and several of his works have to do with the struggles of the poor against existing conditions. He has also written a number of books of fiction.

DAVID G. PHILLIPS.

David G. Phillips, one of the latest of American authors to achieve a measurable success and to give promises of a literary future, was born in Indianapolis in 1866, his father being a banker in that city. After a season spent in the local public schools and a preparatory collegiate course, Mr. Phillips went to Yale, and while there determined to become either a journalist or an author. On graduating he decided to go into newspaper work and so became a member of the reportorial staff of the New York World. It was not long before he attracted the attention of Mr. Joseph Pulitzer, the proprietor of the World. Mr. Phillips was in consequence given an editorial position. After some time spent in the service of the World, Mr. Phillips resigned in order to turn his attention to novel writing. Of his books A Golden Fleece and The Great God Success have been fairly well received, but his last work, The Confessions of a Crœsus, is distinctly the best thing that he has done in the way of pure literature.

CHARLES GEORGE DOUGLAS ROBERTS.

C. G. D. Roberts inherited his literary instinct. His father was the Rev. G. Goodrich Roberts, and he is a cousin of Bliss Carman, the poet, while several of his ancestors were professors in English universities. He was born in Canada in 1860. Graduating from the university of Brunswick, in 1879, he afterward and for several years taught in educational establishments in Canada, but in 1895 devoted himself exclusively to literary work. In 1897 he became associate editor of the Illustrated American, but is best known as a writer of nature stories, several of which have passed through two or three editions.

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD.

William T. Stead, the founder of the Review of Reviews, and a constant contributor to a number of American newspapers, was born on July 3, 1849, at Embleton, England, being the son of the Rev. W. Stead, a Congregational minister. When fourteen years of age he was apprenticed to a merchant at Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, and began to contribute to local newspapers. His journalistic promptings at length became so imperative that he deserted the commercial world, and after a preliminary struggle became assistant editor of the Pall Mall Gazette. Later he founded the Review of Reviews, and subsequently the American Review of Reviews. He takes an active interest in the larger questions of the day, such as international arbitration, psychological problems, etc. Mr. Stead has a place in his generation and fills it admirably.

VANCE THOMPSON.

Vance Thompson, a well known journalist, author and playwright, was born on April 17, 1863. He graduated from Princeton in 1883, and was subsequently a student of the University of Jena in Germany. He is well known in metropolitan journalism, having held the position of dramatic critic for more than one New York newspaper, and he has also contributed liberally to leading magazines and daily publications in general. He is also known as a musical critic. Mr. Thompson founded a fortnightly publication entitled Madamoiselle New York, which was characteristic of both him and his, and is the author of several plays, pantomimes and books. In 1890 he married Lillian Spencer, of New York.

STEWART EDWARD WHITE.

Stewart Edward White, the author, was born at Grand Rapids, Michigan, March 2, 1873. He studied at the high school of the town of his birth and graduated from the University of Michigan in 1895. Subsequently he came east and took a course in the Columbia law school. Mr. White is still a bachelor, is a fruitful contributor to magazines, and has written some novels which have been given a respectful hearing, these including The Westerners and The Claim Jumpers.

OWEN WISTER.

Owen Wister, who is best known to the public through the medium of his novel, The Virginian, was born at Philadelphia July 14, 1860. He prepared for college at St. Paul’s school, Concord, New Hampshire, and was graduated from Harvard in 1892, being admitted to the Philadelphia bar some years later. Instead of following the profession of a lawyer, however, he engaged in literary work. Apart from his novels, he has been a prolific contributor to magazines and other periodicals. His books are eminently readable, if they are nothing else.

POETS.

THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH.

Judging from “The Story of a Bad Boy,” which is partly autobiographical, Thomas Bailey Aldrich spent his boyhood just as all wholesome-minded, healthy boys do, in having a good time. He was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, November 11, 1836. While he was still a baby, his family went to New Orleans, but he was sent back to his native town to be educated. After a common school course, he prepared to enter Harvard, but his father failed in business and soon afterward died. Although young Aldrich’s relatives were prepared to pay the expenses of his college course, he preferred to be independent and decided to begin a business career. So it came about that he entered the offices of his uncle in New York city at the age of sixteen. About this time he began to contribute articles in prose and verse to Putnam’s Magazine, The Knickerbocker Magazine and other periodicals. His literary ability finally got him a place in a publishing house as reader of manuscripts and of proof. His first book, The Bells, did not attract much attention, but in 1856 he published The Ballad of Baby Bell and Other Poems, which struck the popular fancy. About the year 1860 he became an independent writer, contributing to various publications, but chiefly to the Atlantic Monthly. In 1870 he became editor of Every Saturday, a high-class literary weekly, which was founded in Boston and effectively edited, yet only lived four years. In 1881 he succeeded Mr. Howells in the editorial chair of the Atlantic Monthly. In this same year both Mr. Howells and Mr. Aldrich received from Yale university the degree of LL.D. Mr. Aldrich retired from the Atlantic Monthly in 1890. In 1865 he was married to Miss Lillian Woodman, of New York city. Several children were born to him.

BLISS CARMAN.

Bliss Carman is a native of New Brunswick and began life as a civil engineer and school teacher. The muse won him, however, almost from boyhood, and he has written steadily, slowly and safely, which is equivalent to saying that he has written progressively. Like many of the Canadian writers, he came to the United States to seek recognition. Here he met three other Canadians—C. G. D. Roberts, James Clarence Harvey and the late Richard Hovey. They formed a talented quartet of struggling poets, and their little world known as “Vagabondia,” was one of the most fascinating centers of American Bohemianism of the better type. Literary and artistic people coveted the privilege of entering therein. Mr. Carman and Mr. Hovey published several volumes of songs from “Vagabondia.” The subject of this sketch is best known by his Coronation Ode and his Sapphic Fragments. There is a fine and tender quality in Mr. Carman’s poems that accounts for their popularity among people possessing that which is known as the “artistic temperament.”

RICHARD LE GALLIENNE.

Richard Le Gallienne, who has a personality which accords with that of the traditional poet, is an Irishman by birth. In spite of his critics, his place in the world of letters is assured, mainly by reason of his poems, of which he has issued three volumes. Robert Louis Stevenson, an Elegy, is one of the best known of Mr. Le Gallienne’s works, and ranks among the classic elegies of the English language. It is not too much to say that it compares favorably with Gray’s Elegy in a Country Churchyard, Swinburne’s Ave Et Vale, and Morris’ Wordsworth’s Grave. In Mr. Le Gallienne’s verses, love, romance and dainty imagery are effectively mingled, and, as a rule, the results appeal to both heart and ear. His more ambitious works are those that have to do with literary criticism. He has also written books on Kipling and Meredith, which for vivid, close-range studies of the lives and purposes of two writers whose ideals are diametrically opposed, have rarely been equalled. The output of so-called literary criticism is so voluminous that it “tires by vastness,” yet the demand for the product of Mr. Le Gallienne’s pen still exists. He is also the author of a number of novels. That he is of industrious habits is proven by the fact that, while only thirty-six years of age, he has produced thirty works, the last being an English rendition of the odes of the Persian poet, Hafiz. Mr. Le Gallienne is an example of the possibilities that are inherent in every man, who, having determined on a given line of work, proceeds to follow it to success. He has never been to college, but has educated himself and so possesses all that belongs to a college curriculum. He has undergone the disappointments, deferred hopes, and all the rest of the unpleasant things that belong to the struggling literary man, and has conquered. The moral is obvious.

ROBERT MACKAY.

Robert Mackay, who is one of the youngest, but none the less promising of America’s poets, was born in Virginia City, Nevada, 1871. His father, who is among the oldest of the living “Comstockers,” settled in Nevada over fifty years ago, when the state was practically unknown to white men. The subject of this sketch began his literary work when a mere boy as a reporter on the San Francisco Chronicle. Subsequently he was editor and assistant editor of several papers on the Pacific coast. In 1895 he determined to travel over the world. The trip occupied the greater portion of five years, during which period he visited lands where white men were seldom seen. Naturally he gathered many experiences, and much valuable data. While Mr. Mackay has written a great many poems he has never compiled them in book form. He has a theory that too many young writers throw themselves on the mercy of a public which do not know them and necessarily do not care for their callow wares. He therefore proposes to mature his work until he is satisfied that it has a fighting chance for public favor. Nevertheless he is by no means a stranger to the public. Those poems of his that have appeared in a number of periodicals have made him many friends. Mr. Mackay’s verses are finely fibered. Technically correct, they are acceptable to those critics who place mechanism on the same plane with motive. But they are more than finished specimens of the verse-maker’s art. With deft and tender fingers he plays upon the heart chords of humanity, and these ring responsive to his sympathetic touch. His themes are those that are as old as the race, and as imperishable. Mother love, wedded love, patriotism, the eternal yearning for the higher life, the eternal problem of the hereafter—such they are—and they are treated by him with a facile sincerity that marks him as a true poet—one who writes not for the sake of writing, but because of inner spiritual promptings that will not be denied.

CINCINNATUS HEINE MILLER.

The personality of Cincinnatus Heine Miller, better known as “Joaquin” Miller, is as picturesque as has been his career. In turn a miner, lawyer, express rider, editor, poet and newspaper man, Mr. Miller has amassed a fund of experiences such as rarely falls to the lot of the ordinary individual. That his literary gifts enable him to reproduce in vivid fashion many of these same happenings is a matter for self-congratulation on the part of the reading public. What is yet more fortunate is that he preserves in his poems the breath of the prairie, the air of the mountains and the “tang” of that west that is rapidly passing into nothingness. The poet was born in the Wabash district of Indiana, November 10, 1841. In 1850 his parents removed to Oregon, and there is but little doubt that the wild and beautiful scenery amid which he spent his childhood had had much to do with fostering his then undeveloped poetical instincts. When the famous rush of gold seekers to the Pacific coast took place in 1859, young Miller was among the Argonauts. He does not appear to have been particularly successful in his hunt for gold, and returned to Oregon in 1860. Then he began to study law, supporting himself in the meantime by acting as express rider in Idaho. In 1863 he started the Eugene (Ore.) Democratic Register, which, however, had a brief existence. Later he opened a law office in Canon City, and in 1866 went to London, where he remained until 1870. It was in that city that he published his first book of poems. It received a most favorable reception, and established him as a poet of a unique type and quality. Returning to this country, he did some years of newspaper work in Washington, D. C., but finally drifted back to the Pacific coast, and devoted himself entirely to literature. In 1897, acting as correspondent for the New York newspaper, he visited the Klondike to compare modern miners with those of ’59. Some of his best known books of poems are Songs of the Sierras, Pacific Palms, The One Fair Woman, Songs of the Sunland, etc. He is also a playwright. One of the most important and successful of his dramas is The Danites. He lives in a picturesque home, known as the Heights, at Oakland, California.

HENRY VAN DYKE.

“Life is an arrow; therefore you must know What mark to aim at and how to use the bow, Then draw it to the head and let it go.”

These words, as well as the career of the well-known author and clergyman, the Rev. Dr. Henry Van Dyke, emphasize the fact that he has successfully pursued his all-absorbing ideal. He was born at Germantown, Pennsylvania, November 10, 1852, his father being the Rev. Henry Jackson Van Dyke, who is of Dutch colonial blood. At the age of sixteen, and after graduating from the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, young Van Dyke entered Princeton college and received the degree of A.B., with highest honors, in 1873. While an undergraduate he was awarded the junior oration prize and senior prize in English literature. He was also reception orator on class day, and on commencement delivered the salutatory and belles lettres. Upon graduating in the theological course from Princeton seminary, in 1876, he delivered the master oration. Later he went to Germany to pursue his studies in divinity at the University of Berlin, and, in 1878, returned to the United States, becoming pastor of the United Congregational church, Newport, Rhode Island, and remained there for four years. In 1882 he accepted a call to the Old Brick Presbyterian church, Fifth avenue and Thirty-seventh street, New York, which was founded in 1767. At that time the church membership was small and its financial condition far from satisfactory. But, thanks to the untiring efforts of the new pastor, it became one of importance, spiritually and in other ways. Since 1900 he has been professor in English literature at Princeton university. He is the author of numerous books of wide circulation.

CANADIANS.

DR. WILLIAM OSLER.

The most eminent medical man of Canada, and perhaps of the world, is Dr. William Osler, who has recently been appointed by King Edward to the exalted position of Regis Professor of Medicine at Oxford University, England. This means that Dr. Osler will be the chairman of the faculty of this great university. He will be its head. No greater distinction than this could come to any medical man. Aside from the honor of his appointment and the salary of $10,000 per year, his position will bring Dr. Osler a private practice which will make him one of the most highly compensated physicians in the world.

Dr. Osler was born at Bondhead, Ontario, July 12, 1849. His father was a minister of the Church of England. Dr. Osler went to school at Port Hope, Ont., and afterward entered Trinity University in Toronto, where he received his academic degree. The only distinction he attained at college was the reputation of being a hard student. He followed out then the injunction which he has since often made to students of his own, namely, “love to labor.”

After leaving the University, Dr. Osler entered the office of Dr. Bonell in Toronto as an assistant. Here he studied three years and then entered McGill University at Montreal, where he was graduated in 1872. He then went abroad, and returning to Canada in 1875 was elected to the chair of Institute of Medicine at McGill. Some remarks of his apropos of his first plunging into teaching are worth quoting. “My first appearance before the class filled me with tremulous uneasiness and an overwhelming sense of embarrassment. I soon forgot this, however, in my interest in the work. Whatever success I achieved then and throughout my subsequent career has been due to enthusiasm and constitutional energy.”

Four years after Dr. Osler became connected with McGill he was appointed a member of the visiting staff of the Montreal General Hospital. In 1883 he was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London, England.

Dr. Osler became in 1884 professor of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. He was invited in 1889 to create the chair of Professor of the Practice and Principles of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins Medical School at Baltimore. It was his work here that lifted him into world-wide prominence as a physician. In 1890 he was elected dean of the medical faculty of Johns Hopkins. Meanwhile he had built up a very large private practice, and was one of the doctors called upon to treat President McKinley after he had been shot in Buffalo.

In spite of the fact that Dr. Osler’s great powers of concentration have been one of the factors in his remarkable success in his profession, he is a strong believer in having a broad outlook, and avoiding too great an absorption in any one line of work. He has said in an address to students:

“Do not become so absorbed in your profession as to exclude all outside interests. Success in my profession depends as much upon the man as upon the physician. The more you see of life, outside the circle of your work, the better equipped you will be for the struggle. While medicine is to be your calling, see to it that you have also some intellectual task which will keep you in touch with the world of art and letters. When tired of anatomy refresh your mind with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Keats, Shelley and Shakespeare.

“I advise you to have no ambition higher than to join the noble band of general practitioners. These are generous hearted men, with well balanced, cool heads, who are not scientific always, but are learned in the wisdom of the sick room. No man can stand higher in the love and respect of the community, and wield a more potent influence, than the family doctor....

“As to your work, I have a single bit of advice which I give with the earnest conviction of its paramount influence in any success which may have attended my efforts in life: Take no thought of the morrow. Live neither in the past nor the future, but let each day’s work absorb your entire energy and satisfy your widest ambition.”

SIR GEORGE A. DRUMMOND.

A high and representative type of the Scotchmen who have done so much for Canada is Sir George Alexander Drummond, who for many years has been very actively identified with the best elements in Canadian commercial and social life. Sir George was born in Edinburgh in 1829, and in 1854, after graduation from Edinburgh University, came to Canada to assume the management of the extensive sugar refinery which had been established in Montreal by the late John Redpath. Though the refinery was for some years very successful under the direction of Sir George, it was closed in 1874 because of the appalling effects of a high tariff. It was reopened, however, in 1879, when Sir George founded the Canadian Sugar Refining Company, which has exerted a strong influence in the upbuilding of the prosperity of the Dominion. Sir George steadily grew in commercial power. He became a director of the Bank of Montreal in 1882 and vice-president of the institution in 1887. For two years he was president of the Montreal Board of Trade. He also assumed the presidency of the company which owns very valuable coal and iron mining properties at Londonderry, Nova Scotia, and he has been connected with many other enterprises of importance.

His activities, however, have been by no means confined to commerce. He has been president of the Art Association of Montreal, and possesses one of the finest art collections on the continent. He is an enthusiastic golfer and has been president of the Canada Golf Association. He has busied himself with philanthropic projects and was made one of the trustees of Victoria Order of Nurses in 1897. He was called to the Senate of Canada by the Marquis of Lorne and was knighted by the Queen.

AUTHORS.

JAMES LANE ALLEN.

