Chapter 14

down rules of economy--rules which, to quote his own words (p. 337), 'require little, if any, more power of mind, than to be sure to put on a clean shirt every day.' Boswell records (_Hebrides_, Aug. 18) that Johnson said:--'If a man is not of a sluggish mind, he may be his own steward.'

[768] 'Lady Macbeth urges the excellence and dignity of courage, a glittering idea which has dazzled mankind from age to age, and animated sometimes the housebreaker, and sometimes the conqueror.' Johnson's _Works_, v. 69.

[769] Smollett, who had been a ship's doctor, describes the hospital in a man-of-war:--'Here I saw about fifty miserable distempered wretches, suspended in rows, so huddled one upon another, that not more than fourteen inches space was allotted for each with his bed and bedding; and deprived of the light of the day as well as of fresh air; breathing nothing but a noisome atmosphere ... devoured with vermin.' &c. The doctor, when visiting the sick, 'thrust his wig in his pocket, and stript himself to his waistcoat; then creeping on all fours under their hammocks, and forcing up his bare pate between two, kept them asunder with one shoulder until he had done his duty.' _Roderick Random_, i. ch. 25 and 26.

[770] See _ante_, ii. 339.

[771] 'The qualities which commonly make an army formidable are long habits of regularity, great exactness of discipline, and great confidence in the commander ... But the English troops have none of these requisites in any eminent degree. Regularity is by no means part of their character.' Johnson's _Works_, vi. 150.

[772] See _ante_, i. 348.

[773] In the _Marmor Norfolciense_ (_Works_, vi. 101) he describes the soldier as 'a red animal, that ranges uncontrolled over the country, and devours the labours of the trader and the husbandman; that carries with it corruption, rapine, pollution, and devastation; that threatens without courage, robs without fear, and is pampered without labour.' In _The Idler_, No. 21, he makes an imaginary correspondent say:--'I passed some years in the most contemptible of all human stations, that of a soldier in time of peace.' 'Soldiers, in time of peace,' he continues, 'long to be delivered from the tyranny of idleness, and restored to the dignity of active beings.' _Ib_. No. 30, he writes:--'Among the calamities of war may be justly numbered the diminution of the love of truth by the falsehoods which interest dictates, and credulity encourages. A peace will equally leave the warriour and relater of wars destitute of employment; and I know not whether more is to be dreaded from streets filled with soldiers accustomed to plunder, or from garrets filled with scribblers accustomed to lie.' Many years later he wrote (_Works_, viii. 396):--'West continued some time in the army; though it is reasonable to suppose that he never sunk into a mere soldier, nor ever lost the love, or much neglected the pursuit of learning.'

[774] See _ante_, p. 9.

[775] See _post_, March 21, 1783.

[776] The reference seems to be to a passage in Plutarch's _Alcibiades_, where Phaeax is thus described:--'He seemed fitter for soliciting and persuading in private than for stemming the torrent of a public debate; in short, he was one of those of whom Eupolis says:--"True he can talk, and yet he is no speaker."' Langhome's _Plutarch_, ed. 1809, ii. 137. How the quotation was applied is a matter only for conjecture.

[777] 'Was there,' asked Johnson, 'ever yet anything written by mere man that was wished longer by its readers, excepting _Don Quixote, Robinson Crusoe_, and _The Pilgrim's Progress_?' Piozzi's _Anec_. p. 281.

[778] See _ante_, i. 406.

[779] See _ante_, March 25, 1776.

[780] In the _Gent. Mag_. for 1776, p. 382, this hulk seems to be mentioned:--'The felons sentenced under the new convict-act began to work in clearing the bed of the Thames about two miles below Barking Creek. In the vessel wherein they work there is a room abaft in which they are to sleep, and in the forecastle a kind of cabin for the overseer.' _Ib_. p. 254, there is an admirable paper, very likely by Bentham, on the punishment of convicts, which Johnson might have read with advantage.

[781] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 25.

[782] Malone says that he had in vain examined Dodsley's _Collection_ for the verses. My search has been equally in vain.

[783] Johnson (_Works_, vii. 373) praises Smith's 'excellent Latin ode on the death of the great Orientalist, Dr. Pocock.' He says that he does not know 'where to find it equalled among the modern writers.' See _ante_, ii. 187, note 3.

[784] See _ante_, p. 7.

[785] See _post_, April 15, 1781.

[786] See _ante_, ii. 224.

[787] 'Thus commending myself and my eternal concerns into thy most faithful hands, in firm hope of a happy reception into thy kingdom; Oh! my God! hear me, while I humbly extend my supplications for others; and pray that thou wouldst bless the King and all his family; that thou wouldst preserve the crown to his house to endless generations.' Dodd's _Last Prayer_, p. 132.

[788] See _ante_, iii. 166.

[789] See _ante_, i. 413.

[790] 'I never knew,' wrote Davies of Johnson, 'any man but one who had the honour and courage to confess that he had a tincture of envy in him. He, indeed, generously owned that he was not a stranger to it; at the same time he declared that he endeavoured to subdue it.' Davies's _Garrick_, ii. 391.

[791] Reynolds said that Johnson, 'after the heat of contest was over, if he had been informed that his antagonist resented his rudeness, was the first to seek after a reconcilation.' Taylor's _Reynolds_, 11. 457. See ante, 11. 109.

[792] _Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides_, edit. 3, p. 221 [Sept. 17]. BOSWELL.

[793] See this accurately stated, and the descent of his family from the Earls of Northumberland clearly deduced in the Reverend Dr. Nash's excellent _History of Worcestershire_, vol. ii. p. 318. The Doctor has subjoined a note, in which he says, 'The Editor hath Seen and carefully examined the proofs of all the particulars above-mentioned, now in the possession of the Reverend Thomas Percy.' The same proofs I have also myself carefully examined, and have seen some additional proofs which have occurred since the Doctor's book was published; and both as a Lawyer accustomed to the consideration of evidence, and as a Genealogist versed in the study of pedigrees, I am fully satisfied. I cannot help observing, as a circumstance of no small moment, that in tracing the Bishop of Dromore's genealogy, essential aid was given by the late Elizabeth Duchess of Northumberland, Heiress of that illustrious House; a lady not only of high dignity of spirit, such as became her noble blood, but of excellent understanding and lively talents. With a fair pride I can boast of the honour of her Grace's correspondence, specimens of which adorn my archives. BOSWELL.

[794] 'The gardens are trim to the highest degree, and more adapted to a _villa_ near London than the ancient seat of a great Baron. In a word, nothing except the numbers of unindustrious poor that swarm at the gate excites any one idea of its former circumstances.' Pennant's _Scotland_, p. 31.

[795] Mr. Croker quotes a passage from _The Heroic Epistle_, which ends:--

'So when some John his dull invention racks To rival Boodle's dinners, or Almack's, Three uncouth legs of mutton shock our eyes, Three roasted geese, three buttered apple pies.'

[796] Johnson saw Alnwick on his way to Scotland. 'We came to Alnwick,' he wrote, 'where we were treated with great civility by the Duke: I went through the apartments, walked on the wall, and climbed the towers.' _Piozzi Letters_, i. 108.

[797] 'When Reynolds painted his portrait looking into the slit of his pen and holding it almost close to his eye, as was his custom, he felt displeased, and told me he would not be known by posterity for his _defects_ only, let Sir Joshua do his worst. I said that the picture in the room where we were talking represented Sir Joshua holding his ear in his hand to catch the sound. "He may paint himself as deaf, if he chooses," replied Johnson, "but I will not be _blinking Sam_."' Piozzi's _Anec_. p. 248.

[798] 'You look in vain for the _helmet_ on the tower, the ancient signal of hospitality to the traveller, or for the grey-headed porter to conduct him to the hall of entertainment. Instead of the disinterested usher of the old times, he is attended by a _valet_ to receive the fees of admittance.' Pennant's _Scottland_, p. 32.

[799] It certainly was a custom, as appears from the following passage in _Perce-forest_, vol. iii. p. 108:--'Fasoient mettre au plus hault de leur hostel un _heaulme, en signe_ que tous les gentils hommes et gentilles femmes entrâssent hardiment en leur hostel comme en leur propre.' KEARNEY.

[800] The title of a book translated by Dr. Percy. BOSWELL. It is a translation of the introduction to _l'Histoire de Danemarck_, par M. Mallet. Lowndes's _Bibl. Man_. ed. 1871, p. 1458.

[801] He was a Welshman.

[802] This is the common cant against faithful Biography. Does the worthy gentleman mean that I, who was taught discrimination of character by Johnson, should have omitted his frailties, and, in short, have _bedawbed_ him as the worthy gentleman has bedawbed Scotland? BOSWELL.

[803] See Dr. Johnson's _Journey to the Western Islands_, 296 [_Works_, ix. 124];--see his _Dictionary_ article, _oats_:--and my _Voyage to the Hebrides_, first edition. PENNANT.

[804] Mr. Boswell's Journal, p. 286, [third edition, p. 146, Sep. 6.] PENNANT.

[805] See _ante_, ii. 60.

[806] Percy, it should seem, took offence later on. Cradock (_Memoirs_, i. 206) says:--'Almost the last time I ever saw Johnson [it was in 1784] he said to me:--"Notwithstanding all the pains that Dr. Farmer and I took to serve Dr. Percy in regard to his _Ancient Ballads_, he has left town for Ireland without taking leave of either of us."' Cradock adds (p. 238) that though 'Percy was a most pleasing companion, yet there was a violence in his temper which could not always be controlled.' 'I was witness,' he writes (p. 206), 'to an entire separation between Percy and Goldsmith about Rowley's [Chatterton's] poems.'

[807] Sunday, April 12, 1778. BOSWELL.

[808] Johnson, writing of the uncertainty of friendship, says: 'A dispute begun in jest upon a subject which, a moment before, was on both sides regarded with careless indifference, is continued by the desire of conquest, till vanity kindles into rage, and opposition rankles into enmity. Against this hasty mischief I know not what security can be obtained; men will be sometimes surprised into quarrels.' _The Idler_, No. 23. See _ante_, ii. 100, note 1.

[809] Though the Bishop of Dromore kindly answered the letters which I wrote to him, relative to Dr. Johnson's early history; yet, in justice to him, I think it proper to add, that the account of the foregoing conversation and the subsequent transaction, as well as some other conversations in which he is mentioned, has been given to the publick without previous communication with his Lordship. BOSWELL. This note is first given in the second edition, being added, no doubt, at the Bishop's request.

[810] See _post_, 1780, in Mr. Langton's _Collection_.

[811] Chap. xlii. is still shorter:--'_Concerning Owls_.

'There are no owls of any kind in the whole island.'

Horrebow says in his _Preface_, p. vii:--'I have followed Mr. Anderson article by article, declaring what is false in each.' A Member of the _Icelandic Literary Society_ in a letter to the _Pall Mall Gazette_, dated May 3, 1883, thus accounts for these chapters:--'In 1746 there was published at Hamburg a small volume entitled, _Nachrichlen von Island, Grönland und der Strasse Davis_. The Danish Government, conceiving that its intentions were misrepresented by this work, procured a reply to be written by Niels Horrebow, and this was published, in 1752, under the title of _Tilforladelige Efterretninger om Island_; in 1758, an English translation appeared in London. The object of the author was to answer all Anderson's charges and imputations. This Horrebow did categorically, and hence come these Chapters, though it must be added that they owe their laconic celebrity to the English translator, the author being rather profuse than otherwise in giving his predecessor a flat denial.'

[812] See _ante_, p. 255.

[813] 'A fugitive from heaven and prayer,

I mocked at all religious fear, Deep scienced in the mazy lore Of mad philosophy: but now Hoist sail, and back my voyage plough To that blest harbour which I left before.'

FRANCIS. Horace, _Odes_, i. 34. 1.

[814] See _ante_, i. 315, and _post_, p. 288.

[815] Ovid, _Meta_. ii. 13.

[816] Johnson says (_Works_, viii. 355):--'The greater part of mankind _have no character at all_, have little that distinguishes them from others equally good or bad.' It would seem to follow that the greater part of mankind have no style at all, for it is in character that style takes its spring.

[817] 'Dodd's wish to be received into our society was conveyed to us only by a whisper, and that being the case all opposition to his admission became unnecessary.' Hawkins's _Johnson_, p. 435.

[818] See note, vol. iii. p. 106. BOSWELL. See _post_, p. 290, for Johnson's violence against the Americans and those who sided with them.

[819] The friend was Mr. Steevens. Garrick says (_Corres_. ii. 361) that Steevens had written things in the newspapers against him that were slanderous, and then had assured him upon his word and honour that he had not written them; that he had later on bragged that he had written them, and had said, 'that it was fun to vex me.' Garrick adds:--'I was resolved to keep no terms with him, and will always treat him as such a pest of society merits from all men.' 'Steevens, Dr. Parr used to say, had only three friends--himself, Dr. Farmer, and John Reed, so hateful was his character. He was one of the wisest, most learned, but most spiteful of men.' Johnstone's _Parr_, viii. 128. Boswell had felt Steevens's ill-nature. While he was carrying the _Life of Johnson_ through the press, at a time when he was suffering from 'the most woeful return of melancholy,' he wrote to Malone,--'Jan 29, 1791. Steevens _kindly_ tells me that I have over-printed, and that the curiosity about Johnson is _now_ only in our own circle.... Feb. 25. You must know that I am _certainly_ informed that a certain person who delights in mischief has been _depreciating_ my book, so that I fear the sale of it may be very dubious.' Croker's _Boswell_, p. 828. _A certain person_ was, no doubt, Steevens. See _ante_, ii. 375, and _post_, under March 30, 1783, and May 15, 1784.

