Lightning Conductors: Their History, Nature, and Mode of Application
Part I. Ueber Blitzableiter. 8vo. Leipzig.
M. BOUDIN. On Deaths by Lightning. The Year Book of Facts. 8vo. London.
1867. DR. OTTO BUCHNER. Die Konstruktion und Anlegung der Blitzableiter.
L. FIGUIER. Les Merveilles de la Science. 4to. Paris.
M. BALTARD. Consulte l’Académie des Sciences de France relativement aux Dispositions adoptées pour les Paratonnerres de l’Eglise St. Augustin. Compt. Rend. lxv. 453.
M. PELTIER. On Lightning Conductors. Proc. Belgian Academy of Sciences, 1867.
POUILLET. Projet d’instructions sur les Paratonnerres, preparé pour répondre à une demande de M. le Ministre de la Guerre. Compt. Rend. lxiv. 80, 182.
1868. LIEUT JOHN HERSCHEL, R. E. On the Lightning Spectrum. Philos. Mag. xxxvii. (4 s.), 142.
M. LEFUEL. Rapport concernant les Paratonnerres des Tuileries et du Louvre. Compt. Rend. lxvi. 415.
1869. M. MELSENS. Notice sur le Coup de Foudre de la Gare d’Anvers du 10 juillet 1865. Mémoires couronnés, Acad. Royale de Belgique, xxvi. 1875.
W. DE FOUVIELLE. Eclairs et Tonnerres. 8vo. Paris.
M. POUILLET. Instruction sur les Paratonnerres du Louvre et des Tuileries, rédigée au nom d’une Commission par feu M. Pouillet, lue et approuvée par l’Académie des Sciences. Compt. Rend. lxvii. 148.
M. DE PARVILLE. Note sur un Procédé de Contrôle de la Conductibilité des Paratonnerres. Ib. 306.
M. VAILLANT. Un travail relatif aux mesures qui out été prises pour les Magasins à Poudre de France et d’Algérie en ce qui concertne les Paratonnerres. Ib. lxviii. 709.
M. BECQUEREL. On the Return Stroke of Lightning. Mechanics’ Magazine, London.
M. ABICH. On the Influence of Local Agents on the Production of Thunderstorms. Philos. Mag. xxxviii. (4.s.) 436.
1871. HERMANN J. KLEIN. Das Gewitter, und die Mittel sich vor den Verheerungen des Blitzes zu schützen. 8vo. Gratz.
C. A. JOHNS. On Thunderstorms. ‘Nature,’ iv. 367.
1872. DR. WILHELM STRICKER. Der Blitz und seine Wirkungen. 8vo. Berlin.
HENRY WILDE. On the influence of Gas and Water-Pipes in determining the Direction of a Discharge of Lightning. Philos. Mag. vol. xliii. (4.s.) 115.
J. P. JOULE. On the Spectrum of Lightning. ‘Nature,’ vi. 186.
M. W. DE FONVIELLE. The Efficiency of Lightning Conductors. Compt. Rend. No. 15. Oct. 17, 1872.
SECCHI. Phenomena produced by Lightning. Telegraph. Journal, vol. i. 25.
PROF. C. V. ZENGER. On Symmetric Conductors and the Construction of Lightning Conductors. Brit. Assoc. Report, 1873, 41.
M. D. COLLADON. Effects of Lightning on Trees. Compt. Rend. 19. Nov. 1872.
W. H. PREECE. On Lightning and Lightning Conductors. Jour. Soc. Tel. Eng. i. 336.
JAS. GRAVES. On Lightning Conductors. Ib. p. 413.
1873. W. DE FONVIELLE. Note sur un Projet de Paratonnerres à Condensateur. Compt. Rend. lxxvi. 384.
W. DE FONVIELLE. Sur Différents Mouvements électriques observés sur le Paratonnerre interrompu de l’Observatoire de Greenwich. Ib. 1282.
W. DE FONVIELLE. Sur les Causes multiples qui provoquent la chute de la Foudre. Ib. 1394.
W. DE FONVIELLE. On the Advantages of keeping Records of Physical Phenomena connected with Thunderstorms. Brit. Assoc. Report, 55. 1873.
