CHAPTER I.

THE LIGHTHOUSE-KEEPERS.

The life of a lighthouse-keeper is not without a certain monotony; but it must be greatly cheered by the reflection that it is devoted to a high and holy service. There is about it a certain heroic simplicity—it is so completely separated from the commonplace aims and concerns of the work-day world; and it is characterized, moreover, by an austere regularity which reminds one of the existence formerly led in grotto and cavern by saint and hermit, though its end is much more useful, and it is in itself of far greater value to mankind.

The first article of the instructions which every lighthouse-keeper is bound to obey—and to obey as implicitly as a soldier obeys the articles of war—runs thus:—

“You are to light the lamps every evening at sun-setting, and keep them constantly burning, bright and clear, till sun-rising.”

This is the primary condition of a lighthouse-keeper’s duty: for this he lives, for this he toils, for this he watches—that the helpful flame which has been the salvation of so many lives may steadily glow and brightly burn from sunset until sunrise.

“Whatever else happens,” remarks a lively writer,[61] “he is to do this. He may be isolated through the long night-watches, twenty miles from land, fifty or a hundred feet above the level of the sea, with the winds and waves howling round him, and the sea-birds dashing themselves to death against the gleaming lantern, like giant moths against a candle; or it may be a calm, voluptuous, moonlight night, the soft air laden with the perfumes of the Highland heather or the Cornish gorse, tempting him to keep his watch outside the lantern, in the open gallery, instead of in the watch-room chair within; the Channel may be full of stately ships, each guided by his light; or the horizon may be bare of all signs of life, except, remote and far beneath him, the lantern of some fishing-boat at sea: but whatever may be going on outside, there is within for him the duty, simple and easy, by virtue of his moral method and orderly training, ‘to light the lamps every evening at sun-setting, and keep them constantly burning, bright and clear, till sun-rising.’”

[61] “Cornhill Magazine,” vol. i., pp. 224, 225.

That this great article of the lighthouse-keeper’s faith may be the more easily carried out, he is subjected, both when on probation and afterwards, to a strict discipline, and is required to gain a thorough acquaintance with all the materials he has to handle—lamps, oil, wicks, lighting apparatus, and revolving machinery. Before being admitted into the service, he is carefully examined as to his physical qualities by keen medical eyes; and as to his moral qualities, the best testimonials are necessary from persons in whose competency and honesty of judgment implicit confidence can be placed. He receives liberal wages, and, when past work, a fair pension; and a deduction from his pay is regularly applied to the discharge of a premium on his life insurance. He is enjoined to “the constant habit of cleanliness and good order in his own person, and to the invariable exercise of temperance and morality in his habits and proceedings; so that, by his example, he may enforce, as far as lies in his power, the observance of the same laudable conduct by his wife and family.” The utmost vigilance is expected of him when it is his turn to attend to the lantern. “He whose watch is about to end is to trim the lamps, and leave them burning in perfect order, before he quits the lantern and calls the succeeding watch; and he who has the watch at sunrise, when he has extinguished the lamps, is to commence all necessary preparations for the exhibition of the light at the ensuing sunset.” No bed, sofa, or other article on which to recline, is permitted, either in the lantern or in the apartment under the lantern known as the watch-room.

From these requirements we may infer what kind of life is led by the lighthouse-keeper, and what are its leading requisites: temperance, cleanliness, honesty, conscientiousness, zeal, watchfulness. At different stations it varies considerably in its lighter occupations. In the rock lighthouse—such as the Eddystone—the keeper’s chief amusements are necessarily reading and fishing: the only capability of exercise is within the circle of the outer gallery, or on the belt of rock surrounding the lighthouse base; and the sole incidents which break up the uniformity of his daily life are the inspections of the committee, the visits of the district superintendent, or the monthly relief which takes the men back to shore. In the shore lighthouse—as at Harwich or the Forelands—there is a plot of ground to cultivate, frequent intercourse with visitors from the neighbouring watering-places, and the wider range of occupation and entertainment which necessarily can be enjoyed upon _terra firma_.

As a rule, the public take but little interest in the economy of our lighthouses; and yet there is something singularly romantic in the idea of the lone tower encircled by boiling waters, with its warning light flashing through the deep night shadows, and the heroic men who hour after hour watch with anxious care lest its radiance should be obscured or extinguished.

“And as the evening darkens, lo! how bright, Through the deep purple of the twilight air, Beams forth the sudden radiance of its light With strange, unearthly splendour in its glare!

“Not one alone: from each projecting cape And perilous reef along the ocean’s verge, Starts into life a dim, gigantic shape, Holding its lantern o’er the restless surge.

“Like the great giant Christopher it stands Upon the brink of the tempestuous wave; Wading far out among the rocks and sands, The night-o’ertaken mariner to save.

“And the great ships sail outward and return, Bending and bowing o’er the billowy swells; And ever joyful, as they see it burn, They wave their silent welcomes and farewells.

“They come forth from the darkness, and their sails Gleam for a moment only in the blaze; And eager faces, as the light unveils, Gaze at the tower, and vanish while they gaze.

“The mariner remembers when a child, On his first voyage, he saw it fade and sink; And when, returning from adventures wild, He saw it rise again o’er ocean’s brink.

“Steadfast, serene, immovable, the same Year after year, through all the silent night, Burns on for evermore that quenchless flame, Shines on that inextinguishable light!

“‘Sail on!’ it says, ‘sail on, ye stately ships! And with your floating bridge the ocean span; Be mine to guard this light from all eclipse, Be yours to bring man nearer unto man!’”[62]

[62] Longfellow.

As a proof of the romance that formerly invested lighthouse life, we may lay before the reader one or two “true stories.”

Off the coast of Northumberland, and outside, so to speak, of the Farne Islands, lies the Longstone—a rock about four feet above high water-mark, and swept by every gale with fierce drifts of spray and foam. Here, about six miles from the shore, is planted a lighthouse, which has been found of great use to the coasting vessels navigating these dangerous waters. Two-and-thirty years ago its keeper was named Darling. He had a daughter, Grace—a quiet, modest, well-behaved girl, whose name, through one noble action, will for ever be honoured among women. On a dark night in September 1838 the _Forfarshire_, a Hull steamer, struck on a hidden reef called the Harcars, in the vicinity of the lighthouse. She had on board sixty-three persons, including passengers and crew. Their signals of distress were observed from the lighthouse. It was impossible for Darling, the keeper, to pull off in his boat alone; no single arm could have impelled it through the raging sea that then prevailed. With admirable courage, Grace Darling resolved to assist him on his noble errand. She sprang into the skiff, and over the bounding billows father and daughter gallantly made their way. Their lives hung upon a thread; but the weak girl never bated a jot of heart or hope, and rowed with all the vigour which a noble enthusiasm is apt to inspire. They reached the ship, and took off nine persons, with whom they contrived to regain the lighthouse. Nine more escaped in one of the steamer’s boats: all the rest perished.

Grace Darling did not live many years after the event which made her famous. She was interred in the old chapel on Holy Island, and an epitaph to her memory composed by the poet Wordsworth:—

“The maiden gentle, yet at duty’s call Firm and unflinching, as the lighthouse reared On the island-rock, her lonely dwelling-place; Or like the invisible rock itself, that braves, Age after age, the hostile elements, As when it guarded holy Cuthbert’s cell.”

Smeaton speaks of a shoemaker who entered the Eddystone Lighthouse because he longed for a solitary life: he found himself less a prisoner on his wave-beaten rock than in his close and confined workshop. When some of his friends expressed their astonishment at his choice—“Each to his taste,” said he; “I have always been partial to independence.”

Perhaps it was the same individual who, after having served at the Eddystone upwards of fourteen years, conceived so strong an attachment to his prison that for two consecutive years he gave up his turn of relief. He would fain have continued the same course of life for a third year, but so much pressure was brought to bear upon him that he consented to avail himself of the usual privilege. All the years he had spent in the lighthouse he had been distinguished for his quiet and orderly behaviour; on land he found himself “out of his element,” and drank until he was completely intoxicated. In this condition he was carried back to the Eddystone, where, after languishing for a few days, he expired.

Some men have gone mad, or nearly so, by dint of contemplating the same scenes and the same external impressions. About a mile and a quarter from the Land’s End, on a group of granite islets washed by the sea, stands the _Longships Lighthouse_, constructed in 1793. The particular rock on which it is built—the Carn-Bras—rises about forty-five feet above the level of low water. In winter both the rock and the building—as is the case at the Eddystone—will sometimes be covered for a few seconds by the leaping waters, which have even been known to surmount the lantern, and, on one occasion at least, to break through its crystal walls and extinguish the lamps.

One day, in 1862, two black flags floated from the summit of the tower. They were evidently intended as a signal of distress. What, then, had happened?

Of the three men who inhabited the lighthouse, the one whose turn it was to keep watch had thrust a knife into his breast. His companions attempted to stanch the blood by plugging up the wound with bits of tow. Three days passed by before the people on shore could reach the lighthouse; and the sea was then so rude and disembarkation so dangerous that the wounded man had to be lowered into the boat, suspended from a kind of impromptu crane. When he was conveyed ashore he received every attention which his condition demanded; but he lived only a few days. The jury, acting upon the evidence of his companions, declared that he had committed suicide under an attack of temporary insanity. Perhaps it is not astonishing that persons of a susceptible or excitable temperament should, under the influence of ever-murmuring seas and ever-blowing winds, and while living in a state of almost continual solitude and comparative monotony, feel the vertigo of the abyss ascend to their brain, so that the control of reason is loosened, and the mind yields to the first impulse which passes over it.

* * * * *

Let us now take a glance at lighthouse life from a French point of view.

Sagacious regulations and constant inspection have banished the dramatic and the surprising from the French as well as from the English lighthouse. Everything has been reduced to a system, and the keepers are under a discipline scarcely less rigid than that of soldiers. In France, indeed, veteran soldiers or tried seamen are generally selected to fill up any vacancies that may occur in the lighthouse administration. This is divided into two classes: the inspectors, who receive a thousand francs yearly (about £40), and are intrusted with the superintendence of several lighthouses; and the keepers, who are divided into six classes, and whose annual wages vary from 475 to 850 francs (say £18 to £34). Extra payment is awarded to those who serve in the sea lighthouses. Their number is never less than three in a lighthouse of the first class, or two in those of the second and third class lighthouses.

* * * * *

The “code,” so to speak, from which we borrow these details is nearly the same among all maritime nations. It indicates to the keepers their duties, and prescribes to them the nature of their daily work. As for their mode of life, it is much the same everywhere, only more or less agreeable according to the stations. In France the lighthouses served by a single keeper are intrusted to married men, who live in the establishment with their family. Not only does such an arrangement ameliorate their lot, but it also gives the assurance that in case of need they will immediately be replaced in attendance on the lamp—a task so easy that it can be discharged by a woman or even by a child. The habitation allotted to them consists of one or two apartments, with a chimney, an outhouse, and sometimes a cellar. A green and a small garden are invariably attached. In some lighthouses the keeper’s house is so placed with reference to the tower that the lamp is visible from one of the windows; but in most the house is annexed to the tower, in such a manner that if the keeper is compelled to rise and attend to the lamp, at least he is not exposed, immediately after leaving his couch, to the rigour, it may be, of a winter night.

* * * * *

In lenticular lights of the first, second, and third class, whose flame requires surveillance throughout the night, several keepers are needed, who take their watch in turn. Formerly the keepers and their families lodged together. But, unfortunately, those dissensions which seem inevitable when a colony is numerous, and not amenable to a strict discipline, were found to break out at very short intervals, and in an exceedingly disagreeable manner. The authorities, therefore, resolved only to admit their own servants into the interior of the lighthouses, leaving to them, if married, the care of securing suitable lodgings for their wives and children. To each keeper a room was allotted, and the kitchen was common to all.

The result they had in view was thus obtained. But it was soon perceived that to separate the keepers from their families was to impose a heavy tax upon men whose pay was not too liberal; that to deprive them of the sweet domestic joys which are the legitimate reward of the cares and anxieties of paternity, was to increase the gloominess of their isolation, by rendering it more complete; and, finally, to expose them to the strong temptation of absenting themselves from the lighthouse at the hours their presence was most necessary. These inconveniences have been remedied by allotting to each keeper a separate house for himself and his family.

It is, of course, impossible that a keeper’s family should be accommodated in a sea lighthouse, which consists of a single tower. They are, therefore, lodged on shore, near the port which keeps up the communication between the lighthouse and the mainland. In such a station life to many minds would be wearisome and monotonous. The wind sometimes blows with so much violence that the keepers can with difficulty breathe. They are then compelled to shut themselves up, as closely as possible, in a tower darkened by the wreathing fog, or by the foam of swelling waves, which envelopes it like a rent veil. On fine summer days, like the English light-keepers, they amuse themselves with fishing. If their abode is not encircled by rocks on which they can stretch their lines, they knot around the lighthouse tower, at a certain height, and immediately above the entrance, a stout rope, suspending some forty or fifty lines, each about four feet long. When the sea rises, the fish crawl along the wall, and snapping at the bait, are immediately hooked. The tide goes down, and lo, the tower is wreathed round with a complete festoon of fish!

* * * * *

Thus, then, the life of a lighthouse-keeper varies little, whether his post be situated on the English or the French shore, on a rock washed by English or by French waters, in the Mediterranean or the North Atlantic. It is a life not free from heavy shadows; but it is one eminently calculated to develop the patient and enduring qualities of a man, and to cultivate in him a habit of self-reflection. I do not think it should be stigmatized as dismal, though it is the fashion so to speak of it; but surely no life _can_ be dismal which is spent in the service of humanity, in steadfast devotion to the interests of others; no life _can_ be dismal which passes in constant contemplation of all the glories of the sky and all the splendours of the sea—in constant contemplation of the mightiest and sublimest of God’s works under their grandest and most solemn aspects!

APPENDIX.