[820]

'I own th' indulgence--Such I give and take.'

FRANCIS. Horace, _Ars Poet_. 1. II.

[821]

'We grant, altho' he had much wit, H' was very shy of using it, As being loth to wear it out.'

_Hudibras_, i. I. 45.

[822] 'Among the sentiments which almost every man changes as he advances into years is the expectation of uniformity of character.' _The Rambler_, No. 70. See _ante_, i. 161, note 2.

[823] See _ante_, iii. 55.

[824] After this follows a line which Boswell has omitted:--'Then rises fresh, pursues his wonted game.' _Cato_, act i. sc. 4.

[825] Boswell was right, and Oglethorpe wrong; the exclamation in Suetonius is, 'Utinam _populus_ Romanus unam cervicem haberet.' Calig. xxx.--CROKER.

[826] 'Macaroon (_macarone_, Italian), a coarse, rude, low fellow; whence, _macaronick_ poetry, in which the language is purposely corrupted.' Johnson's _Dictionary_. '_Macaroni_, probably from old Italian _maccare, to bruise, to batter, to pester_; Derivative, _macaronic_, i.e. in a confused or mixed state (applied to a jumble of languages).' Skeat's _Etymological Diet_.

[827] _Polemo-middinia_, as the Commentator explains, is _Proelium in sterquilinio commissum_. In the opening lines the poet thus calls on the Skipperii, or _Skippers_:--

'Linquite skellatas botas, shippasque picatas, Whistlantesque simul fechtam memorate blodeam, Fechtam terribilem, quam marvellaverat omnis Banda Deûm, quoque Nympharum Cockelshelearum.'

[828] In Best's _Memorials_, p. 63, is given another of these lines that Mr. Langton repeated:--'Five-poundon elendeto, ah! mala simplos.' For Joshua Barnes see _post_, 1780, in Mr. Langton's _Collection_.

[829] See _ante_, iii. 78.

[830] Dr. Johnson, describing her needle-work in one of his letters to Mrs. Thrale, vol. i. p. 326, uses the learned word _sutile_; which Mrs. Thrale has mistaken, and made the phrase injurious by writing '_futile_ pictures.' BOSWELL. See _post_, p. 299.

[831] See _ante_, ii. 252, note 2.

[832] The revolution of 1772. The book was published in 1778. Charles Sheridan was the elder brother of R.B. Sheridan.

[833] See _ante_, i. 467.

[834] As Physicians are called _the Faculty_, and Counsellors at Law _the Profession_; the Booksellers of London are denominated _the Trade_. Johnson disapproved of these denominations. BOSWELL. Johnson himself once used this 'denomination.' _Ante_, i. 438.

[835] See _ante_, ii. 385.

[836] A translation of these forged letters which were written by M. de Caraccioli was published in 1776. By the _Gent. Mag_. (xlvi. 563) they were accepted as genuine. In _The Ann. Reg_. for the same year (xix. 185) was published a translation the letter in which Voltaire had attacked their authenticity. The passage that Johnson quotes is the following:--'On est en droit de lui dire ce qu'on dit autrefois a l'abbé Nodot: "Montrez-nous votre manuscript de Pétrone, trouvé a Belgrade, ou consentez à n'être cru of de personne."' Voltaire's _Works_, xliii. 544.

[837] Baretti (_Journey from London to Genoa_, i. 9) says that he saw in 1760, near Honiton, at a small rivulet, 'an engine called a ducking-stool; a kind of armed wooden chair, fixed on the extremity of a pole about fifteen feet long. The pole is horizontally placed on a post just by the water, and loosely pegged to that post; so that by raising it at one end, you lower the stool down into the midst of the river. That stool serves at present to duck scolds and termagants.'

[838] 'An two men ride of a horse, one must ride behind.' _Much Ado about Nothing_, act iii. sc. 5.

[839] See _ante_, ii. 9.

[840] 'One star differeth from another star in glory.' I Cor. xv. 41.

[841] See _ante_, iii. 48, 280.

[842] 'The physicians in Hogarth's prints are not caricatures: the full dress with a sword and _a great tye-wig_, and the hat under the arm, and the doctors in consultation, each smelling to a gold-headed cane shaped like a parish-beadle's staff, are pictures of real life in his time, and myself have seen a young physician thus equipped walk the streets of London without attracting the eyes of passengers.' Hawkins's _Johnson_, p. 238. Dr. T. Campbell in 1777, writing of Dublin to a London physician, says:--'No sooner were your _medical wigs_ laid aside than an attempt was made to do the like here. But in vain.' _Survey of the South of Ireland_, p. 463.

[843] 'Jenyns,' wrote Malone, on the authority of W.G. Hamilton, 'could not be made without much labour to comprehend an argument. If however there was anything weak or ridiculous in what another said, he always laid hold of it and played upon it with success. He looked at everything with a view to pleasantry alone. This being his grand object, and he being no reasoner, his best friends were at a loss to know whether his book upon Christianity was serious or ironical.' Prior's _Malone_, p. 375.

[844] Jenyns maintains (p. 51) that 'valour, patriotism, and friendship are only fictitious virtues--in fact no virtue at all.'

[845] He had furnished an answer to this in _The Rambler_, No. 99, where he says:--'To love all men is our duty so far as it includes a general habit of benevolence, and readiness of occasional kindness; but to love all equally is impossible.... The necessities of our condition require a thousand offices of tenderness, which mere regard for the species will never dictate. Every man has frequent grievances which only the solicitude of friendship will discover and remedy, and which would remain for ever unheeded in the mighty heap of human calamity, were it only surveyed by the eye of general benevolence equally attentive to every misery.' See _ante_, i. 207, note 1.

[846] _Galatians_, vi. 10.

[847] _St. John_, xxi. 20. Compare Jeremy Taylor's _Measures and Offices of Friendship_, ch. i. 4.

[848] In the first two editions 'from this _amiable and_ pleasing subject.'

[849] _Acts of the Apostles_, ix. i.

[850] See _ante_, ii. 82.

[851] If any of my readers are disturbed by this thorny question, I beg leave to recommend, to them Letter 69 of Montesquieu's _Lettres Persanes_; and the late Mr. John Palmer of Islington's Answer to Dr. Priestley's mechanical arguments for what he absurdly calls 'Philosophical Necessity.' BOSWELL. See _post_, under Aug. 29, 1783; note.

[852] See _ante_, ii. 217, and iii. 55.

[853] 'I have proved,' writes Mandeville (_Fables of the Bees_, ed. 1724, p. 179), 'that the real pleasures of all men in nature are worldly and sensual, if we judge from their practice; I say all men in nature, because devout Christians, who alone are to be excepted here, being regenerated and preternaturally assisted by the divine grace, cannot be said to be in nature.'

[854] Mandeville describes with great force the misery caused by gin-- 'liquid poison' he calls it--'which in the fag-end and outskirts of the town is sold in some part or other of almost every house, frequently in cellars, and sometimes in the garret.' He continues:--'The short-sighted vulgar in the chain of causes seldom can see further than one link; but those who can enlarge their view may in a hundred places see good spring up and pullulate from evil, as naturally as chickens do from eggs.' He instances the great gain to the revenue, and to all employed in the production of the spirit from the husbandman upwards. _Fable of the Bees_, p. 89.

[855] 'If a miser, who is almost a plum (i.e. worth £100,000, _Johnson's Dictionary_), and spends but fifty pounds a year, should be robbed of a thousand guineas, it is certain that as soon as this money should come to circulate, the nation would be the better for the robbery; yet justice and the peace of the society require that the robber should be hanged.' _Ib_. p. 83.

[856] Johnson, in his political economy, seems to have been very much under Mandeville's influence. Thus in attacking Milton's position that 'a popular government was the most frugal; for the trappings of a monarchy would set up our ordinary commonwealth,' he says, 'The support and expense of a court is, for the most part, only a particular kind of traffick, by which money is circulated, without any national impoverishment.' _Works_, vii. 116. Mandeville in much the same way says:--'When a covetous statesman is gone, who spent his whole life in fattening himself with the spoils of the nation, and had by pinching and plundering heaped up an immense treasure, it ought to fill every good member of the society with joy to behold the uncommon profuseness of his son. This is refunding to the public whatever was robbed from it. As long as the nation has its own back again, we ought not to quarrel with the manner in which the plunder is repaid.' _Ib_. p. 104.

[857] See _ante_, ii. 176.

[858] In _The Adventurer_, No. 50, Johnson writes:--'"The devils," says Sir Thomas Brown, "do not tell lies to one another; for truth is necessary to all societies; nor can the society of hell subsist without it."' Mr. Wilkin, the editor of Brown's _Works_ (ed. 1836, i. liv), says:--'I should be glad to know the authority of this assertion.' I infer from this that the passage is not in Brown's _Works_.

[859] Hannah More: see _post_, under date of June 30, 1784.

[860] In her visits to London she was commonly the guest of the Garricks. A few months before this conversation Garrick wrote a prologue and epilogue for her tragedy of _Percy_. He invested for her the money that she made by this play. H. More's _Memoirs_, i. 122, 140.

[861] In April 1784 she records (_ib_. i. 319) that she called on Johnson shortly after she wrote _Le Bas Bleu_. 'As to it,' she continues, 'all the flattery I ever received from everybody together would not make up his sum. He said there was no name in poetry that might not be glad to own it. All this from Johnson, that parsimonious praiser!' He wrote of it to Mrs. Thrale on April 19, 1784:--'It is in my opinion a very great performance.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 364. Dr. Beattie wrote on July 31, 1784:--'Johnson told me with great solemnity that Miss More was "the most powerful versificatrix" in the English language.' Forbes's _Beattie_, ed. 1824, p. 320.

[862] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Aug. 18.

[863] The ancestor of Mr. Murray of Albemarle Street.

[864] See _A Letter to W. Mason, A.M. from J. Murray, Bookseller in London_; 2d edition, p. 20. BOSWELL.

[865] 'The righteous hath hope in his death.' _Proverbs_, xiv. 32.

[866] See _post_, June 12, 1784.

[867] Johnson, in _The Convict's Address_ (_ante_, p. 141), makes Dodd say:--'Possibly it may please God to afford us some consolation, some secret intimations of acceptance and forgiveness. But these radiations of favour are not always felt by the sincerest penitents. To the greater part of those whom angels stand ready to receive, nothing is granted in this world beyond rational hope; and with hope, founded on promise, we may well be satisfied.'

[868] 'I do not find anything able to reconcile us to death but extreme pain, shame or despair; for poverty, imprisonment, ill fortune, grief, sickness and old age do generally fail.' _Swift's Works_, ed. 1803, xiv. 178.

[869] 'I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith: henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness.' 2 _Timothy_, iv. 7 and 8.

[870] See _ante_, p. 154.

[871] 'Inde illud Maecenatis turpissimum votum, quo et debilitatem non recusat, et deformitatem, et novissime acutam crucem dummodo inter haec mala spiritus prorogetur.

"Debilem facito manu, Debilem pede, coxa; Tuber adstrue gibberum, Lubricos quate dentes; Vita dum superest, bene est; Hanc mihi vel acuta Si sedeam cruce sustine."'

Seneca's _Epistles_, No. 101.

Dryden makes Gonsalvo say in _The Rival Ladies_, act iv. sc. 1:--

'For men with horrour dissolution meet, The minutes e'en of painful life are sweet.'

In Paradise Lost Moloch and Belial take opposite sides on this point:--

MOLOCH. 'What doubt we to incense His utmost ire? which, to the height enraged, Will either quite consume us, and reduce To nothing this essential; happier far Than miserable to have eternal being.'

Bk. ii. 1. 94.

BELIAL. 'Who would lose, Though full of pain, this intellectual being, Those thoughts that wander through eternity, To perish rather, swallowed up and lost In the wide womb of uncreated night, Devoid of sense and motion?'

1. 146.

Cowper, at times at least, held with Moloch. He wrote to his friend Newton:--'I feel--I will not tell you what--and yet I must--a wish that I had never been, a wonder that I am, and an ardent but hopeless desire not to be.' Southey's _Cowper_, vi. 130. See _ante_, p. 153, and Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 12.

[872] Johnson recorded in _Pr. and Med_. p. 202:--'At Ashbourne I hope to talk seriously with Taylor.' Taylor published in 1787 _A Letter to Samuel Johnson on the Subject of a Future State_. He writes that 'having heard that Johnson had said that he would prefer a state of torment to that of annihilation, he told him that such a declaration, coming from him, might be productive of evil consequences. Dr. J. desired him to arrange his thoughts on the subject.' Taylor says that Johnson's entry about the serious talk refers to this matter. _Gent. Mag_. 1787, p. 521. I believe that Johnson meant to warn Taylor about the danger _he_ was running of 'entering the state of torment.'