JNO. M. MOTT. Lightning and Lightning Rods. Journal of the Franklin Institute. 8vo.
E. GRENET. Construction de Paratonnerres. 8vo. Paris.
PROFESSOR REYNOLDS. On the Electrical Properties of Clouds and the Phenomena of Thunderstorms. Jour. Soc. Tel. Eng. ii. 161.
DD. BROOKS. Lightning and Lightning Rods. Journal of the Franklin Institute, lxvi. 4.
J. PHIN. Plain Directions for the Construction of Lightning Rods. 8vo. New York.
1874. A. CALLAND. Traité des Paratonnerres--leur Utilité, leur Théorie, leur Construction. 8vo. Paris.
F. GAY-LUSSAC et CLAUDE POUILLET. Introduction sur les Paratonnerres, adoptée par l’Académie des Sciences. 8vo. Paris.
E. NOUEL. Orage du 26 Mai à Vendôme: projet de Paratonnerre simplifié. Compt. Rend. lxxix. 237.
F. MICHEL. Une Note relative à la Forme à donner aux Conducteurs des Paratonnerres. Ib. 1481.
M. MELSENS. Deuxième Note sur les Paratonnerres. Bulletin de l’Académie, Roy. de Belgique, xxxviii. 8.
M. MELSENS. Troisième Note sur les Paratonnerres. Acad. Royale de Belgique, xxxviii. 9, 10.
1875. M. MELSENS. Quatrième Note sur les Paratonnerres. Bulletin de l’Académ. Roy. de Belgique, xxxix. 6.
PRÉFET DE LA SEINE. Instruction adoptée par la Commission qui a été chargée d’étudier la meilleure disposition à donner aux Paratonnerres surmontant les Edifices municipaux et departementaux. Comp. Rend. lxxxi. 1118.
E. SAINT-EDME. Sur la Construction des Paratonnerres. Ib. 949.
J. CHEMINEAU. Une Description et un Dessin de Perfectionnement apportés aux Paratonnerres. Ib. 1203.
M. FIZEAU. Avis de la Commission des Paratonnerres sur une Disposition nouvelle proposée pour les Magasins à Poudre. Ib. lxxx. 1440.
LT. COLONEL STOTHERD, R.E. On Earth Connections of Lightning Conductors. Jour. Soc. Tel. Eng. iv. 262.
J. CLERK MAXWELL. Lightning Conductors. Ib. 429.
DR. ANTONIN DE BEAUFORT. Notice sur les Paratonnerres. 8vo. Chateauroux.
J. F. SPRAGUE. Electricity: its Theory, Sources, and Applications. 8vo. London.
DR. MANN. Lightning Conductors. Jour. Soc. of Arts. xxiii. 528.
R. F. MICHEL. On the Construction and Maintenance of Lightning Conductors. Tel. Jour. iii. 44, 63.
1876. R. F. MICHEL. Note sur la Méthode à employer pour l’Essai des Conditions de Conductibilité des Paratonnerres. Compt. Rend. lxxxii. 342.
R. F. MICHEL. Sur les Inconvénients que présente l’Emploi d’un Câble en fils de cuivre comme Conducteur de Paratonnerre. Ib. 1332.
E. SAINT-EDME. Construction of Lightning Protectors. Tel. Jour. iv. 40.
EUSTACE BUTTON. Notes on a Thunder-Storm which passed over Clevedon March 15, 1876. Jour. Soc. Tel. Eng. v. 260.
W. E. AYRTON and JNO. PERRY. On Lightning Conductors. Ib. 412. Lightning Conductors in Paris. Nature, xiii. 357.
R. J. MANN. On the Construction of Lightning Conductors. Proc. Meteorological Soc. 8vo. London.
O. BUCHNER. Die Konstruction und Anlegung der Blitzableiter, mit einem Atlas. 2nd edition. 8vo. Weimar.
Electric Conductors and Tall Chimneys. Jour. Soc. Tel. Eng. v. 531.