A LIST OF LIGHTS ON THE BRITISH AND IRISH COASTS.[63]

[63] Compiled from the Admiralty List, and corrected up to April 1870.

[Lightships are indicated by the mark ([++]), pile lighthouses by (§).]

ENGLAND.

SOUTH COAST.

1. =Bishop Rock=, Scilly Isles, lat. 49° 52´; a fixed light, visible 16 miles; 147 feet high;[64] erected 1858.

[64] The height is given in English feet, from the base to the vane of the building.

2. =St. Agnes=, Scilly Isles, lat. 49° 53´; revolving light every minute, visible 16 miles; 74 feet high; erected 1680.

3. [++]=Scour Stones=, lightship, lat. 50° 3´; two fixed lights, visible 10 and 6 miles; fixed 1841.

4. =Longships=, off Land’s End, lat. 50° 3´ 48´´; one fixed light, visible 14 miles; 51 feet high; erected 1795.

5. =Penzance=, South Pier, lat. 50° 7´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 22 feet high; erected 1817.

6. =Wolf Crag=, lat. 49° 56´; one light, revolving 30 seconds; 100 feet high; erected 1870.

7. =Lizard=, lat. 49° 57´; fixed light, visible 21 miles; 61 feet high; erected 1751.

8. =Falmouth=, St. Anthony Point, lat. 50° 8´; a revolving light every 20 seconds, and fixed light, visible 13 miles; 62 feet high; erected 1835.

9. =Falmouth=, Prince of Wale‘ Breakwater; fixed light; erected 1860.

10. =Eddystone=, lat. 50° 10´ 49´´; one fixed light, visible 13 miles; 89 feet high; erected 1703.

11. =Plymouth=, west end of Breakwater; lat. 50° 20´; two fixed lights (one red), visible 9 miles; 76 feet high; erected 1844.

12. =Plymouth=, Mill Bay, one fixed light, visible 12 miles.

13. =Plymouth=, West Barbican Pier-head, lat. 50° 22´; one fixed light (_gas_), visible 6 miles; 20 feet high; erected 1822.

14. =Start Point=, lat. 50° 13´; two lights, revolving every minute, visible 20 miles; 92 feet high; erected 1836.

15. =Dartmouth=, Kingswear, lat. 50° 20´; one fixed light, visible 11 miles; 36 feet high; erected 1864.

16. =Dartmouth=; a flagstaff, carrying one fixed light.

17. =Dartmouth=, south part of town; one white light.

18. =Brixham=, pier-head; lat. 50° 24´; one fixed light, visible 6 miles; erected 1839.

19. =Torquay=, pier-head; lat. 50° 27´; one fixed light, visible 5 miles; erected 1852.

20. =Teignmouth=, south-west end of Dam; lat. 50° 32´; two fixed lights, visible 6 miles; 37 feet high; erected 1845.

21. =Lyme Regis=, pier-head and Custom House, lat. 50° 43´; a bright and a red fixed light, each visible 4 miles; erected 1853.

22. =Portland=, near the Bill, lat. 50° 31´; two fixed lights, visible 21 and 18 miles; 50 and 85 feet high; erected 1789 and 1867.

23. =Portland=, breakwater, fixed light, visible 9 miles; erected 1851.

24. [++]=Portland=, Shambles Shoal Lightship; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; fixed 1859.

25. =Weymouth=, North Pier; two fixed green and two fixed red lights; erected 1867.

26. =Casquets=, lat. 49° 43´ 17´´; three lights, revolving every 20 seconds, and visible for 15 miles; one light 45 feet and the others 68 feet high; erected 1723.

27. =Alderney Island=, lat. 49° 43´; two fixed red lights (_gas_), visible 5 to 9 miles; 55 and 25 feet high; erected 1859.

28. =Guernsey=, St. Peter Port Old Harbour; one fixed light (_gas_), visible 3 miles; 24 feet high; erected 1832.

29. =Guernsey=, St. Peter Port New Harbour, lat. 49° 27´; one fixed light (_gas_), visible 9 miles; 40 feet high; erected 1867.

30. =Guernsey=, Rock of Stanois, lat. 49° 26´; one red light, revolving every 45 seconds; 117 feet high; erected 1862.

31. =Jersey=, Vernclût Breakwater, lat. 49° 13´; one fixed light, visible 10 to 12 miles; 30 feet high; erected 1857.

32. =Jersey=, Gouray Pier-head, one fixed light, _gas_.

33. =Jersey=, Victoria Pier, St. Helier, lat. 49° 10´; one fixed light, visible 6 miles; erected 1858.

34. =Jersey=, Albert Pier, St. Helier; one fixed light (_gas_), visible 3 miles; erected 1839.

35. =Jersey=, Albert Pier, St. Helier; two fixed lights, _gas_; erected 1837.

36. =Jersey=, Upper Pier Road, St. Helier, one fixed red light (_gas_), visible 3 miles; erected 1859.

37. =Corbière Rocks=, lat. 49° 10´ 40´´. New lighthouse building.

38. [++]=Minquiers Lightship=, lat. 48° 53´ 38´´; two fixed lights, visible 8 or 10 miles; fixed 1865.

39. =Poole=, north side of harbour, lat. 50° 41´; two fixed lights, visible 6 miles; erected 1848.

40. =Poole=, North Haven Point; one fixed light.

41. =Isle of Wight=, Needle Rock, lat. 50° 39´ 42´´; one fixed light, visible 14 miles; 109 feet high; erected 1859.

42. =Hampshire=, Hurst Point, lat. 50° 42´ 26´´; two fixed lights, visible 13 and 10 miles; one, 85 feet high, erected 1812; the other, 52 feet high, erected 1733.

43. =Isle of Wight=, Yarmouth; two fixed lights, green and white, erected 1857.

44. [++]=Isle of Wight=, Calshot Lightship; one light, revolving every minute, visible 9 miles; fixed 1842.

45. =Hampshire=, Southampton, Royal Pier; two fixed lights; erected 1841.

46. =Isle of Wight=, Ryde Pier; one fixed light, visible 6 or 7 miles; erected 1852.

47. =Hampshire=, Stokes Bay Pier; two fixed lights; erected 1865.

48. =Hampshire=, Southsea Castle, lat. 50° 47´; one fixed light, visible 9 miles; erected 1822.

49. =Hampshire=, Spit Sand Fort; one fixed light; erected 1866.

50. =Hampshire=, Horse Sand Fort; one fixed light; erected 1866 (temporary).

51. =Hampshire=, Noman’s Land Fort; one fixed red light; erected 1866.

52. =Isle of Wight=, Brading Haven Fort; one fixed green light; erected 1866.

53. =Portsmouth=, Clarence Pier; three lights, _gas_; erected 1865.

54. =Portsmouth=, Victoria Pier; two lights, _gas_; erected 1865.

55. =Portsmouth=, Camber; one fixed light.

56. =Portsmouth=, King’s Stairs; one fixed red light; erected 1865.

57. =Portsmouth=, Clarence Victualling Yard, pier; one red light, _gas_; erected 1865.

58. =Gosport=, one fixed red light; erected 1865.

59. [++]=Warner= Lightship, lat. 50° 43´; revolving every minute, visible 8 miles; fixed 1854.

60. =Temporary=, to indicate a wreck, 1½ miles S.E. of the Warner.

61. [++]=Nab= Lightship, lat. 50° 42´ 15´´; two fixed lights, visible 8 and 6 miles; fixed 1812.

62. =Isle of Wight=, St. Catherine’s Point, lat. 50° 34´ 30´´; one fixed light, visible 19 miles; 122 feet high; erected 1840.

63. [++]=Owers= Lightship, lat. 50° 38´ 50´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; fixed 1788.

64. =Littlehampton=, north end of pier, lat. 50° 48´; one fixed light (_gas_), visible 7 miles; 40 feet high; erected 1848.

65. =Littlehampton=, Outer East Pier; one fixed light; erected 1868.

66. =Worthing Pier=, lat. 50° 48´ 30´´; one fixed light; erected 1862.

67. =Shoreham Harbour=, lat. 50° 50´; two fixed lights, visible 10 miles; 38 and 5 feet high; erected 1825.

68. =Brighton=, Chain Pier, lat. 50° 49´; one fixed green light, visible 10 miles; 22 feet high; erected 1824.

69. =Newhaven=, West Pier, lat. 50° 47´; two fixed lights, visible 10 miles; 33 feet high; erected 1864.

70. =Newhaven=, East Pier, one fixed green light; erected 1862.

71. =Beachy Head=, Belle Tout Cliff, lat. 50° 44´ 15´´; revolving light every 2 minutes, visible 23 miles; 47 feet high; erected 1828.

72. =Eastbourne=, lat. 50° 45´; a single lamp.

73. =Hastings=, lat. 50° 52´; upper light on west hill, visible 12 miles; lower, on beach, visible 5 miles; both _gas_.

74. =Rye=, Camber, lat. 50° 57´; two fixed lights, _gas_.

75. =Rye=, the pier-head; two fixed lights; erected 1860.

76. =Rye=, the Groin; one fixed light, _gas_; erected 1864.

77. =Dungeness Point=, lat. 50° 54´ 57´´; one fixed light (_electric_), visible 15 miles; 107 feet high; erected 1792.

78. [++]=Varne Shoal= Lightship, lat. 50° 56´; revolving light every 20 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1860.

79. =Folkestone=, South Pier-head, lat. 51° 4´; two fixed lights, visible 6 miles; 31 feet high; erected 1848.

80. =Folkestone=, New Pier; one fixed green light, visible 6 miles; 28 feet high; erected 1860.

81. =Dover=, Admiralty Pier; one fixed blue light; erected 1849.

82. =Dover=, South Pier, lat. 51° 7´; three fixed red lights (_gas_), visible 12 miles; erected 1852.

83. =Dover=, North Pier; one fixed red light; erected 1842.

84. =Dover=, near Clock Tower; one fixed green light; erected 1852.

85. =South Foreland=, lat. 51° 8´ 23´´; two fixed lights, visible 26 and 23 miles; one light, 69 feet high, the other, 49 feet; erected 1793.

86. =Deal=, Iron Pier, one fixed red light; erected 1865.

87. [++]=Goodwin Sand=, South Sand Head Lightship, lat. 51° 9´ 35´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; fixed 1832.

88. [++]=Goodwin Sand=, Gall Stream Lightship, lat. 51° 16´; revolving light every 20 seconds, visible 7 miles; fixed 1809.

89. [++]=Goodwin Sand=, North Sand Head Lightship, lat. 51° 19´ 23´´; three fixed lights, visible 10 miles; fixed 1793.

SOUTH-EAST COAST.

90. =Ramsgate=, West Pier-head, lat. 51° 19´ 42´´; one fixed light, visible 7 miles; 37 feet high.

91. =Ramsgate=, East Pier-head; one light, flashing every 5 seconds, and dark 5 seconds; erected 1867.

Thames River and Mouth; Kent and Essex Banks—Nos. 92 to 115.

[92. =North Foreland=, lat. 51° 22´ 28´´; one fixed light, visible 19 miles; 85 feet high; erected 1790.

93. =Margate=, West Pier, lat. 51° 24´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; stone column, 70 feet high; erected 1829.

94. [++]=East Tongue Sand= Lightship, lat. 51° 29´; two fixed lights, visible 10 and 4 miles; fixed 1848.

95. [++]=Princes Channel= Lightship, one revolving light every 20 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1836.

96. [++]=West Goodwin Sand= Lightship, lat. 51° 29´; one revolving light every 30 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1848.

97. [++]=Nore= Lightship, lat. 51° 29´; one revolving light every 30 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1732.

98. =Sheerness=, left demi-bastion, lat. 51° 26´ 48´´; one fixed light, _gas_; erected 1859.

99. =Sea Reach=, Southend Pier-head; one red light; erected 1840.

100. §=Sea Reach=, Chapman Head; one fixed light, visible 11 miles; 74 feet high; erected 1849.

101. §=Sea Reach=, Mucking Flat; one fixed light, visible 11 miles; 71 feet high; erected 1849.

102. =Hope Point=, fort; one fixed light, for colliers only; erected 1852.

103. =Northfleet=, wharf; fixed light on iron frame; erected 1859.

EAST COAST.

104. [++]=Mouse= Lightship, lat. 51° 32´; revolving light every 20 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1838.

105. §=Maplin Sands=, lat. 51° 35´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 69 feet high; erected 1838.

106. [++]=Middle Swin=, Lightship, lat. 51° 39´; revolving light every minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1837.

107. §=Gunfleet Sand=, lat. 51° 45´ 50´´; one revolving light every 30 seconds, visible 10 miles; 72 feet high; erected 1850.

108. [++]=Sunk= Lightship, lat. 51° 49´ 28´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; fixed 1802.

109. [++]=Kentish Knock= Lightship, lat. 51° 40´ 50´´; one revolving light every minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1840.

110. [++]=Galloper= Lightship, lat. 51° 45´; two fixed lights, visible 10 miles; fixed 1803.

111a. §=Harwich=, Dovercourt; two fixed lights, visible 12 and 9 miles; 45 and 27 feet high; erected 1863.

111b. =Harwich=, North Jetty; one fixed light; erected 1869.

112. =Harwich=, near Landguard Point, lat. 51° 56´ 15´´; one fixed light, visible 5 miles; 38 feet high; erected 1868.

113. [++]=Cork= Lightship, lat. 51° 46´; one revolving light every 30 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1844.

114. [++]=Shipwash= Lightship, lat. 52° 1´ 30´´; one fixed red light, visible 10 miles; fixed 1837.

115. =Orfordness=, lat. 52° 5´; two fixed lights, visible 17 and 14 miles; the high lighthouse 79 feet, the low lighthouse 72 feet; both erected 1792. The high lighthouse is a circular, and the lower a sixteen-sided edifice.]

* * * * *

116. =Kessingland=, cliff, lat. 52° 24´ 50´´; one fixed light; 68 feet high; erected 1867.

117. =Lowestoft=, Harbour Pier; two fixed lights; erected 1847.