Among the many literary lights which the south has given us is James Lane Allen. He was born in Lexington, Kentucky, in 1849, and comes of one of the old Virginia families. Shortly after the Civil war broke out Mr. Allen’s father lost his fortune, and James in consequence had to work and attend school simultaneously. He graduated with honors from the Transylvania university, Lexington, in 1872. Then he began to teach for a livelihood. Subsequently he was called to a professorship in Transylvania university, and later was a professor of Latin and higher English at Bethany college, West Virginia. In 1884 he went to New York to make literature his profession. He was then unknown in that city, but soon gained recognition as one of the most poetic and dramatic of American novelists. Of his many books The Choir Invisible, A Summer in Arcady, and Aftermath, are perhaps the most in demand by the reading public.

GEORGE WASHINGTON CABLE.

A novelist who works on original lines is George W. Cable. He was born in New Orleans, October 12, 1844. At the age of fourteen necessity compelled him to seek employment in a store. In 1863 he joined the Confederate army, serving until the close of the war. Returning to New Orleans, he became an employee of a mercantile house, and later studied civil engineering. It was at this time that he began to contribute to the New Orleans Picayune and was at length given a position on its editorial staff. He returned to business life, writing in the meantime, however, for Scribner’s and other magazines. His sketches of Creole life were so well received that he finally decided to devote himself to literature. He has produced a number of works whose chief characters are almost all of the Creole type, is a successful lecturer, and takes an active interest in religious affairs.

WINSTON CHURCHILL.

Winston Churchill, the novelist, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, November 10, 1871. He received his early education at the Smith academy in that city, and when seventeen years of age was appointed a cadet of the United States naval academy at Annapolis. Graduating therefrom in 1891, he joined the cruiser San Francisco, but his tastes being more literary than naval he resigned and became a member of the staff of the Army and Navy Journal, of New York. In 1895 he was made editor of the Cosmopolitan magazine, but a few months later resolved to identify himself with independent work on original lines. His first book, The Celebrity, won recognition and a certain amount of popularity. Mr. Churchill’s reputation as a novelist rests for the most part on Richard Carvel and its sequel, The Crisis, which is hardly less popular than was its predecessor.

FRANCIS MARION CRAWFORD.

A clever and popular writer is Francis M. Crawford, who was born at Bagni-di-Lucca, Italy, August 2, 1854. He is a son of Thomas Crawford, the sculptor, and comes of a long line of literary and artistic ancestors. Francis was educated in New York schools, subsequently entering Harvard, but did not complete his course there. He was also a student at Cambridge university, England, and at the universities of Karlsruhe and Heidelberg, Germany, and the university of Rome, where he gave special attention to Sanscrit. In 1873 Mr. Crawford was compelled by circumstances to adopt journalism as a means of livelihood. Some years later he turned his attention to literature proper, his first book, Mr. Isaacs, appearing in 1882. Among his other well-known works are A Cigarette Maker’s Romance, The Three Fates, Zoroaster, etc. He is also an artist of considerable ability and has traveled extensively. He and his wife and children live near Sorrento, Italy.

RUDYARD KIPLING.

Rudyard Kipling, the poet and novelist who, perhaps more than any other writer of this generation, has voiced the militant spirit of the British empire, was born at Bombay, India, December 30, 1865. His father was John Lockwood Kipling. Rudyard was educated at the United Services college, Devonshire, England. Returning to India at the end of his school days, he became the assistant editor of the Civil-Military Gazette, and subsequently was connected with the staff of the Pioneer, a prominent newspaper of the country. The well-known Soldiers Three series and those other of his works which have to do with army life in India were the outcome of his Pioneer experiences. In 1892 he married Caroline Balestier at Brattleboro, Vermont. Mr. Kipling has not only a marvelous faculty of describing things as they actually are, but he also has the prophetic instinct of the true poet. As a case in point may be cited his famous Recessional, written at the end of Queen Victoria’s Jubilee. The full significance of the poem was only realized by the British during the disastrous and humiliating periods of the Boer war. In prose and poetry he has been alike fruitful.

THOMAS NELSON PAGE.

Thomas N. Page was born in Oakland, Hanover county, Virginia, April 23, 1853. The Civil war interfered with his education, and left the Page family in an impoverished condition. Nevertheless he, during this period, was gathering material which resulted in the production of those two delightful books of his, Marse Chan and Meh Lady. Later he managed to secure a course at Washington and Lee university. At the law school of the University of Virginia he secured his degree in a year, and, after being admitted to the bar, practiced in Richmond from 1875 to 1893. During his leisure hours he did work which placed him on a high eminence as lecturer and literary man. His books are many, and for the most part have to do with the war between north and south and the reconstruction period following its close.

CHARLES MAJOR.

Charles Major, the novelist, was born at Indianapolis, Indiana, July 25, 1856. He was educated at the common schools at Shelbyville and Indianapolis, after which he studied law and engaged in practice at Shelbyville. But his literary tastes were stronger than his legal inclinations, and he began to contribute to magazines and to write novels. His most famous book, When Knighthood was in Flower, was issued in 1898, and reached an edition of several hundred thousand. In 1885 he was married to Alice Shaw.

NOVELISTS.

GERTRUDE FRANKLIN ATHERTON.

One of the most vivid and entertaining interpreters of the complex characteristics of American womanhood is the versatile and entertaining writer, Gertrude Franklin Atherton. She was born on Rincon Hill, San Francisco, California, October 30, 1859, daughter of Thomas Lyman Horn, of German descent, and on her mother’s side descended from a brother of Benjamin Franklin. She was educated at St. Mary’s Hall, Benicia, California, also at Sayre Institute, Lexington, Kentucky, and by private tutors. In addition to this, she had obtained a good foundation in the classics, English especially, from the teachings of her grandfather. Before leaving school she was married to George Henry Bowen Atherton, a native of Valparaiso, Chili. After his death, in 1888, Mrs. Atherton went directly to New York city, beginning literary work in earnest. As she never received courteous treatment from the press of her own country, she settled in London in 1895, and there met with gratifying recognition. Some of her most important works are: “The Doomswoman,” 1902; “Patience Sparhawk and Her Times,” 1897; “His Fortunate Grace,” 1897; “American Wives and English Husbands,” 1898; “The Californians,” 1898; “A Daughter of the Vine,” 1899; “Senator North,” 1900. The latter is the first attempt in American fiction at a purely national novel, disregarding section. The Leeds Mercury styled “The Californians” an oasis in fiction, while the British Weekly declared Mrs. Atherton to be the ablest writer of fiction now living. The brilliancy of her portraiture and the humor and freshness of her dialogues are undeniable. A western writer says, “The early days of the missions and Spanish rule have given her a most congenial field, and she has successfully reproduced their atmosphere in her best novels; against the background of their romantic traditions she paints the world, old, strong of passion, vague, dreamy, idyllic, yet strong and elemental.”

AMELIA EDITH BARR.

Amelia Edith Barr was born at Ulverton, Lancashire, England, March 29, 1831. She was the daughter of the Rev. William Huddleston. Her mother’s family were among the followers of the noted evangelist, George Fox. She was educated in several good schools and colleges and was graduated, at the age of nineteen, from Glasgow high school. In 1850 she was married to Robert Barr, son of a minister of the Scottish Free Kirk. In 1854 Mr. and Mrs. Barr came to America, settling at Austin, and later at Galveston, Texas. Her husband and three sons died in 1857 of yellow fever and Mrs. Barr was obliged to support herself and three daughters with her pen. Two years after Mr. Barr’s death she came to New York city and received immediate encouragement from Mr. Beecher, of the Christian Union, and Robert Bonner, of the New York Ledger. She taught school for two years, meanwhile writing various sketches and miscellaneous articles for magazines and newspapers. The work which gave her the greatest fame, “A Bow of Orange Ribbon,” appeared in serial form in the Ledger. Since 1884 she has devoted her time almost entirely to the writing of novels and short stories.

FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT.

There are very few who are not acquainted with “Little Lord Fauntleroy,” one of the sweetest children’s stories ever written, but not so many perhaps are acquainted with the interesting life story of its author, Frances Hodgson Burnett. She was born November 24, 1849, in Manchester, England, and while yet attending school she developed a talent for writing short stories and poems and even novels. When her father died her mother brought the family to America in 1865, settling at Newmarket, but a year later removing to Knoxville, Tennessee. She then completed a story which was planned in her thirteenth year, and succeeded in disposing of it to Godey’s Lady’s Book, in which it was published in 1867. Other interesting short stories followed in this and in Peterson’s Magazine, but the turning point of her literary success was “Surly Tim’s Trouble,” which appeared in Scribner’s Monthly in 1872, attracting a great deal of attention. At the invitation of the editor more of her publications were published in Scribner’s, one of the most popular being “That Lass o’ Lowries,” which appeared later in 1877 in book form. Mrs. Hodgson has been twice married, the first time, in 1873, to Dr. Swan M. Burnett, from whom she obtained a divorce in 1898, and the second time, in 1900, to Stephen Townsend, an English author. Mrs. Burnett, by winning a suit against the unauthorized dramatization of “Fauntleroy,” secured for authors of England the control of dramatic rights in their stories, for which Reade and Dickens had spent thousands of pounds in vain.

PEARL MARY THERESA CRAIGIE.

The authoress, Pearl Mary Theresa Craigie, more familiarly known as John Oliver Hobbes, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, November 3, 1867, daughter of John Morgan and Laura Hortense (Arnold) Richards. She is descended from early settlers of New York. After being educated under private tutors, Miss Richards, in 1883, went to Europe, continuing her studies in Paris. In 1887 she was enrolled as a student at University College, London, where, under the tuition of Professor Goodwin, she obtained an adequate knowledge of the classics and philosophy. In early childhood she was fond of writing. One of her first stories, entitled “Lost, A Dog,” appeared in Dr. Joseph Parker’s paper, The Fountain. This story was signed Pearl Richards, aged nine. Another of her stories, entitled “How Mark Puddler Became an Innkeeper,” appeared in The Fountain of February 10, 1881. At the age of eighteen she decided to make literature her profession and immediately took up a special study of style, especially dramatic dialogues. Her first book, entitled “Some Emotions and a Moral,” 1891, is an excellent example of success under difficulties. This book was composed during months of weary illness and amid the strain of domestic anxiety, but its success was immediate, for over eighty thousand copies were sold in a short time. Since then she has written several other novels.

MARY ELEANOR WILKINS-FREEMAN.

“Wonderful in concentrated intensity, tremendous in power,” this record of the heart tragedies of a dozen men and women is not surpassed in our literature for its beauty of style, the delicacy of its character delineations, and the enthralling interest of its narrative. It is the praise merited by “Pembroke,” the greatest work that has come from the pen of the author, Mary Eleanor Wilkins. She was born of Puritan ancestors January 7, 1862, in Randolph, Norfolk county, Massachusetts, and received her early education in Randolph, later removing to Brattleboro, Vermont. She afterward attended Mount Holyoke seminary, South Hadley, Massachusetts, but previous to this she had already begun her literary work, writing poems and then prose for Youth’s Companion, St. Nicholas, Harper’s Bazar and finally for Harper’s Magazine. “A Humble Romance and Other Stories,” 1887, placed Miss Wilkins in the class with Mrs. Stowe, Miss Jewett and other conspicuous authors as a delineator of New England character. The simplicity and the astonishing reality of her story brought a new revelation to New England itself. Her literary style displays a fearlessness of the critic and the dominating thought to be true to her ideal. “The Pot of Gold and Other Stories,” 1891, and “Young Lucretia,” 1892, are among her popular juveniles. “The New England Nun and Other Stories,” called forth the most lavish praise. Her next work of importance, as well as her first novel, was “Jane Field,” 1892. When “Pembroke” appeared, in 1894, it was praised almost indiscriminately in England, some critics even venturing to say that George Eliot had never produced anything finer.

ANNA KATHERINE GREENE.

The simple stories and poems, written in her childhood, were the beginning of the career of the authoress, Anna Katherine Greene, who was born in Brooklyn, New York, November 11, 1846, daughter of James Wilson and Anna Katherine Greene. Her early education was obtained in the public schools of New York city and Buffalo, and she completed her course of study in Ripley Female College, Poultney, Vermont, graduating in 1867. Returning to her native city, she engaged in literary work, and, in 1878, produced her first important novel, “The Leavenworth Case.” She attracted immediate attention in literary circles. It had been carefully prepared and was given to the public only after repeated revisions. It had a phenomenal sale—already, in 1894, exceeding seven hundred and fifty thousand copies. From that time on there was a great demand from the publishers for books from her pen, and during the next seventeen years she wrote and published fifteen novels. The story of “The Leavenworth Case” was dramatized and produced during the season of 1891 and 1892, her husband, Charles Rohlfs, to whom she had been married in 1884, sustaining the leading part, Harwell. The book is also used as a text-book in Yale university to demonstrate the fallacy of circumstantial evidence.

SARAH ORNE JEWETT.

A writer paid a just tribute to the subject of this sketch when she wrote: “The secret of Sarah Jewett’s great success outside of its artistic perfection, is the spirit of loving kindness and tender mercy that pervades it.” She was born at South Berwick, Maine, September 3, 1849, daughter of Theodore Herman Jewett. Her parents were both descendants of early English emigrants to Massachusetts. Sarah, owing to delicate health in childhood, spent much of her time communing with nature, where she received material and the inspiration that eventually made her such a popular writer. She was educated at Berwick academy, in her native city. When a mere girl she began her career as an author by contributing to Riverside Magazine and Our Young Folks. At nineteen she sent a story to the Atlantic Monthly, and has been averaging nearly a book a year ever since. Miss Jewett adopted the pseudonym “Alice Elliott” in 1881, but after that she used her own name instead.

CONSTANCE CARY HARRISON.

Constance Cary Harrison, who is better known to the reading public as Mrs. Burton Harrison, was born in Fairfax county, Virginia, April 25, 1846. She was educated by private governesses, and while under their tuition gave proofs of being the possessor of literary ability. During the Civil war she lived with her family in Richmond, Virginia. At the end of the conflict she went abroad with her mother to complete her studies in music and languages. Mrs. Harrison has traveled much and has lived in nearly all of the continental capitals. She married Burton Harrison, a well-known New York lawyer, and since her union to him has resided in the metropolis. Her works are many and range from children’s fairy stories to works on social questions, and again from small comedies to books on municipal problems.

ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS WARD.

Heredity and environment conspired to make Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward a woman of letters. Her father, the Rev. Austin Phelps, was pastor of the Pine Street Congregational church of Boston at the time of her birth, August 31, 1844. In 1848 he became a professor in the theological seminary at Andover, Massachusetts, and thus his daughter Elizabeth grew up among a circle of thinkers and writers. She received most of her education from her father, but also attended the private school at Andover and the seminary of Mrs. Prof. Edwards, where she took a course of study equal to that of the men’s colleges of to-day. At the age of nineteen she left school and engaged in mission work at Abbott Village and Factory Settlement, a short distance from her home. It was here she began an acquaintance with the lives and needs of working people, which resulted in books such as “Hedged In” and “Jack, the Fisherman.” Her first story was published in the Youth’s Companion when she was only thirteen years old. In 1864 she published “A Sacrifice Consumed,” in Harper’s Magazine, which earned her right to the title “author.” The book which has given her greatest fame, “The Gates Ajar,” was begun in 1862 and was published in 1868. Nearly one hundred thousand copies were sold in the United States, and more than that number in Great Britain. It was also translated into a number of foreign languages. Probably Mrs. Ward has written more books worth while than any other woman writer of her time. In 1888 Miss Phelps was married to Herbert D. Ward, and has co-operated with him in writing several romances.

REFORMERS.

GEORGE THORNDIKE ANGELL.

George Thorndike Angell was born at Southbridge, Massachusetts, June 5, 1823. He was educated in the public schools and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1846. After study at the Harvard law school he was admitted to the bar in 1851. For thirty-four years he has headed the work for the humane treatment of animals and helpless human beings. In 1868, when a young man of twenty-two, he founded the Massachusetts society for the prevention of cruelty to animals. He has served as its president since its inception, no one being better fitted to fill the position. He has propagated his ideas on humanity to animals by many organizations, and forty-four thousand “bands of mercy” speak for his efficient and zealous management. As an editor and publisher, his activity has been enormous, for in one year his societies sent out 117,000,000 pages of literature. His work for dumb brutes is so well known that it has overshadowed those other forms of philanthropy with which he has to do, and which in the case of an ordinary man would have made him a reputation. The work of the Social Science Association, of which Mr. Angell is a director, is of a varied nature, and ranges from the prevention of crime to the detection of food adulteration, or from the betterment of tenement houses to obtaining a higher standard of citizenship.

SUSAN BROWNELL ANTHONY.

