Part 13
The sleeve is marked with 40 lines to the inch, corresponding to the number of threads on the spindle. When the spindle is down against the anvil, the beveled edge of the thimble coincides with the lone 0 on the sleeve, and the 0 line on the thimble coincides with the horizontal line on the sleeve. By turning the knurled thimble with the thumb and finger until the 0 line on the thimble again agrees with the horizontal line on the sleeve, the distance between the anvil and the bottom point of the spindle will be 1/40, or .025 of an inch, and the beveled edge of the thimble will coincide with the second vertical line on the sleeve. Each vertical line on the sleeve indicates a distance of 1/40, or .025 of an inch. Every fourth line on the sleeve is made longer than the others, and is numbered 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., up to 0 or the capacity of the micrometer. Each numbered line indicates a distance of four times 1/40 of an inch, or 1/10.
The beveled edge of the thimble is marked in twenty-five divisions, and every fifth line is numbered from 0 to 25. Turning the spindle from one of these marks to the next indicates that the spindle has been moved 1/25 of .025, or one-thousandth of an inch.
Hold the frame stationary and revolve the thimble with the thumb and finger. The spindle, being attached to the thimble, revolves with it, and moves through the nut in the frame, approaching or receding from the anvil. The measurement of the opening between the anvil and the spindle is shown by the lines and figures on the sleeve and the thimble.
To read the micrometer, place the object to be measured on the anvil, turning the thimble up or down until it touches the object lightly. Multiply the amount of vertical divisions visible on the sleeve by 25 and add the number of divisions on the bevel of the thimble from 0 to the line which coincides with the horizontal line on the sleeve.
For example, if there are 5 divisions visible on the sleeve and six lines showing on the thimble, multiply 5 by 25, and add 6. Total .131 of an inch.
THE POINT SYSTEM
Some time prior to the year 1450 Gutenberg invented the casting of metal type in molds. As the art of printing advanced, many new sizes were cast, but no attempt was made to cast them with a uniform gradation in size and it was difficult to build up one size of body to equal another; that is, justify them.
To obviate this, Fournier, in 1737, advocated a method of casting type according to some unit. The size known as pica was in use in various countries in Europe, and was considered a standard size. Taking the pica as a basis he divided it into twelve parts, each of which he called a point. He chose one-twelfth of a pica as the unit because there existed five sizes of type between pica and nonpareil. As nonpareil was just half the size of pica, this made the succession of sizes seven, eight, nine, ten, and eleven points, any of which could be justified with another by the use of material made to the same unit.
The United States Typefounders’ Association finally adopted it in 1887. It is the only system in use in first-class offices today.
It is popularly supposed that six picas equal one inch. This is approximately so, but not absolutely, for six picas measure but .99648 of an inch. The American pica runs about three points less than 72 lines to the foot. Its actual measurement is .16608 of an inch. One-twelfth of this, or one point, is, therefore .01384 of an inch.
When calculating the amount of type contained in any piece of composed matter, it is measured up in ems, and this em, or unit, is the em of the body.
The square of each size of type is called the em of that body. Thus, the em of six-point is six points square; the em of eight-point is eight points square; and so on.
EMS TO RUNNING INCH
In estimating the amount of matter set, the following table of type measurement will be found useful. It shows the number of ems in a running inch, in columns from 10 to 30 picas wide, in seven different sizes of type. The figures across the top denote the width of page or column in picas, and the figures below denote the number of ems to the column inch in the various sizes designated in the column to the left.