118. =Lowestoft=, cliff, lat. 52° 29´ 14´´; two fixed lights, visible 16 and 11 miles; the cliff lighthouse, 53 feet high, erected 1609; the low lighthouse, on the Ness, 48 feet; erected 1866.

119. =Corton Gatway=; two fixed lights, one 52 feet, the other 18 feet high; erected 1865.

120. [++]=Corton= Lightship, lat. 52° 31´ 15´´; revolving light every 20 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1862.

121. [++]=Hewett Channel=, or St. Nicholas Gate Lightship; two fixed lights, visible 10 and 4 miles; fixed 1837.

122. =Yarmouth=, South Pier, lat. 52° 34´ 25´´; one fixed light; erected 1852.

123. [++]=Cocker= Lightship, lat. 52° 41´; revolving light every minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1844.

124. =Winterton=, lat. 52° 43´; one fixed light, visible 14 miles; 69 feet high; erected 1790. [The old lighthouse is mentioned in “Robinson Crusoe.”]

125. [++]=Newarp= Lightship, lat. 52° 45´; three fixed lights, visible 10 miles; fixed 1791.

126. =Hasborough=, lat. 52° 49´; two fixed lights, visible 17 and 15 miles; 95 feet high; erected 1791.

127. [++]=Hasborough= Lightship, lat. 52° 58´; two fixed lights, visible 10 miles; fixed 1832.

128. [++]=Leman and Ower= Lightship, lat. 53° 8´ 45´´; two lights, one revolving every minute and one fixed, visible 10 miles; fixed 1840.

129. =Cromer=, cliff, lat. 52° 56´; one revolving light, visible 23 miles; 59 feet high; erected 1719.

130. =Hunstanton Point=, lat. 52° 56´ 54´´; one fixed light, visible 16 miles; 63 feet high; erected 1665.

131. [++]=Lynn Well= Lightship, lat. 53° 1´ 25´´; one revolving light, every 20 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1828.

132. =Lynn=; two fixed lights; erected 1868.

133. =Boston=, Hob Hole; two fixed lights; erected 1868.

134. [++]=Dudgeon= Lightship, lat. 53° 15´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; fixed 1736.

135. [++]=Outer Dowsing= Lightship, lat. 53° 28´ 15´´; one revolving light every 20 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1861.

Humber River—Nos. 136 to 150.

[136. [++]=Spurn= Lightship, lat. 53° 34´; one light revolving every minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1820.

137. =Spurn Point=, lat. 53° 34´ 44´´; two lighthouses, with fixed lights; one, visible 15 miles, 112 feet high; the other, visible 12 miles, 76 feet high; erected 1776.

138. [++]=Bull Sand= Lightship, lat, 53° 34´; one fixed light, visible 8 miles; fixed 1851.

139. =Grimsby=, pier-head; two fixed red lights.

140. =Stallingborough=, ferry, lat. 53° 37´; one fixed light; erected 1849.

141. =Killingholm=, lat. 53° 39´; three fixed lights, visible 11 miles; high lighthouse, 77 feet high, erected 1831; north tower, 45 feet high, erected 1836; south-east tower, 45 feet high; erected 1852.

142. =Paull=, lat. 53° 43´; one fixed light, visible 7 miles; 30 feet high; erected 1836.

143. [++]=Hebbles= Lightship, lat. 53° 44´; one fixed light, visible 5 miles; fixed 1839.

144. =Chaldersness=; one fixed light; erected 1863.

145. =Winteringham=; two fixed lights; erected 1862.

146. =Brough=; two fixed lights.

147. [++]=Whitton= Lightship; two fixed lights; fixed 1865.

148. =Whitton=, New Pier; two fixed lights; erected 1862.

149. =Walker=; one fixed blue light; erected 1863.

150. =Faxfleetness=; one fixed light; erected 1863.]

* * * * *

151. =Bridlington=, North Pier-head, lat. 54° 5´ 12´´; one fixed light; erected 1852.

152. =Flamborough Head=, lat. 54° 7´; revolving light every two minutes, visible 21 miles; 87 feet high; erected 1806.

153. =Scarborough=, Vincent Pier, lat. 54° 17´; one fixed light, visible 13 miles; 56 feet high; erected 1806.

154. =Whitby=, West Pier-head, lat. 54° 30´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 60 feet high; erected 1831.

155. =Whitby=, East Pier-head; one fixed light, visible 8 miles; erected 1855.

156. =High Whitby=, lat. 54° 28´ 40´´; two fixed lights, visible 23 miles; south lighthouse, 66 feet high; north tower, 46 feet high.

River Tees—Nos. 157 to 160.

[157. =Brand Sand=, lat. 54° 38´; two lighthouses, 60 and 45 feet high; erected 1839. Not used.

158. =Fifth Buoy=, lat. 54° 37´ 36´´; one fixed light on piles; erected 1866.

159. =Seal Sand=, one fixed red light.

160. =Seaton=, lat. 54° 50´; high lighthouse, ½ mile inland, 70 feet high, erected 1839; low lighthouse, on shore, fixed lights, visible 13 miles.]

* * * * *

161. =Hartlepool=, North Pier-head; one fixed green light; erected 1855.

162. =Hartlepool=, Pier-head, lat. 54° 51´; one fixed light, visible 7 miles; erected 1836.

163. =Hartlepool=, Heugh, lat. 54° 41´ 51´´; two fixed lights, visible 15 and 4 miles; 73 feet high; erected 1847.

164. =Seaham=, South Pier-head, lat. 54° 50´; one fixed light, visible 4 miles; erected 1846.

165. =Seaham=, Red Acre Point; two lights—high one fixed, visible 14 miles; low one, revolving every 30 seconds, visible 11 miles; 58 feet high; erected 1857.

166. =Sunderland=, North and South Pier-heads, lat. 54° 55´; three fixed lights, visible 13, 10, and 6 miles; north tower, 64 feet; south tower, 23 feet; erected 1802.

167a. =Souter Point=, lat. 54° 58´ 10´´; one fixed and flashing light (_electric_) every minute; 75 feet high; erected 1870.

167b. =Tynemouth=, Castle Yard, lat. 52° 1´; revolving light every minute, visible 18 miles; 79 feet high; erected 1802. To be discontinued when Souter Point Lighthouse is completed.

168. =Tynemouth=, North Pier Works; three fixed lights; erected 1864.

109. =Tynemouth=, North Pier; erected 1865. To be moved out as the works advance.

170. =Tyne=, or =North Shields=, lat. 55° 0´ 30´´; two fixed lights, visible 16 and 13 miles; 49 and 76 feet high; erected 1808.

171. =Blyth=, lat. 55° 7´; two fixed lights, visible 11 and 7 miles; 41 and 35 feet high; erected 1788.

172. =Coquet Island=, lat. 55° 20´; two fixed lights, visible 14 miles; square white tower, 72 feet high; erected 1841.

173. =Warkworth=, South Pier, lat. 55° 21´; one fixed red light; erected 1848.

174. =Farne Island=, lat. 55° 37´. High lighthouse—revolving light every 30 seconds, visible 15 miles; white tower, 43 feet high; erected 1766. Low lighthouse—fixed light, visible 12 miles; 27 feet high (octagonal tower); erected 1810.

175. =Longstone Rock=, lat. 55° 39´; one light, revolving every 30 seconds, visible 14 miles; 85 feet high; erected 1826.

176. =Berwick Pier-head=, lat. 55° 46´; two fixed lights, visible 12 and 8 miles; 44 feet high.

SCOTLAND.

EAST COAST.

177. =Eyemouth=, lat. 55° 52´; two fixed lights, visible 10 and 8 miles; erected 1857.

178. =St. Abb’s Head=, lat. 55° 55´; flashing light, every 10 seconds, visible 20 miles; 29 feet high; erected 1862.

179. =Dunbar=, Old Harbour, lat. 56°; one fixed light (_gas_), visible 5 miles; 27 feet high; erected 1857.

180. =Dunbar=, Victoria Harbour; one fixed light, _gas_.

Firth of Forth—Nos. 181 to 207.

[181. =Cockenzie=, pier-head; one fixed green light, visible 8 miles.

182. =Fisherrow=, pier-head, lat. 55° 56´; fixed light; erected 1839.

183. =Leith=, East Pier, inner part, lat. 55° 59´; one fixed light, visible 8 miles; 19 feet high; erected 1758.

184. =Leith=, East Pier-head; one fixed green light; visible 8 miles.

185. =Leith=, West Pier; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 19 feet high; erected 1829.

186. =Newhaven=, pier-head, lat. 55° 59´; one fixed light, visible 5 miles; 29 feet high.

187. =Granton=, pier-head; one fixed light, visible 6 miles; 40 feet high; erected 1845.

188. =Granton=, breakwater; two fixed red lights; 12 feet high.

189. =Inchkeith Island=, lat. 56° 2´; one light, revolving every minute, visible 20 miles; stone lighthouse, 58 feet high; erected 1804.

190. =Grangemouth=; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; stone tower, 30 feet high; erected 1847.

191. =Charleston=, outer pier; one fixed light; erected 1866.

192. =Inverkeithing=, West Quay, two fixed red lights; erected 1856.

193. =St. David=; one fixed light; erected 1866.

194. =Burntisland=, East Pier-head, lat. 56° 4´; one fixed light, visible 8 miles; 25 feet high; erected 1860.

195. =Burntisland=, Ferry Pier; one fixed light; 9 feet high.

196. =Burntisland=, New Pier; one fixed light; erected 1867.

197. =Pettycur=, pier; one fixed light; erected 1854.

198. =Kirkcaldy=, East Pier-head, lat. 56° 7´; one fixed light (_gas_), visible 8 miles.

199. =Dysart=; one fixed green light, _gas_.

200. =West Wemyss=, pier-head; one fixed red light.

201. =Buckhaven=, East Pier-head, lat. 56° 10´ 6´´; one fixed light; iron tower, 9 feet high; erected 1854.

202. =St. Monans=, lat. 56° 12´ 30´´; two fixed lights, visible 6 miles.

203. =Pittenweem=, East Pier-head, lat. 56° 13´; one fixed light, visible 6 miles; erected 1853.

204. =Pittenweem=, saw-mill, one fixed light, visible 6 miles; erected 1853.

205. =East Anstruther=, West Pier-head, lat. 56° 13´ 16´´; two fixed lights (_gas_), visible 4 miles; erected 1848.

206. =Cellardyke=, lat. 56° 14´; one fixed red light, _gas_.

207. =Isle of May=, lat. 56° 11´ 9´´. Lighthouse on summit of island—one fixed light, visible 21 miles; 78 feet high; erected 1816. Lighthouse on north-east side—one fixed light, visible 15 miles; 36 feet high; erected 1844.]

* * * * *

208. =Bell Rock=, lat. 56° 26 3´; one light, revolving every two minutes, visible 15 miles; 117 feet high; erected 1811.

209. =St. Andrews=, pier-head, lat. 56° 20´ 3´´; one fixed red light, visible 6 miles; 18 feet high; erected 1825.

210. =St. Andrews=, Cathedral turret; one fixed light, visible 5 miles; erected 1849.

Firth of Tay—Nos. 211 to 215.

[211. =Buddonness=, lat. 56° 28´; two fixed lights, visible 15 and 12 miles; one on tower, 104 feet high, erected 1820; the lower one, 65 feet high.

212. =Port-on-Craig=, lat. 56° 27´; two fixed lights, visible 12 and 10 miles; one on tower, 76 feet high; one on piles, 53 feet high; erected 1820 and 1845.

213. =Newport=, West Ferry Pier, lat. 56° 26´; two fixed lights, visible 8 and 7 miles.

214. =Dundee Harbour=, Middle and East Piers, lat. 56° 28´; two fixed lights, visible 8 and 7 miles.

215. =Dundee=, Camperdown Docks; two fixed red lights, _gas_; erected 1865.]

* * * * *

216. =Arbroath=, Outer Harbour, lat. 56° 33´; one fixed light, visible 8 miles; stone tower, 22 feet high; erected 1826.

217. =Arbroath=, Inner Harbour; two fixed lights.

218. =Ness=, Scurdyness, lat. 56° 42´; one fixed light; erected 1870.[65]

[65] We condense the following report from the _Dundee Advertiser_, March 1, 1870:—

“On Tuesday night the Scurdyness Lighthouse, at the entrance to Montrose Harbour, was lit up for the first time, amid the rejoicings of the people of Montrose and Ferryden. From early morning the vessels in the harbour displayed numerous flags, and more than the usual stir was observable among the villagers on the opposite side of the river. Indeed, seldom have the Ferryden people manifested so much enthusiasm; but it is seldom that they have so much cause to rejoice. The want of a light at the Scurdyness has long been felt by the seafaring community. The rock-bound shore stretching between the Bell Rock and the Girdleness—a distance of nearly fifty miles—is perhaps one of the most dangerous parts of the east coast of Scotland, and has been the scene of numerous shipwrecks and great loss of life. At no point within these limits have so many disasters occurred as at the entrance to Montrose Harbour, now fortunately protected by the Scurdyness Light. Bounded on the one side by large outlying and in some instances hidden rocks, and on the other by a long stretch of sandy shore, whilst the channel itself is extremely narrow, the entrance to Montrose Harbour is very difficult for navigation, and particularly so when the weather is boisterous. Moreover, on the north side, and within a very short distance of the newly-erected lighthouse, is the Annat—a sandbank on which many vessels have been wrecked in attempting to make the harbour. The necessity, therefore, for a light on Scurdyness was very great, and has been long and deeply felt. Situated at the Point, on the southern side of the channel, the lighthouse, a substantial building, commands a clear-weather range of seventeen nautical miles. It is built on solid rock, the foundation being of stones from Benholm Quarry, and the tower itself of white brick. The entire height of the tower is about 100 feet and the lighthouse about 30 feet—in all, 130 feet from base to vane. The diameter at the base is 23 feet 2 inches, whilst at the top it is 16 feet. A spiral stair of about 140 steps leads to the top of the tower, after which the ascent to the various stories is by ladders. There is a room near the top, in which are deposited the stores. The light is fixed and white, of the second order (dioptric), and the mechanism for supplying the lamp with oil is of the most interesting nature. Oil is pumped up to the wick by clock-work; and an alarm sounds during the whole time the machine is in motion, so that any irregularity is immediately announced to the attendant. The light will be seen from about S. W. ¼ S., round by the east to about N.E. ¼ N., or as far as the land will permit. The bearings are magnetic, and from the vessel. A light of weaker power will be shown from the channel towards Montrose Harbour.”