Susan Brownell Anthony was born at Adams, Massachusetts, February 15, 1820. Her father, a Quaker, was a cotton manufacturer and gave her a liberal education. When she was seventeen years old her father failed in business and she had to support herself by school teaching, which profession she followed for thirteen years. Aroused at the injustice of the inequality of wages paid to women teachers, she made a public speech on the subject at the New York Teachers’ Association, which attracted wide attention. She continued to work in the teachers’ association for equal recognition continuously and enthusiastically. In 1849 she began to speak for the temperance cause, but soon became convinced that women had no power to change the condition of things without being able to vote at the polls, and from that time on she identified herself with the suffrage movement. She has written a great many tracts and was at one time the editor of a weekly paper called the Revolution. Her work, The History of Woman’s Suffrage, which she prepared in conjunction with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Matilda Joslyn Gage, attracted wide attention.

FREDERICK ST. GEORGE DE LAUTOUR BOOTH-TUCKER.

Frederick St. George de Lautour Booth-Tucker was born at Monghyr, India, March 21, 1853. He was educated at the Cheltenham college, England, and, after passing the Indian civil service examination, was appointed assistant commanding magistrate in the Punjab. He resigned in order to join the Salvation army in 1881, inaugurated the Salvation Army work in India in 1882, and had charge of the work of the army there until 1891, when he was made secretary for the international work of the organization in London. Since 1896 he has been in charge of the affairs of the army in the United States, in conjunction with his wife, Emma Moss Booth, whom he married, after which he adopted the name of Booth-Tucker. He is the author of a number of religious and other works and has considerable ability as an orator and organizer. Mr. Booth-Tucker has a magnetic personality, and with the practical side of his nature stands him in good stead in connection with his chosen walk in life.

ANTHONY COMSTOCK.

Anthony Comstock, who has been described as the most honest and the best-hated man in New York city, was born in New Canaan, Connecticut, March 7, 1844. He received his education in district schools and academy and later at the High School at New Britain, Connecticut. Early in life he began to earn his own livelihood, and in order to do so followed several vocations in succession. His brother Samuel was killed fighting for the Union cause at Gettysburg, and Anthony, volunteering to fill his place in the regiment, enlisted in the Seventeenth Volunteer Connecticut Infantry and saw much service during the war. He was mustered out in July, 1865. On January 25, 1871, he married Margaret Hamilton. In 1873 he was appointed postmaster inspector in New York, later became prominent in Young Men’s Christian Association affairs, and finally identified himself with the New York society for the suppression of vice. Mr. Comstock’s services in connection with what is his life work are too well known to be recapitulated. Possessing courage, moral and physical, of the highest order and a keen sense of his duties to the community in his official capacity, Mr. Comstock has for years been a terror to evil-doers, especially those who pander to vicious instincts. He has brought nearly 3,000 criminals to justice and has destroyed over 80 tons of obscene literature, pictures, etc. Altogether he is a notable figure in the complex life of New York, and the making of bitter enemies has necessarily followed on Mr. Comstock’s career. But these, many and influential as they are, have never successfully attacked his motives or his integrity.

WILBUR FISKE CRAFTS.

The Rev. Wilbur Fiske Crafts was born at Fryeburg, Maine, January 12, 1850. His father was the Rev. A. C. Crafts. In 1869 the future author, lecturer and clergyman graduated from Wesleyan University, Connecticut, subsequently taking the post-graduate course in Boston University. On leaving college he became a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, holding charges for several years therein and laying the foundation for the reputation which now attaches to him. Later, however, Mr. Crafts decided that the tenets of the Congregational denomination were more to his liking, and accordingly accepted a call to a Congregational church in Brooklyn. Still later he became a Presbyterian pastor in New York. Resigning from the ministry, he was made superintendent of the International Reform Bureau, the object of which is to secure moral legislation in the United States and Canada with the assistance of lectures, literature and personal example and influence. He is the author of many works, the majority of which are of a religious nature, or deal with social questions.

ELBRIDGE THOMAS GERRY.

Elbridge Thomas Gerry, born in New York city, December 25, 1837, was named after his grandfather, who was one of the vice-presidents of the United States and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Mr. Gerry was educated in the New York public schools, and graduated from Columbia college in 1858. He was admitted to the bar in 1860. He acted as vice-president, until 1899, of the American society for the prevention of cruelty to animals. He was chairman of the New York state commission on capital punishment from 1886 to 1888. Since 1891 he has been president of the annual convention of the New York societies for prevention of cruelty. He is trustee of the general theological seminary of the Presbyterian-Episcopal church and also trustee of the American museum of natural history, and of the New York Mutual Life Insurance company. Besides that, he is a member and director of various corporations and societies. Since 1876 he has been president of the New York society for the prevention of cruelty to children, which society is generally known as the Gerry Society. He has one of the largest private law libraries in the United States. Mr. Gerry is one of those conscientious citizens whose work for the public good has been as continuous as it has been successful.

WILLIAM REUBEN GEORGE.

William R. George was born at West Dryden, New York, June 4, 1866. He was educated in the common schools. His parents came to New York city in 1880, where he later engaged in business. Becoming interested in poor boys and girls, he, during the seasons of 1890 to 1894, took two hundred of them to the country for from two weeks to a month to spend a portion of their school vacations with him. Impressed with the large number of children endeavoring to live by charity, he conceived, in 1894, the plan of requiring payment in labor for every favor the youngsters received, and, in addition, instituted a system of self-government. This was the beginning of a junior republic, which was put into practical operation in 1895 and has continued successfully ever since. He was married November 14, 1896, to Esther B. George, of New York. To Mr. George belongs the credit of inaugurating a novel and praiseworthy method of fostering good citizenship.

CHARLES HENRY PARKHURST.

The Rev. Dr. Charles Henry Parkhurst was born in Framingham, Massachusetts, April 17, 1842. His father worked on a farm in summer and taught school in winter. Until sixteen years of age Charles was a pupil of the Clinton (Mass.) grammar school. The two years following he acted as clerk in a dry goods store. At the age of eighteen he began to prepare for college at Lancaster academy. At the end of the course there, he went to Amherst, from whence he graduated in 1866. The following year he became principal of the Amherst high school, remaining there until 1870, when he visited Germany. On his return he became professor of Greek and Latin in Williston seminary, holding that position for two years, during which period he married a Miss Bodman, a pupil of his while a teacher at Amherst. Accompanied by his wife, he next made a trip to Europe to study at Halle, Leipzig, and Bonn. Again in this country he received a call to the pastorate of the First Congregational church in Lenox, Massachusetts, where he soon gained a reputation as an original and forceful pulpit orator. On March 9, 1880, he became pastor of the Madison Square Presbyterian church, New York city, the call being the outcome of his work at Lenox. He immediately began to take a lively interest in city and national politics, and one of his sermons attracted the attention of Dr. Howard Crosby, president of the society for the prevention of crime, in which society Dr. Parkhurst was invited to become a director. A few months later Dr. Crosby died and Dr. Parkhurst was chosen as his successor. Dr. Parkhurst has done more for reform in New York city than any other single individual. His courageous course in connection with the Lexow investigation of certain phases of life in New York will not be readily forgotten.

ELIZABETH CADY STANTON.

That which is popularly, if somewhat vaguely, characterized as the “Cause of women” in this country, is closely identified with the name of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Many years of her life were spent in promoting the cause of her sex politically and legally, and that her work has not been fruitless is proven by the fact that as long ago as 1840 she advocated the passage of the Married Woman’s Property bill, which became a law in 1848. That measure alone is sufficient to obtain for Mrs. Stanton the gratitude of her sex. She was born in Johnstown, New York, November 12, 1815, being the daughter of Daniel C. Cady, judge of the New York State Supreme Court. She obtained her education at the Johnstown academy and the Emma Willard seminary, Troy, New York, graduating from the latter institution in 1832. Eight years later she married Henry Brewster Stanton, a state senator, anti-slavery orator and lawyer. From the first Mrs. Stanton identified herself with “Woman’s Rights,” and she it was who called the first woman’s rights convention, the meeting taking place at Seneca Falls, New York, in July, 1848. Continually working on the lines indicated, she has for the last quarter of a century annually addressed congress in favor of embodying woman suffrage in the constitution of the United States. In 1861 she was president of the Woman’s Loyal League, and through the medium of her personality made it a power in the land. From 1865 to 1893 she held the office of president of the Woman Suffrage Association. In 1868 she was a candidate for congress. Her eightieth birthday, which took place in 1895, was celebrated under the auspices of the National Council of Women, three hundred delegates attending the convention.

PHILANTHROPISTS.

MRS. PHOEBE APPERSIN HEARST.

Mrs. Phoebe Appersin Hearst was born in 1840. After an education in the public schools she became a teacher in them until 1861, when she married the late United States Senator George F. Hearst from California, who died, in 1891, leaving her and her son, William Randolph Hearst, a fortune of many millions. W. R. Hearst is the well-known newspaper owner and publisher. Mrs. Hearst has established kindergarten classes and the manual training school in San Francisco, kindergartens and the kindergarten training school in Washington, District of Columbia; has made donations to the American university at Washington, gave $200,000 to build a national cathedral school for girls, has established working girls’ clubs in San Francisco, is the patron of a school for mining engineers at the University of California, and, as a memorial to her husband, has built and endowed libraries in a number of mining towns in the west. In connection with the plans for the projected University of California, she has also agreed to erect two buildings to cost between three and four million of dollars.

DANIEL KIMBALL PEARSONS.

Daniel K. Pearsons was born at Bedford, Vermont, April 14, 1820, and was educated in the public schools. Entered college at Woodstock, Vermont, and was graduated as a physician, practicing in Chicopee, Massachusetts, until 1857. He removed to Ogle county, Illinois, and became a farmer, 1857 to 1860, and in the latter year began the real estate business in Chicago, which he continued until 1887, when he retired from business but remained a director of the Chicago City Railway Company and other corporations. He has made handsome donations to various colleges and charities there, including $280,000 to the Chicago theological seminary and $200,000 to Beloit college. He has also contributed to the treasuries of several other educational establishments. Mr. Pearsons seems to be a pupil of Mr. Andrew Carnegie in some respects, inasmuch as he has a profound belief in the wisdom of distributing his money for praiseworthy purposes during his lifetime.

MRS. HENRY CODMAN POTTER.

The dominant quality of the character of the wife of Bishop Henry Codman Potter, of the diocese of New York, is undoubtedly charity. Her maiden name was Elizabeth L. Scriven, and she was born in 1849 in New York, coming of good American stock. She has been married twice, her first husband being Alfred Corning Clark, who in his lifetime controlled the Singer sewing machine interests and who also had extensive real estate holdings in the metropolis. When Mr. Clark died he left an estate of an estimated value of about $30,000,000, the bulk of which, after a liberal allowance made to his four children, went to his widow. All her life Mrs. Potter has given largely to charity and philanthropic enterprises. She has done excellent work in New York in connection with improvements in tenement houses, those that she owns being ideal dwellings in regard to construction, light, ventilation and sanitary arrangements. At Cooperstown, New York, which is her home, Mrs. Potter has spent large sums of money in beautifying the village. She gives annually a dinner to a thousand poor persons, and has a long list of private pensioners. Her marriage to Bishop Potter took place on October 1, 1902, at Cooperstown.

MRS. THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

The maiden name of the wife of President Roosevelt was Edith Kermit Carow, and she, like her husband, comes of one of the most distinguished of the older families of New York. Born in the metropolis in the old Carow mansion, Fourteenth street and Union square, her father was Charles Carow, and her grandfather General Tyler Carow, of Norwich, Connecticut. She was educated at a school kept by a Miss Comstock on West Fortieth street. She was married to the President on December 2, 1886, at St. George’s church, Hanover square, London, the ceremony being performed by Canon Cammadge, who is a cousin of Mrs. Roosevelt. Fortune has never been more kind to Mr. Roosevelt than when she gave him the amiable and beautiful woman who bears his name. The Roosevelt children seem to have inherited many of the attractive qualities of their mother.

MRS. RUSSELL SAGE.

Mrs. Russell Sage was born at Syracuse, New York, in 1828. She was the daughter of the Hon. Joseph Slocum. Educated at first in private schools of Syracuse, it had been intended that she should go to college later, but financial disaster altered the plans of the family. After working at home to help her mother for some time, she started for Mount Holyoke college, intending to do housework in that institution in order to pay for her board. On her way thither she was taken sick in Troy, and when she recovered she, at the request of her uncle, entered the Troy female seminary. In 1869 she became the second wife of Russell Sage, the financier. Mrs. Sage’s charities are large; she has built a dormitory costing $120,000 in the Emma Willard seminary and gives annually large sums of money to various hospitals and other praiseworthy institutions.

MRS. LELAND STANFORD.

Mrs. Jane Lathrop Stanford was born at Albany, New York, August 25, 1825. Was educated in the public schools there, and in 1848 married Leland Stanford. In 1855 she went with her husband to California. Mr. Stanford took a prominent part in the public affairs of the state, and in 1861 was elected its governor. A son was born, who died when sixteen years of age in Florence, Italy. Mr. Stanford founded the university which bears his name, in memory of his boy. Since her husband’s demise Mrs. Stanford has given further endowments to the institution, the total amount of which is said to be several million dollars. She has also given liberally to other educational institutions.

ANSON PHELPS STOKES, SR.

Anson Phelps Stokes, Sr., financier and public-spirited citizen, was born in New York, February 22, 1838, being the son of James and Caroline (Phelps) Stokes. He was educated in private schools and in 1855 married Helen Louise, daughter of Isaac Newton Phelps. Becoming connected with the firm of Phelps, Dodge & Co., merchants, he afterward became a partner in the banking firm of Phelps, Stokes & Co., of New York. He is director and trustee of a number of philanthropic institutions and hospitals, owns interests in varied corporations and is a prominent member of several clubs whose objects it is to promote municipal and legislative reform. Mr. Stokes has written two books on financial questions.

DIVINES.

LYMAN ABBOTT.

Dr. Lyman Abbott is an illustration of the fact that a young man who is gifted with more than ordinary intellect and even genius need not be discouraged, even if his first intentions regarding his life work come to naught by force of circumstances or unlooked-for developments within himself. He was born December 18, 1835, in Roxbury, Massachusetts, being the son of Jacob and Harriet Abbott. Graduating from the College of the City of New York in 1853, he took a course at Harvard, after which, and in accordance with his prearranged plans, he took a law course, was admitted to the bar and began to practice. But his literary instincts and religious convictions resulted in his finally abandoning the law. After a good deal of writing for a number of publications and more theological studies, he was finally ordained a Congregational minister in 1860, being made pastor of a church at Terre Haute, Indiana, in the same year. Leaving Indiana, he came to New York and took charge of the New England Congregational Church in that city. In 1869 he resigned the pastorate in order to devote himself to literature. He edited the Literary Record Department of Harper’s Magazine and was associate editor with Henry Ward Beecher on the Christian Union. He succeeded Mr. Beecher as pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, in May, 1888, but resigned in 1898 and is once more prominent in religious literary circles. On October 14, 1857, he married Abby F. Hamlin, daughter of Hannibal Hamlin, of Boston. He is the author of a great many works of a religious nature and of others which deal with social problems. At present he is editor of The Outlook, of New York city.

THEODORE LEDYARD CUYLER.

Theodore Ledyard Cuyler, the clergyman whose striking sermons have made him famous the world over, was born at Aurora, New York, January 10, 1822. He was educated at Manheim, New Jersey, and Princeton college, from which he graduated in 1841. After spending a brief period in traveling in Europe, he entered the theological seminary at Princeton, from which he graduated in 1846, and was ordained by the presbytery in 1848. His first charge was at a small church near Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, where he remained for six months. He was then called to the Presbyterian church of Burlington, New Jersey. In 1849 he became pastor of the Third Presbyterian church of Trenton, New Jersey, and in 1853 he was invited to the Market Street Dutch Reformed Church, New York city. He was one of the leaders in the great revival of 1858, and in 1860 he was called to the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian church, Brooklyn. This was a young church and was not in a very prosperous condition, but the new pastor infused life into it from the first, and, in 1861, his congregation commenced the building of a new church at the corner of Lafayette avenue and South Oxford street. This building was completed in March, 1862, and cost $60,000. In 1893 Dr. Cuyler withdrew from active charge of the church and determined to devote the remainder of his years to the ministry at large. Dr. Cuyler was married, in 1853, to Annie E. Mathist, of Newark, Ohio, and has two children. His writings and printed sermons have been widely circulated. Among them are: Thought Hives, Stray Arrows, The Empty Crib, The Cedar Christian. One of his most famous tracts, Somebody’s Son, had a circulation of over one hundred thousand copies. Many of his articles and tracts have been translated into several languages, and his contributions to the religious press have been more numerous than those of any living writer.

EDWARD EVERETT HALE.

