Chapter 3

is more delectable and more common to all people." At the other end of Europe the Abbot of Stade, in Westphalia, spoke of the _nobility of the Gallic dialect_. _Ann._ 1224 _apud_ Pertz, Script. xvi. We shall find St. Francis often making allusions to the tales of the Round Table and the _Chanson de Roland_.

[9] We must not be led astray by certain remarks upon his ignorance, from which one might at first conclude that he knew absolutely nothing; for example, 2 Cel., 3, 45: _Quamvis homo iste beatus nullis fuerit scientiæ studiis innutritus_. This evidently refers to science such as the Franciscans soon came to apprehend it, and to theology in particular.

The close of the passage in Celano is itself an evident proof of this.

[10] Bon., 219; Cf. A. SS., p. 560a. 1 Cel., 23.

[11] Ozanam, _Documents inédits pour servir à l'histoire littéraire d'Italie du VIIIe au XIIIe siècle_. Paris, 1851, 8vo, pp. 65, 68, 71, 73. Fauriel, _Dante et les origines de la littérature italienne_. Paris, 1854, 2 vols., 8vo, ii., p. 332, 379, 429.

[12] V. 3 Soc., 51 and 67; 2 Cel., 3, 110; Bon., 55; 2 Cel., 3, 99; Eccl., 6. Bernard de Besse, Turin MS., fo. 96a, calls Brother Leo the secretary of St. Francis.

[13] See page 357, n. 8. Bon., 51 and 308.

[14] 1 Cel., 16; 3 Soc., 10; 23; 24; 33; 2 Cel., 1, 8; 3, 67. See also the Testament of St. Clara and the Speculum, 119a.

[15] _Primum namque cum fari vel balbutire incipiunt, turpia quædam et execrabilia valde signis et vocibus edocentur pueri ii nondum nati: et cum tempus ablactationis advenerit quædam luxu et lascivia plena non solum fari sed et operari coguntur.... Sed et cum paulo plusculum ætate profecerint, se ipsis impellentibus, semper ad deteriora opera dilabuntur._ 1 Cel., 1.

[16] 2 Cel., 1. Cf. _Conform._, 14a, 1. There is nothing impossible in her having been of Provençal origin, but there is nothing to indicate it in any document worthy of credence. She was no doubt of noble stock, for official documents always give her the title _Domina_. Cristofani I., p. 78 ff. Cf. _Matrem honestissimam habuit_. 3 Soc., Edition of Pesaro, 1831, p. 17.

[17] The reading given by the _Conform_., 14a, 1, _Meritorum gratia dei filium ipsum noveritis affuturum_, seems better than that of 2 Cel., 1, 1, _Multorum gratia Dei filiorum patrem ipsum noveritis affuturum_. Cf. 3 Soc., 2.

[18] Bernardo of Besse, Turin MS., 102 b.: _An integer carne desiderans ... quod non extorsisset a Sancto ... meruit obtinere a Deo quod virgo esset_. Cf. _Conform_., 211a, 1, and A. SS., p. 560f.

[19] "_In illa antiphona quæ incipit: Hic vir in vanitatibus nutritus insolenter, fiat talis mutatis: Divinis karismatibus preventus est clementer." Archiv._, vi., p. 35.

[20] Vide p. 395, the decision of the chapter of 1263 ordaining the destruction of legends earlier than that of Bonaventura.

[21] 1 Cel., 1 and 2; 89; 3 Soc., 2. Cf. A. SS., 560c. Vincent of Beauvais, _Spec. hist. lib._, 29, cap. 97.

[22] Pierre Vidal was at the court of Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, about 1195, and liked his surroundings so well that he desired to establish himself there. K. Bartsch, _Piere Vidal's Lieder_, Berlin, 1857, n. 41. Ern. Monaci, _Testi antichi provenzali_, Rome, 1889, col. 67. One should read this piece to have an idea of the fervor with which this poet shared the hopes of Italy and desired its independence. This political note is found again in a _tenzon_ of Manfred II. Lancia, addressed to Pierre Vidal. (V. Monaci, _loc. cit._, col. 68.)--Gaucelme Faidit was also at this court as well as Raimbaud of Vacqueyras (1180-1207).--Folquet de Romans passed nearly all his life in Italy. Bernard of Ventadour (1145-1195), Peirol of Auvergne (1180-1220), and many others abode there a longer or shorter time. Very soon the Italians began to sing in Provençal, among others this Manfred Lancia, and Albert Marquis of Malaspina (1162-1210), Pietro della Caravana, who in 1196 stirred up the Lombard towns against Henry VI., Pietro della Mula, who about 1200 was at the court of Cortemiglia. Fragments from these poets may be found in Monaci, _op. cit._, col. 69 ff.

[23] Soc., 3; 2 Cel., 1, 1.

[24] _Cum esset gloriosus animo et nollet aliquem se præcellere_, Giord. 20.

[25] 1 Cel., 17; 3 Soc., 3; Bon., 7. Cf. A. SS., p. 562.

[26] 1 Cel., 2; Bon., 6; _Vit. sec. apud_, A. SS., p. 560.

[27] 3 Soc., 9.

[28] In 1174 Assisi was taken by the chancellor of the empire, Christian, Archbishop of Mayence. A. Cristofani, i., p. 69.

[29] All these events are related in the _Gesta Innocentii III. ab auctore coætaneo_, edited by Baluze: Migne, _Inn. op._, vol. i., col. xxiv. See especially the letter of Innocent, _Rectoribus Tusciæ: Mirari cogimur_, of April 16, 1198. Migne, vol. i., col. 75-77. Potthast, No. 82.

[30] See Luigi Bonazzi, _Storia di Perugia_, 2 vols., 8vo. Perugia, 1875-1879 vol. i., cap. v., pp. 257-322.

[31] 3 Soc., 4; 2 Cel., 1, 1. Cristofani, _op. cit._, i., p. 88 ff.; Bonazzi, _op. cit._, p. 257.

[32] 3 Soc., 4.

[33] 3 Soc., 4; 2 Cel., 1, 1.

[34] See this arbitration in Cristofani, _op. cit._, p. 93 ff.

[35] Cristofani, _loc. cit._, p. 70.

* * * * *