219. =Montrose=, north side of harbour; two fixed lights, visible 11 and 10 miles; 65 and 39 feet high; erected 1818.

220. =Stonehaven=, harbour, lat. 56° 58´; two fixed lights, visible 8 miles; erected 1839.

221. =Girdleness=, lat. 57° 8´ 15´´; two lights, visible 19 and 16 miles; stone lighthouse, 120 feet high; erected 1833.

222. =Aberdeen=, North Pier-head, lat. 57° 8´ 20´´; one fixed light, visible 8 miles; white tower, 29 feet high; erected 1866.

223. =Aberdeen=, ferry; two fixed lights, 8 miles; erected 1842.

224. =Buchanness=, lat. 57° 28´ 15´´; one light, flashing every 5 seconds, visible 16 miles; 115 feet high; erected 1827.

225. =Peterhead=, South Harbour, lat. 57° 30´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 26 feet high; erected 1834.

226. =Peterhead=, North Harbour; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 32 feet high; erected 1849.

227. =Fraserburgh=, Pier-head and Middle Pier, lat. 57° 41´ 30´´; two fixed red lights, visible 5 miles; erected 1841.

228. =Kinnaird Head=, lat. 57° 41´ 51´´; one fixed light, visible 15 miles; 76 feet high; erected 1787.

229. =Macduff=, North Pier-head, lat. 57° 40´; one fixed light, visible 6 miles.

230. =Banff=, North Pier-head, lat. 57° 40´; one fixed light, visible 8 miles, erected 1832.

231. =Banff=, New Harbour, lat. 57° 40´ 5´´; two fixed lights; erected 1851.

232. =Elgin and Lossiemouth=, South Pier-head; one fixed green light; erected 1838.

233. =Covesea Skerries=, Craig Head, lat. 57° 43´ 15´´; one light, revolving every minute, visible 18 miles; stone lighthouse 18 feet high; erected 1846.

234. =Chanonry=, Point, lat. 57° 34´ 30´´; one fixed light, visible 11 miles; stone lighthouse, 42 feet high; erected 1846.

235. =Cromarty=, lat. 57° 41´; one fixed light, visible 9 miles; 42 feet high; erected 1846.

236. =Tarbet Ness=, lat. 57° 51´ 54´´; one intermittent light, visible 2½ minutes, dark ½ minute; visible 15 to 18 miles; tower, 134 feet high; erected 1830.

237. =Little Ferry=, lat. 57° 56´; two fixed lights.

238. =Latheronwheel=, South Head, lat. 58° 16´ 10´´; one fixed light; erected 1852. 239. =Wick=, North Pier-head, lat. 58° 26´; two fixed lights (_gas_), visible 8 miles; 34 feet high; erected 1851.

240. =Noss Head=, lat. 58° 28´ 38´´; one light, revolving every half minute, visible 18 miles; 68 feet high; erected 1849.

241. =Pentland Skerries=, island, 58° 41´ 22´´; two fixed lights, visible 18 and 16 miles; high light, 118 feet high; low light, 88 feet high; 33 yards distant; erected 1794.

242. =Dunnet Head=, lat. 58° 40´ 16´´; one fixed light, visible 23 miles; 66 feet high; erected 1831.

243. =Holburn=, Little Head, Thurso Bay, lat. 58° 36´ 50´´; one light, flashing every 10 seconds, visible 13 miles; 55 feet high; erected 1862.

244. =Orkney Isles=, Cantick Head, Hoy Isle, lat. 58° 47´; one light, revolving every minute, visible 15 miles; brick lighthouse, 73 feet high; erected 1858.

245. =Orkney Isles=, Hoy Sound, lat. 58° 56´ 9´´; two fixed lights, visible 15 and 11 miles; high light, Gremsa Isle, north-east point, 108 feet high, erected 1851; low light, Gremsa Isle, north-west point, 38 feet high.

246. =Orkney Isles=, Kirkwall, lat. 58° 59´ 10´´; one fixed light, visible 9 miles; 27 feet high; erected 1854.

247. =Orkney Isles=, Auskerry, Stronsa Firth, lat. 59° 2´; one fixed light, visible 16 miles; brick lighthouse, 112 feet high; erected 1867.

248. =Orkney Isles=, Start Point, Sanday Isle, lat. 59° 16´ 39´´; one fixed light, visible 15 miles; 91 feet high; erected 1806.

249. =Orkney Isles=, North Ronaldshay, lat. 59° 23´ 15´´; one light, flashing every 10 seconds, visible 17 miles; brick lighthouse, 139 feet high; erected 1854.

250. =Shetland Isles=, Sumburgh Head, lat. 59° 51´; one fixed light, visible 22 miles; stone lighthouse, 55 feet high; erected 1821.

251. =Shetland Isles=, Bressay, lat. 60° 6´ 10´´; one light, revolving every minute, visible 17 miles; brick lighthouse, 98 feet high; erected 1854.

252. =Shetland Isles=, Whalsey Skerries, lat. 60° 25´ 24´´; one light, revolving every minute, visible 17 miles; brick tower, 98 feet high; erected 1854.

253. =Shetland Isles=, North Unst, lat. 60° 51´ 20´´; one fixed light, visible 21 miles; 64 feet high; erected 1854.

254. =Cape Wrath=, north-west point of Scotland, lat, 58° 37´30´´; one light, revolving every two minutes, visible 30 miles; tower, 65 feet high; erected 1828.

255. =Ru Stoer=, lat. 58° 14´ 10´´. Now building.

NORTH COAST.

256. =South Rona Island=, lat. 57° 34´ 31´´; one light, flashing every 12 seconds, visible 20 miles; tower, 42 feet high; erected 1857.

257. =Kyle Akin=, Gilliean Island, lat. 57° 16´ 39´´; one fixed light, visible 11 miles; 70 feet high; erected 1857.

258. =Oronsay Island=, lat. 57° 8´ 39´´; one fixed light, visible 12 miles; 63 feet high; erected 1857.

259. =Hebrides=, Butt of Lewis, north point, lat. 58° 30´ 40´´; one fixed light, visible 18 miles; lighthouse tower, 120 feet high; erected 1862.

260. =Hebrides=, Stornoway, Arnish Point,[66] lat. 58° 11´ 28´´; one light, revolving every 30 seconds, visible 12 miles; 45 feet high; erected 1852.

[66] This lighthouse reflects a light on Arnish Beacon (see p. 274).

261. =Hebrides=, Monach, Shillay Island, lat. 57° 31´ 34´´; two lights—the upper flashing every 10 seconds, visible 17 miles; the lower, fixed, visible 12 miles; lighthouse tower, 133 feet high; erected 1814.

262. =Hebrides=, Scalpa, Glass Island, lat. 57° 51´ 25´´; one fixed light, visible 16 miles; tower, 100 feet high; erected 1789.

263. =Hebrides=, Ushenish, South Uist, lat. 57° 17´ 35´´; one fixed light, visible 18 miles; tower, 39 feet high; erected 1857.

264. =Hebrides=, Barra Head, Bernera Island, lat. 56° 47´ 8´´; intermittent light, visible for 2½ minutes, dark for ⅓ minute; visible 32 miles; stone lighthouse, 60 feet high; erected 1833.

265. =Skerryvore=, lat. 56° 19´ 22´´; one light, revolving every minute, visible 17 miles; stone lighthouse, 158 feet high; erected 1844.

266. =Dubhe Artach=, lat. 56° 8´. Now building.

267. =Ardnamurchan Point=, lat. 56° 43´ 38´´; one fixed light, visible 18 miles; lighthouse, 118 feet high; erected 1849.

268. =Mull Sound=, Runa Gal Rock, lat. 56° 38´; one fixed light, visible 12 miles; tower, 63 feet high; erected 1857.

269. =Lismore=, Musdile Island, lat. 56° 27´ 19´´; one fixed light, visible 14 miles; 86 feet high; erected 1833.

270. =Corran Point=, Loch Eil, lat. 56° 43´ 16´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 42 feet high; erected 1860.

271. =Oban=, pier, lat. 56° 25´; two fixed lights; erected 1858.

272. =Phladda Island=, lat. 56° 14´ 48´´; one fixed light, visible 11 miles; tower, 42 feet high; erected 1860.

273. =Crinan Canal=, lat. 56° 5´ 30´´; one fixed light, visible four miles; erected 1851.

274. =Iron Rock=,[67] lat. 55° 52´ 30´´; one light, revolving every minute, visible 14 miles; 83 feet high; erected 1865.

[67] Sgeirmaoile, or Skeirvuile.

275. =Rhu Vaal=, Islay Island, lat. 55° 56´ 6´´; one fixed light, visible 15 miles; tower, 113 feet high; erected 1859.

276. =Macarthur’s Head=, lat. 56° 56´ 50´´; one fixed light, visible 17 miles; 42 feet high; erected 1861.

277. =Rhynns=, or =Islay=, Oversay Island, lat. 55° 40´ 20´´; one light, flashing every 5 seconds, visible 17 miles; tower, 96 feet high; erected 1825.

278. =Loch-in-Dail=, Dune Point, Islay, lat. 55° 44´ 40´´; one fixed light, visible 12 miles; erected 1869.

279. =Port Ellen=, lat. 55° 37´ 13´´; one fixed light, visible 11 miles; square tower, 65 feet high; erected 1853.

280. =Mull of Kintyre=, lat. 55° 18´ 39´´; one fixed light, visible 22 miles; 38 feet high; erected 1787.

281. =Sanda=, Ship Rock, lat. 55° 16´ 30´´; one fixed light, visible 17 miles; 48 feet high; erected 1850.

282. =Davar Island=, lat. 55° 25´ 45´´; one light, revolving every 30 seconds, visible 15 miles; stone tower, 65 feet high; erected 1854.

283. =Campbeltown=, pier-head, lat. 55° 25´ 30´´; one fixed light.

284. =Ardrishaig=, pier-head, lat. 56° 0´ 45´´; one fixed light, visible 4 miles; 19 feet high; erected 1850.

285. =Pladda Island=, lat. 55° 26´; two fixed lights, visible 17 and 14 miles; towers, 95 feet and 43 feet high; erected 1790.

River Clyde and Firth of Clyde—Nos. 286 to 300.

[286. =Cumbrae=, Little Cumbrae Island, lat. 55° 43´ 16´´; one fixed light, visible 15 miles; tower, 36 feet high; erected 1757.

287. =Toward Point=, lat. 55° 51´ 45´´; one light, revolving every 52 seconds, visible 10 miles; 63 feet high; erected 1812.

288. =Cloch Point=, lat. 55° 56´ 35´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; tower, 76 feet high; erected 1797.

289. =Greenock=, lat. 55° 57´; two fixed lights, visible 8 miles; erected 1834.

290. =Greenock=, quay; one fixed light, visible 4 miles; 20 feet high; erected 1829.

291. =Greenock=, Garvel Point; one fixed light, visible 7 miles; erected 1867.

292. =Port-Glasgow=, beacon, lat. 55° 56´ 15´´; one fixed red light, visible 3 miles; erected 1861.

293. =Broomielaw=; one fixed light, _gas_.

294. =Cardross=; one fixed red light, visible 4 miles; black stone, 34 feet high; erected 1849.

295. [++]=Garmoyle= Lightship; one fixed light; fixed 1868.

296. =Dumbuck=; one fixed light; erected 1868.

297. =Bowling Bay=; one fixed light, on iron tower, visible 2 miles; erected 1849.

298. =Bowling=, Donald’s Quay; one fixed red and bright light; 16 feet high; erected 1869.

299. =Park Quay=; one fixed light; erected 1869.

300. =North Bank=, opposite New-Shot Island; one fixed red light, on iron tower, erected 1869.]

* * * * *

301. =Ardrossan=, breakwater, lat. 55° 38´ 27´´; one fixed light, visible 5 miles; tower, 23 feet high; re-built 1856.

302. =Saltcoats=, pier, lat 55° 37´ 52´´; one fixed light, visible 6 miles; 18 feet high; erected 1840.

303. =Troon Harbour=, lat. 55° 32´ 55´´; two lights, intermittent, 40 seconds bright and 20 seconds eclipsed (_gas_), visible 9 miles; 25 feet high; erected 1827 at inner end of pier; and fixed red light, visible 6 miles, 25 feet high, at pier-head; erected 1848.

304. =Ayr Harbour=, north pier, lat. 55° 28´ 10´´; three fixed lights—a tide light, visible 4 miles; erected 1790; two lights in tower, 62 feet high, visible 16 miles; erected 1826, improved 1866.

305. =Loch Ryan=, Cairn Ryan Point, lat. 54° 57´ 45´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 50 feet high; erected 1847.

306. =Stranraer=, lat. 54° 54´ 40´´; three lights on pier, one visible 9 miles.

307. =Corsewall Point=, Loch Ryan, lat. 55° 0´ 29´´; one light, revolving every 2 minutes, visible 15 miles; lighthouse tower, 110 feet high; erected 1817.

308. =Port-Patrick=, lat. 54° 50´ 20´´; one fixed light, visible 8 miles; stone tower, 30 feet high; erected 1790, re-lighted 1856.

309. =Galloway Mull=, south point, lat. 54° 38´ 9´´; one intermittent light, visible 23 miles, eclipsed 30 seconds in every 3 minutes; stone lighthouse, 86 feet high; erected 1830.