J. CLERK MAXWELL. On the Protection of Buildings from Lightning. Brit. Assoc. Report, 1877, 43.
R. S. NEWALL. Lightning Conductors; their use as Protectors of Buildings, and how to apply them. 8vo. London.
1877. R. WILSON. Boiler and Factory Chimneys; with a Chapter on Lightning Conductors. 8vo. London.
H. W. SPANG. A Practical Treatise on Lightning Protection. 8vo. Philadelphia.
R. S. BROUGH. On a case of Lightning, with an Evaluation of the Potential and Quantity of the Discharge in absolute Measure. Philos. Mag. vol. iv. (5 s.), 105.
DR. HELLMAN. On Thunderstorms in Central Europe. (Pogg. Ann.) ‘Nature,’ xv. 263.
M. JARRIANT. Sur une Nouvelle Disposition des Tiges du Paratonnerre. Compt. Rend. lxxxiv. 217.
R. S. NEWALL. Should a Lightning Conductor be insulated? Times, April 12.
M. MELSENS. De l’Application du Rhé-electromètre aux Paratonnerres des Télégraphes. Bulletins de l’Académie Royale de Belgique. xliii. No. 5.
M. MELSENS. Des Paratonnerres à pointes, à conducteurs et à raccordements terrestres multiples. 8vo. Bruxelles.
1878. M. MELSENS. Cinquième Note sur les Paratonnerres. Bulletins de l’Acad. Royale de Belgique, xlvi. No. 7.
W. HOLTZ. Ueber die Theorie, die Anlage und die Prüfung der Blitzableiter. 8vo. Greifswald.
E. CARTAILHAC. Superstitions about Thunderstorms. L’Age de Pierre dans les Souvenirs et Superstitions populaires. 8vo. Paris.
R. J. MANN. Further Remarks concerning the Lightning Rod. Jour. Soc. Arts, xxvi. 328.
M. MASCARL. On Artificial Thunderstorms. Nature, xvii. 515.
R. P. BROWN. Effects of a Thunderstorm on the Colon Lighthouse. Jour. Soc. Tel. Eng. vi. 330.
PROF. C. V. ZENGER. On the Law and Origin of Thunderstorms, from the Bulletin International, Paris. Nature, xvii. 362.
RICHARD ANDERSON. On Lightning Conductors and Accidents by Lightning. The Electrician, vol. i. 215.
DR. NIPPOLDT. Dimensions of Lightning Rods. Telegraphic Journal, vi. 78.
J. B. JOULE. On a Remarkable Flash of Lightning. Nature, xviii. 260.
1879. S. A. R. On the Cause of Thunder. Nature, xx. 29.
R. S. NEWALL. On the Importance of a Sufficient Earth Contact for Lightning Conductors. Times, May 30 and June 14.
Curious Effects of Lightning. Electrician, vol. iii. 181.
AYRTON and PERRY. On the Earth Connection of Lightning Conductors. Nature, xix. 475.
G. W. CAMPHUIS. On the Effects of Lightning. Nature, xx. 96.
R. S. NEWALL. On Lightning Conductors. Nature, xx. 145.
CHARLES S. TOMES. On Lightning Conductors. Nature, xx. 145.
INDEX.
A PAGE Accidents and fatalities from lightning 169–197
Admont, Styria, convent struck by lightning 67
Air-pump, the inventor of the 2
Alatri, the Cathedral of, struck by lightning 203 ———— Father Secchi’s account thereof 203
Allamand (John Nicholas), his researches on electricity 4
Amber or ‘Electron’ and its properties 1
America, lightning protection in 133 ———— the tramping ‘Lightning-rodmen’ of 133 ———— account of the details of the American system 134 ———— utilisation of gutters and rain-pipes in 134 ———— the protection of chimneys and air-shafts in 136 ———— the method of constructing the earth-terminal in 136 ———— the protection of mineral oil tanks 138
Antrasme, France, church twice struck by lightning at the same point 65 ———— Arago’s remarks thereof 66
Arago on the observation of thunderstorms 62 ———— on the efficiency of lightning-conductors 73 ———— on whether lightning-conductors should be carried down inside or outside a building 159
Area of protection theory 77, 101, 126, 145
Auffangstange, the German 145
Austria, statistics of fires caused by lightning in 174
B
Baden, statistics of deaths from lightning in 173
‘Balls _v._ points,’ the controversy of 40
Banker’s iron safe struck by lightning 221
Bavaria, statistics of fires caused by lightning in 173
Becquerel (Antoine C.), his experiments on the conductivity of metals 51
Bevis (Dr.), experiments in electricity 7
Bibliography of works bearing upon lightning-conductors 231
Black Rock, Cork, St. Michael’s Church struck by lightning 184