WIDTH OF COLUMNS IN PICAS
========+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+==== | 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| 16| 17| 18| 19| 20 --------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---- 6 point| 240| 264| 288| 312| 336| 360| 384| 408| 432| 456| 480 7 point| 177| 194| 212| 229| 247| 265| 282| 300| 318| 335| 353 8 point| 135| 148| 162| 175| 189| 202| 216| 229| 243| 256| 270 9 point| 107| 117| 128| 139| 149| 160| 171| 181| 192| 203| 213 10 point| 86| 95| 104| 112| 121| 129| 138| 147| 155| 164| 173 11 point| 71| 79| 86| 93| 100| 107| 114| 121| 128| 136| 143 12 point| 60| 66| 72| 78| 84| 90| 96| 102| 108| 114| 120 ========+=====+====+====+===+====+====+====+====+====+====+====
========+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+==== | 21| 22| 23| 24| 25| 26| 27| 28| 29| 30 --------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---- 6 point| 504| 528| 552| 576| 600| 624| 648| 672| 696| 720 7 point| 371| 388| 406| 424| 441| 459| 477| 494| 512| 529 8 point| 283| 297| 310| 324| 337| 351| 364| 378| 391| 405 9 point| 224| 235| 246| 256| 267| 277| 288| 299| 309| 320 10 point| 181| 190| 199| 207| 216| 225| 233| 242| 250| 259 11 point| 150| 157| 164| 171| 178| 185| 192| 200| 207| 214 12 point| 126| 132| 138| 144| 150| 156| 162| 168| 174| 180 ========+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+====+==== #/
TEST QUESTIONS
LIST NO. I
1. Describe the keyboard and magazine escapement action on models 5 and 8.
2. How is the rubber roll taken out and cleaned? Why does the rubber roll shaft have a friction drive?
3. How are the keyboard cam frames taken off?
4. How are the keyboard cams cleaned and oiled?
5. Describe how to take a keyboard off and clean it? Explain in detail.
6. How is a single cam taken out on an old style keyboard cam yoke frame?
7. How is a single cam taken out on the new style keyboard cam yoke frame?
8. What should be done to the triggers before replacing the cam frame? Explain why.
9. State the causes of more than one matrix dropping, or “running away.”
10. What are the causes of matrices failing to respond to the touch of the keys?
LIST NO. II
11. How is a verge on a Model 5 removed and a new one put in? On a Model 8?
12. What operations are gone through to change a magazine on a Model 5? A Model 8? Give them in the proper order. How to change the middle magazine on a Model 8?
13. How is the matrix belt adjusted? What is the difference between the matrix delivery belts on the different models?
14. What adjustments should be made on the assembling elevator, the assembler slide brake and the chute spring?
15. What is the purpose of the assembler star wheel friction? What must be done to keep it working properly?
16. What gives the line-delivery slide its motion when delivering a line? What controls the speed and how is it adjusted?
17. What releases the line-delivery slide? How is it adjusted?
18. What returns the line-delivery slide to normal position? How is it adjusted on both old and new styles?
19. How is the line-delivery slide adjusted when delivering a line?
20. What is meant by “cleaning spacebands,” and how should they be cleaned?
LIST NO. III
21. Explain how a spaceband is constructed? How should a spaceband be placed in a line. Why?
22. How is the spaceband box removed? Explain in detail.
23. What will cause spacebands not to respond?
24. How do the spaceband box pawls get their motion to release the spacebands? Explain in detail.
25. How are the spaceband box pawls adjusted?
26. What prevents the release of two spacebands at one time? How is it adjusted?
27. Describe how the thermostat controls the temperature of the metal, and how it is adjusted.
28. Describe how the metal is heated in an electric pot. How is the heat controlled in the various heating units of an electric pot?