Edward Everett Hale was born in Boston, April 3, 1822, and after passing through the public schools entered the Boston Latin school. He was graduated from Harvard in 1839, and for two years acted as usher in the Latin school, studying theology in the meantime. On October 13, 1852, he married, at Hartford, Connecticut, Emily Baldwin Perkins. He has been a prominent promoter of Chautauqua circles and was the founder of the “Lend-a-Hand” clubs. He has probably traveled as much and delivered more lectures than any other man in this country. The fact that the catalogue of Harvard university lists more than one hundred and thirty titles of books and pamphlets on varied subjects of which he is the author shows how prolific has been his pen. Fiction, drama, narrative, poetry, theology, philosophy, politics—all are treated by him in a masterly way. He is never dull or common-place, but invariably suggestive and practical. One of his masterpieces is A Man Without a Country, which was written in war time. This story alone would have given him lasting fame. Yet it is not as an author, a great scholar, a great teacher, a great orator, or a great statesman that Dr. Hale will be remembered, but, as William Dean Howells has said, his name will go down in history as “a great American citizen.”

BENJAMIN FAY MILLS.

Benjamin Fay Mills was born at Rahway, New Jersey, June 4, 1857. His father was a clergyman. Educated in the public schools and at Phillips academy, Andover, he graduated from Lake Forest university, Illinois, in 1879. In the same year he married Mary Russell, and in the year following he was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Rutland, Vermont. From 1886 to 1897 he acted in an evangelistic capacity and conducted meetings throughout the country. In 1897 he withdrew from the orthodox church and inaugurated independent religious movements in the Boston music hall and Hollis street theatre. Since 1889 he has been the pastor of the First Unitarian church, Oakland, California. He is eloquent, magnetic and convincing and has the gift of playing on the emotions of an audience in a manner possessed by few speakers within or without the church.

HENRY CODMAN POTTER.

There have been a great many clergymen in the Potter family, and doubtless the Right Reverend Henry Codman Potter, bishop of the diocese of New York, had an inclination for the pulpit which was an ancestral inheritance. He is the son of Bishop Alonzo Potter, of Pennsylvania, and was born at Schenectady, New York, May 25, 1835. He was educated at the Philadelphia Academy of the Protestant Episcopal church, and later at the theological seminary in Virginia. Graduating therefrom in 1857, he was at once made a deacon and one year later was ordained to the priesthood. Until 1859 he had charge of Christ P. E. church, Greensburg, Pennsylvania, when he was transferred to St. John’s, P. E. church, Troy, New York; for seven years he was rector of that parish. He then became an assistant of Trinity P. E. church, Boston, and in May, 1868, was made rector of Grace P. E. church, New York. For sixteen years he was identified with the affairs of that famous church. In 1883 he was elected an assistant to his uncle, Bishop Horatio Potter, who presided over the diocese of New York. A short time after entering on his duties as such, his uncle withdrew from active work and the care of the diocese fell upon the younger man. On January 2, 1887, Bishop Horatio Potter died and was succeeded by his nephew. His diocese is the largest in point of population in the United States. Eloquent, earnest and devoted to his life work, Bishop Potter commands the love and respect of all of those with whom he comes in contact.

WILLIAM TAYLOR.

William Taylor was born in Virginia May 2, 1821. Reared on a farm, he learned the tanning business. He entered the Methodist ministry in 1842. Going to California with the “Forty-niners” as a missionary, he remained there until 1856. He next spent a number of years traveling in Canada, New England and Europe. After conducting missionary services in Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania, he visited South Africa and converted many Kaffirs to Christianity. From 1872 to 1876 he organized a number of churches in India and in South America. He also established mission stations on the Congo and elsewhere in Africa. He has written a number of books, the most interesting of which is, without doubt, The Story of My Life. In 1884 he was made missionary bishop for Africa.

JOHN HEYL VINCENT.

John Heyl Vincent, bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church and chancellor of the Chautauqua system, was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, February 23, 1832. He was educated at Lewisburg and Milton, Pennsylvania, and as a mere boy gave evidence of the religious trend of his nature. When only eighteen years of age he was a preacher, and many of his then sermons are said to have been both eloquent and convincing. After studying in the Wesleyan Institute of Newark, New Jersey, he joined the New Jersey Conference in 1853, was ordained deacon and four years later was made pastor. He had several charges in Illinois between 1857 and 1865, and during the next fourteen years brought into being a number of Sunday school publications. He was one of the founders of the Chautauqua Assembly and was the organizer of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, of which he has held office of chancellor since its inception. In 1900 he was made resident bishop in charge of the European work of the church with which he was associated. He is preacher to Harvard, Yale, Cornell, Wellesley and other colleges. As an author of helpful and interesting religious works, Dr. Vincent is well known to all students of American literature.

CANADIANS.

WILLIAM PETERSON.

One of the influential educators in Canada is Dr. William Peterson, President of that powerful and progressive educational institution, McGill University. Dr. Peterson’s policy in the conduct of the university is to maintain a harmonious relationship between classical education and the scientific training which is now so greatly in demand. That the university is kept well abreast of the times in scientific teaching and equipment is indicated by the fact that a recent addition to the institution has been a school for instruction in all branches of railroading. Dr. Peterson keenly realizes that the future development of Canada will depend in a very considerable measure upon the extension of the Dominion’s railway system—that in the railroad business there will, perhaps, be more and greater opportunities for young Canadians than in any other one branch of industry. Another proof of the scientific thoroughness at McGill is the high standing held by the University’s medical and engineering schools, but Dr. Peterson holds fast to the belief that no education is complete without a familiarity with the classics. He is himself an accomplished classical scholar.

After spending his boyhood in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, where he was born in 1856, he became a student at the Edinburgh University, and there distinguished himself. He won the Greek travelling fellowship, and continued his classical study at the University of Göttingen. Returning to Scotland, he was elected to the Mackenzie scholarship in the University of Edinburgh and went to Oxford University, where he added to his scholastic laurels. He became assistant Professor of Humanity in Edinburgh University, and in 1882 was appointed Professor of Classical and Ancient History and head of the faculty in University College, Dundee. Here he remained until 1885, when he was chosen to succeed Sir J. W. Dawson as Principal of McGill University, Montreal. He has received honorary degrees from St. Andrews and Princeton universities, and is regarded not only as a scholar of unusual attainments, but as a man possessing in marked degree the executive ability necessary to successfully conduct the affairs of a great university.

GEORGE A. COX.

Perhaps the most important financier in Canada is Senator George A. Cox of Toronto, who is regarded as the Dominion’s closest parallel, in financial activity, to J. Pierpont Morgan of New York. His interests are extensive and widely varied. He is the president of the Canadian Life Assurance Company, president of two fire insurance companies, president of the Central Canadian Loan and Savings Company, and is one of the ruling spirits in the great project to build the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. He has a very considerable amount of capital invested in the United States.

Senator Cox was born sixty-four years ago in the village of Colborne. His father was a shoemaker in humble circumstances. The ability of Senator Cox, as a boy, attracted the attention of a neighbor, who educated him. When he became a young man he went to the town of Peterboro and embarked in the photographic business. He afterwards became an express agent, and also occupied himself with soliciting insurance for the Canadian Life Assurance Company. He engaged in politics, and for seven years was mayor of Peterboro. When the Midland Railway became involved in financial difficulties, he was one of the Canadians asked to reorganize the road. He at once became the dominating factor in this work and in 1878 was made president of the Midland line. The vigor and ability which he brought to his task soon put the decrepit railway company on its feet again. It afterward became the Midland Division of the Grand Trunk Railway. Besides his insurance and railway affiliations Senator Cox is largely interested in Canadian banks and lands.

Senator Cox attributes much of his success to the fact that he is a good judge of human nature. He has long made a point of surrounding himself with clever young men who are able to develop and zealously put into operation the hints which he freely gives them. Senator Cox’s personality is of a kind which inspires enthusiasm on the part of those who are working with and for him. He is genial and never stands on formality in his contact with the young men whom he has around him. In this respect he more closely resembles Andrew Carnegie than any other captain of industry. Senator Cox lives in modest style in Toronto. He is quiet in his tastes, and greatly dislikes anything suggestive of display or self-aggrandizement. He is a close personal friend of most of the political leaders in the Canadian Liberal Party, and of many of the financial powers in the United States. The Earl of Aberdeen appointed him to the Senate of Canada in 1896. He is a prominent member of the Methodist Church, and has long interested himself in the welfare of Victoria University in Toronto.

TIMOTHY EATON.

The most important retail merchant in Canada is Timothy Eaton. He began his career as an apprentice in a small shop in a village in Ireland, and now has an establishment which employs the services of six thousand persons, and which is by far the largest and best equipped retail store in the Dominion.

It was in a shop in the town of Port Gleone, in the north of Ireland, that Mr. Eaton obtained his first experience as a storekeeper. Here he served an apprenticeship of five years, receiving no pay until the end of his term of service, when he was given the sum of one hundred pounds. To convey an idea of the long hours that he used to devote to the services of his employer in Ireland, Mr. Eaton likes to tell about how he used to watch the donkey carts passing through the village streets to the market-town of Ballymena at five o’clock every morning, when he was taking down the shutters. While he had very little time in those days to devote to anything but his regular work, he was fond of books, and read _Chambers’s Journal_, an unusual literary selection for a lad of his education and position. In this publication he read one day an article on the then almost unknown process of manufacturing artificial gas. This so interested him that with the help of a companion he made with his own hands a small gas plant, and by means of it succeeded in lighting the store. Before that there had been no gas light in that section of Ireland. The innovation of the young apprentice aroused great interest and curiosity on the part of the people of the countryside. They flocked to the shop to view the miracle of the new light. This proved to be a valuable advertisement for the establishment, and it lifted young Eaton into a position of prominence in the community.

He felt, however, that there were no chances in Ireland for the degree of success of which he dreamed. The potato famine and other misfortunes had laid the country prostrate. Everybody was talking about the golden prospects in America, and great numbers were emigrating to the promised land. One of Timothy Eaton’s elder brothers decided to join the exodus, and Timothy himself lost no time in making up his mind to go with him.

After crossing the Atlantic they made their way to the town of St. Marys, in Ontario, and there started a very small store, being glad to accept produce in payment for their goods. Another brother came to St. Marys. One of these remained there permanently, while Timothy Eaton, not satisfied with the possibilities in St. Marys of the mercantile expansion which he had in mind, went to Toronto, and started a modest store on one of the lower streets. This was in 1869. In 1883 he had a larger establishment. In 1887 he had added to his general store equipment a small factory for the purpose of eliminating the charges of middlemen and thus conserving the interests of his customers by reduced prices. The factory was an unqualified success. By means of it, and through Mr. Eaton’s general methods, the establishment steadily grew until, at the present time, he has a store which from a comparative point of view may be regarded, perhaps, as the most successful in the world. Mr. Eaton’s pay roll includes nearly six thousand names, while the largest retail store on earth, which is located in Chicago, where the population is many times greater than that which can be reached by Mr. Eaton, employs only about twenty-five hundred more persons. It will be seen that this Chicago establishment is only one-half larger than the Eaton store. Indeed, the factories of the latter are larger than those of any establishment which deals directly with retail buyers.

The two leading elements in Mr. Eaton’s remarkable success have been his store-system, regarded by leading retail merchants as a model, and his constant endeavor to save money for his customers. It is to this end that he conducts his business on a cash basis, and that he has established his factories. He is a very firm believer in bringing goods direct from the maker to the consumer. In a single department in his manufacturing section, for instance, there are over a thousand sewing machines which produce nearly seven thousand garments a day for sale exclusively in the store. The money which Mr. Eaton has been able to save by this policy of producing his own goods is directly applied to the reduction of prices. The fact that his patrons feel that they are obtaining maximum value at minimum cost is the chief reason of the store’s great and constantly growing trade.

Another very prominent factor in his success has been his strict rule of allowing absolutely no misrepresentation. He very strongly feels that truth is a most important element in any permanent success in storekeeping and in life in general. In addition to Mr. Eaton’s constant vigilance in the interest of his patrons, he has always in mind the well-being of his employees. He was one of the pioneers in the movement for shorter hours, believing that opportunities for legitimate rest and recreation give those who are in his service an added zeal and energy which materially increase the satisfaction of buyers and has a direct beneficial effect upon the profits and progress of the store.

While Mr. Eaton is proud of his success, he by no means takes all the credit to himself. It is his idea that the quality which has chiefly enabled him to build up this great commercial unit lies in his ability to pick out the right man for the right place. Each employee is held to a personal responsibility, and is given to understand that he or she is considered a possibility for the higher positions in the establishment. Every clerk understands that promotion is to be obtained not by favoritism, but on the strength alone of conscientious and intelligent effort.

A celebrated department store proprietor in New York City not long ago remarked to a Canadian merchant who informed him that he had come to the New York establishment to obtain hints on the best system of store management, “Why, it is not at all necessary for you to come down here for this information. You have a man in Canada, Timothy Eaton, who can tell you a good deal more about this than most of us can. In fact, we always keep our eyes on him with a view of obtaining fresh suggestions as to methods.”

SIR THOMAS G. SHAUGHNESSY.

One of the most successful railroad men of this continent is Sir Thomas G. Shaughnessy, president of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. By means of a particularly virile personality and a remarkable capacity for hard work, Sir Thomas has raised himself to his present high position from the bottom of the ladder. He owes absolutely nothing to the extraneous circumstances of birth or fortune. His education has been chiefly obtained in the school of experience; yet Sir Thomas adds to his conspicuous knowledge of man and affairs a culture that would do credit to a university graduate.

Though Sir Thomas is always associated in the public mind with Canada for the reason that his most important work has been done in the Dominion, he was born in 1853 in Milwaukee. His school days ended at the age of sixteen, when he obtained a place in the office of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway as a clerk in the purchasing department. During a period of ten years the young man slowly rose in this department until, on the strength of his ability and alertness, he was promoted to the place of a general storekeeper for the railroad. Mr. Shaughnessy took hold with an acceleration of the powers which had brought him his steady promotion. Work in the office began to move more swiftly than ever before. Each man was held to a very strict accountability in the performance of all his duties, and yet with a new spirit of contentment and zeal for the reason that Mr. Shaughnessy was very considerate to those under his direction. He was quick to criticise, but was equally quick to praise. No man who had ever held a position of authority in the company was more popular with his subordinates.

But Mr. Shaughnessy’s abilities were too great for his position. William C. Van Horne, who had recently become general manager of the young Canadian Pacific Railway, had known Mr. Shaughnessy in Milwaukee, and asked him to take a place of purchasing agent in the new company. This was in 1882. He became assistant to the general manager in 1884, and the next year was promoted to the office of assistant to the president. He became a full-fledged vice-president in 1891. Mr. Shaughnessy was the right-hand man of the president of the road, Sir William C. Van Horne, and when the latter resigned the presidency in 1899 it was obvious that the man in all respects best equipped to succeed him in the very important position of executive head of the longest railroad in the world was Mr. Shaughnessy. The latter was knighted by the Prince of Wales, then Duke of York, in Ottawa, Canada, 1901.

The work of Sir Thomas as president has been notable. He has had a careful regard not only for the interest of the line, but also of Canada. During his incumbency of the presidency the Canadian Pacific system has been greatly extended. It now employs over thirty-five thousand persons and buys products of the labor of fifty thousand more. Within the last two years it has paid Canadians over one hundred millions. The progressive management of the line under the direction of Sir Thomas Shaughnessy has greatly stimulated the prosperity of the Dominion, and on this account the Canadians feel that Sir Thomas has been one of the Dominion’s most valuable citizens.

WILLIAM S. FIELDING.

The Hon. William Stevens Fielding, considered one of Canada’s ablest men, stands high in the administration of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, holding the important place of Minister of Finance. He attained distinction by the path of newspaper work. Mr. Fielding was born in Halifax of English parentage in 1848, and at the age of sixteen entered the business office of the _Morning Chronicle_. This was perhaps the most influential newspaper of the Maritime Provinces, and counted among its contributors numerous men of intellect and influence. It was from them that young Fielding imbibed his political views and became imbued with the spirit of broad patriotism which has since distinguished him.

Soon after he formed his connection with the _Chronicle_ he was promoted to a place as reporter, and was most zealous and thorough in this sphere. Before he was twenty he had commenced to write editorials. For two decades Mr. Fielding remained with the _Chronicle_, rising by degrees to the place of editor, and at the same time taking an active part in the political campaigns in Halifax. He was elected in the elections of 1882 to a seat in the Nova Scotia Legislature, and rose so rapidly that within a few months he was offered the premiership of the Province. He declined the honor on this occasion, but soon afterward organized a government at the request of some of the other leaders, and took upon himself the duties of provincial secretary, which also involved the work of financial administrator. His government was so effective that for years it controlled the affairs of the Province. When Sir Wilfrid Laurier became premier of the Dominion in 1896 he appointed Mr. Fielding Minister of Finance, and the latter was returned by the constituency of Shelbourne and Queens to the Dominion House of Commons. It was Mr. Fielding who introduced the measure for the preferential tariff which has been so conspicuous a feature of the Laurier administration. Mr. Fielding is regarded as one of the strongest members of the cabinet.