[873] Wesley, like Johnson, was a wide reader. On his journeys he read books of great variety, such as _The Odyssey_, Rousseau's _Emile_, Boswell's _Corsica_, Swift's _Letters_, Hoole's _Tasso_, Robertson's _Charles V., Quintus Curtius_, Franklin's _Letters on Electricity_, besides a host of theological works. Like Johnson, too, he was a great dabbler in physic and a reader of medical works. His writings covered a great range. He wrote, he says, among other works, an English, a Latin, a Greek, a Hebrew, and a French Grammar, a Treatise on Logic and another on Electricity. In the British Isles he had travelled perhaps more than any man of his time, and he had visited North America and more than one country of Europe. He had seen an almost infinite variety of characters. See _ante_, p. 230.

[874] The story is recorded in Wesley's _Journal_, ed. 1827, iv. 316. It was at Sunderland and not at Newcastle where the scene was laid. The ghost did not prophesy ill of the attorney. On the contrary, it said to the girl:--'Go to Durham, employ an attorney there, and the house will be recovered.' She went to Durham, 'and put the affair into Mr. Hugill the attorney's hands.' 'A month after,' according to the girl, 'the ghost came about eleven. I said, "Lord bless me! what has brought you here again?" He said, "Mr. Hugill has done nothing but wrote one letter."' On this Wesley writes by way of comment:--'So he [the ghost] had observed him [the attorney] narrowly, though unseen.' See _post_, under May 3, 1779.

[875] Johnson, with his horror of annihilation, caught at everything which strengthened his belief in the immortality of the soul. Boswell mentions _ante_, ii. 150, 'Johnson's elevated wish for more and more evidence for spirit,' and records the same desire, _post_, June 12, 1784. Southey (_Life of Wesley_, i. 25) says of supernatural appearances:--'With regard to the good end which they may be supposed to answer, it would be end sufficient if sometimes one of those unhappy persons, who looking through the dim glass of infidelity see nothing beyond this life, and the narrow sphere of mortal existence, should, from the established truth of one such story (trifling and objectless as it might otherwise appear), be led to a conclusion that there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of in their philosophy.' See _ante_, p. 230, and _post_, April 15, 1781.

[876] Miss Jane Harry. In Miss Seward's _Letters_, i. 97, is an account of her, which Mr. Croker shows to be inaccurate. There is, too, a long and lifeless report of the talk at this dinner.

[877] See _ante_, ii. 14, 105.

[878] Mrs. Knowles, not satisfied with the fame of her needlework, the '_sutile pictures_' mentioned by Johnson, in which she has indeed displayed much dexterity, nay, with the fame of reasoning better than women generally do, as I have fairly shewn her to have done, communicated to me a Dialogue of considerable length, which after many years had elapsed, she wrote down as having passed between Dr. Johnson and herself at this interview. As I had not the least recollection of it, and did not find the smallest trace of it in my _Record_ taken at the time, I could not in consistency with my firm regard to authenticity, insert it in my work. It has, however, been published in _The Gent. Mag_. for June, 1791. It chiefly relates to the principles of the sect called _Quakers_; and no doubt the Lady appears to have greatly the advantage of Dr. Johnson in argument as well as expression. From what I have now stated, and from the internal evidence of the paper itself, any one who may have the curiosity to peruse it, will judge whether it was wrong in me to reject it, however willing to gratify Mrs. Knowles. BOSWELL. Johnson mentioned the '_sutile pictures_' in a letter dated May 16, 1776, describing the dinner at Messrs. Dilly's. 'And there,' he wrote, 'was Mrs. Knowles, the Quaker, that works the sutile [misprinted by Mrs. Piozzi _futile_] pictures. She is a Staffordshire woman, and I am to go and see her. Staffordshire is the nursery of art; here they grow up till they are transplanted to London.' _Piozzi Letters_, i. 326. He is pleasantly alluding to the fact that he was a Staffordshire man. In the _Dialogue_ in _The Gent. Mag_. for 1791, p. 502, Mrs. Knowles says that, the wrangle ended thus:--'Mrs. K. "I hope, Doctor, thou wilt not remain unforgiving; and that you will renew your friendship, and joyfully meet at last in those bright regions where pride and prejudice can never enter." Dr. Johnson. "Meet _her_! I never desire to meet fools anywhere." This sarcastic turn of wit was so pleasantly received that the Doctor joined in the laugh; his spleen was dissipated, he took his coffee, and became, for the remainder of the evening, very cheerful and entertaining.' Did Miss Austen find here the title of _Pride and Prejudice_, for her novel?

[879] Of this day he recorded (_Pr. and Med_. p. 163):--'It has happened this week, as it never happened in Passion Week before, that I have never dined at home, and I have therefore neither practised abstinence nor peculiar devotion.'

[880] See _ante_, iii. 48, note 4.

[881] I believe, however, I shall follow my own opinion; for the world has shewn a very flattering partiality to my writings, on many occasions. BOSWELL. In _Boswelliana_, p. 222, Boswell, after recording a story about Voltaire, adds:--'In contradiction to this story, see in my _Journal_ the account which Tronchin gave me of Voltaire.' This _Journal_ was probably destroyed by Boswell's family. By his will, he left his manuscripts and letters to Sir W. Forbes, Mr. Temple, and Mr. Malone, to be published for the benefit of his younger children as they shall decide. The Editor of _Boswelliana_ says (p. 186) that 'these three literary executors did not meet, and the entire business of the trust was administered by Sir W. Forbes, who appointed as his law-agent, Robert Boswell, cousin-german of the deceased. By that gentleman's advice, Boswell's manuscripts were left to the disposal of his family; and it is believed that the whole were immediately destroyed.' The indolence of Malone and Temple, and the brutish ignorance of the Boswells, have indeed much to answer for. See _ante_, i. 225, note 2, and _post_, May 12, 1778.

[882] 'He that would travel for the entertainment of others should remember that the great object of remark is human life.' _The Idler_, No. 97.

[883] See _ante_, ii. 377.

[884] Johnson recorded (_Pr. and Med_. p. 163):--'Boswell came in to go to Church ... Talk lost our time, and we came to Church late, at the Second Lesson.'

[885] See _ante_, i. 461.

[886] Oliver Edwards entered Pembroke College in June, 1729. He left in April, 1730.

[887] _Pr. and Med_. p. 164. BOSWELL.

[888] 'Edwards observed how many we have outlived. I hope, yet hope, that my future life shall be better than my past.' _Pr. and Med_. p. 166.

[889] See _post_, April 30, 1778.

[890] See _ante_, p. 221.

[891] 'Don't, Sir, accustom yourself to use big words for little matters.' _Ante_, i. 471.

[892] Johnson said to me afterwards, 'Sir, they respected me for my literature; and yet it was not great but by comparison. Sir, it is amazing how little literature there is in the world.' BOSWELL.

[893] See _ante_, i. 320.

[894] Very near the College, facing the passage which leads to it from Pembroke Street, still stands an old alehouse which must have been old in Johnson's time.

[895] This line has frequently been attributed to Dryden, when a King's Scholar at Westminster. But neither Eton nor Westminster have in truth any claim to it, the line being borrowed, with a slight change, from an Epigram by Crashaw:--

'Joann. 2,

'_Aquæ in vinum versæ. Unde rubor vestris et non sua purpura lymphis? Qua rosa mirantes tam nova mutat aquas? Numen, convinvæ, præsens agnoscite numen, Nympha pudica_ DEUM _vidit, et erubuit_.' MALONE.

What gave your springs a brightness not their own? What rose so strange the wond'ring waters flushed? Heaven's hand, oh guests; heaven's hand may here be known; The spring's coy nymph has seen her God and blushed.

[896] 'He that made the verse following (some ascribe it to Giraldus Cambrensis) could adore both the sun rising, and the sun setting, when he could so cleanly honour King Henry II, then departed, and King Richard succeeding.

"_Mira cano, Sol occubuit, nox nulla sequutaest_."'

Camden's _Remains_ (1870), p. 351.

[897] 'When Mr. Hume began to be known in the world as a philosopher, Mr. White, a decent, rich merchant of London, said to him:--"I am surprised, Mr. Hume, that a man of your good sense should think of being a philosopher. Why, _I_ now took it into my head to be a philosopher for some time, but tired of it most confoundedly, and very soon gave it up." "Pray, Sir," said Mr. Hume, "in what branch of philosophy did you employ your researches? What books did you read?" "Books?" said Mr. White; "nay sir, I read no books, but I used to sit whole forenoons a-yawning and poking the fire." _Boswelliana_, p. 221. The French were more successful than Mr. Edwards in the pursuit of philosophy, Horace Walpole wrote from Paris in 1766 (_Letters_, iv. 466):--'The generality of the men, and more than the generality, are dull and empty. They have taken up gravity, thinking it was philosophy and English, and so have acquired nothing in the room of their natural levity and cheerfulness.'

[898] See _ante_, ii. 8.

[899] See _ante_, i. 332.

[900] See _ante_, i. 468, and Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 4.

[901] I am not absolutely sure but this was my own suggestion, though it is truly in the character of Edwards. BOSWELL.

[902] Sixty-nine. He was born in 1709.

[903] See _ante_, i. 75, note 1.

[904]

'O my coevals! remnants of yourselves! Poor human ruins, tottering o'er the grave! Shall we, shall aged men, like aged trees, Strike deeper their vile roots, and closer cling, Still more enamoured of this wretched soil?'

Young's _Night Thoughts_, Night iv.

[905] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Aug. 20, 1773. According to Mrs. Piozzi 'he liked the expression so well that he often repeated it.' Piozzi's _Anec_. p. 208. He wrote to her:--'Have you not observed in all our conversations that my _genius_ is always in extremes; that I am very noisy or very silent; very gloomy or very merry; very sour or very kind?' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 166. In Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_ (ii. 310) we read that 'Dr. Johnson is never his best when there is nobody to draw him out;' and in her _Memoirs of Dr. Burney_ (ii. 107) she adds that 'the masterly manner in which, as soon as any topic was started, he seized it in all its bearings, had so much the air of belonging to the leader of the discourse, that this singularity was unsuspected save by the experienced observation of long years of acquaintance.' Malone wrote in 1783:--'I have always found him very communicative; ready to give his opinion on any subject that was mentioned. He seldom, however, starts a subject himself; but it is very easy to lead him into one.' Prior's _Malone_, p. 92. What Dugald Stewart says of Adam Smith (_Life_, p. 114) was equally true of Johnson:--'He was scarcely ever known to start a new topic himself, or to appear unprepared upon those topics that were introduced by others.' Johnson, in his long fits of silence, was perhaps like Cowper, but when aroused he was altogether unlike. Cowper says of himself:--'The effect of such continual listening to the language of a heart hopeless and deserted is that I can never give much more than half my attention to what is started by others, and very rarely start anything myself.' Southey's _Cowper_, v. 10.

[906] In summer 1792, additional and more expensive decorations having been introduced, the price of admission was raised to two shillings. I cannot approve of this. The company may be more select; but a number of the honest commonalty are, I fear, excluded from sharing in elegant and innocent entertainment. An attempt to abolish the one-shilling gallery at the playhouse has been very properly counteracted. BOSWELL.

[907] _Regale_, as a noun, is not in Johnson's Dictionary. It was a favourite word with Miss Burney.

[908] 'Tyers is described in _The Idler_, No. 48, under the name of Tom Restless; "a circumstance," says Mr. Nichols, "pointed out to me by Dr. Johnson himself."' _Lit. Anec_. viii. 81. 'When Tom Restless rises he goes into a coffee-house, where he creeps so near to men whom he takes to be reasoners, as to hear their discourse, and endeavours to remember something which, when it has been strained through Tom's head, is so near to nothing, that what it once was cannot be discovered. This he carries round from friend to friend through a circle of visits, till, hearing what each says upon the question, he becomes able at dinner to say a little himself; and as every great genius relaxes himself among his inferiors, meets with some who wonder how so young a man can talk so wisely.'

[909] 'That accurate judge of human life, Dr. Johnson, has often been heard by me to observe, that it was the greatest misfortune which could befall a man to have been bred to no profession, and pathetically to regret that this misfortune was his own.' _More's Practical Piety_, p. 313. MARKLAND.

[910] He had wished to study it. See _ante_, i. 134.

[911] The fourth Earl of Lichfield, the Chancellor of Oxford, died in 1772. The title became extinct in 1776, on the death of the fifth earl. The present title was created in 1831. Courthope's _Hist. Peerage_, p. 286.

[912] See _post_, March 23, 1783, where Boswell vexed him in much the same way.

[913] I am not entirely without suspicion that Johnson may have felt a little momentary envy; for no man loved the good things of this life better than he did; and he could not but be conscious that he deserved a much larger share of them, than he ever had. I attempted in a newspaper to comment on the above passage, in the manner of Warburton, who must be allowed to have shewn uncommon ingenuity, in giving to any authour's text whatever meaning he chose it should carry. [_Ante_, ii. 37, note 1.] As this imitation may amuse my readers, I shall here introduce it:--

'No saying of Dr. Johnson's has been more misunderstood than his applying to Mr. Burke when he first saw him at his fine place at Beaconsfield, _Non equidem invideo; miror magis_. These two celebrated men had been friends for many years before Mr. Burke entered on his parliamentary career. They were both writers, both members of THE LITERARY CLUB; when, therefore, Dr. Johnson saw Mr. Burke in a situation so much more splendid than that to which he himself had attained, he did not mean to express that he thought it a disproportionate prosperity; but while he, as a philosopher, asserted an exemption from envy, _non equidem invideo_, he went on in the words of the poet _miror magis_; thereby signifying, either that he was occupied in admiring what he was glad to see; or, perhaps, that considering the general lot of men of superiour abilities, he wondered that Fortune, who is represented as blind, should, in this instance, have been so just.' BOSWELL. Johnson in his youth had translated

'Non equidem invideo; miror magis'

(Virgil, _Eclogues_, i. II) by

'My admiration only I exprest, (No spark of envy harbours in my breast).'