29. What care does the electric pot and controller require?
30. What care does the mold require? How would you replace the mold in the disk after having it off?
LIST NO. IV
31. At what temperature should the metal be kept?
32. What happens when too much metal is in the pot?
33. What does a slug show when the metal is too hot?
34. What does the slug show when the metal is too cold?
35. What does a smooth, bright bottom on a slug indicate?
36. What are some of the causes of a defective face?
37. How should the mouthpiece be cared for?
38. How is the mouthpiece removed on the wedge style crucible? Screw style models?
39. How is a “stuck” plunger taken out and cleaned?
40. How is the metal pot adjusted? Give all adjustments.
LIST NO. V
41. Explain the gas pressure controller.
42. Explain thoroughly the care of the gas burner.
43. What will cause matrix ears to bend in the distributor box?
44. How is the distributor box lift adjusted?
45. What causes matrices to clog in the distributor box and how are they removed?
46. What will cause two matrices to lift at one time in the distributor box?
47. What will cause matrices to fall in the wrong channel of the magazine, and what is the remedy?
48. Describe the mechanism which drives the distributor screws?
49. Explain the construction and action of the distributor spiral automatic.
50. How is the first elevator adjusted? Give all the adjustments.
LIST NO. VI
51. How is the first elevator connecting link constructed? How is it adjusted, and what is the object of the adjustment?
52. What is the purpose of the pump stop? Explain the action and adjustment of the pump stop.
53. What is the purpose of the first elevator line stop? How is it replaced and adjusted?
54. Explain the construction of the first elevator two-letter jaws, and how it sometimes prevents the elevator going high enough to allow the line to transfer after having a squirt.
55. How should the metal be removed from the first elevator jaw after having a squirt?
56. What part of the first elevator should be kept perfectly clean and free from oil?
57. What action has the recasting block on the first elevator?
58. Describe how a one-letter line is recast.
59. Describe how a two-letter line is recast.
60. What trouble would be caused by the first elevator slide not being adjusted to properly align with the transfer and delivery channels?
LIST NO. VII
61. What adjustments are there for the second elevator?
62. What would cause the second elevator to be held at the distributor?
63. When the second elevator does not descend, what causes the machine to stop?
64. Give the adjustments of the elevator transfer slide.
65. What is the releasing lever for in the first elevator slide guide, and how is it adjusted?
66. What is the object of the intermediate bar pawl?
67. How may the movement of the transfer and spaceband levers be interfered with?
68. How does locking the spaceband transfer lever stop the machine?
69. How does the spaceband transfer lever get its motion and how is it adjusted?
70. When does the automatic safety pawl act?
LIST NO. VIII
71. Describe the method and order that should be followed in making a complete change of the machine from one size to another.
72. How are the mold liners marked to distinguish size?
73. How is the ejector blade held in place?
74. What will cause a slug to be pushed out of a galley when being ejected?
75. What is the purpose of the buffer spring in the ejector slide?
76. What is the ejector-blade guide for, and what care does it require?
77. What makes a slug higher on one end than on the other?
78. How is the back knife adjusted? Explain in detail.
79. How is a micrometer read?
80. What is “type high”?
LIST NO. IX
81. Explain in detail how the trimming knives are adjusted.
82. What causes slugs to be off their feet, or lift, when locking-up?
83. What part of an inch is a type founders point? What part of an inch is a linotype point?
84. How are the decimal points of a slug found?
85. When can the vise be opened to first position?
86. When can the vise be opened to second position?
87. Explain the construction of the main friction clutch.
88. How is the collar connected to the clutch rod?
89. What is the difference between the new and the old style clutch adjustment?
90. How is the main driving clutch adjusted? Give the seven adjustments affecting the clutch.
LIST NO. X
91. In what position should the starting lever be when making the adjustments on the friction clutch?
92. What care should be given to the main friction clutch?
93. How can you determine when the clutch is slipping?
94. Give causes for the slipping of the clutch, and how you would remedy them.
95. What is the action of the automatic safety pawl when striking the upper stopping lever, and how does it effect the clutch to stop the machine?
96. State the purpose of the vise automatic, and tell how it is adjusted.
97. How is the vise automatic adjustment tested?
98. How are the matrix toes sheared when the vise automatic is out of adjustment?
99. How is the mold slide adjusted? Give all adjustments.
100. Describe the machine action from the time a line is in the assembling elevator until it has been distributed.
MECHANISM CLASS SCHEDULE
(_Lesson Index_)
The following class schedule was designed for one-hour class periods. It has been found from experience that the lessons may be covered in approximately one-hour class periods, except No. 20. Additional study of each lesson will be found profitable where time permits.