CHARLES FITZPATRICK.

The Hon. Charles Fitzpatrick, Minister of Justice in the Canadian Government, and one of the ablest of the Dominion’s lawyers and political leaders, was born of Irish parentage in the Province of Quebec in 1851. His father was a lumber merchant. He was graduated from Laval University in Quebec, studied law and began practice in the city of Quebec, where he rapidly rose to prominence. He had acquired such a reputation at the bar when he was thirty-four years old, that the half-breeds and others who rallied to the support of Louis Riel when the latter was imprisoned and about to be tried for his life, retained Mr. Fitzpatrick as the man best fitted to defend their leader. In this case he opposed a number of the ablest lawyers in Canada, and while his client, Riel, was condemned to death, Mr. Fitzpatrick’s eloquence and command of legal principles attracted wide attention. He has since appeared in many of the most important cases that have been tried within the Dominion.

Mr. Fitzpatrick’s entry into public life was made in 1891, when he was elected a member of the House of Commons of the Province of Quebec, representing his native county. He held this seat until 1896, when he was a successful candidate for the Dominion House of Commons. His general ability and his attainments as a lawyer had by this time become so conspicuous that when in the same year Sir Wilfrid Laurier organized his government he appointed Mr. Fitzpatrick to the position of Solicitor General. In 1900 he was re-elected, by a large majority, a Liberal member from Quebec, in a constituency that was largely Conservative. In 1902, on the elevation of the Hon. David Mills to the Supreme Court bench, Mr. Fitzpatrick was called to his present post of Minister of Justice.

The political success of Mr. Fitzpatrick is made the more notable by the fact that ninety per cent. of the voters of Quebec are French Canadians, while he himself is an Irishman.

In addition to his powers as an orator, his grasp of legal principles and his strong personal magnetism, one of his predominant traits is energy. It has been said of him that in the days of his youth he was in the habit of rising so early in the morning that he had his cases carefully analyzed and his plan of action formulated before other lawyers were out of bed. At present his most absorbing interest is the project for the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway line across the continent. It was he who drew up the contract for the undertaking, and he has been its chief defender, in its legal aspects, against the many attacks to which it has been subjected by the opponents of the government of Sir Wilfrid Laurier.

Mr. Fitzpatrick attributes his zest for work to the fact that he has always been an outdoor man. During his early years his reputation as an athlete was as great in Quebec as was his fame as a lawyer. He married a daughter of the late Lieutenant Carors, and thus became intimately identified with one of the oldest of the French-Canadian families, which dates back to the early days in Canadian history.

There is no more enthusiastic believer in the future of Canada than Mr. Fitzpatrick. In 1903 he made a tour of the Northwest, and has expressed himself as astonished at its marvelous resources. It is his opinion that the projected Grand Trunk Pacific line, adding another railway to the transportation facilities of this territory, will develop it into one of the richest and most productive regions, not only in grain, but in minerals, the world has ever known.

GEORGE WILLIAM ROSS.

The Hon. George William Ross, Premier of the Province of Ontario, was born near London, Ontario, in 1841. His father was a Scotchman, who, after migrating to Canada, became a prosperous farmer. Mr. Ross began his active life as a country school teacher. The government of the Province of Ontario established in 1871 a system of school inspectors, and he was appointed to one of these places. In the general election of the following year, Mr. Ross was chosen to represent the Conservative party in the western division of his native county, and was elected to the Dominion House of Commons. It was particularly his ability as an orator that brought him this honor. He was a member at the time of the Sons of Temperance, and it was at the meetings of this society that he seized his first opportunities to develop and display his gifts as a public speaker. He has said since that this experience in talking on his feet was invaluable to him, and he advises all young men who desire to acquire the gift of public speaking to join a debating society or other organization whose members are willing to listen to budding eloquence.

Mr. Ross was made Minister of Education for the Province of Ontario in 1883, and in 1887 succeeded in having passed a law for the federation of the denominational colleges of Toronto into a single unit, The University of Toronto. He inaugurated other educational reforms, and materially raised the standard of public education in the Province. Mr. Ross relinquished his work in this special field in 1900 to become Premier of Ontario. He has been prominently identified with movements in the cause of temperance, and holds honorary degrees in five Canadian universities. One of his distinguishing qualities is versatility. He is interested in astronomy, and has a marked literary bent, having written biographical sketches and some poetry.

LORD MOUNT STEPHEN.

In spite of the fact that Lord Mount Stephen has not resided in Canada for a number of years, he must be included in any group of important workers in the Dominion. He played a leading part in the upbuilding of the Canadian commonwealth. The vital importance of his work for the Canadian Pacific Railway cannot be overlooked. Lord Mount Stephen and Lord Strathcona were the two great personalities which carried the project of the transcontinental line through a dark period of financial storm and stress. Lord Mount Stephen reorganized or built several other railroads in Canada, and was very closely identified with many of the Dominion’s most important commercial movements.

Like so many other men who have achieved remarkable success in Canada, Lord Mount Stephen is a Scotchman, having been born in that country in 1829. In his childhood he was a herdboy on the Highlands, and served as an apprentice in Aberdeen. He afterward obtained employment in London, and in 1850 migrated to Canada, where his uncle, William Stephen, was engaged in the woolen business. The young man was taken into partnership, and upon his uncle’s death bought his interest in the firm, which steadily grew in importance in the manufacture of woolen goods. Lord Mount Stephen’s financial standing at this time is indicated by the fact that he became a director in Canada’s leading banking institution, the Bank of Montreal, of which he was afterward vice-president. It was owing to this financial eminence, as well as to his great ability, that he was able to build a magnificent structure of success out of what appeared at that time to be the wreck of the project for the Canadian Pacific Railroad. In recognition of his services for her domain across the ocean, Queen Victoria knighted him in 1886, and a few years afterwards raised him to the peerage with the title of Lord Mount Stephen, a title suggested by the peak in the Rockies called Mount Stephen, which itself had been named after the able Scotchman. Lord Mount Stephen retired from the presidency of the Canadian Pacific Railroad in 1888, and has spent most of his time since then in England. He has, however, retained some of his interests in Canada, and has remembered numerous hospitals and other institutions with generous contributions.

BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.[A]

Page Abbey, Edwin Austin 311 Abbott, Lyman 714 Acheson, E. G 620 Adams, Maude 681 Ade, George 693 Alden, Cynthia May Westover 683 Alden, Henry Mills 660 Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth 641 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey 697 Allen, James Lane 702 Allen, T. S 691 Allen, Viola 682 Allison, William Boyd 617 Andrews, Elisha Benjamin 656 Angell, George Thorndike 708 Anthony, Susan Brownell 708 Armour, Philip D. 511 Astor, William Waldorf 638 Atherton, Gertrude Franklin 704

Baer, George F. 629 Baldwin, Evelyn Briggs 652 Bangs, John Kendrick 693 Barr, Amelia Edith 705 Barrymore, Ethel 682 Barton, Clara 684 Bell, Alexander Graham 633 Belmont, August 629 Beveridge, Albert J. 668 Bispham, David Scull 674 Black, Frank Swett 644 Blair, Andrew G. 470 Bok, Edward William 660 Bonsal, Stephen 695 Booth-Tucker, F. St. George de L. 709 Borden, Robert Laird 447 Brush, Charles Francis 633 Bryan, William Jennings 641 Buckley, James Monroe 661 Burnett, Frances Hodgson 705 Burroughs, John 402 Bush, Charles G. 691 Butler, Nicholas Murray 656

Cable, George Washington 702 Calvé, Emma 674 Carman, Bliss 698 Carnegie, Andrew 51 Carter, Leslie (Mrs.) 682 Cassatt, Alexander Johnston 630 Chaffee, Adna Romanza 648 Chisholm, Hugh 624 Choate, Joseph H. 196 Churchill, Winston 703 Clark, Champ 668 Clark, Francis Edward 684 Clemens, Samuel Langhorn 693 Cleveland, Grover 617 Clews, Henry 638 Clowry, Robert C. 144 Cockran, William Bourke 668 Collyer, Robert 441 Comstock, Anthony 709 Conwell, Russell H. 426 Cook, Frederick Albert 652 Cooper, Edward 636 Coudert, Frederick René 644 Cox, George A. 717 Crafts, Wilbur Fiske 709 Craigie, Pearl M. Theresa 705 Cramp, Charles Henry 621 Crane, William H. 677 Crawford, Francis Marion 703 Cuyler, Theodore Ledyard 714

Dalrymple, Louis 691 Damrosch, Walter Johannes 670 Daniels, George Henry 630 Daniels, John Warwick 669 Davenport, Homer 334 Davis, Richard Harding 695 De Koven, Henry L. Reginald 671 De Lussan, Zelie 674 Depew, Chauncey M. 207 De Reszke, Edouard 674 De Reszke, Jean 675 De Thulstrup, Thure 690 De Vinne, Theodore Lowe 625 Dewey, George 648 Dickinson, Mary Lowe 685 Dill, James Brooks 645 Dixon, Thomas, Jr. 685 Dodge, William de Leftwich 690 Dolliver, Jonathan P. (Senator) 219 Doubleday, Frank Nelson 663 Douglas, William Louis 625 Drew, John 678 Drummond, Sir George A. 702 Dumont, Santos 634 Dunne, Finley Peter 694 Duse, Eleanora 682

Eames, Emma 675 Eastman, Charles 626 Eaton, Timothy 718 Edison, Thomas Alva 17 Eliot, Charles William 657 Evans, Robley Dunglison 649

Faunce, William H. P. 657 Field, Marshall 80 Fielding, William S. 721 Fitzpatrick, Charles 721 Flint, Charles Ranlett 621 Folk, Joseph Wingate 643 Ford, Simeon 694 Freeman, Mary E. (Wilkins-Freeman) 706 Frye, William Pierce 618 Fuller, Melville Weston 645 Funk, Isaac Kauffman 664 Funston, Fred 649

Gage, Lyman Judson 131 Garland, Hamlin 696 George, William Reuben 710 Gerry, Elbridge Thomas 710 Gibson, Charles Dana 342 Gilder, Richard Watson 661 Gillette, William Hooker 678 Gilmer, Elizabeth Meriwether 694 Gompers, Samuel 164 Goodwin, Nathaniel C. 679 Gorman, Arthur Pue 642 Gould, George Jay 631 Gould, Helen Miller 413 Grau, Maurice 671 Green, Hetty (Mrs.) 639 Greene, Anna Katherine 706 Griffin, Sydney B. 692 Griggs, John William 646 Griscom, Clement Acton 631 Gunsaulus, Frank W. 432

Hackett, James Keteltas 679 Hadley, Arthur Twining 658 Hale, Edward Everett 715 Hanna, Marcus Alonzo 642 Harned, Virginia 683 Harris, William Torrey 659 Harrison, Burton (Mrs.) 305 Harrison, Carter Henry, Jr. 643 Harrison, Constance Cary 707 Harvey, George B. McClellan 661 Hay, John 618 Hays, Charles Melville 622 Hearst, Phœbe Appersin (Mrs.) 712 Hearst, William Randolph 664 Hedin, Sven Anders 653 Herbert, Victor 672 Herreshoff, John B. 528, 622 Hewitt, Peter Cooper 634 Higgins, Edward Everett 665 Hill, James J. 631 Hoar, George Frisbie 619 Hobart, George V. 694 Hobson, Richmond Pearson 650 Holland, John P. 634 Holmes, E. Burton 653 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 646 Howells, William Dean 283 Hungerford, Herbert 686

Ingalls, Melville Ezra 632 Irving, Sir Henry Brodribb 680 Irwin, May 682

Jackson, Leonora 672 Jefferson, Joseph 680 Jerome, William Travers 646 Jewett, Sarah Orne 707 Johnson, Tom L. 234 Jones, Samuel 498

Keller, Helen 391 Kipling, Rudyard 703 Klopsch, Louis 665 Kneisel, Franz 672

Landon, Melvin De Lancy 695 Landor, A. H. Savage 654 Langtry, Lillie (Mrs.) 683 Laurier, Sir Wilfrid 687 Le Gallienne, Richard 698 Lipton, Sir Thomas 108 Lodge, Henry Cabot 619 Lorimer, George Howard 662 Loudon, James 479

McClure, Samuel Sidney 666 McCracken, Henry Mitchell 659 McKenna, Joseph 647 Mackay, Robert 698 Major, Charles 704 Mansfield, Richard 379 Marconi, William 635 Markham, Edwin 263 Marlowe, Julia 683 Maxim, Hiram Stevens 35 Mente, Charles 690 Miles, Nelson A. (Gen.) 188 Miller, Cincinnatus Heine (Joaquin) 699 Mills, Benjamin Fay 715 Mills, Darius Ogden 117 Mitchell, John 686 Morgan, John Pierpont 639 Mount Stephen, Lord 723 Munsey, Frank Andrew 666

Nansen, Fridtjof 654 Nixon, Lewis 623 Nordica, Lillian 541, 676

Ogden, Robert Curtis 636 Olney, Richard 620 Opper, Frederick Burr 353 Osler, Dr. William 700 Outcault, R. F. 692

Page, Thomas Nelson 704 Parent, S. N. 460 Parker, Alton Brooks 647 Parkhurst, Charles Henry 710 Patterson, John H. 624 Patti, Adelina 676 Pearsons, Daniel Kimball 712 Peary, Robert Edwin 655 Peterson, William 716 Phillips, David G. 696 Pingree, Hazen S. 71 Platt, Thomas Collyer 225 Pope, Albert August 626 Post, C. W. 627 Potter, Henry Codman (Mrs.) 712 Potter, Henry Codman (Rev.) 715 Powell, Maud 673 Pulitzer, Joseph 667

Reid, Whitelaw 662 Remington, Frederic 327 Riley, James Whitcomb 252 Roberts, Chas. George Douglas 696 Rockefeller, John Davison 640 Roosevelt, Theodore 173 Roosevelt, Theodore (Mrs.) 713 Root, Elihu 620 Ross, George William 722 Ruckstuhl, F. Wellington 358

Sage, Russell 125 Sage, Russell (Mrs.) 713 Schley, Winfield Scott 650 Schultze, Carl E. 692 Schurman, Jacob Gould 243 Schurz, Carl 669 Sembrich, Marcella Stengel 677 Seton, Ernest (Thompson-Seton) 687 Shafter, William Rufus 651 Shaughnessy, Sir Thomas G. 720 Shaw, Albert 663 Shrady, Henry Merwin 366 Siegel, Henry 637 Smith, Goldwin 454 Sothern, Edward H. 681 Sousa, John Philip 384 Stanford, Leland (Mrs.) 713 Stanley, Henry Morton 655 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 711 Stead, William Thomas 696 Stephens, Alice Barber 321 Stokes, Anson Phelps 713 Strathcona, Lord 688 Strauss, Nathan 420

Taylor, William 716 Thomas, Theodore 673 Thompson-Seton, Ernest 687 Thompson, Vance 696

Vanderbilt, Cornelius 138 Van Dyke, Henry 700 Van Horne, Sir William C. 485 Vincent, John Heyl 716 Vreeland, Herbert H. 152

Walker, John Brisben 667 Wallace, Lew (Gen.) 296 Wanamaker, John 92 Ward, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps 707 Watterson, Henry 663 Wellman, Walter 655 Westinghouse, George 635 Wheeler, John Wilson 628 Wheeler, Joseph 651 White, Stewart Edward 697 Wilcox, Ella Wheeler 272 Wilder, Marshall P. 371 Wilkins-Freeman, M. Eleanor 706 Wilson, Woodrow 659 Wister, Owen 697 Woolworth, Frank W. 637

Yerkes, Charles Tyson 640

Zimmerman, Eugene 693

FOOTNOTE:

[A] For Topical Index see page 727.

TOPICAL INDEX.

Introductory Note.

“LITTLE VISITS” is not merely a story-book or a collection of biographies and autobiographies. The life stories which it contains are intensely interesting, many of them even dramatic. The _autobiographies_—that is, the life stories of eminent men and women told by themselves—are unique; no such collection is elsewhere in existence. It is not, however, merely a book to be read once for the stories and cast aside.

“LITTLE VISITS” is a collection of IDEAS, each stamped with the mint mark of a great personality. It contains _symposiums_ by fifty-six men and women—who by common consent are considered to have achieved success—on the elements and methods of a successful career. To make this wealth of ideas easily and quickly available as an aid to those of all ages who aspire to achieve something beyond the ordinary in life, we have prepared this Topical Index. It constitutes a _syllabus_ for study of the great problems of human life and destiny.