_Ante_, i. 51.

[914] See _ante_ ii. 136.

[915] This neglect was avenged a few years after Goldsmith's death, when Lord Camden sought to enter The Literary Club and was black-balled. 'I am sorry to add,' wrote Mr. [Sir William] Jones in 1780, 'that Lord Camden and the Bishop of Chester were rejected. When Bishops and Chancellors honour us by offering to dine with us at a tavern, it seems very extraordinary that we should ever reject such an offer; but there is no reasoning on the caprice of men.' _Life of Sir W. Jones_, p. 240.

[916] Cradock (_Memoirs_, i. 229) was dining with The Literary Club, when Garrick arrived very late, full-dressed. 'He made many apologies; he had been unexpectedly detained at the House of Lords, and Lord Camden had insisted upon setting him down at the door of the hotel in his own carriage. Johnson said nothing, but he looked a volume.'

[917] Miss. [Per Errata; Originally: Mrs.] Burney records this year (1778) that Mrs. Thrale said to Johnson, 'Garrick is one of those whom you suffer nobody to abuse but yourself; for if any other person speaks against him, you browbeat him in a minute. "Why, madam," answered he, "they don't know when to abuse him, and when to praise him; I will allow no man to speak ill of David that he does not deserve."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 65. See _ante_, i. 393, note 1.

[918] The passage is in a letter dated Dublin, Oct. 12, 1727. 'Here is my maintenance,' wrote Swift, 'and here my convenience. If it pleases God to restore me to my health, I shall readily make a third journey; if not we must part, as all human creatures have parted.' He never made the third journey. Swift's _Works_, ed. 1803, xvii. 154.

[919] See _ante_, ii. 162.

[920] No doubt Percy.

[921] The philosopher was Bias. Cicero, _Paradoxa_, i.

[922] Johnson recorded of this day (_Pr. and Med_. p. 164):--'We sat till the time of worship in the afternoon, and then came again late, at the Psalms. Not easily, I think, hearing the sermon, or not being attentive, I fell asleep.'

[923] Marshall's _Minutes of Agriculture_.

[924] It was only in hay-time and harvest that Marshall approved of Sunday work. He had seen in the wet harvest of 1775 so much corn wasted that he 'was ambitious to set the patriotic example' of Sunday labour. One Sunday he 'promised every man who would work two shillings, as much roast beef and plumb pudding as he would eat, with as much ale as it might be fit for him to drink.' Nine men and three boys came. In a note in the edition of 1799, he says:--'The Author has been informed that an old law exists (mentioned by Dugdale), which tolerates husbandmen in working on Sundays in harvest; and that, in proof thereof, a gentleman in the north has uniformly carried one load every year on a Sunday.' He adds:--'Jan. 1799. The particulars of this note were furnished by the late Dr. Samuel Johnson; at whose request some considerable part of what was originally written, and _printed_ on this subject was cancelled. That which was published and which is now offered again to the public is, _in effect_, what Dr. Johnson approved; or, let me put it in the most cautious terms, that of which _Dr. Johnson did not disapprove_.' Marshall's _Minutes etc., on Agriculture_, ii. 65-70.

[925] Saturday was April 18.

[926] William Duncombe, Esq. He married the sister of John Hughes the poet; was the authour of two tragedies and other ingenious productions; and died 26th Feb. 1769, aged 79. MALONE. In his Life of Hughes (_Works_, vii. 477), Johnson says 'an account of Hughes is prefixed to his works by his relation, the late Mr. Duncombe, a man whose blameless elegance deserved the same respect.'

[927] See _ante_, i. 185, 243, and Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 22.

[928] See _ante_, i. 145.

[929] See Appendix A.

[930] No doubt Parson Home, better known as Home Tooke, who was at this time in prison. He had signed an advertisement issued by the Constitutional Society asking for a subscription for 'the relief of the widows, etc., of our beloved American fellow-subjects, who had been inhumanly murdered by the King's troops at Lexington and Concord.' For this 'very gross libel' he had in the previous November been sentenced to a fine of £200 and a year's imprisonment. Ann. Reg. xx. 234-245. See _post_, May 13, 1778.

[931] Mr. Croker's conjecture that Dr. Shebbeare was the gentleman is supported by the favourable way in which Boswell (_post_, May 1781) speaks of Shebbeare as 'that gentleman,' and calls him 'a respectable name in literature.' Shebbeare, on Nov. 28, 1758, was sentenced by Lord Mansfield to stand in the pillory, to be confined for three years, and to give security for his good behaviour for seven years, for a libellous pamphlet intitled _A Sixth Letter to the People of England_. _Gent. Mag_. xxviii. 555. (See _ante_, p. 15, note 3.) On Feb. 7, 1759, the under-sheriff of Middlesex was found guilty of a contempt of Court, in having suffered Shebbeare to stand _upon_ the pillory only, and not _in_ it. _Ib_. xxix. 91. Before the seven years had run out, Shebbeare was pensioned. Smollett, in the preface to _Humphry Clinker_, represents the publisher of that novel as writing to the imaginary author:--'If you should be sentenced to the pillory your fortune is made. As times go, that's a sure step to honour and preferment. I shall think myself happy if I can lend you a lift.' See also in the same book Mr. Bramble's Letter of June 2.

[932] See p. 275 of this volume. BOSWELL. Why Boswell mentions this gentleman at all, seeing that nothing that he says is reported, is not clear. Perhaps he gave occasion to Johnson's attack on the Americans. It is curious also why both here and in the account given of Dr. Percy's dinner his name is not mentioned. In the presence of this unknown gentleman Johnson violently attacked first Percy, and next Boswell.

[933] Mr. Langton no doubt. See _ante_, iii. 48. He had paid Johnson a visit that morning. _Pr. and Med_. p. 165.

[934] See _ante_, p. 216.

[935] See _ante_, i. 494, where Johnson says that 'her learning is that of a schoolboy in one of the lower forms.'

[936] On this day Johnson recorded in his review of the past year:-- 'My nights have been commonly, not only restless, but painful and fatiguing.' He adds, 'I have written a little of the _Lives of the Poets_, I think with all my usual vigour.... This year the 28th of March passed away without memorial. Poor Tetty, whatever were our faults and failings, we loved each other. I did not forget thee yesterday. Couldest thou have lived!' _Pr. and Med_. pp. 169, 170.

[937] Mr. Langton. See _ante_, iii. 48.

[938] Malone was told by Baretti that 'Dr. James picked up on a stall a book of Greek hymns. He brought it to Johnson, who ran his eyes over the pages and returned it. A year or two afterwards he dined at Sir Joshua Reynolds's with Dr. Musgrave, the editor of _Euripides_. Musgrave made a great parade of his Greek learning, and among other less known writers mentioned these hymns, which he thought none of the company were acquainted with, and extolled them highly. Johnson said the first of them was indeed very fine, and immediately repeated it. It consisted of ten or twelve lines.' Prior's _Malone_, p. 160.

[939] By Richard Tickell, the grandson of Addison's friend. Walpole's _Letters_, vii. 54

[940] She was a younger sister of Peg Woffington (_ante_, p. 264). Johnson described her as 'a very airy lady.' (Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 23, 1773.) Murphy (_Life_, p. 137) says that 'Johnson, sitting at table with her, took hold of her hand in the middle of dinner, and held it close to his eye, wondering at the delicacy and the whiteness, till with a smile she asked:--"Will he give it to me again when he has done with it?"' He told Miss Burney that 'Mrs. Cholmondeley was the first person who publicly praised and recommended _Evelina_ among the wits.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 180. Miss Burney wrote in 1778:--'Mrs. Cholmondeley has been praising _Evelina_; my father said that I could not have had a greater compliment than making two such women my friends as Mrs. Thrale and Mrs. Cholmondeley, for they were severe and knowing, and afraid of praising _à tort et à travers_, as their opinions are liable to be quoted.' _Ib_. i. 47. To Mrs. Cholmondeley Goldsmith, just before his death, shewed a copy in manuscript of his _Retaliation_. No one else, it should seem, but Burke had seen it. Forster's _Goldsmith_, ii. 412.

[941] Dr. Johnson is supported by the usage of preceding writers. So in _Musarum Deliciae_, 8vo. 1656 (the writer is speaking of Suckling's play entitled _Aglaura_, printed in folio):--

'This great voluminous _pamphlet_ may be said To be like one that hath more hair than head.'

MALONE.

Addison, in _The Spectator_, No. 529 says that 'the most minute pocket-author hath beneath him the writers of all pamphlets, or works that are only stitched. As for a pamphleteer he takes place of none but of the authors of single sheets.' The inferiority of a pamphlet is shewn in Johnson's _Works_, ed. 1787, xi. 216:--'Johnson would not allow the word _derange_ to be an English word. "Sir," said a gentleman who had some pretensions to literature, "I have seen it in a book." "Not in a _bound_ book," said Johnson; "_disarrange_ is the word we ought to use instead of it."' In his _Dictionary_ he gives neither _derange_ nor _disarrange_. Dr. Franklin, who had been a printer and was likely to use the term correctly, writing in 1785, mentions 'the artifices made use of to puff up a paper of verses into a pamphlet.' _Memoirs_, iii. 178.

[942] See _post_, March 16, 1779, for 'the exquisite address' with which Johnson evaded a question of this kind.

[943] Garrick insisted on great alterations being made in _The Good Natured Man_. When Goldsmith resisted this, 'he proposed a sort of arbitration,' and named as his arbitrator Whitehead the laureate. Forster's _Goldsmith_, ii. 41. It was of Whitehead's poetry that Johnson said 'grand nonsense is insupportable.' _Ante_, i. 402. _The Good Natured Man_ was brought out by Colman, as well as _She Stoops to Conquer_.

[944] See _ante_, ii. 208, note 5.

[945] See _ante_, i. 416.

[946] 'This play, written in ridicule of the musical Italian drama, was first offered to Cibber and his brethren at Drury Lane, and rejected; it being then carried to Rich had the effect, as was ludicrously said, of _making_ Gay _rich_ and Rich _gay_.' Johnson's _Works_, viii. 66. See _ante_, ii. 368.

[947] See _ante_, i. 112.

[948] In opposition to this Mr. Croker quotes Horace:---

'Populus me sibilat; at mihi plaudo Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arca.' 'I'm hissed in public; but in secret blest, I count my money and enjoy my chest.' Horace, _Sat_. i. I. 66.

See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Aug. 26.

[949] The anecdote is told in _Menagiana_, iii. 104, but not of a '_maid_ of honour,' nor as an instance of '_exquisite flattery_.' 'M. d'Uzès était chevalier d'honneur de la reine. Cette princesse lui demanda un jour quelle heure il était; il répondit, "Madame, l'heure qu'il plaira à votre majesté."' Menage tells it as _a pleasantry_ of M. d'Uzès; but M. de la Monnoye says, that this duke was remarkable for _naïvetés_ and blunders, and was a kind of _butt_, to whom the wits of the court used to attribute all manner of absurdities. CROKER.

[950] Horace, _Odes_, iv. 2. II. The common reading is _solutis_. Boswell (_Hebrides_, Aug. 15, 1773) says:--'Mr. Wilkes told me this himself with classical admiration.'

[951] See this question fully investigated in the Notes upon my _Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides_, edit. 3, p. 21, _et seq_. [Aug. 15]. And here, as a lawyer mindful of the maxim _Suum cuique tribuito_, I cannot forbear to mention, that the additional Note beginning with 'I find since the former edition,' is not mine, but was obligingly furnished by Mr. Malone, who was so kind as to superintend the press while I was in Scotland, and the first part of the second edition was printing. He would not allow me to ascribe it to its proper authour; but, as it is exquisitely acute and elegant, I take this opportunity, without his knowledge, to do him justice. BOSWELL. See also _ante_, i. 453, and _post_, May 15, 1784.

[952] Horace, _Sat_. i. I. 106. Malone points out that this is the motto to _An Enquiry into Customary Estates and Tenants' Rights, &c., with some considerations for restraining excessive fines_. By Everard Fleetwood, 8vo, 1737.

[953] A _modus_ is _something paid as a compensation for tithes on the supposition of being a moderate equivalent_. Johnson's _Dictionary_. It was more desirable for the landlord than the Parson. Thus T. Warton, in his _Progress of Discontent_, represents the Parson who had taken a college living regretting his old condition,

'When calm around the common-room I puffed my daily pipe's perfume; ... And every night I went to bed, Without a _modus_ in my head.'