Brass wire, the use of, for lightning-conductors 105, 107
Brescia, Italy, powder-magazine destroyed by lightning 200
Brussels, the Hôtel de Ville. The system of lightning-conductors at 111
Buffon (Count de), his opinion of Franklin’s first pamphlet on electricity 19
Buffon (Count de), his promotion of experiments in electricity 20
Buttor (Eustace) account of the striking of Christ Church, Clevedon, by lightning 208
C
Carthusian monks at Paris, electrical experiments made on 6
Cavendish (Lord Charles), experiments in electricity 7
Chains, iron, the use of, for lightning-conductors 102
Chimney-shafts, the protection of, from lightning 163
Chimneys and air-shafts, the protection of, from lightning in America 136
Churches struck by lightning 27, 38, 64, 65, 146, 147, 153, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183, 184, _see also_ 186–196, 201, 203, 208
Churches, the protection of, from lightning 152, 156
Coiffier first draws lightning from the atmosphere 21
Cleopatra’s Needle, the protection of, from lightning 141
Clevedon, Christ Church struck by lightning 208 ———— Eustace Buttor’s account thereof 208
Cockburn (Sir George) and Sir William Snow Harris 89
Collinson (Peter) Correspondence with Benjamin Franklin 12, 13, 17
Compass reversed by a lightning-stroke 56
Compensator for contraction and expansion in lightning-conductors 128
Copper, the relative value of different kinds of 109 ———— the necessity for its purity when used for lightning-conductors 109 ———— and iron, the relative electrical conductivity of 52, 143 ———— rope-conductors, the proper thickness and weight for different buildings 151 ———— description of 62, 164
Cromer, Norfolk, church damaged by lightning 147
Cuneus, his experiments in electricity 4
Cyprus, the copper of 52
D
Dalibard (M.), his experiments in electricity 20
Davy (Sir Humphrey), his experiments on the conductivity of metals 50
Deaths from lightning, statistics of 170–175
De la Rive (Professor) on the origin of atmospheric electricity 71
Dumdum, India, destruction of a magazine by lightning at 92
E
Earth connection, the French methods of arranging the 131 ———— general description of 198–217 ———— Benjamin Franklin on 199 ———— Rev. Dr. Hemmer on 200 ———— Professor Landriani on 201
Electrical machines, Otto von Guericke’s 2 ———— Sir Isaac Newton’s 2
‘Electrical tubes,’ the mania for 9, 10
Electricity, the early history of 1 ———— the discovery of the instantaneity of its movement 8 ———— positive and negative, Benjamin Franklin on 26
‘Electron’ or amber, and its properties 1
Electro-magnetism, Hans Oersted’s researches in 57
England and Wales, deaths from lightning in 170
England, lightning protection in 140–168
F
Fatalities and accidents from lightning 169–197
Fires caused by lightning in Russia 171
Folkes (Martin), experiments in electricity 7
France, the ‘Instruction’ of the Paris Academy on lightning-conductors 75 ———— the general adoption of lightning-conductors in 77 ———— the protection of powder-magazines in, from lightning 82 ———— lightning protection in 125 ———— neglect of lightning-conductors in 125 ———— account of the details of the French system 126 ———— the ‘area of protection’ theory in 126 ———— the ‘ridge-circuit’ as used in 129 ———— deaths from lightning in 171
Franklin (Benjamin), his early life 10, 11 ———— his first experiments in electricity 12–19 ———— correspondence thereon with Peter Collinson 12, 13, 17 ———— on the identity of lightning and electricity 16 ———— ‘New Experiments and Observations in Electricity’ 18 ———— his ‘kite’ experiment 22 ———— honours conferred on him 24 ———— his first lightning-conductor 25 ———— his experiments therewith 25 ———— on positive and negative electricity 26 ———— his lightning-conductor on West’s house 30 ———— his letter to Professor Winthrop defending lightning-conductors 36 ———— his troubles in making his first lightning-conductor 101 ———— on the earth connection of lightning-conductors 199
French technical terms for lightning-conductors 102