310. =Little Ross Island=, lat. 54° 56´; one light, flashing every 5 seconds, visible 18 miles; tower, 65 feet high; erected 1843.

311. =Annan River=, lat. 54° 57´ 50´´; one fixed light; erected 1841.

ENGLAND.

WEST COAST.

312. =Skinburness=, near Silloth, lat. 54° 52´ 30´´; one fixed light, visible 9 miles; wooden lighthouse, 32 feet high; erected 1841.

313. §=Lee Scar=, lat. 54° 52´; one fixed light, visible 6 miles; 45 feet high; erected 1841.

314. [++]=Solway= Lightship, lat 54° 48´; one fixed light, red; erected 1841.

315. =Maryport=, south wooden pier, lat 54° 43´; one fixed light (_gas_), visible 6 miles; erected 1796.

316. =Maryport=, south stone pier; one fixed light, visible 12 miles; 35 feet high; erected 1834.

317. =Maryport=, jetty; one fixed light, visible 3 miles; erected 1857.

318. =Maryport=, north tongue; one fixed light (_gas_), visible 3 miles; erected 1857.

319. =Workington=, John Pier and wooden pier, lat. 54° 39´; one fixed light, visible 11 miles; 23 feet high; built in 1825, improved 1866.

320. =Harrington=, pier-head, lat. 54° 37´; one fixed light, visible 11 miles; iron pedestal, 36 feet high; erected 1797.

321. =Whitehaven=, West Pier-head, lat. 54° 33´; one light, revolving every two minutes, visible 19 miles; tower, 47 feet high; erected 1821.

322. =Whitehaven=, North Pier-head; one fixed light.

323. =Whitehaven=, Old Quay; one fixed light.

324. =St. Bees Head=, lat. 54° 30´ 50´´; one fixed light, visible 25 miles; tower, 55 feet high; erected 1866.

ISLE OF MAN.

325. =Ayre Point=, lat, 54° 24´ 56´´; one light, revolving every 2 minutes, and visible 15 miles; tower 99 feet high; erected 1818.

326.} =Peel=, lat. 54° 13´; one fixed light at entrance, visible 8 miles; erected 327.} 1811; and fixed light (_argand_) on breakwater; erected 1865.

328. =Port Erin=; one fixed green light; erected 1867.

329. =Calf of Man=, Calf Island, lat. 54° 3´; two lights, revolving every 2 minutes, visible 24 and 22 miles; one 70, the other 53 feet high; erected 1818.

330. =St. Mary Port=, pier-head, lat. 54° 4´; one fixed light, visible 9 miles; 18 feet high; erected 1812.

331. =Castletown=, pier-head, lat. 54° 5´; one fixed light, visible 9 miles; 18 feet high; erected 1812.

332. =Derby Haven=, Fort Island, lat. 54° 5´; one fixed light, visible 6 miles; 45 feet in height (during the fishing season only, Aug. 12th to Oct. 10th.)

333. =Derby Haven=, end of breakwater; one fixed light.

334. =Douglas Head=, lat. 54° 9´; one fixed light, visible 14 miles; tower, 65 feet high; erected 1832.

335_a_. =Douglas=, Old Pier-head, lat. 54° 10´; one fixed red light, visible 6 miles; 43 feet high; built 1796; re-built 1865.

335_b_. =Douglas=, Promenade Pier; one fixed blue light; erected 1869.

336. =Douglas=, new landing-pier; one fixed green light; erected 1868.

337_a_. and 337_b_. =Ramsay=, South Pier-head, lat. 54° 20´; fixed red light, visible 4 miles; 27 feet high; (dark stone tower) erected 1845; North Pier-head, one fixed light, visible 9 miles; erected 1868.

338. [++]=Bahama Bank= Lightship, lat. 54° 20´; two fixed lights, visible 10 miles; fixed 1848.

ENGLAND.

WEST COAST.

Morecambe Bay—Nos. 339 to 345.

[339. =Walney Island=, lat. 54° 2´ 56´´; two lights, one revolving every minute and one fixed, visible 13 miles; stone tower, 60 feet high; erected 1790.

340. [++]=Morecambe Bay= Lightship, lat. 53° 54´; one revolving light, flashing every 30 seconds, visible 10 miles; fixed 1863.

341. =Poulton=, stone pier, lat. 54° 4´ 20´´; one fixed light, visible 8 miles; stone tower, 50 feet high; erected 1851.

342. [++]=Lightship=, lat. 54° 1´ 20´´; one fixed red light; fixed 1854.

343. =Lune River=, Cockerham Promontory, and Plover Scar Rock, lat. 53° 59´; two lights, distance 834 yards; one lighthouse of wood, erected 1847; the other of stone.

344. §=Wyre River=, north-east elbow of North Wharf bank, lat. 53° 57´ 14´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; erected 1840.[68]

[68] It was this lighthouse, we presume, which underwent so extraordinary an accident on Saturday, February 19th, 1870. About half-past ten A.M., the schooner _Elizabeth and Jane_, of Preston, approached the mouth of the channel opposite Fleetwood. Adjoining the channel mouth, and about three miles from the latter town, is situated a lighthouse upon screw piles. When about half a mile off the lighthouse, the captain of the schooner found he was drifting towards it, and, spite of all his exertions, he was unable to change her course, as the tide flowed rapidly inwards, and a dead calm prevailed. Before the anchor could get a “hold,” the ship ran bow foremost into the piles, which were all shattered by the collision, and taking up the body of the lighthouse—a huge sexangular timber frame, filled in with windows, and surmounted with “a large revolving (?) light”—carried it away on her forecastle. Two keepers were in the lighthouse, but neither was hurt. The vessel, however, was greatly injured, and some alarm was felt lest she should sink. However the accident was seen from the shore; a tug steamer came to her assistance, and, with the lighthouse on board, she was towed into port. Until a new structure can be raised, a lightship will be stationed in a suitable locality.

345. =Fleetwood=, lat. 53° 55´ 36´´; two fixed lights, visible 13 and 9 miles; upper, stone lighthouse, and red lantern; lower, stone colour; erected 1841.]

* * * * *

346. =Ribble River=, north-east of entrance, lat. 53° 44´ 38´´; one intermittent light, every 4 minutes, visible 12 miles; erected 1865.

347. =Ribble River=, New Pier; light shown about 2 hours before to 1½ hours after high water.

348. =Ribble River=, Lytham, lat. 53° 44´ 10´´; one fixed light.

Mersey and Dee Rivers, Entrance—Nos. 349 to 361.

[349. [++]=Liverpool=, North-west Lightship; lat. 53° 29´ 30´´; one light, revolving every minute, visible 11 miles; fixed 1814.

350. [++]=Formby= Lightship, lat. 53° 31´ 40´´; one fixed light, visible 8 miles; fixed 1834.

351. [++]=Crosby= Lightship, lat. 53° 30´ 40´´; three fixed lights, visible 8 miles; fixed 1840.

352. =Crosby Point=, lat. 53° 31´ 25´´; one fixed light, visible 12 miles; lighthouse tower, 74 feet high; erected 1856.

353. =Air Point=, lat. 53° 22´; one fixed light, visible ten miles; circular tower, 65 feet high; erected 1776.

354. =Hoylake=, lat. 53° 23´ 40´´; two fixed lights, visible 13 and 11 miles; towers, 64 feet and 42 feet high; erected 1763.

355. =Leasowe=, lat. 53° 24´ 49´´; one fixed light, visible 15 miles; lighthouse 110 feet high; erected 1763.

356. =Bidston=, lat. 53° 24´; one fixed light, visible 23 miles; stone lighthouse. 68 feet high; erected 1771.

357. =Rock=, lat. 53° 26´ 43´´; one light, revolving every minute, visible 14 miles; 94 feet high; erected 1830.

358. =Birkenhead=, New Ferry Pier; one fixed light.

359. =Runcorn=, Old Quay, lat. 53° 20´; one fixed light; erected 1863.

360. [++]=Runcorn= Lightship; one fixed light; fixed 1866.

361. =Woodside Ferry=; one fixed light; erected 1863.]

* * * * *

362. =Great Orme Head=, North Point, lat. 53° 20´ 35´´; one fixed light, visible 24 miles; square castellated stone lighthouse; erected 1862.

363. =Menai=, Trwyn-Du Point, lat. 53° 18´ 51´´; one fixed light, visible 9 miles; circular castellated tower, 96 feet high; erected 1837.

364. =Beaumaris=, pier, lat. 53° 15´ 45´´; one fixed red light.

365. =Lynus Point=, lat. 53° 25´; one intermittent light, visible 8 seconds, obscured 2 seconds, visible 16 miles; castellated tower, 36 feet high; erected 1835.

366. =Amlwch Port=, north pier, lat. 53° 25´; one fixed light, visible 9 miles; erected 1817.

367. =Skerries Island=, lat. 53° 25´ 18´´; one fixed light, visible 16 miles; circular tower, 75 feet high; erected 1714.

368. =Holyhead=, New Breakwater; one fixed light, visible 4 miles; erected 1850.

369. =Holyhead=, wooden jetty; one fixed light; erected 1864.

370. =Holyhead=, inner harbour, port side; one fixed light, green; erected 1866.

371. =Holyhead=, inner harbour, starboard side; one fixed light, red; erected 1866.

372_a_. =Stack Rock=, off north-west point of Holyhead Island, lat. 53° 18´; one light, revolving every 2 minutes, visible 20 miles; circular tower, 84 feet high; erected 1809. [“During foggy weather, a _bell_ is sounded, and a smaller _bright light_, revolving in 1½ minutes, is occasionally shown about 40 feet above the sea, and 30 yards north of the main lighthouse. A gun is also fired from the North Stack every hour and half-hour during foggy weather; and, when the mail packets are expected, every quarter of an hour, from 10.45. A.M. till 45 minutes past noon; and again from 11.45 P.M. till 1.45 A.M.”]

372_b_. [++]=Caernarvon= Lightship, lat. 53° 5´ 45´´; one light, revolving every 20 seconds, and visible 10 miles; fixed 1870.

373. =Caernarvon=, Llanddwyn Island, lat. 53° 8´; one fixed light, visible 5 miles; erected 1845.

374. =Caernarvon=, pier-head; one fixed light; erected 1858.

375. =Bardsey Island=, lat. 52° 45´; one fixed light, visible 17 miles; square white tower, 99 feet high; erected 1821.

376. =Aberystwith=, pier-head, lat. 52° 25´; two fixed lights; erected 1864.

377. [++]=Cardigan Bay= Lightship, lat. 52° 22´ 30´´; one light, revolving every 30 seconds, and visible 9 miles; fixed 1860.

378. =South Bishop Rock=, lat. 51° 51´; revolving light, every 20 seconds; 36 feet high; erected 1839.

379. =Smalls Rock=, lat. 51° 43´ 20´´; one fixed light, visible 15 miles; circular tower, 141 feet high; erected 1778.

Bristol Channel—Nos. 380 to 414.

[380. =St. Ann’s Point=, Milford Haven, lat 51° 41´; two fixed lights, high lighthouse, visible 20 miles; circular tower, 75 feet high; erected 1714; low lighthouse, visible 18 miles, octagonal, 203 yards south-east of former, 42 feet high.

381. =New Quay=; one fixed light.

382_a_. =Milford Haven=, dockyard; two fixed lights, red; 46 feet and 23 feet high; erected 1862.

382_b_. [++]=Neyland Point= Lightship; one fixed light; erected 1868.

383. =Caldy Island=, lat. 51° 37´ 56´´; one fixed light, visible 20 miles; circular tower, 52 feet high; erected 1829.

384. =Tenby=, pier-head; one fixed red light; erected 1856.

385. =Saundersfoot=, pier-head, lat. 51° 42´; one fixed red light.

386. =Pembrey Harbour=, lat 51° 41´; one fixed light, visible 9 miles.

387. =Llanelly=, south end of breakwater, lat. 51° 40´; one fixed light; 50 feet high; erected 1850.

388. §=Llanelly=, Whiteford Point; one fixed light, visible 7 miles; erected 1854.

389. [++]=Helwick= Lightship, lat 51° 31´; one light, revolving every minute.

390. =Mumbles Island=, lat. 51° 34´ 3´´; one fixed light, visible 15 miles; tower, 56 feet high; erected 1798.

391. =Swansea=, South Pier-head, lat. 51° 37´; one fixed light, visible 5 miles; 20 feet high; erected 1803.

392. =Swansea=, South Dock entrance; two red lights; erected 1859.

393. =Swansea=, North Dock entrance; two fixed lights; erected 1860.

394. =Swansea=, New Cut bridge; one fixed light.

395. [++]=Scarweather= Lightship; one light, revolving every 20 seconds; fixed 1862.

396. =Porthcawl Harbour=, south-east end of breakwater; one fixed light; erected 1860.

397. =Porthcawl Harbour=, north-west end of breakwater; two fixed red lights; erected 1861.

398. =Nash Point=, lat. 51° 24´; high lighthouse, one fixed light, visible 19 miles; 111 feet high: low lighthouse, one fixed light, visible 17 miles; 60 feet high; erected 1832.

399. [++]=Breaksea= Lightship, lat. 51° 19´ 48´´; two lights, one revolving with a flash every 15 seconds, one fixed; fixed 1866.

400. =Flatholm Island=, lat. 51° 22´; one fixed light, visible 18 miles; circular lighthouse, 99 feet high; erected 1737.

401. =Cardiff=, docks, lat. 51° 27´ 48´´; two fixed red lights.

402. =Usk=, Newport, lat. 51° 32´; one fixed light, visible 11 miles; tower, 57 feet high; erected 1867.

403. =Briton Ferry Dock=; movable tide lights.

404. [++]=English and Welsh Grounds= Lightship, lat. 51° 26´ 30´´; one light, revolving every minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1838.

405. =Portskewet=, pier-head; one fixed red light; erected 1868.

406. =New Passage=, Charstone Rock; one fixed red light; erected 1868.