T. Warton's _Poems_, ii. 197.

[954] Fines are payments due to the lord of a manor on every admission of a new tenant. In some manors these payments are fixed by custom; they are then _fines certain_; in others they are not fixed, but depend on the reasonableness of the lord and the paying capacity of the tenant; they are _fines uncertain_. The advantage of _fines certain_, like that of a _modus_ in tithes, is that a man knows what he shall get.

[955] _Ante_, iii. 35.

[956] Mr. P. Cunningham has, I think, enabled us to clear up Boswell's mystery, by finding in the _Garrick Corres_, ii. 305, May 1778, that Johnson's poor friend, Mauritius Lowe, the painter, lived at No. 3, Hedge Lane, in a state of extreme distress. CROKER. See _post_, April 3, 1779, and April 12, 1783.

[957] 'In all his intercourse with mankind, Pope had great delight in artifice, and endeavoured to attain all his purposes by indirect and unsuspected methods. "He hardly drank tea without a stratagem." ["Nor take her tea without a stratagem." Young's _Universal Passion, Sat_. vi.] He practised his arts on such small occasions that Lady Bolingbroke used to say, in a French phrase, that "he played the politician about cabbages and turnips."' Johnson's _Works_, viii. 311.

[958] Johnson, _post_, under March 30, 1783, speaks of 'the vain ostentatious importance of many persons in quoting the authority of dukes and lords.' In his going to the other extreme, as he said he did, may be found the explanation of Boswell's 'mystery.' For of mystery--'the wisdom of blockheads,' as Horace Walpole calls it (_Letters_, iii. 371)--Johnson was likely to have as little as any man. As for Grosvenor-square, the Thrales lived there for a short time, and Johnson had a room in the house (_post_, March 20, 1781).

[959] Tacitus, _Agricola_, ch. xxx. 'The unknown always passes for something peculiarly grand.'

[960] Johnson defines _toy-shop_ as 'a shop where playthings and little nice manufactures are sold.'

[961] See _ante_, ii. 241.

[962] Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec_. p. 237) says that 'the fore-top of all his wigs were (sic) burned by the candle down to the very net-work. Mr. Thrale's valet, for that reason, kept one always in his own hands, with which he met him at the parlour door when the bell had called him down to dinner.' Cumberland (_Memoirs_, i. 357) says that he wore 'a brown coat with metal buttons, black waistcoat and worsted stockings, with a flowing bob-wig; they were in perfectly good trim, and with the ladies he had nothing of the slovenly philosopher about him.'

[963] See _ante_, ii. 432.

[964] Here he either was mistaken, or had a different notion of an extensive sale from what is generally entertained: for the fact is, that four thousand copies of that excellent work were sold very quickly. A new edition has been printed since his death, besides that in the collection of his works. BOSWELL. See _ante_, ii. 310, note 2.

[965] 'In the neighbourhood of Lichfield [in 1750] the principal gentlemen clothed their hounds in tartan plaid, with which they hunted a fox, dressed in a red uniform.' Mahon's _Hist. of England_, iv. 10.

[966] So Boswell in his _Hebrides_ (Nov. 8), hoping that his father and Johnson have met in heaven, observes, 'that they have met in a place where there is no room for Whiggism.' See _ante_, i. 431.

[967] _Paradise Lost_, bk. i. 263. Butler (_Miscellaneous Thoughts_, 1. 169) had said:--

'The Devil was the first o' th' name From whom the race of rebels came.'

[968] In the phraseology of Scotland, I should have said, 'Mr. John Spottiswoode the younger, _of that ilk_.' Johnson knew that sense of the word very well, and has thus explained it in his _Dictionary_, _voce_ ILK:--'It also signifies "the same;" as, _Mackintosh of that ilk_, denotes a gentleman whose surname and the title of his estate are the same.' BOSWELL. See _ante_, ii. 427, note 2.

[969] He wrote to Dr. Taylor on Oct. 19 of the next year:--'There are those still who either fright themselves, or would fright others, with an invasion.... Such a fleet [a fleet equal to the transportation of twenty or of ten thousand men] cannot be hid in a creek; it must be safely [?] visible; and yet I believe no man has seen the man that has seen it. The ships of war were within sight of Plymouth, and only within sight.' _Notes and Queries_, 6th S. v. 461.

[970] See _ante_, iii. 42.

[971] It is observed in Waller's _Life_, in the _Biographia Britannica_, that he drank only water; and that while he sat in a company who were drinking wine, 'he had the dexterity to accommodate his discourse to the pitch of theirs as it _sunk_.' If excess in drinking be meant, the remark is acutely just. But surely, a moderate use of wine gives a gaiety of spirits which water-drinkers know not. BOSWELL. 'Waller passed his time in the company that was highest, both in rank and wit, from which even his obstinate sobriety did not exclude him. Though he drank water, he was enabled by his fertility of mind to heighten the mirth of Bacchanalian assemblies; and Mr. Saville said that "no man in England should keep him company without drinking but Ned Waller."' Johnson's _Works_, vii. 197.

[972] See _ante_, iii. 41, and Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 17.

[973] Pope. _Satires_, Prologue, 1. 283.

[974] As he himself had said in his letter of thanks for his diploma of Doctor of Laws, 'Nemo sibi placens non lactatur' (_ante_, ii. 333).

[975]

'Who mean to live within our proper sphere, Dear to ourselves, and to our country dear.'

FRANCIS. Horace, _Epistles_, i. 3. 29.

[976] Johnson recommended this before. _Ante_, p. 169. Boswell tried abstinence once before. _Ante_, ii. 436, note 1, and iii. 170, note 1.

[977] Johnson wrote to Boswell in 1775:--'Reynolds has taken too much to strong liquor, and seems to delight in his new character.' _Ante_, ii. 292.

[978] See _ante_, p. 170, note 2.

[979] At the Castle of the Bishop of Munster 'there was,' writes Temple, 'nothing remarkable but the most Episcopal way of drinking that could be invented. As soon as we came in the great hall there stood many flagons ready charged; the general called for wine to drink the King's health; they brought him a formal bell of silver gilt, that might hold about two quarts or more; he took it empty, pulled out the clapper, and gave it me who (sic) he intended to drink to, then had the bell filled, drunk it off to his Majesty's health; then asked me for the clapper, put it in, turned down the bell, and rung it out to shew he had played fair and left nothing in it; took out the clapper, desired me to give it to whom I pleased, then gave his bell to be filled again, and brought it to me. I that never used to drink, and seldom would try, had commonly some gentlemen with me that served for that purpose when it was necessary.' Temple's _Works_, ed. 1757, i. 266.

[980] See _ante_, ii. 450, note 1, and iii. 79.

[981] The passages are in the _Jerusalem_, canto i. st. 3, and in _Lucretius_, i. 935, and again iv. 12. CROKER.

[982] See _ante_, ii. 247, where Boswell says that 'no man was more scrupulously inquisitive in order to discover the truth;' and iii. 188, 229.

[983] See _post_, under May 8, 1781.

[984] 'Sir,' said Johnson, 'I love Robertson, and I won't talk of his book.' _Ante_, ii. 53.

[985] 'I was once in company with Smith,' said Johnson in 1763, 'and we did not take to each other.' _Ante_, i. 427. See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 29.

[986] See _ante_, ii. 63.

[987] See _ante_, ii. 84

[988] See _ante_, p. 3.

[989] This experiment which Madame Dacier made in vain, has since been tried in our own language, by the editor of _Ossian_, and we must either think very meanly of his abilities, or allow that Dr. Johnson was in the right. And Mr. Cowper, a man of real genius, has miserably failed in his blank verse translation. BOSWELL. Johnson, in his _Life of Pope_ (_Works_, viii. 253), says:--'I have read of a man, who being by his ignorance of Greek compelled to gratify his curiosity with the Latin printed on the opposite page, declared that from the rude simplicity of the lines literally rendered he formed nobler ideas of the Homeric majesty, than from the laboured elegance of polished versions,' Though Johnson nowhere speaks of Cowper, yet his writings were not altogether unknown to him. 'Dr. Johnson,' wrote Cowper, 'read and recommended my first volume.' Southey's _Cowper_, v. 171.

[990] 'I bought the first volume of _Manchester_, but could not read it; it was much too learned for me, and seemed rather an account of Babel than Manchester, I mean in point of antiquity.' Walpole's _Letters_, vi. 207.

[991] Henry was injured by Gilbert Stuart, the malignant editor of the _Edinburgh Magazine and Review_, who 'had vowed that he would crush his work,' and who found confederates to help him. He asked Hume to review it, thinking no doubt that one historian would attack another; when he received from him a highly favourable review he would not publish it. It contained a curious passage, where Hume points out that Henry and Robertson were clergymen, and continues:--'These illustrious examples, if any thing, must make the _infidel abashed of his vain cavils_.' J.H. Burton's _Hume_, ii. 469.

[992] Hume wrote to Millar:--'Hamilton and Balfour have offered Robertson [for his _Scotland_] a very unusual price; no less than £500 for one edition of 2000.' _Ib_. ii. 42. As Robertson did not accept this offer, no doubt he got a better one. Even if he got no more, it would not have seemed 'a moderate price' to a man whose preferment hitherto had been only £100 a year. (See Dugald Stewart's _Robertson_, p. 161.) Stewart adds (_ib_. p. 169):--'It was published on Feb. 1, 1759. Before the end of the month the author was desired by his bookseller to prepare for a second edition.' By 1793 it was in its fourteenth edition. _Ib_. p. 326. The publisher was Millar; the price two guineas. _Gent. Mag_. xxix. 84.

[993] Lord Clive. See _post_, p. 350, and Oct. 10, 1779.

[994] Dr. A. Carlyle (_Auto_. p. 286) gives an instance of this 'romantick humour.' 'Robertson was very much a master of conversation, and very desirous to lead it, and to raise theories that sometimes provoked the laugh against him. He went a jaunt into England with Dundas, Cockburn and Sinclair; who, seeing a gallows on a neighbouring hillock, rode round to have a nearer view of the felon on the gallows. When they met in the inn, Robertson began a dissertation on the character of nations, and how much the English, like the Romans, were hardened by their cruel diversions of cock-fighting, bull-baiting, &c.; for had they not observed three Englishmen on horseback do what no Scotchman or--. Here Dundas interrupted him, and said, "What! did you not know, Principal, that it was Cockburn and Sinclair and me?" This put an end to theories, &c., for that day.'

[995] This was a favourite word with Johnson and Mrs. Thrale. 'Long live Mrs. G. that _downs_ my mistress,' he wrote (_Piozzi Letters_, ii. 26). 'Did you quite _down_ her?' he asked of another lady (_Ib_. p. 100). Miss Burney caught up the word: 'I won't be _downed_,' she wrote. Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 252.

[996] See _ante_, iii. 41, 327.

[997] Dr. A. Carlyle (_Auto_. p. 474) tells how Robertson, with one of his pupils, and he, visited at a house where some excellent claret flowed freely. 'After four days Robertson took me into a window before dinner, and with some solemnity proposed to make a motion to shorten the drinking, if I would second him--"Because," added he, "although you and I may go through it, I am averse to it on my pupil's account." I answered that I was afraid it would not do, as our toastmaster might throw ridicule upon us, as we were to leave the island the day after the next, and that we had not proposed any abridgement till the old claret was all done, the last of which we had drunk yesterday. "Well, well," replied the Doctor, "be it so then, and let us end as we began."'

[998] Johnson, when asked to hear Robertson preach, said:--'I will hear him if he will get up into a tree and preach; but I will not give a sanction by my presence to a Presbyterian assembly.' Boswell's _Hebrides_, Aug. 27. See also _Ib_. Nov. 7.

[999] Mrs. Piozzi confidently mentions this as having passed in Scotland, _Anecdotes_, p. 62. BOSWELL. She adds:--'I was shocked to think how he [Johnson] must have disgusted him [Robertson].' She, we may well believe, felt no more shock than Robertson felt disgust.

[1000] See Voltaire's _Siècle de Louis XIV_, ch. xiv.

[1001] See _ante_, p. 191.

[1002] See _ante_, p. 54.

[1003] It was on this day that Johnson dictated to Boswell his Latin translation of Dryden's lines on Milton. Boswell's _Hebrides_, Aug. 22.

[1004] See _ante_, ii. 109.

[1005] '"Well, Sir," said he, "we had good talk." BOSWELL. "Yes Sir; you tossed and gored several persons."' _Ante_, ii. 66.

[1006] Very likely their host. See _ante_, iii. 48.

[1007] See _ante_, iii. 97.

[1008] _Acts_, X. 1 and 2.

[1009] Mr. Croker says, 'no doubt Dr. Robertson;' see _post_, under June 16, 1784, where Johnson says much the same of 'an authour of considerable eminence.' In this case Mr. Croker says, 'probably Dr. Robertson.' I have little doubt that Dr. Beattie was there meant. He may be meant also here, for the description of the conversation does not agree with what we are told of Robertson. See _ante_, p. 335. note 1. Perhaps, however, Dr. Blair was the eminent author. It is in Boswell's manner to introduce the same person in consecutive paragraphs as if there were two persons.

[1010] See _ante_, ii. 256.