Fuller (Thomas) on fires caused by lightning 176
G
Galvani’s experiments on animal electricity 70
Galvanometer, the invention of the 58 ———— a new form of 60
Geneva, the progress of lightning-conductors in 43
Genoa, St. Mary’s Church struck by lightning 201 ———— Professor Landriani thereon 202
‘Gentleman’s Magazine’ _quoted_ 40
George III., his opinions on lightning-conductors 41, 42
German technical terms for lightning-conductors 102 ———— theories on the earth connection 212, 214
Germany, the progress of lightning-conductors in 43
Gilbert (Dr. William), his electrical discoveries 2
Gratz, Austria, buildings struck by lightning at 68
Gray (Stephen), his researches on electricity 3
Guericke (Otto von) his electrical machine 2
H
Harris (Sir William Snow) his efforts for the protection of ships from the effects of lightning 85 ———— and Sir George Cockburn 89 ———— his system for protecting ships 90 ———— his ‘Instructions for powder-magazines’ 93 ———— his system for the protection of Westminster Palace 98, 118
Hauksbee (Francis), his researches on electricity 2
Height of lightning-clouds 67
Hemmer (Rev. Dr.), his theories on the earth connection 200
Henly’s system for protecting ships from lightning 90
‘Heretical-rods’ 44
Highbury Barn, electrical experiments made at 8
Holtz (Dr. W.), on the construction and maintenance of lightning-conductors 223
Humboldt (Alex. von) on the height of lightning-clouds 67
I
India, the use of lightning-conductors in 92
Ingenhousz (Dr. Johan) and lightning-conductors 47
Inspection of lightning-conductors 218–229
‘Instruction’ of the Paris Academy on lightning-conductors 75
Insulators, the dangers of 147, 160, 176
Iron and Copper, the relative electrical conductivity of 52, 143 ———— safe, a banker’s, struck by lightning 221
Italy, the progress of lightning-conductors in 44
J
Jarriant’s system of lightning-protection 133
Josephus’ account of Solomon’s Temple 63
K
Kant (Immanuel) on Benjamin Franklin 24
Kastner (Professor), his report on the partial destruction of Rosstall Church by lightning 106
Kew, lightning-conductor erected by George III. at 41
Kinnersley (Ebenezer), his lectures on lightning-conductors 27
Kite, Benjamin Franklin’s experiment with 22
Kleist (Ewald George von) and the discovery of the Leyden Jar 5
L
Landriani (Professor), his theories of earth protection 201
Laughton-en-le-Morthen, church damaged by lightning 153, 176 ———— R. S. Newall’s comments thereon 153, 154
Lead, the use of, for lightning-conductors 104
Leicester, St. George’s Church struck by lightning 177
Lenz (Professor) his experiments on the conductivity of metals 52
Leopold, Duke of Tuscany, and lightning-conductors 44
Le Roy (David) and the protection of the Louvre from lightning 80 ———— (J. B.), his theory of protecting buildings from lightning 101
Leyden Jar, the first discovery of the 5
Lightning, superstitions in regard to 63
Lightning-clouds, the height of 67
Lightning-conductors, the discovery of 17–24 ———— early experiments with 25, 33 ———— the clergy on 26 ———— Professor Winthrop’s defence of 26, 27 ———— E. Kinnersley’s lectures on 27 ———— ‘Poor Richard’s Almanac’ on 28 ———— the gradual spread of 34–48 ———— Abbé Nollet’s animadversions on 35, 37 ———— Franklin’s reply thereto 36, 37 ———— their general use in North America 38 ———— their first erection on St. Paul’s 39 ———— their progress in Germany 43 ———— Italy 44 ———— the various metals used for 50 ———— Arago on the efficiency of 73 ———— the French ‘Instruction’ on 75 ———— Professor Pouillet on 78 ———— for ships 85 ———— Sir William Watson’s system of, for ships 87 ———— Sir William Snow Harris’s system of, for ships 90 ———— F. McTaggart’s opinion of 92 ———— their use in India 92 ———— the best material for 100–110 ———— German and French technical terms for 102 ———— and weathercocks 121 ———— Jarriant’s form of 133 ———— the twofold function of 142 ———— the insulation of 147, 160, 176 ———— Newall’s system of 140–168 ———— should they be carried down inside or outside the building 158 ———— Professor Clerk Maxwell’s theory of 164 ———— the necessity for periodically inspecting 218 ———— Dr. W. Holtz on the construction and maintenance of 223