Early advantages, luck, friends, influence, environment and heredity—defects in which are adduced so often to justify failure—receive little attention. The fact that opportunity exists within the man himself; the possibility of self-culture by reading and home study; the importance of choosing the right career; the methods and the qualities which should be practised and cultivated; and the ideals which should be sought for—these are the perennial seed thoughts which should be planted in the minds and hearts of our own and coming generations, and they constitute the contents of the present volumes.

The teachings of “LITTLE VISITS” are many-sided. Light is thrown upon each problem from every angle. Many points of view are represented by the various speakers. The words of each, weighted by the vast achievements and well-known reputation of all, cannot fail to sink deeply into the mind of every reader. Like begets like. The ideas of great men are essentially great ideas, and in turn they will beget greatness in the lives of all who adopt and follow them.

The attention of parents and teachers, and of the ambitious youth of both sexes, is directed to the usefulness of this Topical Index (and also of the Biographical Index which precedes it) in preparation for the solemn responsibilities of guiding aright the lives which are entrusted to their keeping and for self-guidance. The material here indexed for convenient reference is absolutely invaluable for the preparation of homilies, sermons, addresses and informal talks to the young, or indeed to any audience. The spicy and pithy anecdotes and incidents in the lives of eminent persons, each authenticated by the fact that they are given in the speaker’s own language, are exceedingly valuable for purposes of illustration. The book is especially recommended as a source of material in the preparation of compositions, themes and essays, and also for its cultural value, as _supplementary reading_ for pupils in our common and high schools.

THE PUBLISHERS.

TOPICAL INDEX.[B]

Ability, _see Success Qualities_.

Accommodating, _see Success Qualities_.

=Achievements:= Acme Sucker Rod, _Jones_, 498 American Federation of Labor, _Gompers_, 168 Appliances for oil production, _Jones_, 503 Automatic gun, _Maxim_, 43 Battle-ships, _Maxim_, 47 “Ben Hur,” _Wallace_, 303 Blue shadows, _Remington_, 331 Books, _Burroughs_, 412 “Broncho Buster,” _Remington_, 331 Business king, _Armour_, 523 Busts, _Ruckstuhl_, 364 Canadian Pacific R. R., _Van Horne_, 490 Employees over ten thousand, _Lipton_, 113 Flying machines, _Maxim_, 47 First iron bridge across Ohio, _Carnegie_, 63 Gas machines, _Maxim_, 42 Guns, _Maxim_, 47 Homestead Steel Works, _Carnegie_, 64 Inventions, six hundred, _Edison_, 30 Laws, _Gompers_, 169 Mayoralty of Detroit, _Pingree_, 75 Metropolitan Street Railway System, _Vreeland_, 163 Minneapolis Tribune, _Conwell_, 428 Mr. Dinkelspiel, _Opper_, 353 My life, _Burroughs_, 411 Operas and Marches, _Sousa_, 386 Partnership, _Field_, 85 Poems, _Wilcox_, 274 Poems, _Markham_, 270 Political honors, _Depew_, 215 “Puck,” _Opper_, 357 Rapid-fire gun, _Maxim_, 36 Scholarship, _Schurman_, 248 Smokeless powder, _Maxim_, 46 Statue, _Remington_, 331 Statues, _Ruckstuhl_, 364 Statue, _Ruckstuhl_, 360 Statues, _Shrady_, 369 Steam motors, _Maxim_, 43 Steel works, _Carnegie_, 63 Stores, _Lipton_, 112 Submarine cable device, _Edison_, 24 “Suburban Resident,” _Opper_, 357 Telegraphic recorder, _Edison_, 23 “The Fair God,” _Wallace_, 302 Titles, _Maxim_, 36 U. S. Express Co., _Platt_, 225 U. S. Express Co., _Platt_, 230 Vanderbilt system, head of, _Depew_, 213 Victories, _Miles_, 189

Acme Sucker Rod, _see Achievements_.

Actors, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Actresses, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Adaptability, _see Success Qualities_.

=Advantage:= Early, _Choate_, 199 Good advice and personal popularity, _Choate_, 199 Money, opportunity, friends, _Choate_, 198

Ambition, _see Success Qualities_.

America, opportunity in, _see Opportunity_.

America, women singers in, _see Opportunity_.

American Federation of Labor, _see Achievements_.

American stock, _see Heredity_.

Amusement, _see Careers_.

=Anecdotes:= A Little Story, _Borden_, 453 A Father’s Warning, _Wallace_, 299 American Marshall, _Wilder_, 377 Armour and the Panic, _Armour_, 526 Borrowing a Postage Stamp, _Jones_, 502 Borrowing Five Cents, _Lipton_, 110 Broken “Holt,” _Burroughs_, 407 Burroughs and Gould, _Burroughs_, 406 Captured by Mosby’s Men, _Pingree_, 73 Carnegie and the Sleeping Car, _Carnegie_, 60 Chances for Young Men, _Dolliver_, 222 Chartered Train, _Sousa_, 389 Chinese Medal, _Maxim_, 48 Colonel Anderson’s Library, _Carnegie_, 53 Confidence Man, _Maxim_, 41 Congressman’s Fame, _Dolliver_, 221 Dangerous Crossing, _Blair_, 478 De Mores Incident, _Roosevelt_, 185 Dog’s Tail, _Maxim_, 38 Dowe Scheme, _Maxim_, 49 Dutchman’s Oath, _Wilder_, 376 Elected to the Presidency, _Vreeland_, 160 Emersonian Essays, _Burroughs_, 409 First Patent, _Edison_, 25 First Speech in Congress, _Johnson_, 240 First Trip West, _Platt_, 229 Founding of Armour Institute, _Armour_, 521 Funny Little Man, _Wilder_, 371 How He Became Deaf, _Edison_, 20 How He Learned Telegraphy, _Edison_, 21 How He Joined the Marine Band, _Sousa_, 385 “I’ll be President,” _Vreeland_, 156 Important Mission, _Vreeland_, 158 Joe Jefferson’s Life, _Wilder_, 374 Knighted by the Queen, _Van Horne_, 491 Life Prisoner, _Wilder_, 378 London Physician, _Van Horne_, 495 Lord Wolseley and Smokeless Powder, _Maxim_, 45 Never Mind the Gas, _Wilder_, 376 Nordica’s First Engagement, _Nordica_, 547 Origin of Smokeless Powder, _Maxim_, 45 Rapid-fire Gun in Switzerland, _Maxim_, 46 Richard and the Crown Prince, _Mansfield_, 383 “Salting” a “Hayseed,” _Edison_, 24 Save Me a Spare-rib, _Wilder_, 375 School-boy Compositions, _Burroughs_, 406 Terrific Storm, _Lipton_, 112 Trying the Boss, _Maxim_, 40 Two Small Boys, _Sousa_, 388 Vampire, _Choate_, 200 Volunteer German Friend, _Johnson_, 239 “Your Eyre,” _Harrison_, 309

Application, _see Success Qualities_.

Apprentice, _see Methods_.

Arbitration, _see Methods_.

“Aristocracy,” _see Success Ideals_.

Art, _see Careers_.

Artist, _see Careers_.

Association, with able men, _Borden_, 451

Attention, _see Success Qualities_.

Authors, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Automatic gun, _see Achievements_.

Bad habits, _see Dangers_.

Banking, _see Careers_.

Bar, _see Careers_.

Battle-ships, _see Achievements_.

Beginning at the bottom, _see Start in Life_.

“Ben Hur,” _see Achievements_.

=Bent:= Art must be inborn, _Gibson_, 343 Boyhood sketches, _Opper_, 354 Leaning toward business, _Field_, 82 Fitted for railroading, _Vanderbilt_, 141 Inclination for mechanics, _Vanderbilt_, 139 Invention born in a man, _Edison_, 27 Mechanics, natural to, _Clowry_, 146 Natural bent for singing, _Nordica_, 543 School-boy sketches, _Remington_, 328 Talent must be cultivated, _Shrady_, 370

Best, _see Methods_.

Blacksmith, _see Careers_.

Blindness, _see Obstacles_.

Books, _see Reading_.

Bottom of the ladder, _see Start in life_.

British Government, _see Fame_.

“Broncho Buster,” _see Achievements_.

Busts, _see Achievements_.

Business ability, _see Success Qualities_.

Canada, opportunity in, _see Opportunity_.

Canadian Pacific R. R., _see Achievements_.

Canadians, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Canniness, _see Success Qualities_.

=Careers:= Actors, biographies of, 677 Actresses, biographies of, 681 Amusements, _Wilder_, 373 Art, _Ruckstuhl_, 364 Artist, _Opper_, 354 Authors, biographies of, 702 Banking, _Gage_, 133, 135 Bar, called to, _Borden_, 450 Blacksmith, _Collyer_, 442 Canadians, biographies of, 687, 700, 716 Cartoonists, biographies of, 691 Choice of, _Abbey_, 314, 315 Choosing a career, _Herreshoff_, 534 Commerce, _Field_, 83 Commercial, mechanical or scientific pursuits in Canada, _London_, 483 Could succeed at anything, _Maxim_, 38 Decorators, biographies of, 690 Divines, biographies of, 714 Editors, biographies of, 660 Educators, biographies of, 656 Explorers, biographies of, 652 Farm, _Van Horne_, 496 Farmer in politics, simplicity, sense, _Borden_, 452 Father was a farmer, _Burroughs_, 405 Farmers, scientific, _Loudon_, 484 Finance, _Burroughs_, 408 Financiers, biographies of, 638 “Finding one’s self,” _Shrady_, 366 Humorists, biographies of, 693 Illustrators, biographies of, 690 Illustrating for girls, _Stephens_, 323, 324 Industrial leaders, biographies of, 620 Inventors, biographies of, 633 Journalism, _Conwell_, 429 Journalists, biographies of, 695 Jurists, biographies of, 644 Law, keep out of, _Platt_, 232 Law, _Borden_, 451 Law, _Dolliver_, 220 Law office politics, _Parent_, 464 Lawyers, biographies of, 644 Lawyer, orator, _Gunsaulus_, 433 Lecturing, _Conwell_, 431 Lecturers, biographies of, 683 Literature, _Riley_, 258, 259, 260 Manufacturers, biographies of, 624 Mechanics and R. R. finance, _Vanderbilt_, 139, 140, 141 Merchants, biographies of, 636 Ministry, _Gunsaulus_, 434 Music as a vocation, _Nordica_, 543 Musicians, biographies of, 670 Novelists, biographies of, 704 Orators, biographies of, 668 Oratory, _Depew_, 217 Organizers, biographies of, 683 Painting, _Shrady_, 366 Philanthropists, biographies of, 712 Poets, biographies of, 697 Political field, _Depew_, 214 Political leaders, biographies of, 641 Political life in Canada, _Blair_, 477 Politics, _Depew_, 211 Politics, _Dolliver_, 221 Politics, _Jones_, 508 Politics, public utilities, _Jones_, 509 Politics, young men in, _Roosevelt_, 174 Practice of law, _Conwell_, 428 Preacher, merchant, lawyer, politician, doctor, _Gunsaulus_, 433 Preparation, _Depew_, 210 Preparation, _Howells_, 286 Private secretary, _Gould_, 417 Publishers, biographies of, 663 Railroad business, _Van Horne_, 493 Railroad official, _Depew_, 212 Reformers, biographies of, 708 Sailors, biographies of, 648 Sculptor, poet, artist, _Ruckstuhl_, 358 Sculptors, biographies of, 690 Singers, biographies of, 674 Soldiers, biographies of, 648 Statesmen, biographies of, 617 Stick to your calling, _Vreeland_, 162 Teacher, instructor, _Borden_, 450 Telegraphy, _Carnegie_, 54, 55, 57 Telegraphy, _Edison_, 21, 23, 24 Telegraphy, learning, _Clowry_, 145, 146, 147 Train despatcher, _Van Horne_, 487 Transportation, leaders, biographies of, 629 Travellers, biographies of, 652 Treasury, _Burroughs_, 408 United States Army, _Miles_, 193 Writing for children, _Keller_, 393 Writers, biographies of, 695 Writers, suggestions to, _Wilcox_, 276, 281

Cartoonists, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Change, _see Recreation_.

Character, _see Success Ideals_.

Character, _see Success Qualities_.

Chinese Medal, _see Anecdotes_.

Civil service, _see Careers_.

Civil War, _Conwell_, 427

Clerking, _see Start in life_.

Colleges, _see Education_.

Common school, _see Education_.

Commerce, _see Careers_.

Common sense, _see Success Qualities_.

Compositor, _see Start in life_.

Conceit, _see Dangers_.

Concentration, _see Success Qualities._

Concentration of business, _see Dangers_.

Conservatism, _see Success Qualities_.

Consistency, _see Success Qualities_.

Content, _see Success Ideals_.

Contentment, _see Success Ideals_.

Convictions, _see Success Qualities_.

Copying records, _see Start in life_.

Cordiality, _see Success Qualities_.

Corresponding with papers, _see Start in life_.

Country school teacher, _see Start in life_.

Courage, _see Success Qualities_.

Crippled, _see Obstacles_.

Cuba, opportunity in, _see Opportunity_.

Culture, _see Success Ideals_.

=Dangers:= Conceit, _Davenport_, 339 Concentration of business, _Jones_, 508 Content in idleness, _Choate_, 204 Expensive habits, smoking, _Mills_, 120 Hurry, haste, _Loudon_, 481 Idleness, _Gould_, 417 Idleness, _Mills_, 117 Indulgence, _Herreshoff_, 534 Inexperience, lack of tact, _Mills_, 123 Luxuries, wealth, power, _Burroughs_, 410 Over-estimate of ability, inaction, _Choate_, 202 Overwork, _Markham_, 269 Ruts, _Strauss_, 423 Salary, _Van Horne_, 493 Weak points, _Herreshoff_, 538

Dauntlessness, _see Success Qualities_.

Deafness, _see Obstacle_.

Decision, _see Turning Point_.

Decision, _see Success Qualities_.

Deliberation, _see Success Qualities_.

Determination, _see Success Qualities_.

Devotion, _see Success Qualities_.

Dignity, _see Success Qualities_.

Discipline, see _Success Qualities_.

Discipline, _see Methods_.

Discouragement, _see Failure_.

Dispatcher, _see Careers_.

Divines, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Doctor, _see Careers_.

Doing good, _see Success Ideals_.

Drink, _see Health_.

Drug-store, retail, _see Start in life_.

Dutch parentage, _see Heredity_.

Early poverty, _see Start in life_.

Early rising, _see Methods_.

Early training, _see Methods_.

Earnestness, see _Success Qualities_.

Earning his way, _see Start in life_.

Economy, see _Success Qualities_.

Economy, _see Methods_.

Editors, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Educators, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Education, _see Success Ideals_.

Education, contentment, _Keller_, 401

=Education:= A careless student, _Wallace_, 297 Advantage of, _Platt_, 227 Advice how to obtain, _Conwell_, 430 College an advantage, _Riley_, 260 College discipline inadequate, _Herreshoff_, 535 College not necessary, _Field_, 90 College men in demand, _Schurman_, 250 College not necessary, _Gompers_, 167 College profitable, _Platt_, 227 College practical, _Roosevelt_, 175 College _vs._ home, _Gage_, 135 Common school sufficient, _Clowry_, 151 Cut short, _Armour_, 514 Education for women, _H. Gould_, 417 Effects of, _Keller_, 398 Elementary education, _Schurman_, 245 High school sufficient, _Field_, 82 Home study in art, _Opper_, 355 Of artists, _Abbey_, 319 Of the blind and deaf, _Keller_, 397 Necessary for soldiers, _Miles_, 192 Reading my college course, _Collyer_, 443 Self-culture, example of, _Howells_, 283 Self-culture in art, _Gibson_, 344 Self-culture in art, _Shrady_, 367 Student life in Paris, _Ruckstuhl_, 361 Teaching of drawing, _Gibson_, 345 Training in music, _Nordica_, 545 Value of, _Gage_, 136 Village school, _Opper_, 354

Effort, _see Success Qualities_.

Eight-hour work day, _see Work_.

Energy, _see Success Qualities_.

Enterprise, _see Success Qualities_.

Enthusiasm, _see Success Qualities_.

Essays, _see Reading_.

Evening study, _see Reading_.

“Evening,” statue, _Ruckstuhl_, 362

Example, _see Success Ideals_.

Executive ability, _see Success Qualities_.

Exercise, _see Health_.

Experience, _see Methods_.

Explorers, biographies of, _see Careers_.