407. =Avon=, east side of entrance, lat. 51° 30´; one fixed light, visible 13 miles; octagonal tower, 85 feet high; erected 1840.

408. =Portishead=, pier; two fixed lights.

409. =Clevedon=, pier-head; one fixed light, visible 7 miles; erected 1869.

410. =Bridgewater=, or Burnham, east side of entrance of Parret River, lat. 51° 15´; two lights—upper, intermittent, visible (15 miles) for 3½ minutes, then suddenly eclipsed ½ a minute; lower light, fixed, visible 9 miles; high lighthouse, 99 feet high; low lighthouse, 36 feet high; erected 1832.

411. =Watchet Harbour=; one fixed red light, visible 4 miles; sexangular tower, 22 feet high; erected 1862.

412. =Ilfracombe=, Lantern Hill, lat. 51° 13´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 29 feet high, _gas_.

413. =Bideford=, Braunton Sands, lat. 51° 4´; two fixed lights, 311 yards apart; 86 and 15 feet high; erected 1820.

414. =Lundy Island=, lat. 51° 10´ 7´´; two lights, upper revolving every two minutes, the lower fixed, visible 31 miles; tower, 96 feet high; erected 1820.]

* * * * *

415. =Hartland Point=, lat. 51° 1´ 24´´; _lighthouse proposed_.

416. =Trevose Head=, lat. 50° 32´ 55´´; two fixed lights, visible 20 and 17 miles; tower, 86 feet high; erected 1847.

417. =Godrevy Island=, lat. 50° 14´; two lights, flashes every 10 seconds; octagonal stone tower, 86 feet high; erected 1859.

418. =Padstow=, quay-head; one fixed light; erected 1868.

419. =Hayle=, lat. 50° 11´ 30´´; two fixed lights, visible six miles; erected 1840.

420. =St. Ives=, outer and inner pier; two fixed lights, visible 10 and 9 miles; erected 1860.

421. =St. Ives=, pier-head; one fixed light; erected 1831.

IRELAND.

SOUTH AND EAST COASTS.

422. =Fastnet=, lat. 51° 23´ 18´´; one light, revolving every two minutes, visible 18 miles; circular tower, 92 feet high; erected 1854.

423. =Kinsale=, Old Head, lat. 51° 36´ 11´´; one fixed light, visible 21 miles; tower, 100 feet high; erected 1683.

424. =Kinsale=, Fort Charles, lat. 51° 41´ 48´´; one fixed light, visible 14 miles; 48 feet high; erected 1804.

425. =Cork Harbour=,[69] Roche Point, lat. 51° 47´ 33´´; two lights, one revolving every minute, and one fixed, visible 10 and 8 miles; 49 feet high; erected 1817.

[69] Or Queenstown.

426. §=Cork Harbour=, Spit Bank, lat. 51° 50´ 41´´; one fixed light, visible 5 miles; erected 1848, repaired 1853.

427. =Cork Harbour=, Lough Mahon, lat. 51° 53´; one fixed light; erected 1859.

428. =Cork Harbour=, Donkathel, lat. 51° 54´; one fixed green light.

429. =Cork Harbour=, Black Rock Castle, lat. 51° 54´; one fixed light; erected 1863.

430. =Cork Harbour=, King’s Quay, lat. 51° 53´; one fixed light, _gas_.

431. =Cork Harbour=, Tivoli, lat. 51° 54´; one fixed light, _gas_.

432. =Ballycottin=, Outer Island, lat. 51° 49´ 30´´; a flash every 10 seconds, visible 18 miles; tower, 50 feet high; erected 1850.

433. =Youghal=, lat. 51° 56´ 34´´; one fixed light, 6 miles; erected 1852.

434. =Minehead=, lat. 51° 59´ 33´´; intermittent light, every minute, visible 21 miles; lighthouse, 68 feet high; erected 1850.

EAST AND NORTH COASTS.

435. =Dungarvan=, Ballinacourty Point; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; lighthouse, 44 feet high; erected 1858.

436. =Waterford=, Hook Town, lat. 52° 7´ 25´´; one fixed light, visible 16 miles; tower, 115 feet high; erected 1791.

437. =Waterford=, Dunmore Pier-head, lat. 52° 9´; one fixed light, visible 5 miles; lighthouse, 51 feet high; erected 1826.

438. =Waterford=, Duncannon Fort, lat. 52° 13´ 13´´; two fixed lights, visible 10 miles; 25 feet high; erected 1774.

439. =Waterford=, Duncannon; one fixed light, visible 16 miles; tower, 35 feet high; erected 1838.

440. §=Waterford=, Spit off Passage Point; one fixed light; erected 1867.

441. [++]=Saltees=, Coningbeg Rock Lightship, lat. 52° 2´ 25´´; two fixed lights, visible 10 and 8 miles; fixed 1824.

442. =Taskar Rock=, lat. 52° 12´ 9´´; light revolving every 2 minutes, visible 15 miles; circular tower, 110 feet high; erected 1815.

443. [++]=Lucifer Shoals= Lightship, lat. 52° 21´ 30´´; one fixed light, visible 8 miles; fixed 1868.

444. [++]=Blackwater Bank= Lightship, lat. 52° 30´ 10´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; fixed 1857.

445. [++]=Arklow= Lightship, lat. 52° 40´ 45´´; revolving every minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1834.

446. [++]=Arklow= Lightship, lat. 52° 53´; two fixed lights, visible 10 and 8 miles; fixed 1867.

447. =Wicklow Head=, lat. 52° 57´ 50´´; intermittent light, 10 seconds bright and dark 3, visible 16 miles; tower 46 feet high; erected 1818, altered 1867.

448. [++]=Codling Bank= Lightship, lat. 53° 4´ 40´´; revolving every 20 seconds, visible 9 miles; fixed 1867.

Dublin Bay—Nos. 449 to 456.

[449. [++]=Kish= Lightship, lat. 53° 18´ 48´´; revolving every minute, visible 10 miles; fixed 1811. [“In foggy weather a _gong_ is sounded, and a gun fired with two discharges in quick succession, commencing at 5 P.M. and at 6 P.M., and continued every fifteen minutes until the mail packets due from Holyhead have fired a gun in reply, when a signal gun from lightship is fired in answer.”]

450. =Kingstown=, East Pier-head, lat. 53° 18´; revolving every 30 seconds, visible 9 miles; lighthouse, 41 feet high; erected 1822.

451. =Kingstown=, West Pier-head; one fixed light; granite tower, 29 feet high; erected 1845.

452. =Poolbeg=, south wall, lat. 53° 20´ 30´´; two fixed lights, visible 12 miles, one upper and one lower; lighthouse, 63 feet high; erected 1768.

453. =Poolbeg=, north wall, lat. 53° 21´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; iron tower, 28 feet high; erected 1820.

454. =Poolbeg=, one fixed light; erected 1861. (No particulars given.)

455. =Bailey=, south-east point Howth peninsula, lat. 53° 21´ 40´´; one fixed light, visible 15 miles; 42 feet high; erected 1671.

456. =Howth=, pier-head, lat. 53° 24´; one fixed light, visible 11 miles; 37 feet high; erected 1818.]

* * * * *

457. =Balbriggan=, pier, lat. 53° 36´ 45´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 53 feet high; erected 1769.

458. =Rockabill=, lat. 53° 35´ 45´´; one light, flashes every 12 seconds, visible 18 miles; circular gray stone lighthouse, 105 feet high; erected 1860.

459. =Drogheda=, sand hills, lat. 53° 43´; three fixed lights, visible 6 to 7 miles; on timber framework, 30 feet high; erected 1842.

460. §=Dundalk=, entrance of channel, lat. 53° 58´ 40´´; flashes every 15 seconds, visible 9 miles; erected 1855.

461. =Dundalk=; two fixed lights; erected 1861. (No particulars given.)

462. =Carlingford=, Haulbowline Rock, lat 54° 1´; two fixed lights, visible 15 miles; tower, 111 feet high; erected 1823.

463. =Carlingford=, Greenore Point, lat. 54° 1´ 55´´; revolving every 45 seconds, visible 9 miles; 41 feet high; erected 1830.

464. =Dundrum Bay=, St. John’s Point, lat. 54° 13´ 10´´; one intermittent light, every minute, visible 12 miles; erected 1844.

465. =Ardglass Harbour=, lat. 54° 15´ 10´´; one fixed light, visible 6 miles; erected 1816.

466. =South Rock=, lat. 54° 23´ 55´´; revolving every 90 seconds, visible 12 miles; 60 feet high; erected 1797.

467. =Donaghadee Harbour=, lat. 54° 38´ 45´´; one fixed light, visible 12 miles; 53 feet high; erected 1836.

468. =Copeland Island=, lat. 54° 41´ 44´´; one fixed light, visible 16 miles; tower, 52 feet high; erected 1796.

NORTH COAST.

469. =Belfast Bay=, Hollywood Bank, lat. 54° 39´; one fixed light, visible 5 miles; erected 1848.

470. =Larne Lough=, Farrs Point, lat 54° 51´ 7´´; one fixed light, visible 11 miles; tower, 50 feet; erected 1839.

471. =Maidens Rocks=, lat. 54° 55´ 47´´; two fixed lights, visible 14 and 13 miles; one tower 76 feet, and the other 68 feet high, 800 yards apart; erected 1829.

472. =Rathlin Island=, Altacarry Head; lat. 55° 18´ 10´´; two lights—the upper, intermittent, bright 50 seconds, dark 10; the lower fixed—visible 21 miles; lighthouse, 88 feet high; erected 1856.

Lough Foyle—Nos. 473 to 483.

[473. =Inishowen=, Dunagree Point, lat. 55° 13´ 38´´; two lights, east and west, 183 yards apart; visible 13 miles; towers, 49 feet high; erected 1837.

474. =Warren Point=; one fixed red light; erected 1801.

475. §=Red Castle=; one fixed light; erected 1852.

476. §=White Castle=; one fixed light; erected 1848.

477. §=Ture=; one fixed light; erected 1850.

478. §=Cunnyberry=, one fixed light; erected 1848.

479. =Culmore Point=; one fixed light, on mast; erected 1848.

480. =Culkeeragh=; one fixed light; erected 1851.

481. =Boom Hall=; one fixed light; red brick tower; erected 1859.

482. [++]=Rosse Bay= Lightship; one fixed light; fixed 1859.

483. =Rock Mill= (near); one fixed light, on mast; erected 1859.]

* * * * *

484. =Inistrahull Island=, lat. 55° 25´ 55´´; revolving every 2 minutes; 42 feet high; erected 1812.

485. =Lough Swilly=, Fanad Point, lat. 55° 16´ 33´´; one fixed light, visible 14 miles; 26 feet high; erected 1816.

486. =Tory Island=, lat. 55° 16´ 26´´; one fixed light, visible 16 miles; lighthouse, 87 feet high; erected 1832.

487. =Aranmore Island=, Rinrawros Point, lat. 55° 0´ 52´´; one light, flashes every 20 seconds, visible 18 miles; circular tower, 76 feet high; erected 1865.

WEST COAST.

488. =Rathlin-o-Birne Island=, lat. 54° 39´ 47´´; one fixed light, visible 16 miles; circular tower, with dome, 63 feet high; erected 1856, altered 1864.

489. =Killybegs=, St. John´s Point, lat. 54° 34´ 8´´; one fixed light, visible 14 miles; 47 feet high; erected 1831.

490. =Killybegs=, Rotten Island, lat. 54° 36´ 51´´; one fixed light, visible 12 miles; 47 feet high; erected 1838.

491. =Sligo Bay=, Black Rock, lat. 54° 18´; one fixed light, visible 13 miles; lighthouse tower, 47 feet high; erected 1838.

492. =Sligo Bay=, Oyster Island, lat. 54° 18´ 5´´; two fixed lights, visible 17 miles; each tower 43 feet high; erected 1837.

493. =Broadhaven=, Gubacashel Point, lat. 54° 16´; one fixed light, visible 12 miles; 50 feet high; erected 1855.

494. =Eagle Rock=, lat. 54° 17´; two fixed lights, visible 20 miles; one 87 feet, the other 64 feet high; 132 yards distant.

495. =Black Rock=, lat. 54° 4´ 10´´; revolving light, with flash every 30 seconds, visible 23 miles; circular tower, 50 feet high; erected 1864.

496. =Blacksod Point=, lat. 54° 5´ 54´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; granite tower and dwelling, 41 feet high; erected 1866.

497. =Clare Island=, lat. 53° 49´ 30´´; one fixed light, visible 27 miles; 39 feet high; erected 1806.

498. =Inishgort=, lat. 53° 49´ 34´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 26 feet high; erected 1827.

499. =Slyne Head=, Illaunimmul Island, lat. 53° 23´ 58´´; two lights, one revolving every 2 minutes, visible 15 miles; one fixed, visible 14 miles; each tower 79 feet high, 142 yards apart; erected 1836.

Galway Bay—Nos. 500 to 502.

[500. =Eeragh Island=, West Point, lat. 53° 8´ 55´´; one light, revolving every 3 minutes, visible 16 miles; circular tower, 101 feet; erected 1857.

501. =Inisheer=, South Point, lat. 53° 2´ 40´´; one fixed light, visible 15 miles; circular tower, 112 feet high; erected 1856.

502. =Mutton Island=, lat. 53° 15´ 13´´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 34 feet high; erected 1817.]

River Shannon—Nos. 503 to 507.

[503. =Loophead=, lat. 52° 33´ 38´´; one fixed light, visible 22 miles; circular white tower, 75 feet high; erected 1853.

504. =Kilcradan Point=, lat. 52° 34´ 47´´; one fixed light, visible 16 miles; 43 feet high; erected 1824.

505. =Scattery Island=, Rinana Point. Now building.

506. =Tarbert=, Rock, lat. 52° 35´ 30´´; one fixed light, visible 13 miles; 54 feet high; erected 1834.

507. =Beeves=, Rock, lat. 52° 39´; one fixed light, visible 10 miles; 40 feet high; erected 1854.]