[1011] Chappe D'Auteroche writes:--'La douceur de sa physionomie et sa vivacité annonçaient plutôt quelque indiscrétion que l'ombre d'un crime. Tous ceux que j'ai consultés par la suite m'ont cependant assuré qu'elle était coupable.' _Voyage en Sibérie_, i. 227. Lord Kames says:--'Of whatever indiscretion she might have been guilty, the sweetness of her countenance and her composure left not in the spectators the slightest suspicion of guilt.' She was cruelly knouted, her tongue was cut out, and she was banished to Siberia. Kames's _Sketches_, i. 363.

[1012] Mr. Croker says:--'Here I think the censure is quite unjust. Lord Kames gives in the clearest terms the same explanation.' Kames made many corrections in the later editions. On turning to the first, I found, as I expected, that Johnson's censure was quite just. Kames says (i. 76):--'Whatever be the cause of high or low interest, I am certain that the quantity of circulating coin can have no influence. Supposing the half of our money to be withdrawn, a hundred pounds lent ought still to afford but five pounds as interest; because if the principal be doubled in value, so is also the interest.' This passage was struck out in later editions.

[1013] 'Johnson had an extraordinary admiration of this lady, notwithstanding she was a violent Whig. In answer to her high-flown speeches for _Liberty_, he addressed to her the following Epigram, of which I presume to offer a translation:--

'_Liber ut esse velim suasiti pulchra Maria Ut maneam liber pulchra Maria vale_,' Adieu, Maria! since you'd have me free; For, who beholds thy charms a slave must be.

A correspondent of _The Gentleman's Magazine_, who subscribes himself SCIOLUS, to whom I am indebted for several excellent remarks, observes, 'The turn of Dr. Johnson's lines to Miss Aston, whose Whig principles he had been combating, appears to me to be taken from an ingenious epigram in the _Menagiana_ [vol. iii. p. 376, edit. 1716] on a young lady who appeared at a masquerade, _habillée en Jésuite_, during the fierce contentions of the followers of Molinos and Jansenius concerning free-will:--

"On s'étonne ici que Caliste Ait pris l'habit de Moliniste. Puisque cette jeune beauté Ote à chacun sa liberté, N'est-ce pas une Janseniste?"

BOSWELL.

Johnson, in his _Criticism upon Pope's Epitaphs_ (_Works_, viii. 355), quotes the opinion of a 'lady of great beauty and excellence.' She was, says Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec_. p. 162), Molly Aston. Mrs. Piozzi, in her _Letters_ (ii. 383), writes:--'Nobody has ever mentioned what became of Miss Aston's letters, though he once told me they should be the last papers he would destroy.' See _ante_, i. 83.

[1014] See _ante_, ii. 470.

[1015] Pope's _Essay on Man_, iv. 380.

[1016] See _ante_, i. 294.

[1017] 'March 4, 1745. You say you expect much information about Belleisle, but there has not (in the style of the newspapers) the least particular _transpired_.' Horace Walpole's _Letters_, i. 344. 'Jan. 26, 1748. You will not let one word of it _transpire_.' Chesterfield's _Misc. Works_, iv. 35. 'It would be next to a miracle that a fact of this kind should be known to a whole parish, and not _transpire_ any farther.' Fielding's _Tom Jones_, bk. ii. c. 5. _Tom Jones_ was published before the _Dictionary_, but not so Walpole's _Letters_ and Chesterfield's _Misc. Works_. I have not found a passage in which Bolingbroke uses the word, but I have not read all his works.

[1018] 'The words which our authors have introduced by their knowledge of foreign languages, or ignorance of their own ... I have registered as they occurred, though commonly only to censure them, and warn others against the folly of naturalising useless foreigners to the injury of the natives.' Johnson's _Works_, v. 31. 'If an academy should be established for the cultivation of our style, which I, who can never wish to see dependance multiplied, hope the spirit of English liberty will hinder or destroy, let them, instead of compiling grammars and dictionaries, endeavour with all their influence to stop the license of translators, whose idleness and ignorance, if it be suffered to proceed, will reduce us to babble a dialect of France.' _Ib_. p. 49. 'I have rarely admitted any words not authorised by former writers; for I believe that whoever knows the English tongue in its present extent will be able to express his thoughts without further help from other nations.' _The Rambler_, No. 208.

[1019] Boswell on one occasion used _it came out_ where a lover of fine words would have said _it transpired_. See Boswell's _Hebrides_, November 1.

[1020] The record no doubt was destroyed with the other papers that Boswell left to his literary executors (_ante_, p. 301, note 1).

[1021] See _ante_, i. 154.

[1022] 'Of Johnson's pride I have heard Reynolds observe, that if any man drew him into a state of obligation without his own consent, that man was the first he would affront by way of clearing off the account.' Northcote's _Reynolds_, i. 71.

[1023] See _post_, May 1, 1779.

[1024] This had happened the day before (May 11) in the writ of error in Horne's case (_ante_, p. 314). _Ann. Reg_. xii. 181.

[1025] '_To enucleate_. To solve; to clear.' Johnson's _Dictionary_.

[1026] In the original _me_.

[1027] Pope himself (_Moral Essays_, iii. 25) attacks the sentiment contained in this stanza. He says:--

'What nature wants (a phrase I must distrust) Extends to luxury, extends to lust.'

Mr. Elwin (Pope's _Works_, ii. 462) doubts the genuineness of this suppressed stanza. Montezuma, in Dryden's _Indian Emperour_, act ii. sc. 2, says:--

'That lust of power we from your Godheads have, You're bound to please those appetites you gave.'

[1028] 'Antoine Arnauld, surnommé le grand Arnauld, théologien et philosophe, né à Paris le 6 février 1612, mort le 6 août 1694 à Bruxelles.' _Nouv. Biog. Gén_. iii. 282.

[1029] 'It may be discovered that when Pope thinks himself concealed he indulges the common vanity of common men, and triumphs in those distinctions which he had affected to despise. He is proud that his book was presented to the King and Queen by the right honourable Sir Robert Walpole; he is proud that they had read it before; he is proud that the edition was taken off by the nobility and persons of the first distinction.' Johnson's _Works_, viii. 278.

[1030] _Othello_, act iii. sc. 3.

[1031] Mr. Langton, I have little doubt. Not only does that which Johnson says of sluggishness fit his character, but the fact that he is spoken of in the next paragraph points to him.

[1032] Mr. Langton. See _ante_, iii. 48.

[1033] We may wonder whether _pasted_ is strictly used. It seems likely that the wealthy brewer, who had a taste for the fine arts, afforded Hogarth at least a frame.

[1034] See _ante_, i. 49.

[1035] Baths are called Hummums in the East, and thence these hotels in Covent Garden, where there were baths, were called by that name. CROKER.

[1036] Beauclerk.

[1037] Bolingbroke. _Ante_, ii. 246.

[1038] Lord Clive. _Ante_, p. 334.

[1039] _Hamlet_, act i. sc. 2.

[1040] Johnson, or Boswell in reporting him, here falls into an error. The editor of Chesterfield's _Works_ says (ii. 3l9), 'that being desirous of giving a specimen of his Lordship's eloquence he has made choice of the three following speeches; the first in the strong nervous style of Demosthenes; the two latter in the witty, ironical manner of Tully.' Now the first of these speeches is not Johnson's, for it was reported in _The Gent. Mag_. for July, 1737, p. 409, nine months before his first contribution to that paper. In spite of great differences this report and that in Chesterfield's _Works_ are substantially the same. If Johnson had any hand in the authorised version he merely revised the report already published. Nor did he always improve it, as will be seen by comparing with Chesterfield's _Works_, ii. 336, the following passage from the _Gent. Mag_. p. 411:--'My Lords, we ought in all points to be tender of property. Wit is the property of those who are possessed of it, and very often the only property they have. Thank God, my Lords, this is not our case; we are otherwise provided for.' The other two speeches are his. In the collected works (xi. 420, 489) they are wrongly assigned to Lord Carteret. See _ante_, i. Appendix A.

[1041] See _ante_, p. 340.

[1042] These words are quoted by Kames, iii. 267. In his abbreviation he perhaps passed over by accident the words that Johnson next quotes. If Clarendon did not believe the story, he wished his readers to believe it. He gives more than five pages to it, and he ends by saying:-- 'Whatever there was of all this, it is a notorious truth, that when the news of the duke's murder (which happened within few months after) was brought to his mother, she seemed not in the least degree surprised; but received it as if she had foreseen it.' According to the story, he had told her of the warning which had come to him through his father's ghost. Clarendon's _History_, ed. 1826, i. 74.

[1043] Kames maintains (iii. 95) that schools are not needful for the children of the labouring poor. They would be needful, 'if without regular education we could have no knowledge of the principles of religion and of morality. But Providence has not left man in a state so imperfect: religion and morality are stamped on his heart; and none can be ignorant of them, who attend to their own perceptions.'

[1044] 'Oct. 5, 1764. Mr. Elliot brings us woeful accounts of the French ladies, of the decency of their conversation, and the nastiness of their behaviour.' Walpole's _Letters_, iv. 277. Walpole wrote from Paris on Nov. 19, 1765, 'Paris is the ugliest, beastliest town in the universe,' and describes the nastiness of the talk of French women of the first rank. _Ib_. p. 435. Mrs. Piozzi, nearly twenty years later, places among 'the contradictions one meets with every moment' at Paris, 'A Countess in a morning, her hair dressed, with diamonds too perhaps, and a dirty black handkerchief about her neck.' Piozzi's _Journey_, i. 17. See _ante_, ii. 403, and _post_, under Aug. 29, 1783.

[1045] See Appendix B.

[1046] His lordship was, to the last, in the habit of telling this story rather too often. CROKER.

[1047] See _ante_, ii. 194.

[1048] See _ante_, iii. 178.

[1049] See _ante_, ii. 153.

[1050] 'Our eyes and ears may convince us,' wrote Wesley, 'there is not a less happy body of men in all England than the country farmers. In general their life is supremely dull; and it is usually unhappy too; for of all people in the kingdom, they are the most discontented, seldom satisfied either with God or man.' Southey's _Wesley_, i. 420. He did not hold with Johnson as to the upper classes. 'Oh! how hard it is,' he said, 'to be shallow enough for a polite audience.' _Ib_. p. 419.

[1051] Horne says:--'Even S. Johnson, though mistakenly, has attempted AND, and would find no difficulty with THEREFORE' (ed. 1778, p. 21). However, in a note on p. 56 he says:--'I could never read his preface [to his _Dictionary_] without shedding a tear.' See _ante_, i. 297, note 2.

[1052] In Mr. Horne Tooke's enlargement of that _Letter_, which he has since published with the title of [Greek: Epea pteroenta]; or, the _Diversions of Purley_; he mentions this compliment, as if Dr. Johnson instead of _several_ of his etymologies had said _all_. His recollection having thus magnified it, shews how ambitious he was of the approbation of so great a man. BOSWELL. Horne Tooke says (ed. 1798, part i, p. 156) 'immediately after the publication of my _Letter to Mr. Dunning_ I was informed by Mr. S. [Seward], an intimate friend of Dr. Johnson, that he had declared that, if he lived to give a new edition of his _Dictionary_, he should certainly adopt my derivations.' Boswell and Horne Tooke, says Stephens (_Life of Tooke_, ii. 438), had an altercation. 'Happening to meet at a gentleman's house, Mr. Boswell proposed to make up the breach, on the express condition, however, that they should drink a bottle of wine each between the toasts. But Mr. Tooke would not give his assent unless the liquor should be brandy. By the time a quart had been quaffed Boswell was left sprawling on the floor.'

[1053] See _ante_, iii. 314. Thurlow, the Attorney-General, pressed that Horne should be set in the pillory, 'observing that imprisonment would be "a slight inconvenience to one of sedentary habits."' It was during his imprisonment that he wrote his _Letter to Mr. Dunning_. Campbell's _Chancellors_, ed. 1846, v. 517. Horace Walpole says that 'Lord Mansfield was afraid, and would not venture the pillory.' _Journal of the Reign of George III_, ii. 167.

[1054] '_Bulse_, a certain quantity of diamonds' (India). Webster's _Dictionary_.

[1055] 'He raised,' says Hawkins (_Life_, p. 236), 'the medical character to such a height of dignity as was never seen in this or any other country. I have heard it said that when he began to practise, he was a frequenter of the meeting at Stepney where his father preached; and that when he was sent for out of the assembly, his father would in his prayer insert a petition in behalf of the sick person. I once mentioned this to Johnson, who said it was too gross for belief; but it was not so at Batson's [a coffee-house frequented by physicians]; it passed there as a current belief.' See _ante_, i. 159. Young has introduced him in the second of his _Night Thoughts_--

'That time is mine, O Mead, to thee I owe; Fain would I pay thee with eternity.'

Horace Walpole (_Letters_, viii. 260) says 'that he had nothing but pretensions.'

[1056] On Oct. 17, 1777, Burgoyne's army surrendered to the Americans at Saratoga. One of the articles of the Convention was 'that the army should march out of the camp with all the honours of war to a fixed place where they were to deposit their arms. It is said that General Gates [the American Commander] paid so nice and delicate an attention to the British military honour that he kept his army close within their lines, and did not suffer an American soldier to be a witness to the degrading spectacle of piling their arms.' _Ann. Reg_. xx. 173, 174. Horace Walpole, on Lord Cornwallis's capitulation in 1781, wrote:--'The newspapers on the Court side had been crammed with paragraphs for a fortnight, saying that Lord Cornwallis had declared he would never pile up his arms like Burgoyne; that is, he would rather die sword in hand.' Walpole's _Journal of the Reign of George III_, ii. 475.