PAGES
1. Keyboard, construction and action; taking off keyboard cam frames; cleaning and oiling keyboard cams, 3-10
2. Taking off keyboard; taking apart and cleaning, 10-12
3. Keyrods, escapements, magazines of various models, 12-25
4. Assembling elevator, assembler, assembler slide, assembler slide brake, 25-33
5. Spaceband box; delivery slide, 33-42
6. Metal pot, mouthpiece, metal pot adjustments, 42-52
7. Pot lever; gasoline and gas burners; pressure, mercury, and thermostat governors, 52-61
8. Electric pot, 61-68
9. Molds, 68-73
10. Distributor bar, channel entrance, distributor screws, distributor clutch plate and stopping bar, distributor clutch; construction of spiral automatic, 73-80
11. Distributor box; matrix lift cam, 80-87
12. First elevator slide and adjustments; first elevator jaws; construction of the connecting link, 87-94
13. Second elevator and adjustments; main cams, 94-98
14. First elevator slide guide; transfer slide adjustments; spaceband lever, pawl, and turnbuckle, 98-101
15. Mold slide; lever and slide; mold disk locking studs and blocks; ejector slide and blade; universal ejector, 101-107
16. Mold knife adjustments; adjustments of trimming knives; knife wiper, 107-114
17. Mold gear arm; mold turning cam; square block; justification levers; vise, vise jaws, pump stop, 114-122
18. Driving shaft, friction clutch and adjustments, vertical lever, upper and lower stopping levers, automatic stopping and safety pawls, stay bolt, 122-127
19. Vise automatic; filling piece and safety lug, 127-130
20. Dismantling and reassembling, under the supervision of the instructor
_Index_
PAGE
Adjustable Mold, 36-em, 71
Advertising Figures, 132
Advertising Mold, 70
Assembler, 28
Assembler Slide, 31
Assembler Slide Brake, 31
Assembler Troubles, 33
Assembling Elevator, 25
Assembling Elevator, to Take Off, 28
Auxiliary Lever, 93
Auxiliary Magazines, 21
Burner, Gas, 55
Burner, Gasoline, 55
Banking Strips, Mold, 109
Cams, Main, 95
Carbolite Mold, 71
Care of Electric Metal Pot, 65
Care of the Machine, 133
Causes of Bad Assembling, 33
Channel Entrance, 74
Chute Spring, 28
Class Schedule, Mechanism, 149
Cleaning a Magazine, 23
Cleaning Matrices, 24
Cleaning the Throat of Crucible, 44
Connecting Link, First Elevator Slide, 92
Cracked Crucible, 44
Current Consumption, 67
Display Molds, 70
Distributor, 73
Distributor Bar, 73
Distributor Box, 80
Distributor Box, Lower, Models 2 and 4, 83
Distributor Box, to Remove, 87
Distributor Box Matrix Lift Cam, 84
Distributor Clutch, 76
Distributor Screws, 75
Distributor Screw Guard, 76
Distributor Spiral Automatic, 78
Distributor Stopping Mechanism, 77
Distributor Troubles, 84
Duplex Rails, 26
Duplex Rail Operating Blocks, 99
Ejector Blade, 105
Ejector Blade, to Change, 105
Ejector Guide Block, 105
Ejector Slide, 104
Ejector, the Universal, 106
Electric Metal Pot, Care of, 65
Electric Pot, 62
Electric Pot Definitions, 61
Elevator, Second, 94
Ems to Running Inch, 142
Escapement Mechanism, 14
Facts and Suggestions About Trimming Knives, 112
Failure of Matrices to Respond (See Keyboard Troubles), 7
Failure of Matrices to Respond (due to Troubles Above the Keyboard), 23
Filling Piece, First Elevator, 130
First Elevator Jaws, 90
First Elevator Jaws and Slide, 87
First Elevator Jaw Line Stop, 92