* * * * *

508. =Tralee=, Samphire Island, lat. 52° 16´ 14´´; one fixed light, visible 5 miles; circular lighthouse, erected 1834.

509. =Tearaght Island=, lat. 52° 4´. Now building. Will be lighted, probably, in the autumn of 1870.

510. =Valentia=, Cromwell´s Fort, lat. 51° 56´; one fixed light, visible 12 miles; lighthouse 48 feet high; erected 1841.

511. =Skelligs Rock=, lat. 51° 46´ 14´´; two fixed lights, the upper visible 25 miles, and lighthouse 48 feet high; the lower, visible 18 miles, and 46 feet high. The upper will be extinguished when Tearaght is completed.

512. =Calf Rock=, lat. 51° 34´ 10´´; one light, flashing every 15 seconds; visible 17 miles; circular tower, painted red, with white belt; 102 feet high; erected 1866.

513. =Bantry Bay=, Roancarrig Island, lat. 51° 39´ 10´´; one fixed light, visible 12 miles; circular tower, 62 feet high; erected 1847.

514. =Crookhaven=, Rock Island Point, lat. 51° 28´ 35´´; one fixed red light, visible 10 miles; lighthouse, 45 feet high; improved 1867.

II.

A NIGHT IN A LIGHTSHIP.

While these sheets were passing through the press there appeared in the _Scotsman_ a graphic and interesting sketch of “A Night in the Gull Lightship, off the Goodwin Sands,” from the able and popular pen of Mr. R. M. Ballantyne (March 26, 1870). The following extracts cannot fail to be acceptable to the reader:—

“A little before midnight on Thursday (the 24th), while I was rolling uneasily in my ‘bunk,’ contending with sleep and sea-sickness, and moralising on the madness of those who choose ‘the sea’ for a profession, I was roused—and sickness instantly cured—by the watch on deck suddenly shouting down the hatchway to the mate, ‘Southsand-Head light is firing, sir, and sending up rockets.’ The mate sprang from his ‘bunk,’ and was on the cabin floor before the sentence was well finished. I followed suit, and pulled on coat, nether garments, and shoes, as if my life depended on my own speed. There was unusual need for clothing, for the night was bitterly cold. On gaining the deck, we found the two men on duty actively at work—the one loading the lee gun, the other adjusting a rocket to its stick. A few hurried questions from the mate elicited all that it was needful to know. The flash of a gun from the Southsand-Head lightship, about six miles distant, had been seen, followed by a rocket, indicating that a vessel had got upon the fatal Goodwins. While the men spoke, I saw the bright flash of another gun, but heard no report—owing to the gale carrying the sound to leeward. A rocket followed, and at the same moment we observed the light of the vessel in distress just on the southern tail of the Sands. By this time our gun was charged, and the rocket in position. ‘Look alive, Jack; get the poker,’ cried the mate, as he primed the gun. Jack dived down the companion hatch, and in another moment returned with a red-hot poker, which the mate had thrust into the cabin fire at the first alarm. Jack applied it in quick succession to the gun and the rocket. A blinding flash and deafening crash were followed by the whiz of the rocket, as it sprang with a magnificent curve far away into the surrounding darkness. This was our answer to the Southsand-Head light, which, having fired three guns and three rockets to attract our attention, now ceased firing. It was also our note of warning to the look-out on the pier of Ramsgate Harbour. ‘That’s a beauty,’ said our mate, referring to the rocket; ‘get up another, Jack; sponge her well out, Jacobs, we’ll give ’em another shot in a few minutes.’ Loud and clear were both our signals, but four and a half miles of distance and a fresh gale neutralized their influence. The look-out did not see them. In less than five minutes the gun and rocket were fired again. Still no answering signal came from Ramsgate. ‘Load the weather gun,’ said the mate. Jacobs obeyed, and I sought shelter under the lee of the weather bulwarks, for the wind appeared to be composed of penknives and needles. Our third gun thundered forth, and shook the lightship from stem to stern; but the rocket struck the rigging and made a low wavering flight. Another was therefore sent up, but it had scarcely cut its bright line across the sky when we observed the answering signal—a rocket from Ramsgate Pier.

“‘That’s all right _now_, sir; _our_ work is done,’ said the mate, as he went below, and quietly turned in, while the watch, having sponged out and recovered the gun, resumed their active perambulation of the deck. I confess that I felt somewhat disappointed at the sudden termination of the noise and excitement! I was told that the Ramsgate lifeboat could not well be out in less than an hour. It seemed to my excited spirit a terrible thing that human lives should be kept so long in jeopardy, and, of course, I began to think, ‘Is it not possible to prevent this delay?’ There was nothing for it, however, but patience, so I turned in ‘all standing,’ as sailors have it, with orders that I should be called when the lights of the tug should come in sight. It seemed but a few minutes after, when the voice of the watch was again heard shouting hastily, ‘Lifeboat close alongside, sir. Didn’t see it till this moment. She carries no lights.’ I bounced out, and minus coat, hat, and shoes, scrambled on deck just in time to see the Broadstairs lifeboat rush past us before the gale. She was close under our stern, and rendered spectrally visible by the light of our lantern. ‘What are you firing for?’ shouted the coxswain of the boat. ‘Ship on the sands, bearing south,’ replied Jack, at the full pitch of his stentorian voice. The boat did not pause. It passed with a magnificent rush into darkness. The reply had been heard, and the lifeboat shot straight as an arrow to the rescue. We often hear and read of such scenes, but vision is necessary to enable one to realize the full import of all that goes on. Again all was silent and unexciting on board of the _Gull_. I went shivering below, with exalted notions of the courage and endurance of lifeboat men. Soon after, the watch once more shouted, ‘Tug’s in sight, sir;’ and, once again, the mate and I went on deck. The Ramsgate lifeboat _Bradford_ was in tow far astern. As she passed us, the brief questions and answers were repeated for the benefit of the coxswain of the boat. I observed that every man in the boat lay flat on the thwarts except the coxswain. No wonder. It is not an easy matter to sit up in a gale of wind, with freezing spray, and sometimes green seas, sweeping over one. They were, doubtless, wide awake and listening; but, as far as vision went, that boat was manned by ten oilskin coats and sou’-westers. A few seconds took them out of sight; and thus, as far as the _Gull_ lightship was concerned, the drama ended. There was no possibility of our ascertaining more, at least during that night, for whatever might be the result of these efforts, the floating lights had no chance of hearing of them until the next visit of their tender. I was therefore obliged to turn in once more, at 3 A.M. Next forenoon we saw the wreck, bottom up, high on the Goodwin Sands.” It was that of the good ship _Germania_ of Bremen.

Index.

Alexander the Great, anecdote of, quoted, 26, 29.

Alexandria, the pharos of, one of the wonders of the world, 17; its architect, 17, 18; its position, 20, 21; described, 21; references to, in the historians, 21, 22; description of, by Edrisi, 22, 25, 26; fables concerning, 26, 29.

Alguada reef, lighthouse on, described, 210.

Ampellius, Lucius, his description of the Colossus of Rhodes, 47.

Anastasius, the librarian, cited, 19.

Annette, the isle of, described, 196; dangerous character of, 210.

Apameia, colony of, founded, 15, 16.

Argand, the engineer, his efforts in lighthouse illumination, 70.

Avery, David, his establishment of a lightship at the Scilly Isles, 254, 255.

Ballantyne, R. M., quoted, 312-314.

Beachy Head, light at, referred to, 132.

Beacons, suggestions for lighting, by Mr. T. Stevenson, 169, 170.

Belle-Tout lighthouse, the, described, 207.

Bell Rock, the, position of, 146, 147; the legend of quoted, 147-149.

Bell Rock lighthouse, the, story of its erection, 149-164; description of, 165, 166; how managed, 166, 167; curious incident connected with, 167.

Bible, the, references to beacons in, 12.

Bishop Rock lighthouse, the, erection of recorded, 196, 197.

Black Prince, the, lighthouse erected at Cordouan by, 214.

Board of Ballast, the, of Dublin, its functions and members, 55.

Board of Trade, the, its superintendence of lighthouse-boards, 55.

Borda, the mathematician, his reflecting apparatus, 71.

Boulogne, referred to by Pliny and Ptolemæus, 30; its early history, 30; the Tour d’Ordre of, described—_See_ Tour d’Ordre.

Brick-making amongst the Romans, description of, 40, 41.

Buffon, the naturalist, his suggestions for lighthouse illumination, 77.

Buoys, as aids to navigation, 270; various kinds of, 273; modes of lighting, 274; how shifted, 275.

Caligula, the Emperor, his erection of the Tour d’Ordre at Boulogne, 30.

Calf of Man, double lights at, 76.

Capio, pharos at, referred to by Strabo the geographer, 14.

Capreæ, island of, pharos on, referred to, 13.

Carcel, the engineer, his efforts in lighthouse illumination, 70.

Carcel lamp, the, described, 80.

Carr Rock, erection of a beacon on, by Mr. R. Stevenson, 168.

Catoptric system, the, of illumination, described at length, 71-77.

Caylus, the Comte de, his demonstration concerning the Rhodian Apollo, 44.

Champollion, his account of the building of the pharos of Alexandria, 18.

Chares, the sculptor of the Colossus of Rhodes, the story of, 48.

Chevreau, Urbain, his reference to the Colossus of Rhodes, 44.

Chrysorrhoas, lighthouse on the, described by Dionysius of Byzantium, 13, 14.

Claudius, the Emperor, at Boulogne, 13.

Colossus of Rhodes, the, fabled magnitude of, 43; was it ever a beacon-light? 44; described by Pliny and Philo, 47; referred to by Lucius Ampellius, 47; the authentic facts concerning, 47, 48; its sculptor’s career sketched, 48.

Colour, as a source of distinction between lights, 76, 77.

Condorcet, the philosopher, his suggestions for lighthouse illumination, 77.

Cordouan, the first lighthouse at, 213, 214; the second, described, 214; the present structure, history of, 214, 215; described, 216-218; M. Michelet’s account of, 218-221; its illuminating apparatus, 221, 222.

_Cornhill Magazine_, quoted, 277.

Crusius, Martinus, story of the Alexandrian pharos quoted from, 26, 29.

Darling, Grace, the story of, 280, 281.

Delavigne, Casimir, the poet, quoted, 224.

Dionysius of Byzantium, his description of a lighthouse on the Chrysorrhoas, 13, 14.

Dioptric system, the, of lighthouse illumination, described in detail, 77, 78, 84-87.

Double lights, the, of the catoptric system, how exhibited, 76.

Dover, early history of the castle, 38; the tower, its present appearance described, 38-40; its history sketched, 41, 42.

Dubhe-Artach Rocks, the, described, 208; proposed lighthouse on, 209.

Dungeness, the red light at, 132.

Eddystone Rocks, the, position of, described, 108, 109.

Eddystone lighthouse, the, of Winstanley, its erection narrated, 109-113; its destruction, 113; of Rudyerd, 113-116; its conflagration, 116-118; a romantic narrative connected with, 118, 119; of Smeaton, its erection described, 121-129; its present condition, 129, 130.

_Edinburgh Review_, cited, 55, 69.

Edrisi, the historian, his description of the Alexandrian pharos, 22-26.

Egger, M., on the Tour d’Ordre at Boulogne, 32, 35, 36.

Egypt, the light-towers of, described, 10.

Empiricus, Sextus, the Pyrrhonist, on the sculptor of the Colossus of Rhodes, 48.

Enfant Perdu, the, lighthouse on, its difficult construction, 250.

English Channel, the, lights in, enumerated, 131, 132.

Esquiros, M. Alphonse, his description of Trinity House, quoted, 58-61; his account of life on board a lightship, 255, 256.

Faraday, Professor, his system of ventilation for lighthouses, 101, 102.

Fastnet Rock, revolving light on the, 204; the lighthouse on, described, 204-206.

Fire-towers amongst the Egyptians, 10, 12; reference to, in Homer and the Bible, 12.

Fixed light, the, of the catoptric system, how obtained, 74.

Fixed light, varied by flashes, employed in France, 92, 93.

Flashing light, the, of the catoptric system, how effected, 75.

Foix, Louis de, the Parisian architect, his erection of a tower at Cordouan, 215.

_Forfarshire_, the, wreck of, referred to, 280, 281.

France, number of lighthouses in, 56; its system of lighthouse administration, 56, 57.

Fresnel, Jean Augustin, the engineer, his career sketched, 78, 79; his system of lighthouse illuminationdescribed, 86, 89; his revolving light and apparatus explained, 90, 91; his lenticular system, 222.

Gascony, Gulf of, described by M. Michelet, 262.

Grand Barge d’Olonne, the lighthouse of, its construction described, 245, 246.

Greeks, the, lighthouses among, 10.

Gregory of Tours, the historian, his employment of the word “pharos,” 19.

Gunfleet, the lighthouse at, on piles, 207, 208.

Hamblin, Robert, his establishment of a lightship at the Nore, 254, 255.

Harwich, the light at, 66.

Héaux, of Bréhat, the lighthouse of, story of its erection, 233-237, 240-243; its submarine portion, 237; its rocky foundation, 238; its stability, 238; the principle of its construction, 239, 240; its resistance to the waves, 243, 244.

Hercules, his fabled invention of lighthouses, 10; the Pillars of, historical memoranda concerning, 265, 266.

Herodian, the historian, his description of Roman light-towers, 14.

Hesychius, the historian, his account of the Pillars of Hercules, 266.

Hève, La, legend connected with, 226-228; position of described, 228; lighthouses of, details concerning, 228-232.

Homer, reference to fire-towers in, 12.

Honduras, the mahogany of, 144.

Illuminating apparatus, the, of lighthouses, treated in detail, 68-95.

Inchkeith, isle of, lighthouse on, 145.

Intermittent light, the, of the catoptric system, how distinguished, 75, 76.

Ireland, the coast of, lights on, enumerated, 201-204.