[1057] See _ante_, i. 342.

[1058] There was a Colonel Fullarton who took an important part in the war against Tippoo in 1783. Mill's _British India_, ed. 1840, iv. 276.

[1059] 'To count is a modern practice, the ancient method was to guess; and when numbers are guessed, they are always magnified.' Johnson's _Works_, ix. 95.

[1060] He published in 1714 _An Account of Switzerland_.

[1061] See _ante_, ii. 468.

[1062] See Appendix C.

[1063] 'All unnecessary vows are folly, because they suppose a prescience of the future which has not been given us. They are, I think, a crime, because they resign that life to chance which God has given us to be regulated by reason; and superinduce a kind of fatality, from which it is the great privilege of our nature to be free.' _Piozzi Letters_, i. 83. Johnson (_Works_, vii. 52) praises the 'just and noble thoughts' in Cowley's lines which begin:--

'Where honour or where conscience does not bind, No other law shall shackle me; Slave to myself I ne'er will be; Nor shall my future actions be confined By my own present mind.'

See _ante_, ii. 21.

[1064] Juvenal, _Sat_. iii. 78. Imitated by Johnson in _London_.

[1065] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Aug. 16, and Johnson's _Tour into Wales_, Aug. 1, 1774.

[1066] The slip of paper on which he made the correction, is deposited by me in the noble library to which it relates, and to which I have presented other pieces of his hand-writing. BOSWELL. In substituting _burns_ he resumes the reading of the first edition, in which the former of the two couplets ran:--

'Resistless burns the fever of renown, Caught from the strong contagion of the gown.'

'The slip of paper and the other pieces of Johnson's hand-writing' have been lost. At all events they are not in the Bodleian.

[1067] Johnson (_Works_, vii. 76), criticising Milton's scheme of education, says:--'Those authors therefore are to be read at schools that supply most axioms of prudence, most principles of moral truth, and most materials for conversation; and these purposes are best served by poets, orators, and historians. Let me not be censured for this digression as pedantic or paradoxical; for if I have Milton against me, I have Socrates on my side. It was his labour to turn philosophy from the study of nature to speculations upon life; but the innovators whom I oppose are turning off attention from life to nature. They seem to think that we are placed here to watch the growth of plants, or the motions of the stars. Socrates was rather of opinion that what we had to learn was how to do good and avoid evil. "[Greek: hotti toi en megaroisi kakon t agathon te tetuktai]."'

[1068] 'His ear was well-tuned, and his diction was elegant and copious, but his devotional poetry is, like that of others, unsatisfactory. The paucity of its topicks enforces perpetual repetition, and the sanctity of the matter rejects the ornaments of figurative diction. It is sufficient for Watts to have done better than others what no man has done well.' _Ib_. viii. 386. See _ante_, i. 312. Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec_. p. 200) says that when 'Johnson would inveigh against devotional poetry, and protest that all religious verses were cold and feeble,' she reminded him how 'when he would try to repeat the _Dies iræ, dies illa_, he could never pass the stanza ending thus, _Tantus labor non sit cassus_, without bursting into a flood of tears.'

[1069] See _ante_, ii. 169, note 2.

[1070] Dr. Johnson was by no means attentive to minute accuracy in his _Lives of the Poets_; for notwithstanding my having detected this mistake, he has continued it. BOSWELL. See _post_, iv. 51, note 2 for a like instance of neglect.

[1071] See _ante_, ii. 64.

[1072] See _ante_, ii. 278.

[1073] 'May 31, 1778. We shall at least not doze, as we are used to do, in summer. The Parliament is to have only short adjournments; and our senators, instead of retiring to horseraces (_their_ plough), are all turned soldiers, and disciplining militia. Camps everywhere.' Horace Walpole's _Letters_, vii. 75. It was a threat of invasion by the united forces of France and Spain, at the time that we were at war with America, that caused the alarm. Dr. J.H. Burton (Dr. A. Carlyle's _Auto_. p. 399) points out, that while the militia of England was placed nearly in its present position by the act of 1757, yet 'when a proposal for extending the system to Scotland was suggested (sic), ministers were afraid to arm the people.' 'It is curious,' he continues, 'that for a reason almost identical Ireland has been excepted from the Volunteer organisation of a century later. It was not until 1793 that the Militia Acts were extended to Scotland.'

[1074] 'Before dinner,' wrote Miss Burney in September of this year, 'to my great joy Dr. Johnson returned home from Warley Common.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 114. He wrote to Mrs. Thrale on Oct. 15:--'A camp, however familiarly we may speak of it, is one of the great scenes of human life. War and peace divide the business of the world. Camps are the habitations of those who conquer kingdoms, or defend them.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 22.

[1075] Third Edition, p. 111 [Aug. 28]. BOSWELL. It was at Fort George. 'He made a very good figure upon these topicks. He said to me afterwards that "he had talked ostentatiously."'

[1076] When I one day at Court expressed to General Hall my sense of the honour he had done my friend, he politely answered, 'Sir, I did _myself_ honour.' BOSWELL.

[1077] According to Malone, 'Mr. Burke said of Mr. Boswell that good nature was so natural to him that he had no merit in possessing it, and that a man might as well assume to himself merit in possessing an excellent constitution.' _European Mag_. 1798, p. 376. See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Aug. 21.

[1078] Langton. See _ante_, iii. 48.

[1079] No doubt his house at Langton.

[1080] The Wey Canal. See _ante_, ii. 136. From _navigation_, i.e. a canal for internal navigation, we have _navvy_. A _canal_ was the common term for an ornamental pool, and for a time it seemed that _navigation_ and not _canal_ might be the term applied to artificial rivers.

[1081] Langton.

[1082]

'He plunging downward shot his radiant head: Dispelled the breathing air that broke his flight; Shorn of his beams, a man to mortal sight.'

Dryden, quoted in Johnson's _Dictionary_ under _shorn_. The phrase first appears in _Paradise Lost_, i. 596.

[1083] Mrs. Thrale, this same summer, 'asked whether Mr. Langton took any better care of his affairs. "No, madam," cried the doctor, "and never will. He complains of the ill-effects of habit, and rests contentedly upon a confessed indolence. He told his father himself that he had _no turn to economy_, but a thief might as well plead that he had no _turn to honesty_!"' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 75.

[1084] Locke, in his last words to Collins, said:--'This world affords no solid satisfaction but the consciousness of well-doing, and the hopes of another life.' Warburton's _Divine Legation_, i. xxvi.

[1085] Not the young brewer who was hoped for (_ante_, iii. 210); therefore she is called 'poor thing.' One of Mr. Thrale's daughters lived to Nov. 5, 1858.

[1086] On Oct. 15 Johnson wrote:--'Is my master [i.e. Mr. Thrale, _ante_, i. 494, note 3] come to himself? Does he talk, and walk, and look about him, as if there were yet something in the world for which it is worth while to live? Or does he yet sit and say nothing? To grieve for evils is often wrong; but it is much more wrong to grieve without them.' _Piozzi Letters_. ii. 22. Nine days later he wrote:--'You appear to me to be now floating on the spring-tide of prosperity. I think it very probably in your power to lay up £8000 a-year for every year to come, increasing all the time, what needs not be increased, the splendour of all external appearance. And surely such a state is not to be put into yearly hazard for the pleasure of _keeping the house full_, or the ambition of _out-brewing Whitbread_? _Piozzi Letters_, p. 24.

[1087] See _ante_, ii. 136. The following letter, of which a fac-simile is given at the beginning of vol. iii. of Dr. Franklin's _Memoirs_, ed. 1818, tells of 'a difference' between the famous printer of Philadelphia and the King's Printer of London.

'Philada., July 5, 1775.

'Mr. Strahan,

'You are a Member of Parliament, and one of that Majority which has doomed my Country to Destruction.--You have begun to burn our Towns, and murder our People.--Look upon your Hands!--They are stained with the Blood of your Relations! You and I were long friends:--You are now my Enemy,--and

'I am, yours,

'B. FRANKLIN.'

When peace was made between the two countries the old friendship was renewed. _Ib_. iii. 147.

[1088] On this day he wrote a touching letter to Mr. Elphinston, who had lost his wife (Croker's _Boswell_, p. 66, note). Perhaps the thoughts thus raised in him led him to this act of reconciliation.

[1089] Dr. Johnson here addresses his worthy friend, Bennet Langton, Esq., by his title as Captain of the Lincolnshire militia, in which he has since been most deservedly raised to the rank of Major. BOSWELL.

[1090] President of the Royal Society.

[1091] The King visited Warley Camp on Oct. 20. _Ann. Reg_. xxi. 237.

[1092] He visited Coxheath Camp on Nov. 23. _Ib_. Horace Walpole, writing of April of this year when, in the alarm of a French invasion, the militia were called out, says:--'The King's behaviour was childish and absurd. He ordered the camp equipage, and said he would command the army himself.' Walpole continues:--'It is reported, that in a few days will be published in two volumes, folio, an accurate account of _His Majesty's Journeys to Chatham and Portsmouth, together with a minute Description of his numerous Fatigues, Dangers, and hair-breadth Escapes; to which will be added the Royal Bon-mots_. And the following week will be published an _History of all the Campaigns of the King of Prussia_, in one volume duodecimo.' _Journal of the Reign of George III_, ii. 262, 264.

[1093] Boswell, eleven years later, wrote of him:--'My second son is an extraordinary boy; he is much of his father (vanity of vanities). He is of a delicate constitution, but not unhealthy, and his spirit never fails him. He is still in the house with me; indeed he is quite my companion, though only eleven in September.' _Letters of Boswell_, p. 315. Mr. Croker, who knew him, says that 'he was very convivial, and in other respects like his father--though altogether on a smaller scale.' He edited a new edition of Malone's _Shakespeare_. He died in 1822. Croker's _Boswell_, p. 620.

[1094] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 30, 1773.

[1095] _Ib_. Nov. 1.

[1096] Regius Professor of Divinity and Canon of Christ Church. Johnson wrote in 1783:--'At home I see almost all my companions dead or dying. At Oxford I have just left [lost] Wheeler, the man with whom I most delighted to converse.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 302. See _post_, Aug. 30, 1780.

[1097] Johnson, in 1784, wrote about a visit to Oxford:--'Since I was there my convivial friend Dr. Edwards and my learned friend Dr. Wheeler are both dead, and my probabilities of pleasure are very much diminished.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 371.

[1098] Dr. Edwards was preparing an edition of Xenophon's _Memorabilia_. CROKER.

[1099] Johnson wrote on the 14th:--'Dr. Burney had the luck to go to Oxford the only week in the year when the library is shut up. He was, however, very kindly treated; as one man is translating Arabick and another Welsh for his service.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 38.

[1100] Johnson three years later, hearing that one of Dr. Burney's sons had got the command of a ship, wrote:--'I question if any ship upon the ocean goes out attended with more good wishes than that which carries the fate of Burney. I love all of that breed whom I can be said to know, and one or two whom I hardly know I love upon credit, and love them because they love each other.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 225. See _post_, Nov. 16, 1784.

[1101] Vol. ii. p. 38. BOSWELL.

[1102] Miss Carmichael. BOSWELL.

[1103] See Appendix D.

[1104] See _ante_, ii. 382, note 1.

[1105] See _ante_, i. 446.

[1106] See _ante_, iii. 99, note 4.

[1107] It was the collected edition containing the first seven _Discourses_, which had each year been published separately. 'I was present,' said Samuel Rogers (_Table-Talk_, p. 18), 'when Sir Joshua Reynolds delivered his last lecture at the Royal Academy. On entering the room, I found that a semicircle of chairs immediately in front of the pulpit was reserved for persons of distinction, being labelled "Mr. Burke," "Mr. Boswell," &c.'

[1108] In an unfinished sketch for a _Discourse_, Reynolds said of those already delivered:--'Whatever merit they may have must be imputed, in a great measure, to the education which I may be said to have had under Dr. Johnson. I do not mean to say, though it certainly would be to the credit of these _Discourses_ if I could say it with truth, that he contributed even a single sentiment to them; but he qualified my mind to think justly.' Northcote's _Reynolds_, ii. 282. See _ante_, i. 245.

[1109] The error in grammar is no doubt Boswell's. He was so proud of his knowledge of languages that when he was appointed Secretary for Foreign Correspondence to the Royal Academy (_ante_, ii. 67, note 1), 'he wrote his acceptance of the honour in three separate letters, still preserved in the Academy archives, in English, French, and Italian.' _The Athenæum_, No. 3041.

[1110] The remaining six volumes came out, not in 1780, but in 1781. See _post_, 1781. He also wrote this year the preface to a translation of _Oedipus Tyrannus_, by Thomas Maurice, in _Poems and Miscellaneous Pieces_. (See preface to _Westminster Abbey with other Poems_, 1813.)

[1111] See _ante_, ii. 272.

[1112] _Life of Watts_ [_Works_, viii. 380]. BOSWELL.

[1113] See _ante_, ii. 107.

[1114] See _ante_, iii. 126.

[1115] 'Perhaps no composition in our language has been oftener perused than Pomfret's _Choice_.' Johnson's _Works_, vii. 222.