=Failure:= Began life with, _Parent_, 464 Discouragement, _Ruckstuhl_, 363 Justify failure, _Choate_, 201 “What a failure I am,” _Davenport_, 338

Fame, _see Success Ideals_.

Farming, _see Careers_.

Farmer’s boy, _see Start in life_.

Farming conditions, _see Start in life_.

Fidelity, _see Success Qualities_.

Finance, _see Careers_.

Financiers, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Flying machines, _see Achievements_.

“Force,” statue, _Ruckstuhl_, 362

Forceful, _see Success Qualities_.

Foresight, _see Success Qualities_.

Frankness, _see Success Qualities_.

Freedom, _see Success Ideals_.

French descent, _see Heredity_.

French Huguenots, _see Heredity_.

Friends, _Keller_, 400

Frugality, _see Success Qualities_.

Gameness, _see Success Qualities_.

Gas machine, _see Achievements_.

Genius, _see Success Qualities_.

Gift, _see Bent_.

Goethe, bust, _Ruckstuhl_, 364

Golden Mean, _see Success Ideals_.

Golden Rule, _see Methods_.

Good habits, _see Success Qualities_.

Good judgment, _see Success Qualities_.

Grocery clerk, _see Start in life_.

Habit, _see Methods_.

Habits, _see Health_.

Happiness, _see Success Ideals_.

Hard work, _see Success Qualities_.

“Hartranft,” statue, _Ruckstuhl_, 364

Haste, _see Dangers_.

=Health:= A prime requisite, _Roosevelt_, 181 Good habits, _Sage_, 130 Habits, _Platt_, 233 Keeping healthy, _Edison_, 34 Large and strong, _Maxim_, 40 Methods of securing, _Smith_, 456 Powerful physique, _Nordica_, 555

Heeding advice, _see Success Qualities_.

=Heredity:= American stock, _Platt_, 226 Chip of the old block, _Vanderbilt_, 142 Dutch parentage, _Edison_, 19 French descent, _Parent_, 465 Heir to Vanderbilt millions, _Vanderbilt_, 138 Inheritance, _Wanamaker_, 93 New England annals, _Choate_, 203 New England stock, _Nordica_, 542 New England stock, French Huguenots, _Depew_, 209 Patriot and fighter by inheritance, _Pingree_, 77 Scotch blood, _Loudon_, 479 Scotch ancestors, _Armour_, 512 Scottish ancestors, _Carnegie_, 52 Spanish ancestors, _Sousa_, 385 Swiss ancestors, _Keller_, 395 Training, teaching, _Armour_, 524 United States stock, _Borden_, 449

“High Noon,” poem, _Wilcox_, 274

High school, _see Education_.

High thinking, _see Success Ideals_.

Home, _see Success Ideal_s.

Homestead Steel Works, _see Achievements_.

Home study, _see Education_.

Home study, _see Reading_.

Honesty, _see Success Qualities_.

Hours of work, _see Work_.

Humor, _see Success Qualities_.

Humorists, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Hurry, _see Dangers_.

Idleness, see _Dangers_.

“Ike Walton’s Prayer,” _see Success Ideals_.

Illustrating, _see Careers_.

Illustrators, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Imagination, _see Success Qualities_.

Inaction, _see Dangers_.

Inclination, _see Bent_.

Income, _see Success Ideals_.

Independence, _see Success Qualities_.

Individuality, _see Success Qualities_.

Indulgence, _see Dangers_.

Industry, _see Success Qualities_.

Inexperience, _see Dangers_.

=Influence:= Civilizing “bad men,” _Roosevelt_, 184 In literature, _Wilcox_, 279 Mme Maretzek, Brignola, _Nordica_, 546 Young women who become wives, _Loudon_, 481

Inheritance, _see Heredity_.

Initiative, _see Success Qualities_.

Inspiration, _see Success Qualities_.

Instructor, _see Careers_.

Integrity, _see Success Qualities_.

Intellect, _see Success Qualities_.

Interest, _see Success Qualities_.

Inventors, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Janitor, _see Start in life_.

“Joe Jefferson’s Life,” _see Anecdotes_.

Journalism, _see Careers_.

Journalists, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Jurists, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Justice, _see Success Qualities_.

Keystone Bridge Works, _see Achievements_.

Knowledge of different sections, _Smith_, 459

Knowledge, _see Success Qualities_.

“Laugh and the World Laughs,” poem, _Wilcox_, 273

Law, _see Careers_.

Laws, _see Achievements_.

Lawyers biographies of, _see Careers_.

Leaders, _Herreshoff_, 537

Leaders, industrial, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Leaders, political, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Leaders, transportation, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Leadership, _see Success Qualities_.

Leaning, _see Bent_.

Lecturing, _see Careers_.

Lecturers, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Leisure time, _Opper_, 355

Libraries, _see Reading_.

Liquors, _see Health_.

Literature, influence of, _see Influence_.

Literature, _see Careers_.

Love for humanity, _Strauss_, 423

Love your work, _see Success Qualities_.

Loyalty, _see Success Qualities_.

=Luck:= No such thing, _Sage_, 127 Of preparation, _Choate_, 199

Luxuries, _see Dangers_.

Macaulay, bust, _Ruckstuhl_, 364

“Man with the Hoe,” poem, _see Work_.

Manhood, _see Success Qualities_.

Manliness, _see Success Qualities_.

Manufactures, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Mathematics, _see Reading_.

“Mayday Morn,” painting, _Abbey_, 317

Mayoralty of Detroit, _see Achievements_.

Mechanics, _see Bent_.

Mechanics, _see Career_s.

Memory, _see Mother_.

Memory, _see Success Qualities_.

Merchant, _see Careers_.

Merchants, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Mercury, statue, _Ruckstuhl_, 364

Merit, _see Success Qualities_.

Messenger boy, _see Start in life_.

=Methods:= American methods, _Lipton_, 111 Apprentice system, _Herreshoff_, 535 Arbitration, _Gompers_, 171 Artists sketches, _Opper_, 357 Best known methods, _Armour_, 520 Clerical work overtime, _Vreeland_, 155 Combine books and observation, _Lipton_, 116 “Early rising,” _Armour_, 511 Early training, _Gunsaulus_, 439 Economy, discipline, system, _Armour_, 513 Edison’s day’s work, _Edison_, 33 Experience, _Wanamaker_, 103 Develop ability, _Herreshoff_, 536 Doing my best, _Clowry_, 147 Getting work before public, _Wilcox_, 277 Golden Rule, _Jones_, 505 Habit of thrift, _Mills_, 119 Habit of studying and thinking, _Gompers_, 167 High-priced men and one-man power, _Vreeland_, 162 I always carry a sketch-book, _Opper_, 357 Imitating writings of others, _Howells_, 286 In authorship, _Wilcox_, 281 In building career, _Loudon_, 480 I never worried, _Pingree_, 75 I never mapped out my life, _Pingree_, 74 I perform more services than allotted, _Clowry_, 149 I work methodically, _Opper_, 354 Literary methods, _Wilcox_, 275 Of a bandmaster, _Sousa_, 387 Of a general, _Miles_, 190 Of a merchant, _Field_, 86 Of a governor with petitioners, _Pingree_, 72 Of an artist, _Remington_, 330 Of an inventor, _Maxim_, 50 Of a sculptor, _Ruckstuhl_, 364 Of a writer, _Harrison_, 307 Of a writer, _Howell_, 289 Of composition, _Sousa_, 389 Of daily work, _Edison_, 33 Of daily work, _Parent_, 461 Of drawing cartoons, _Opper_, 354 Of early training, _Depew_, 209 Of inventing, _Edison_, 28 Of naturalist, _Burroughs_, 411 Of nature study, _Burroughs_, 409 Of railroad men, _Vanderbilt_, 141 Of promotion, _Carnegie_, 65 Of rehearsal, _Mansfield_, 382 Of the rising man, _Carnegie_, 59 Of sculpturing horses, _Shrady_, 370 Of successful men, _Gage_, 135 Preparation, _Vanderbilt_, 143 Preparation for practical pursuits, _Loudon_, 483 Rise early, _Armour_, 522 Route to success, _Pingree_, 75 Sacrifices, _Dolliver_, 220 “Save early, invest securely,” _Carnegie_, 62 Science of achievement, _Lipton_, 12 Studied to win promotion, _Armour_, 513 The true bosses, _Carnegie_, 69 To get to the top, _Maxim_, 41 To induce saving, _Carnegie_, 65 To win promotion, _Carnegie_, 60 “You strive,” _Ruckstuhl_, 365

Metropolitan Street Railway System, _see Achievements_.

Mind stuff, _see Reading_.

Ministry, _see Careers_.

Minneapolis Tribune, _see Achievements_.

Misfortune, _see Obstacles_.

Modesty, _see Success Qualities_.

Money, _see Wealth_.

=Mother:= Early teaching, _Platt_, 227 Home manager, _Stephens_, 324 Influence of, _Herreshoff_, 534 Influence of mother, _Markham_, 267 Interest and care of, _Field_, 82 Memory of home, _Johnson_, 234 Select a good mother, _Herreshoff_, 533 Should study each child, _Herreshoff_, 538 Strict, but very tender, _Platt_, 226 Tribute to, _Herreshoff_, 539

“Mr. Dinkelspiel,” _see Achievements_.

Musicians, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Nature, love of, _Burroughs_, 410

Nature study, _Burroughs_, 409

New England stock, _see Heredity_.

Newsboy, _see Start in life_.

New York, alone in, _see Start in life_.

New York University, _Gould_, 419

New York University, _Conwell_, 431

Night study, _see Reading_.

Novelists, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Observation, _see Success Qualities_.

=Obstacles:= Blindness, _Herreshoff_, 539 Cost of distinction, _Nordica_, 557 Crippled, _Wilder_, 373 Deaf, dumb and blind, _Keller_, 396 Delicate health, _Roosevelt_, 181 Disappointment, _Davenport_, 336 Fire of 1871, _Field_, 86 Glorious to be barred, _Riley_, 259 Misfortune, advantage of, _Conwell_, 426 Telegraph was new, _Clowry_, 147

Ohio, iron bridge across, _see Achievements_.

Ohio Wesleyan Seminary, _Gunsaulus_, 434

Operas and marches, _see Achievements_.

=Opportunity:= A chance for all, _Carnegie_, 58 American new possessions, _Depew_, 216 Ample, _Jones_, 509 Better, larger, _Armour_, 512 Better than ever, _Herreshoff_, 537 Chances of rising, _Herreshoff_, 537 Come to all, _Choate_, 200 Come to every one, _Strauss_, 423 Commercial better than ever, _Clowry_, 151 Commercial life heavily handicapped, _Jones_, 508 Conditions more favorable, _Wanamaker_, 105 Could start anew and win, _Lipton_, 111 Countless things to do, _Lipton_, 115 East and West, _Sage_, 128 Everyone has good chance, _Sage_, 127 Everything open to youth, _Howells_, 283 For art study in America, _Gibson_, 351, 352 For young preacher, _Gunsaulus_, 439 For country boys, _Sage_, 129 For great American women singers, _Nordica_, 556 For young men, _Dolliver_, 222 Great Britain _vs._ America, _Lipton_, 114 Greater than ever before, _Armour_, 527 Improved by education, _Roosevelt_, 177 In Canada, _Borden_, 448 In Canada, _Loudon_, 482 In Canada, _Smith_, 456 In Canadian Northwest, _Blair_, 474 In Canada for young men, _Blair_, 473 In Cuba, _Van Horne_, 496 Increased a thousandfold, _Mills_, 120, 121 In realm of electricity, _Edison_, 30 In towns and cities, _Roosevelt_, 175 In Quebec, _Parent_, 466 In Quebec, Ontario, and Northwest, _Van Horne_, 492 Less than formerly, _Pingree_, 76 Make opportunity, _Herreshoff_, 536 Merit quickly rewarded, _Clowry_, 148 More than in past, _Depew_, 207 More things to do, _Depew_, 208 Moving grain and cattle, _Armour_, 517 New industries, broader fields, _Sage_, 128 No time like present, _Mills_, 118 Of a small church, _Gunsaulus_, 435 Of becoming proprietor, _Herreshoff_, 538 Our new possessions, _Gunsaulus_, 439 Plentiful, _Depew_, 208 Right men in demand, _Carnegie_, 59 Seizing opportunities, _Wanamaker_, 98 To convey water, _Armour_, 517 To create, to develop, _Van Horne_, 488 To rise quickly, _Carnegie_, 52 We are what we choose, _Gunsaulus_, 435

Ontario, opportunity in, _see Opportunity_.

Orators, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Oratory, _see Careers_.

Organizers, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Out-of-doors, _see Recreation_.

Overwork, _see Dangers_.

Painstaking, _see Success Qualities_.

Painting, _see Careers_.

Painting, _see Recreation_.

Paris, _Nordica_, 551

Partnership, _see Achievements_.

Patience, _see Success Qualities_.

Patriotism, _Gould_, 416

Peace, _see Success Ideals_.

Peace of Mind, _Burroughs_, 410

Perseverance, _see Success Qualities_.

Persistence, _see Success Qualities_.

Philanthropists, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Philosophy, _see Success Qualities_.

Photograph supply store, _see Start in life_.

Physical strength, _see Success Qualities_.

Physique, _see Health_.

Poems, _see Achievements_.

Poetry, _see Reading_.

Poets, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Poets, _see Careers_.

Political honors, _see Achievements_.

Politics, _see Careers_.

Poverty, _see Success Qualities_.

=Poverty:= An incentive, _Choate_, 203 Purpose through poverty, _Choate_, 202 Want urges to effort, _Edison_, 26

Position, _see Success Ideals_.

Power, _see Dangers_.

Preachers, _see Careers_.

Preparation, _see Careers_.

Preparation, _see Method_.

Principles, _see Success Qualities_.

Printer’s devil, _see Start in Life_.

Printing office, _see Start in Life_.

Progress, _Parent_, 468

Promotion, _Carnegie_, 58

Promptness, _see Success Qualities_.

Public service, _see Success Ideals_.

Publishers, biographies of, _see Careers_.

“Puck,” _see Achievements_.

Punctuality, _see Success Qualities_.

Purpose, _see Success Qualities_.

Push, _see Success Qualities_.

Quebec, opportunity in, _see Opportunity_.

Rapid-fire gun, _see Achievements_.

=Reading:= A great advantage, _Platt_, 228 Always carried a book, _Conwell_, 427 Books and the maiden, _Collyer_, 442 Col. Anderson’s library, _Carnegie_, 53 “Congressional Record,” _Dolliver_, 219 Evening study, _Wallace_, 301 Home study, _Clowry_, 148 I devoured poetry, _Markham_, 268 I loved to read, _Wallace_, 298 I made use of books, _Field_, 82 Influence of, _Armour_, 513 Many hours with great authors, _Gage_, 132 Mathematics, _Edison_, 19 “Progress and Poverty,” _Johnson_, 238 Read because I wanted to read, _Howells_, 293 Reading constantly, _Howells_, 284 Scientific books, _Edison_, 23 Study nights, _Gunsaulus_, 434 Study all the time, _Conwell_, 431 Taste ran to essays, _Burroughs_, 407 Tried to read entire free library, _Edison_, 19 Uses mind-stuff, _Howells_, 288

=Recreation:= Change or recreation, _Herreshoff_, 535 In painting pictures, _Van Horne_, 495 Out-of-doors, _Roosevelt_, 176 Yachting, _Lipton_, 116

Reformers, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Retire early, _see Health_.

Riches, _see Wealth_.

Rising in the world, _see Opportunity_.

Ruts, _see Dangers_.

Sacrifice, see _Success Qualities_.

Sailors, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Salary, _see Dangers_.

Saving, _see Methods_.

Saving, _see Success Qualities_.

Scholarship, _see Achievements_.

School days, _see Education_.

Sculptor, _see Careers_.

Seclusion, _Burroughs_, 410

Secretary, _see Careers_.

Self-confidence, _see Success Qualities_.

Self-culture, _see Education_.

Self-denial, _see Success Qualities_.

Self-help, _see Success Qualities_.

Self-reliance, _see Success Qualities_.

Self-respect, _see Success Qualities_.

Scotch blood, _see Heredity_.

Sentiment, _see Success Qualities_.

Shoe factory, _see Start in Life_.

Shoveling gravel, _see Start in Life_.

Shrewdness, _see Success Qualities_.

Simple life, _see Success Ideals_.

Simplicity, _see Success Ideals_.

Sincerity, _see Success Qualities_.

Singers, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Sleeping-car industry, _Carnegie_, 60

Smokeless powder, _see Achievements_.

Smoking, _see Health_.

Smoking, _see Dangers_.

Society, _Gould_, 418

Soldiers, biographies of, _see Careers_.