‘Lightning-rod men,’ the tramping, of America 133
Lightning and thunderstorms, character of 62 ———— protection, inquiries into 73–84
Line of least resistance, the 142, 148
Lisle (M. de) on the height of lightning-clouds 67
Louis XV. and experiments in electricity 6, 19
Louvre, the protection of the, from lightning 80 ———— the first public building in France fitted with lightning-conductors 80
M
McTaggart (F.), his opinion of lightning-conductors 92
Magnetisation of metals by lightning 56
Magnetism and lightning, the connection between 56
Majendie (Major), report on the destruction by lightning of the powder magazine, Victoria Colliery, Burntcliffe 147
Marly-la-Ville, Dalibard’s electrical experiments at 20
Matthiessen (Professor), his researches on the conductivity of copper 109
Maxwell (Professor Clerk, F.R.S.), his theory of lightning protection 164
Melsens (Professor), his system of lightning-conductors at the Hotel de Ville, Brussels 111
Merton College Chapel, Oxford, struck by lightning 182
Metals as conductors of electricity 49–61
Metals, the different conductivity of various 50–55
Michel (R. F.), his modified terminal-rod 132
Mineral oil-tanks, the protection of, from lightning in America 138
Monks, Carthusian, electrical experiments made on 6
Musschenbroek (Peter Van), his researches on electricity 4, 5
N
Newall (R. S., F.R.S.), his copper-rope manufactory 110, 142 ———— on the church at Laughton-en-le-Morthen being struck by lightning 153, 154
Newall’s system of protecting buildings from lightning 140 ———— copper-rope conductors 162, 164
Newbury Church, Massachusetts, struck by lightning 27
New River, electrical experiments made on the 8
Newton (Sir Isaac), his electrical machine 2
Nollet (Abbé), his criticisms on Franklin’s electrical experiments 19, 35 ———— his animadversions on lightning-conductors 35, 37 ———— Franklin’s reply thereto 36, 37
O
Oersted (Hans Christian) his researches in electro-magnetism 55, 57
Ohm (Professor), his experiments on the conductivity of metals 53
Ohm’s law 59
Oil, mineral, tanks, the protection of, from lightning in America 138
Orsini family and lightning-conductors 64
Oxford, Merton College Chapel struck by lightning 182
P
Padua, the first lightning-conductor in 48
Painting lightning-conductors 129
Paratonnerres, the Paris Academy ‘Instruction’ on 75
Paris Academy, the ‘Instruction’ of the, on lightning-conductors 75
Paris, death of two persons by the fall of a ‘tige’ from steeple of St. Gervais 146
Peltier (Jean Athanase), his researches in electricity 71
‘Physico-mechanical experiments,’ Hauksbee’s 3
Pliny the Elder, on the observation of thunderstorms 62
‘Points _v._ balls,’ the controversy of 40
‘Poor Richard’s Almanac’ and lightning-conductors 28
Pope, the, on electrical experiments on monks 7
Pouillet (Professor Claude), his experiment on the conductivity of metals 54 ———— on lightning-conductors 78
Powder-magazines in France, the protection of, from lightning 82 ———— Sir William Snow Harris’s instruction for protecting 93
Pringle (Sir John) his resignation of the Presidency of the Royal Society in 1777 41
Protestantism and lightning-conductors 43
Prussia, statistics of deaths from lightning in 170
Purfleet, building struck by lightning in 1777 41
R
Rarefied air, the conductivity of 142, 149
Raven (Mr.), his house in Carolina, U.S., struck by lightning 159 ———— Arago’s comments thereon 159
Réaumur (Rene Antoine de) Musschenbroek’s letter to, on the Leyden Jar 5
‘Return strokes’ of lightning 70
Richmann (Professor G. W.), his experiments on electricity 31 ———— his death thereby 32
‘Ridge Circuit’ as used in France 129
Robespierre and lightning-conductors 36, 43
Roman Catholicism and lightning-conductors 42, 44
Rosenburg, Austria, church repeatedly struck by lightning at 64
Rosstall, Bavaria, church struck by lightning at 105 ———— Professor Kastner’s report thereon 106