Isaiah, the prophet, his reference to beacons, 12.

Josephus, the historian, his account of the pharos at Alexandria, 21.

La Hève, the two lighthouses of, electric and lenticular apparatus at, 81, 82.

Lamps as a means of lighthouse illumination, 69, 70; the various kinds employed in modern lighthouses, 79-81.

Landmarks, early historical instances of, 264, 265; the Pillars of Hercules, 265, 266; Pompey’s Pillar, 266, 269, 270.

Land’s End, the, described, 193, 194.

Leon of Ostia, cited, 20.

Lesches, pharos erected by, 12, 13.

Light, the electric, as a means of lighthouse illumination, 81-84.

Light, the refraction of, 84.

Lighthouse commission of France, buildings of, referred to, 61.

Lighthouse illumination, history of, sketched, 69-71.

Lighthouse, an iron, described, 204-206; on piles, 207.

Lighthouse keeper, the, his duties detailed, 276-279; in France, 285-288.

Lighthouses, early history of, 9-43; how administered, 49-61; their geographical distribution, 62-67; the illuminating apparatus of, 68-94; the skill required in their construction, 95; the conditions of their erection, 96; number of men required for, 97, 98, 102; their capability of resistance to wind and wave, 98; internal arrangements of, 99-102; duties of their keepers, 102-104; of Great Britain, 108-211; of France, 212-252; the auxiliaries of, 256-275; life in, described, 276-288.

Lights, variety of, 62, 63, 67; sea, 63; secondary, 64; harbour, 65; the leading five, 65, 66; their recent introduction, 66; danger of a too great multiplicity, 66, 67; a list of, 289-311.

Lightships, first instituted by Avery and Hamblin, 254, 255; described, 255-257; how managed, 257, 258; British and Irish, 258; of the United States, 259; their crews, 259-261; life on board, 261-263; a night on board a lightship, 312-314.

Lizard lights, the, referred to, 130.

Lizard Point, lighthouses on, described, 197-199.

Longfellow, the poet, his piece on the lighthouse quoted, 279, 280.

Louis XIV. of France, anecdote of, 115, 116.

Lovet, Captain, his lease of the Eddystone rock, 113.

Lowestoff, the lighthouse at, 108.

Lucan, the Roman poet, his reference to the pharos of Alexandria, 22.

Mahogany, the, of Honduras, 144.

Maplin Sands lighthouse described, 206, 207.

Marstrand, Sweden, revolving apparatus for illumination at, 71.

Martineau, Miss, quoted, 269, 270.

May, isle of, the light on, 140.

Messina, pharos at the mole of, 13.

Michelet, M. Jules, on the Gulf of Gascony, 212; on Cordouan and its lighthouse, 218-221.

“Moderator” lamp, the, described, 80.

Montfaucon on Roman light-towers, 14, 15; on the pharos at Alexandria, 17, 18, 26-29; on the etymology of the word “pharos,” 18, 19.

Morlent, author of “Monographie du Havre,” his description of Sainte-Adresse, 225.

Needles Down, the, Isle of Wight, old lighthouse on, 97.

Needles Point, Isle of Wight, lighthouse on, erection recorded, 97, 189; described, 189-191.

New Caledonia, the lighthouse at described, 250, 251; inauguration of, 252.

Nore, the, lightship at, mentioned, 132.

Northern Lights, the commission of, its composition, 54, 55.

North Foreland, the, lighthouse at, 201.

Oil, the, employed in lighthouses of Great Britain and France, 81.

Ostia, pharos erected at, by Emperor Claudian, 13.

Paris, Matthew, the chronicler, cited, 23.

Past, a nation’s, importance of cherishing, 36.

“Permanent level” lamp, the, described, 80.

Pharos, island of, lighthouse erected on, 13; position and history of, 20, 21.—_See_ Alexandria.

Pharos, etymology of the word, 18, 19; its employment by historians, 19, 20.

Philips, Mr., the founder of the Smalls lighthouse, 133, 134.

Philo of Byzantium, his reference to the Rhodian Colossus, 47, 48.

Pliny, his account of the pharos at Alexandria, 18, 21, 22; his reference to Boulogne, 30; his information concerning the Colossus of Rhodes quoted, 47, 48.

Plymouth breakwater, the lighthouses at, 199.

Point of Ayre lighthouse, the, referred to, 208.

Pompey’s Pillar, historical memoranda concerning, 266-269.

_Ponts et Chaussées_, department of, in France, its functions and functionaries, 57.

Portland Bill, the lighthouse at, mentioned, 201.

Ptolemæus, the Emperor, supposed founder of the pharos of Alexandria, 17, 18.

Ptolemæus, the geographer, his reference to Boulogne, 30.

Puckle, Rev. J., the historian of Dover Castle, quoted, 39-41.

Puteoli, pharos at the port of, referred to, 13.

Quatrefages, M. de, quoted, 243, 244.

Ravenna, pharos erected at, by Augustus, 13.

Reflectors, the plan of, in lighthouse illumination, 70.

Renard, M., author of “Le Phares,” quoted, 10, 63, 223.

Revolving light, the, of the catoptric system, how produced, 74.

Revolving red and white light of the catoptric system, how produced, 74, 75.

Reynaud, M. Léonce, the engineer, his erection of lighthouse at Héaux of Bréhat, 233-240; cited, 71.

Rhodes, the Colossus of.—_See_ Colossus.

Ronaldshay, North, the lighthouse at, mentioned, 142.

Ronsard, the French poet, his tribute to Charles IX., quoted, 20.

Rudyerd, John, his lighthouse on the Eddystone described, 113-115; its destruction, 116-118; a romantic episode connected with, 118, 119.

Rumford, the engineer, his efforts to increase the illuminating power of lamps, 80.

Sainte-Adresse, the vale of, described, 225; origin of the word, 225, 226.

Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, the French writer, 226-228.

Scilly Isles, wrecks on the, 196.

Scotland, coast of, administration of lights on, 139-141.

Scott, Sir Walter, quoted, 145.

Sea-birds as lighthouse signals, 107.

Serapion, the, historical memoranda concerning, 266, 269.

Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, wrecked on Scilly Isles, 196.

Sigeum, pharos erected on the promontory of, 13.

Skerries, the, Stevenson’s lighthouse on, 141, 142.

Skerryvore Rock, the, its position, 171; danger and desolation, 172; Mr. Alan Stevenson’s inspection of, 172, 174.

Skerryvore Lighthouse, the story of its erection, 174-180; its illuminating apparatus described, 180.

Smalls lighthouse, the, its founder, 133, 134; its engineer, 134; and adventure of, 134-137; a painful incident connected with, 137, 138.

Smeaton, John, his career sketched, 119, 120; his erection of a lighthouse on Eddystone described, 121-129.

Smiles, Mr. Samuel, cited, 110, 119, 122, 129.

Sostrates, architect of the pharos of Alexandria, story of, 17, 18.

South Foreland, lighthouse on the, 282.

South Stock lighthouse, warning apparatus at, 107.

Southey, the poet, his ballad of “Ralph the Rover,” 147-149.

St. Agnes Light, the, mentioned, 130.

Start Point, lights at, referred to, 130; Stevenson’s erection of a beacon at, 142-144.

St. Catherine’s Down, old lighthouse on, 192; proposed new lighthouse on, 97, 192.

St. Catherine’s Point, lighthouse on, referred to, 192, 193.

Stevenson, Mr. Thomas, the engineer, quoted, 66, 72, 76, 85, 88, 89; his holophotal system of illumination, 91, 92, 94; his marine dynamometer, 98; his suggestions for lighting beacons and buoys, 169, 170.

Stevenson, Mr. Alan, quoted, 103, 104, 121; his inspection of the Skerryvore Rock, 172-174; erection of a lighthouse on the Skerryvore, 174-180; account of the Skerryvore quoted from, 172, _passim_.

Stevenson, Mr. Robert, his erection of a lighthouse on the Skerries, 141, 142; the story of his Bell Rock lighthouse, 149-164; his erection of a beacon on Carr Rock, 168; quoted from, 142, _passim_.

St. Hilaire, the church of, its conflagration described by Gregory of Tours, 19.

Strabo, the historian, his reference to the pharos at Capio, 14; his account of the Colossus of Rhodes, 44; his mention of the Pillar of Hercules, 265, 266.

Suetonius, the historian, cited, 13.

Sunderland, the lighthouse at, its erection described, 182-186.

Teulère, the engineer, his studies and inventions in lighthouse illumination, 70, 71.

_Thames_, the, steamer, wrecked on Scilly Isles, 196.

Thetis, the ocean-goddess, legend of, 12.

Thucydides, the historian, quoted, 43.

Tithonus, legend of, 12.

Tour de Cordouan, lamp in, described by Mr. Stevenson, 88.

Tour d’Ordre, the, of Boulogne, built by Caligula, 130; early history of, 31; destruction of, 32; the tribute connected with, 32; description of its remains, 35, 36; the worthy substitute for, 36, 37.

Tradition, how carelessly accepted, 43.

Trinity House, history of, summarized, 50-53; interior organization of, 53, 54; functions of its members, 54; the building, described by Esquiros, 58-61.

United Kingdom, number of lighthouses in, enumerated, 56.

Unst, North, island of, lighthouse at, described, 181.

Ventilation for lighthouses, Professor Faraday’s system of, stated, 101, 102.

Virgil, the poet, quoted, 196.

Vivian, the engineer of Cayenne, on the Enfant Perdu, 250.

Vossius, Isaac, story of the Alexandrian pharos, quoted from, 26.

Walde, the lighthouse of, referred to, 250.

White, Walter, quoted, 193, 194, 200, 201.

Whiteside, the engineer of the Smalls lighthouse, an adventure of, 134-137.

Wight, isle of, lights of, mentioned, 131.

Wilde, Mr., of Manchester, his invention of an electro-magnetic apparatus for lighthouse illumination, 83, 84.

Winstanley, Henry, his eccentric genius, 109; the erection of his lighthouse on the Eddystone described, 110-113.

Wolf’s Crag lighthouse, the, described, 195, 196.

Wordsworth, the poet, on Grace Darling, 281.

Zach, the Baron de, cited, 10, 11.

List of Illustrations.

Eddystone Lighthouse (_Frontispiece_).

The Beacon Fire, 1

A Roman Pharos, 15

A Medal of Apameia, 16

Ancient Pharos of Alexandria, 23

Modern Lighthouse of Alexandria, 27

Tour d’Ordre of Boulogne, 33

The Tower at Dover, 39

The Colossus of Rhodes, 45

Trinity House, 58

Lighthouse on a Rocky Headland, 64

Catoptric Apparatus, 72

An Argand Fountain Lamp, 74

Revolving Apparatus on the Catoptric Principle, 75

Annular-built Lens, 78

Electric Apparatus for Fixed Light, 82

Annular Lens of First Order, 85

Diagram, Illustrating Progress of Luminous Ray in a Catadioptric Ring, 87

Fresnel’s Revolving Light, 90

Stevenson’s Holophotal Light, 91

Stevenson’s Fixed Light varied by Flashes, 92

Fresnel’s Fixed Light Apparatus, 93

French Fixed Light Apparatus, 93

Cupola of First-class Lighthouse, 100

Sea-Birds attracted by Lighthouse Rays, 105

Winstanley’s Eddystone Lighthouse, 111

Smeaton’s Lighthouse at the Eddystone, 127

The Lightship at the Nore, 131

The Smalls Lighthouse, 135

Inchkeith Lighthouse, 146

Building the Bell Rock Lighthouse, 150

The Bell Rock Lighthouse, 163

Skerryvore Lighthouse, 178

North Unst Lighthouse, 183

Transporting a Lighthouse, 187

Needles Lighthouse, 190

Wolf’s Crag Lighthouse, 195

Bishop Rock Lighthouse, 197

Lizard Point Lighthouse, 198

Plymouth Breakwater Lighthouse, 199

North Foreland Lighthouse, 201

South Foreland Lighthouse, 202

Holyhead Lighthouse, 203

Kinsale Lighthouse, 204

Fastnet Rock Lighthouse, 205

Maplin Sands Lighthouse, 206

Alguada Reef Lighthouse, 209

Ancient Tower of Cordouan, 215

Present Lighthouse of Cordouan, 219

Interior of Cordouan Lighthouse, 222

Lighthouse of Cape La Hève, 229

Erection of Lighthouse at the Héaux, 241

Lighthouse of the Enfant Perdu, 247

Lighthouse at New Caledonia, 251

The Lightship, 257

Pompey’s Pillar, 267

A Floating Beacon, 271

The Arnish Beacon, 274

Eddystone Lighthouse in a Storm, 283

Girdleness Lighthouse, 298

Whalsey Skerries Lighthouse, 300

Ship Rock of Sanda Lighthouse, 301

Transcriber’s notes:

In the text version, italics are represented by _underscores_, and bold and black letter text by =equals= symbols. Superscripts are represented by ^{} and subscripts by _{}

Missing or incorrect punctuation has been repaired. Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation have been left as printed.

Greek words in the text can be rendered onto ascii as follows:—

p. 11. tyrris τύῤῥις p. 13. Anaplous Bosporon Αναπλους Βοσπόονρ p. 19. phôs φὼς horan ὁρἀν phainein ϕαἰνειν phaneros ϕανερός phaneros, pharos ϕανερός, ϕάρος p. 20. Eunostos Εὔνοστος p. 77. Footnote 21 dioptron δίοπτρον Dioptron Δίοπτρον dia διἁ hoptomai ὅπτομαι p. 94. Footnote 22. holos ὅλος phôs φὼς p. 265. stêlai στῆλαι

The following changes have been made

p. 79. emananting changed to emanating p. 142. Rolandshay changed to Ronaldshay p. 285. montony changed to monotony p. 299. Ronaldsha changed to Ronaldshay p. 322. (the Index of Illustrations) Fresner's changed to Fresnel's p. 322. Cordouan is used but the illustration caption uses Cordova. This has been left as printed.