“Solon,” bust, _Ruckstuhl_, 364

Spanish ancestors, _see Heredity_.

=Start in Life:= A little barren hut, _Jones_, 501 Alone in N. Y., _Lipton_, 110 A newsboy, _Edison_, 20 A printer’s devil, _Opper_, 355 As a clerk, _Field_, 83 Begin at the bottom, _Vanderbilt_, 139 Bottom of the ladder, _Mills_, 122 Capital twenty dollars, _Collyer_, 444 Cattle range and farm, _Markham_, 268 Clerk, _Mansfield_, 381 Clerk in store, _Schurman_, 246 Compositor in N. Y., _Opper_, 355 Copying records, _Wallace_, 300 Corresponding with papers, _Howells_, 287 Country school teacher, _Dolliver_, 220 Depended early upon self, _Mills_, 119 Dollar and a half a week, _Wanamaker_, 93 Early poverty, _Jones_, 502 Earned his own way, _Depew_, 208 Farm boy at seventeen, _Pingree_, 72 Farmer’s boy, _Burroughs_, 405 Farmer’s boy, _Field_, 81 Farmer’s boy, _Schurman_, 244 Farming conditions, _Field_, 81 Farming, studying, teaching, _Burroughs_, 408 Grocery clerk, _Sage_, 126 Introduced to the broom, _Carnegie_, 56 I used to get my own meals, _Clowry_, 146 Janitor, _Gage_, 132 Messenger boy, _Clowry_, 145 Nordica’s first tour, _Nordica_, 549 On the farm, _Conwell_, 426 Photograph supply store, _Ruckstuhl_, 359 Printing office, _Davenport_, 337 Retail drug store, _Platt_, 229 Rich men’s sons, _Carnegie_, 69 Shoe factory, _Pingree_, 73 Shoveling gravel, _Vreeland_, 154 The farm, _Armour_, 514 Thirty dollars a year, _Schurman_, 245 Utility boy on railroad, _Van Horne_, 487 Young men without capital, _Carnegie_, 51, 52

Statesmen, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Statues, _see Achievements_.

Steam motors, _see Achievements_.

Steel works, _see Achievements_.

Stick-to-a-tiveness, _see Success Qualities_.

Stores, _see Achievements_.

Storey Farm, Oil Creek, Pa., _Carnegie_, 63

Strict attention, _see Success Qualities_.

Submarine cable device, _see Achievements_.

“Suburban resident,” _see Achievements_.

Success, _see Success Ideals_.

Success, _Blair_, 473

Success, _Mansfield_, 380

=Success Ideals:= Achievement, contentment, wealth and power, _Van Horne_, 485 A comfortable home, _Blair_, 475 An ideal example, _Burroughs_, 404 Broaden and enjoy life, _Burroughs_, 410 Character, _Blair_, 476 Content, _Burroughs_, 405 Cultivation, mind and heart, _Jones_, 509 Doing good, _Depew_, 218 Education before wealth, _Keller_, 401 Fame, position, income, _Choate_, 199 Final aristocracy, _Carnegie_, 66 Freedom and peace, _Burroughs_, 405 Golden mean, _Burroughs_, 412 Great men need little money, _Burroughs_, 403 Happiness, _Choate_, 204, 205 Happiness, _Howells_, 294, 295 High thinking, _Burroughs_, 407 “Ike Walton’s Prayer,” _Riley_, 253, 254 Material success, _Depew_, 216 Money making not a success, _Dolliver_, 223 Not high enough, _Gunsaulus_, 438 Of a minister, _Gunsaulus_, 436 Public service, _Field_, 91 Simplicity, unconventionality, _Blair_, 477 Something for others, _Armour_, 527 “The Creed,” poem, _Wilcox_, 274 The Simple Life, _Burroughs_, 410 To do everything, _H. Gould_, 415 Usefulness to others, _Jones_, 510 Usefulness to society, _Van Horne_, 486 Wealth a false ideal, _Parent_, 467 Wider and greater, _Field_, 89

=Success Qualities:= Ability, energy, will, ambition, _Borden_, 447 Adaptability, attention, _Platt_, 231 Ambition, _Sage_, 127 Ambition, _Vanderbilt_, 143 Application, _Armour_, 522 Application, concentration, _Edison_, 29 Application, honesty, _Conwell_, 431 Attention, deliberate, consistent, _Strauss_, 425 Attention, will, stick, energy, industry, _Strauss_, 424 Canniness, energy, conservatism, sentiment, _Parent_, 469 Character, _Miles_, 192 Common sense, _Gunsaulus_, 436 Common sense, _Roosevelt_, 178 Concentration, _Edison_, 29 Concentration of thought, _Wanamaker_, 104 Consistency, honesty, hard work, _Depew_, 215 Convictions, desire to achieve, _Gunsaulus_, 435 Convictions, character, _Jones_, 508 Convictions, work, public favor, _Gunsaulus_, 433 Cordiality, dignity, _Borden_, 453 Courage, honesty, _Roosevelt_, 177 Courage, _Miles_, 194 Courage, energy, ambition, _Smith_, 459 Courage our national virtue, _Miles_, 194 Dauntlessness, loyal, _Miles_, 191 Decision, independence, _Mills_, 120 Determination, application, _Stephens_, 324 Determination, _Opper_, 353 Determination, ambition, _Opper_, 354 Devotion, _Gompers_, 171 Devotion, time, thought, energy, _Nordica_, 543 Dignity, self-reliance, self-respect, _Borden_, 450 Discipline, _Strauss_, 423 Earnestness, honesty, _Lipton_, 113 Economy, _Parent_, 461 Economy, _Strauss_, 422 Effort, economy, common-sense, _Wanamaker_, 107 Energy, work hard, _Gunsaulus_, 439 Enthusiasm, interest, _Van Horne_, 494 Executive ability, _Herreshoff_, 537 Fidelity, loyalty, manhood, _Platt_, 232 Foresight, _Roosevelt_, 176 Frankness, honesty, energy, perseverance, _Pingree_, 77 Frugality, honesty, energy, integrity, _Field_, 89 Gameness, integrity, forceful character, _Roosevelt_, 186 Genius, devotion, application, _Collyer_, 445 Good judgment, _Field_, 87 Good habits, perseverance, _Wilcox_, 281 Hard work, _Gunsaulus_, 433 Heeding advice, thought, memory, observation, _Herreshoff_, 540 Honest dealing, adaptability, strict attention, _Platt_, 231 Honesty, _Field_, 91 Honesty, courage, _Roosevelt_, 177 Honesty, industry and thrift, _Parent_, 466 Honesty, _Lipton_, 113 Honesty, _Sage_, 129 Humility, _Mills_, 122 Humor, shrewdness, patience, _Loudon_, 479 Imagination, _Ruckstuhl_, 365 Imagination, philosophy, _Loudon_, 484 Independence, interest, concentration, inspiration, _Van Horne_, 493 Individuality, _Gibson_, 346, 347 Individuality, energy, will, perseverance, _Pingree_, 77 Initiative, justice, _Van Horne_, 486 Inspiration, _Ruckstuhl_, 362 Integrity, energy, business ability, _Armour_, 520 Intellect, energy, ambition, _Maxim_, 37 I would stick to it, _Conwell_, 427 Knowledge, convictions, attention to details, _Borden_, 452 Leadership, _Gunsaulus_, 440 Love your work, _Mansfield_, 380 Loyalty, _Gompers_, 172 Manhood, _Platt_, 232 Manliness, persistency, willingness to work, _Jones_, 501 Merit, _Herreshoff_, 538 Modesty, _Armour_, 512 Modesty, _Gould_, 416 Painstaking, energy, _Mansfield_, 381 Painstaking, _Abbey_, 318 Patience, perseverance, fidelity, _Keller_, 400 Perseverance, _Gage_, 134 Persistence, _Riley_, 258 Persistence and hard work, _Sousa_, 388 Physical strength, _Depew_, 210 Poverty, work, _Jones_, 510 Principles, health, ambition, _Field_, 84 Prompt, bright, willing, accommodating, _Wanamaker_, 94 Punctuality, _Parent_, 463 Purpose, _Choate_, 202 Purpose, energy, determination, concentration, will, _Borden_, 448 Push, _Wanamaker_, 106 Sacrifice, devotion, _Gompers_, 171 Saving, _Carnegie_, 62 Saving money, thrift, _Carnegie_, 69 Self-confidence, _Ruckstuhl_, 361 Self-denial, industry, economy, attention, purpose, _Herreshoff_, 533 Self-help, recreation, very best work, _Herreshoff_, 534 Self-respect, _Strauss_, 422 Sincerity, energy, purpose, perseverance, _Pingree_, 77 System, _Armour_, 518 System, good measure, _Armour_, 519 Talent, persistence, energy, enthusiasm, determination, toil, _Riley_, 258 Temperament, energy, _Herreshoff_, 535 Thoroughness, _Maxim_, 41 Thrift, _Carnegie_, 69 Thrift applied to saving, _Lipton_, 115 Thrift, hard work, _Carnegie_, 67 Truth, _Armour_, 520 Versatility, _Roosevelt_, 176 Vigilance, _Parent_, 465 Wide awake, attention to duty, integrity, _Strauss_, 424 Will, character, determination, _Nordica_, 542 Will power, _Wilcox_, 282 Willingness, _Vreeland_, 156 Work, _Abbey_, 319 Zeal, determination, enterprise, _Loudon_, 482

Swiss ancestors, _see Heredity_.

System, _see Success Qualities_.

System, _see Methods_.

Tact, lack of, _see Dangers_.

Talent, _see Bent_.

Talent, _see Success Qualities_.

Teacher, _see Careers_.

Telegraphic recorder, _see Achievements_.

Telegraphy, _see Careers_.

Temperament, _see Success Qualities_.

Temple College, _Conwell_, 430

“The Birth of the Opal,” poem, _Wilcox_, 274

“The Creed,” poem, _see Success Qualities_.

“The Empty Saddle,” statue, _Shrady_, 369

“The Fair God,” _see Achievements_.

“The Two Glasses,” poem, _Wilcox_, 274

Thoroughness, _see Success Qualities_.

Thought, _see Success Qualities_.

Thrift, _see Success Qualities_.

Time, _see Success Qualities_.

Titles, _see Achievements_.

“To an Astrologer,” poem, _Wilcox_, 274

Toil, see _Success Qualities_.

Treasury, _see Careers_.

Truth, _see Success Qualities_.

=Turning Points:= A fortunate misfortune, _Johnson_, 236 Decision to be a sculptor, _Ruckstuhl_, 360 Decision to go to college, _Schurman_, 246 Entered telegraph office, _Carnegie_, 54 I began to save, _Armour_, 520 I determined to start for Chicago, _Gage_, 133 I must go to America, _Collyer_, 444 I sold my country store, _Sage_, 127 I went West to Chicago, _Field_, 83 Law case, _Conwell_, 429 Making the first note, _Carnegie_, 62 Saving the first five thousand dollars, _Field_, 87 Starting grocery store, _Lipton_, 111 Threw down my pitch-fork, _Armour_, 515

Unconventionality, _see Success Ideals_.

United States Army, _see Careers_.

United States Express Co, _see Achievements_.

United States stock, _see Heredity_.

Upper Union Rolling Mills, _see Achievements_.

Usefulness to others, _see Success Ideals_.

Usefulness to society, _see Success Ideals_.

Utility boy, _see Start in Life_.

Vacation, _Van Horne_, 494

Vanderbilt millions, _see Heredity_.

Vanderbilt system, _see Achievements_.

Versatility, _see Success Qualities_.

“Victory,” statue, _Ruckstuhl_, 364

Victories, _see Achievements_.

Vigilance, _see Success Qualities_.

Vigor, _see Health_.

Vitality, _see Health_.

Walking, _see Health_.

Want, _see Poverty_.

Weak points, _see Dangers_.

=Wealth:= A sacred trust, _Carnegie_, 67 Benefactor to mankind, _Mills_, 118 Money his servant, _Jones_, 510 Never disturbs me, _Burroughs_, 403 Responsibility of, _Mills_, 123 Rich without money, _Burroughs_, 412 Slaves of wealth, _Jones_, 510

Wealth, _see Success Ideals_.

West, _Conwell_, 427

“Wherever you are,” poem, _Wilcox_, 274

Wide awake, _see Success Qualities_.

Will, _see Success Qualities_.

Willingness, _see Success Qualities_.

Will power, _see Success Qualities_.

“Wisdom,” statue, _Ruckstuhl_, 362

Wives, influence of, _see Influence_.

“Woody Crest,” _Gould_, 415

Women, education for, _see Education_.

=Work:= Ability to work hard, _Roosevelt_, 176 Eight-hour work day, _Gompers_, 170 Heart and soul in, _Lipton_, 113 I like it, _Edison_, 27, 29 I must work and perfect myself, _Nordica_, 545 Influence of, _Markham_, 269 Keynote of success, _Mills_, 117 Let the work show, _Herreshoff_, 532 Literary life means work, _Riley_, 260 Love your work, _Mansfield_, 380 Making a great voice, _Nordica_, 542 “Man with the Hoe,” _Markham_, 264 Moderate number of hours, _Depew_, 214 Nobility of work, _Collyer_, 445 Record of steady work, _Abbey_, 317 Short hours, _Field_, 88 Twenty hours a day, _Edison_, 27 Work all the time, _Gibson_, 349 Work hard on long lines, _Collyer_, 445 Work incessantly, _Gibson_, 349 “Work is to my taste,” _Vanderbilt_, 140 Work long time without sleep, _Wanamaker_, 105 Working hours, _Gunsaulus_, 438

Work, _see Success Qualities_.

Work hard, _see Success Qualities_.

Writers, biographies of, _see Careers_.

Yachting, _see Recreation_.

Yale College, _Conwell_, 427

Young men, _see Start in life_.

Zeal, _see Success Qualities_.

FOOTNOTE:

[B] For Biographical Index see page 724.

* * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

Obvious punctuation errors were corrected.

Varied hyphenation was retained.

Many minor variations in capitalization, punctuation, etc., were noted between the table of Contents and the Chapter Headings themselves. These were retained as printed.

Page 449, “opinons” changed to “opinions” (opinions of right)

Page 465, “adminstrator” changed to “administrator” (as a public administrator)

Page 504, “busines” changed to “business” (As our business increased)

Page 507, “faithfuly” changed to “faithfully” (faithfully serve the)

Page 574, as this error is on a plate, the correction will only appear in the text version. “MacCracken” changed to “McCracken” (H. M. McCracken)

Page 579, as this error is on a plate, the correction will only appear in the text version. “Calve” changed to “Calvé” (Emma Calvé.)

Page 583, as this error is on a plate, the correction will only appear in the text version. “Menté” changed to “Mente” (Charles Mente)

Page 617, article on William Boyd Allison states that he served in Dubuque, Ohio. Actually he was in Dubuque, Iowa. The text has been preserved as printed but the error is noted here.

Page 623, “1862” changed to “1882” (in 1882 he graduated at the)

Page 643, “Brownville” changed to “Brownsville” (town of Brownsville, Tenn.)

Page 644, “RENE” changed to “RENÉ” (FREDERICK RENÉ COUDERT.)

Page 650, “WINFIED” changed to “WINFIELD” (WINFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY.)

Page 660, typeface smudged, word “as” assumed (called as the chair of)

Page 671, “Brussels” changed to “Brünn” (born in Brünn, Austria)

Page 674, “CALVE” changed to “CALVÉ” (EMMA CALVÉ.)

Page 685, “emeritns” changed to “emeritus” (emeritus professor and)

Page 719, “establismhent” changed to “establishment” (establishment. In 1887 he had)

Page 723, “unversities” changed to “universities” (five Canadian universities)

Page 724, “Romanzo” changed to “Romanza” (Chaffee, Adna Romanza)

Page 724, “DeKoven” changed to “De Koven” (De Koven, Henry L.)

Page 724, “DeLessan” changed to “De Lessan” (De Lussan, Zelie)

Page 724, twice, “Reszké” changed to “Reszke” to match text usage (De Reszke, Edouard) (De Reszke, Jean)

Page 724, “DeL.” changed to “de L.” (St. George de L.)

Page 725, “LeGallienne” changed to “Le Gallienne” (Le Gallienne, Richard)

Page 725, “De Lancey” changed to “De Lancy” (Melvin De Lancy)

Page 725, “Menté” changed to “Mente” (Mente, Charles)

Page 727, “contain” changed to “contains” (which it contains)

Page 732, twice, “Kellar” changed to “Keller” (Effects of, _Keller_) (blind and deaf, _Keller_)

Page 739, “Stick-to-a-tive-ness” changed to “Stick-to-a-tiveness”

Page 741, “Qaulities” changed to “Qualities” (Thoroughness, _see Success Qualities_)