Royal Navy, vessels of the, destroyed by lightning 88
Royal Society and Benjamin Franklin 17
Russia, statistics of deaths from lightning in 171
S
St. Bride’s Church, London, struck by lightning in 1764 38 ———— Dr. William Watson’s account thereof 39 ———— account of the damage done 183
St. Omer, the first lightning-conductor at 35
St. Paul’s Cathedral, the erection of lightning-conductors upon 39–41
Saussure (Professor Horace de) erects the first lightning-conductor in Geneva 43 ———— the opposition thereto and his manifesto thereon 43, 44 ———— on the height of lightning-clouds 67 ———— on the origin of atmospheric electricity 70
Schleswig-Holstein, thunderstorms in 222
Secchi (Father) on the protection of churches from lightning 203
Ships destroyed by lightning, statistics of 88
Shooter’s Hill, electrical experiments made at 8
Siena, the erection of lightning-conductors on the Cathedral at 45
Smoke, the conductivity of 142
Solokow and Professor Richmann’s experiment in electricity 32
Solomon’s Temple, its immunity from lightning-strokes 63
Staples for lightning-conductors 163
Statistics of deaths, fires, and damage caused by lightning 170
Superstitions in regard to lightning 63
Sweden, statistics of deaths from lightning in 172
Switzerland, statistics of deaths caused by lightning in 175
T
Terminal-rods, Newall’s 144
Thomson (Sir William, F.R.S.), his researches on the conductivity of copper 109
Thunderstorms and lightning, the character of 62
‘Tightening-screw,’ the 162
Tin, the use of, for lightning-conductors 104
Toaldo (Abbé Giuseppe) and lightning-conductors 45
‘Tomlinson’s Thunderstorm,’ _quoted_ 177
Torpedo fish and electric shocks 1
Trees, their liability to be struck by lightning 228
Tuscany, the erection of lightning-conductors upon powder-magazines in 48
U
United States, lightning protection in 133
Units, the law of 68
V
Vaccination and lightning-conductors, analogy between the progress of 46
Venice, the erection of lightning-conductors in 48
Victoria Colliery, Burntcliffe, destruction of the magazine by lightning 146 ———— Major Majendie’s report thereon 147
Volta and the ‘return stroke’ 70
Voltaire, his _bon mot_ concerning lightning 158
W
Wall (Dr.), on electricity and lightning 3
Watson (Dr. William), experiments in electricity 7 ———— the first to erect a lightning-conductor in England 38 ———— on St. Bride’s Church being struck by lightning 39 ———— and the protection of the Royal Navy from lightning 86
Weathercocks and lightning-conductors 21
Weber (Dr.) and the law of units 59
West-End Church, Southampton, struck by lightning 181
Westminster Bridge, electrical experiments made from 7 ———— Palace, the system of lightning-conductors at 98, 118
Wilson, the advocate of ‘balls _versus_ points’ 40
Winckler (Dr.), his experiments in electricity 5, 6
Windsor Castle inadequately provided with lightning-conductors 175
Winthrop (Professor), his defence of lightning-conductors 26, 27 ———— Franklin’s letter to, defending lightning-conductors 36
Wurtemberg, statistics of deaths caused by lightning in 175
Y
Yelin (J. C. von) his advocacy of brass wire for lightning-conductors 105
_Spottiswoode & Co., Printers, New-Street Square, London._
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained. The spelling of non-English words was not checked or corrected.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.
In the original text, Figures and Footnotes were numbered from “1” in each chapter. Here, they are numbered in a single sequence for the entire eBook, and references to them have been adjusted accordingly.
Inconsistent font styles (normal, italics, small-caps) of the abbreviation “Fig.” in illustration captions have regularized to the predominant form, “normal” (no italics, no small-caps).
Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.
Page 184: No closing single quotation mark for text beginning “‘completely indicated”.
End of Project Gutenberg's Lightning Conductors, by Richard Anderson