First Elevator Slide Connecting Link 92
First Elevator Slide Guide, 98
Friction Clutch, 122
Friction Clutch Adjustments, 123
Friction Clutch Hints, 126
Fuses, 68
Gas Burner, 55
Gas Burners, to Remove, 58
Gas Pot Hints, 57
Gasoline Burner, 55
Governor, Mercury Gas, 59
Governor, Pressure, 58
Governor, Thermostat Gas, 59
Headletter Mold, 70
Hints, Friction Clutch, 126
Hints, Gas Pot, 57
Hints, Magazine, 24
Hints, Mold, 72
Justification Levers, 118
Keyboard, 3
Keyboard, to Take Apart, 10
Keyboard Parts, 4
Keyboard Cams, Cleaning the, 9
Keyboard Cams and Parts, 4
Keyboard Cam, to Remove, 6
Keyboard Cam Frames, to Remove, 9
Keyboard Layout, 9
Keyboard Rubber Rolls, 6
Keyboard Troubles, 7
Keyrods, 12
Keyrods, Auxiliary, 13
Knife Block, 109
Knife Block, Wedge Style, 111
Knife, Mold, 107
Knife Spring Plate, 111
Knife Wiper, 113
Knife Wiper, Old Style, 114
Knives, Trimming, 109
Line Delivery Slide, 39
Line Stop, First Elevator Jaw, 92
Locking Studs and Blocks, 104
Magazines, 15
Magazines, Auxiliary, 21
Magazines and Escapements, 14
Magazine, Cleaning a, 23
Magazine Channel Entrance, 74
Magazine Hints, 24
Magazines, Split, 21
Magazine, Removing a, 18
Magazines, Removing, New Models, 8 and 14-s-k, 20
Main Cams, 95
Making Machine Changes, 132
Matrix Carrier Belt, 32
Matrices, Cleaning, 24
Mechanism Class Schedule, 149
Mechanical Terms, 136
Mercury Gas Governor, 59
Metal Pot, 42
Metal Pot Adjustments, 49
Metal Pot Plunger, 42
Metal Pot, Removing a, 54
Micrometer Caliper, 140
Model K, 22
Model L, 22
Model 14, Single Keyboard, 13
Model 9, 130
Molds, 68
Mold, Universal Adjustable, 69
Mold, Recessed, 69
Mold, Display and Headletter, 70
Mold, Advertising, 70
Mold, Carbolite, 71
Mold, 36-em Adjustable, 71
Mold Turning Cam Adjusting Shoes, 115
Mold Banking Strips, 109
Mold Disk Locking Studs and Blocks, 104
Mold Driving Shaft Friction Clamp, 116
Mold Gears, Retiming, 116
Mold Hints, 72
Mold Knife, 107
Mold, Removing and Replacing, 73
Mold Slide, 101
Mold Turning Cam, Square Block, and Pinion, 114
Mold Wipers, 71
Mouthpieces, 45
Mouthpiece, to Remove a, 47
Plunger, Metal Pot, 42
Pressure Governor, 58
Point System, 141
Pot, Electric, 62
Pot Lever, 52
Pot Returning Cam Shoe, 53
Pump Stop, 121
Questions, Test, 143
Recessed Mold, 69
Releasing Lever, 99
Removing a Pot, 54
Removing a Magazine, 18
Removing a Magazine, New Model 8 and 14-s-k, 20
Retiming Mold Gears, 116
Safety Lug, Mold Disk, 130
Second Elevator Safety Catch, 95
Second Elevator, 94
Second Elevator Starting Spring, 95
Slug Troubles, 54
Spacebands, the, 33
Spaceband Box, 35
Spaceband Box, to Remove, 36
Spaceband Box Pawls, to Replace, 38
Spaceband Box Pawls and Rails, 38
Spaceband Lever, 100
Spaceband Lever Pawl, 101
Spaceband Troubles, 37
Spiral Automatic, 78
Split Magazines, 21
Spring Plate, Knife, 111
Stay Bolt, 127
Star Wheel, 29
Stuck Slug, Removing a, 107
Tabular Attachment, 131
Test Questions, 143
Things You Should Know, 138
Transfer Slide, 99
Trimming Knives, Facts and Suggestions, 112
Trimming Knives, 109
Troubles, Distributor, 84
Troubles, Slug, 54
Thermostat Gas Governor, 59
Throat and Mouthpiece Heaters (Electric), 64
Universal Adjustable Mold, 69
Universal Ejector, 106
Verge, to Remove a, 23
Vise, the, 119
Vise Automatic, 127
Vise Jaws, 121
Vise Justification, 118
Transcriber’s Notes