[1116] Johnson, in his _Life of Yalden_ (_Ib_. viii. 83), calls the following stanza from his _Hymn to Darkness_ 'exquisitely beautiful':--

'Thou dost thy smiles impartially bestow, And know'st no difference here below: All things appear the same by thee, Though Light distinction makes, thou giv'st equality.'

It is strange that Churchill was left out of the collection.

[1117] Murphy says, though certainly with exaggeration, that 'after Garrick's death Johnson never talked of him without a tear in his eyes. He offered,' he adds, 'if Mrs. Garrick would desire it of him, to be the editor of his works and the historian of his life.' Murphy's _Johnson_, p. 145. Cumberland (_Memoirs_, ii. 210) said of Garrick's funeral:--'I saw old Samuel Johnson standing beside his grave, at the foot of Shakespeare's monument, and bathed in tears.' Sir William Forbes was told that Johnson, in going to the funeral, said to William Jones:--'Mr. Garrick and his profession have been equally indebted to each other. His profession made him rich, and he made his profession respectable.' Forbes's _Beattie_, Appendix CC.

[1118] See _ante_, i. 456.

[1119] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 23.

[1120] The anniversary of the death of Charles I.

[1121] See _ante_, i. 211.

[1122] He sent a set elegantly bound and gilt, which was received as a very handsome present. BOSWELL.

[1123] On March 10 he wrote:--'I got my _Lives_, not yet quite printed, put neatly together, and sent them to the King; what he says of them I know not. If the king is a Whig, he will not like them; but is any king a Whig?' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 43.

[1124] 'He was always ready to assist any authors in correcting their works, and selling them to booksellers. "I have done writing," said he, "myself, and should assist those that do write."' Johnson's _Works_ (1787), xi. 202. See _ante_, ii. 195.

[1125] In _The Rehearsal_. See _ante_, ii. 168.

[1126] Johnson wrote on Nov. 21, 1778:--'Baretti has told his musical scheme to B---- and B---- _will neither grant the question nor deny_. He is of opinion that if it does not fail, it will succeed, but if it does not succeed he conceives it must fail.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 41. Baretti, in a marginal note on his copy, says that B---- is Dr. Burney. He adds:--'The musical scheme was the _Carmen Seculare_. That brought me £150 in three nights, and three times as much to Philidor. It would have benefited us both greatly more, if Philidor had not proved a scoundrel.' 'The complaisant Italian,' says the _Gent Mag_. (xlix. 361), 'in compliment to our island chooses "to drive destructive war and pestilence" _ad Mauros, Seras et Indos_, instead of _ad Persas atque Britannos_.' Mr. Tasker, the clergyman, went a step further. 'I,' he says in his version of the _Carmen_,

'Honour and fame prognosticate To free-born Britain's naval state And to her Patriot-King.' _Ib_.

[1127] We may compare with this the scene in _Le Misanthrope_ (Act i. sc. 2), where Oronte reads his sonnet to Alceste; who thrice answers: --'Je ne dis pas cela, mais--.' See _ante_, iii. 320.

[1128] This was a Mr. Tasker. Mr. D'Israeli informed me that this portrait is so accurately drawn, that being, some years after the publication of this work, at a watering-place on the coast of Devon, he was visited by Mr. Tasker, whose name, however, he did not then know, but was so struck with his resemblance to Boswell's picture, that he asked him whether he had not had an interview with Dr. Johnson, and it appeared that he was indeed the author of _The Warlike Genius of Britain_. CROKER.

[1129] The poet was preparing a second edition of his _Ode_. 'This animated Pindaric made its first appearance the latter end of last year (1778). It is well calculated to rouse the martial spirit of the nation, and is now reprinted with considerable additions.' _Gent. Mag_. July, 1779, p. 357. In 1781 he published another volume of his poems with a poetical preface, in which he thus attacks his brother-in-law:--

'To suits litigious, ignorant and raw, Compell'd by an unletter'd brother-in-law.'

_Ib_. 1781, p. 227.

[1130] Boswell must have misheard what Johnson said. It was not Anson, but Amherst whom the bard praised. _Ode_, p. 7.

[1131] Johnson wrote to Mrs. Thrale on Foote's death:--'Now, will any of his contemporaries bewail him? Will Genius change _his sex_ to weep?' _Piozzi Letters_, i. 396.

[1132]

'Genius of Britain! to thy office true, On Cox-Heath reared the waving banners view.

* * * * *

In martial vest By Venus and the Graces drest, To yonder tent, who leads the way? Art thou Britannia's Genius? say.'

_Ode_, p. 8.

[1133] Twenty-nine years earlier he wrote:--'There is nothing more dreadful to an author than neglect; compared with which reproach, hatred, and opposition are names of happiness.' _The Rambler_, No. 2. In _The Vicar of Wakefield_, ch. xx, George says of his book:--'The learned world said nothing to my paradoxes, nothing at all, Sir.... I suffered the cruellest mortification, neglect.' See _ante_, ii. 61, 335. Hume said:--'The misfortune of a book, says Boileau, is not the being ill spoke [sic] of, but the not being spoken of at all.' J.H. Burton's _Hume_, i. 412

[1134] The account given in Northcote's _Reynolds_ (ii. 94-97) renders it likely that Sir Joshua is 'the friend of ours.' Northcote, quoting Mr. Courtenay, writes:--'His table was frequented by men of the first talents. Politics and party were never introduced. Temporal and spiritual peers, physicians, lawyers, actors, and musicians composed the motley group.' At one of these dinners Mr. Dunning, afterwards Lord Ashburton, was the first who came. 'On entering, he said, "Well, Sir Joshua, and who [sic] have you got to dine with you to-day? for the last time I dined with you the assembly was of such a sort, that, by G--, I believe all the rest of the world were at peace, for that afternoon at least."' See _post_, under June 16, 1784, note. Boswell, in his _Letter to the People of Scotland_ (p. 95), boasts that he too is 'a very universal man.' 'I can drink, I can laugh, I can converse in perfect humour with Whigs, with republicans, with dissenters, with Independents, with Quakers, with Moravians, with Jews. But I would vote with Tories and pray with a Dean and Chapter.'

[1135] 'Finding that the best things remained to be said on the wrong side, I resolved to write a book that should be wholly new. I therefore drest up three paradoxes with some ingenuity. They were false, indeed, but they were new.' _Vicar of Wakefield_, ch. xx. See _ante_, i. 441, where Johnson says:--'When I was a boy, I used always to choose the wrong side of a debate, because most ingenious things, that is to say, most new things, could be said upon it.' In the _Present State of Polite Learning_ (ch. vii.), Goldsmith says:--'Nothing can be a more certain sign that genius is in the wane than its being obliged to fly to paradox for support, and attempting to be erroneously agreeable.'

[1136] The whole night spent in playing at cards (see next page) may account for part of his negligence. He was perhaps unusually dissipated this visit.

[1137] See _ante_, ii. 135.

[1138] 'Three men,' writes Horace Walpole, 'were especially suspected, Wilkes, Edmund Burke, and W. G. Hamilton. Hamilton was most generally suspected.' _Memoirs of George III_, iii. 401. According to Dr. T. Campbell (_Diary_, p. 35) Johnson in 1775 'said that he looked upon Burke to be the author of _Junius_, and that though he would not take him _contra mundum_, yet he would take him against any man.'

[1139] Sargeant Bettersworth, enraged at Swift's lines on him, 'demanded whether he was the author of that poem. "Mr. Bettesworth," answered he, "I was in my youth acquainted with great lawyers, who knowing my disposition to satire advised me that if any scoundrel or blockhead whom I had lampooned should ask, _Are you the author of this paper_? I should tell him that I was not the author; and therefore I tell you, Mr. Bettesworth, that I am not the author of these lines."' Johnson's Works, viii. 216. See _post_, June 13, 1784.

[1140] Mr. S. Whyte (_Miscellanea Nova_, p. 27) says that Johnson mistook the nature of the compliment. Sheridan had fled to France from his debtors. In 1766 an Insolvent Debtors' Relief Bill was brought into the House in his absence. Mr. Whyte, one of his creditors, petitioned the House to have Sheridan's name included. A very unusual motion was made, 'that petitioner shall not be put to his oath; but the facts set forth in his petition be admitted simply on his word.' The motion was seconded by an instantaneous Ay! Ay! without a dissenting voice. Sheridan wrote to Mr. Whyte:--'As the thing has passed with so much credit to me, the whole honour and merit of it is yours'.

[1141] In _The Rambler_, No. 39, he wrote of this kind of control:--'It may be urged in extenuation of this crime which parents, not in any other respect to be numbered with robbers and assassins, frequently commit, that, in their estimation, riches and happiness are equivalent terms.' He wrote to Mrs. Thrale:--'There wanders about the world a wild notion which extends over marriage more than over any transaction. If Miss ---- followed a trade, would it be said that she was bound in conscience to give or refuse credit at her father's choice? ... The parent's moral right can arise only from his kindness, and his civil right only from his money.' _Piozzi Letters_, i. 83. See _ante_, i. 346.

[1142] See p. 186 of this volume. BOSWELL.

[1143] He refers to Johnson's letter of July 3, 1778, _ante_, p. 363.

[1144] See _ante_, iii. 5, 178.

[1145] 'By seeing London,' said Johnson, 'I have seen as much of life as the world can show.' Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 11. 'London,' wrote Hume in 1765, 'never pleased me much. Letters are there held in no honour; Scotmen are hated; superstition and ignorance gain ground daily.' J.H. Burton's _Hume_, ii. 292.

[1146] See _ante_, i. 82.

[1147] 'I found in Cairo a mixture of all nations ... many brought thither by the desire of living after their own manner without observation, and of lying hid in the obscurity of multitudes; for in a city populous as Cairo it is possible to obtain at the same time the gratifications of society and the secrecy of solitude.' _Rasselas_, ch. xii. Gibbon wrote of London (_Misc. Works_, ii. 291):--'La liberté d'un simple particulier se fortifie par l'immensité de la ville.'

[1148] Perhaps Mr. Elphinston, of whom he said (_ante_, ii. 171), 'His inner part is good, but his outer part is mighty awkward.'

[1149] _Worthy_ is generally applied to Langton. His foibles were a common subject of their talk. _Ante_, iii. 48.

[1150] By the Author of _The Whole Duty of Man_. See _ante_, ii. 239, note 4. Johnson often quotes it in his _Dictionary_.

[1151] 'The things done in his body.' 2 _Corinthians_, v. 10.

[1152]

'Yes I am proud: I must be proud to see Men not afraid of God, afraid of me: Safe from the bar, the pulpit, and the throne, Yet touched and shamed by ridicule alone. O sacred weapon! left for truth's defence, Sole dread of folly, vice, and insolence!'

Pope. _Satires, Epilogue_, ii. 208.

[1153] Page 173. BOSWELL.

[1154] At eleven o'clock that night Johnson recorded:--'I am now to review the last year, and find little but dismal vacuity, neither business nor pleasure; much intended and little done. My health is much broken, my nights afford me little rest.... Last week I published the _Lives of the Poets_, written, I hope, in such a manner as may tend to the promotion of piety. In this last year I have made little acquisition. I have scarcely read anything. I maintain Mrs. ---- [Desmoulins] and her daughter. Other good of myself I know not where to find, except a little charity.' _Ib_. p. 175.

[1155] Mauritius Lowe, the painter. _Ante_, p. 324.

[1156] See _ante_ ii 249.

[1157] 'Cry to it, nuncle, as the cockney did to the eels when she put 'em i' the paste alive; she knapped 'em o' the coxcombs with a stick, and cried, "Down wantons, down!"' _King Lear_, act ii. sc. 4.

[1158] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 23, where Johnson, speaking of claret, said that 'there were people who died of dropsies, which they contracted in trying to get drunk.'

[1159] 'If,' wrote Johnson in one of his _Debates_ (_Works_ xi. 392), 'the felicity of drunkenness can be more cheaply obtained by buying spirits than ale, it is easy to see which will be preferred.' See _post_, March 30, 1781.

[1160] Dempster, to whom Boswell complained that his nerves were affected, replied:--'One had better be palsied at eighteen than not keep company with such a man.' _Ante_, i. 434.

[1161] Marquis of Graham, afterwards third Duke of Montrose. In _The Rolliad_ (ed. 1795) he is thus attacked:--

'Superior to abuse He nobly glories in the name of Goose; Such Geese at Rome from the perfidious Gaul Preserved the Treas'ry-Bench and Capitol.'

He was one of the Lords of the Treasury. See also _The Rolliad_, p. 60

[1162] Johnson, however, when telling Mrs. Thrale that, in case of her husband's death, she ought to carry on his business, said:--'Do not be frighted; trade could not be managed by those who manage it if it had much difficulty. Their great books are soon understood, and their language,

"If speech it may be called, that speech is none Distinguishable in number, mood, or tense,"

is understood with no very laborious application.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 91. See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 18.

[1163] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 26.

[1164] See _ante_, iii. 88, note 1.

[1165] The Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, with whom she lived seventeen years, and by whom she had nine children. _Ann. Reg_. xxii. 206. The Duke of Richmond attacked her in the House of Lords as one 'who was supposed to sell favours in the Admiralty for money.' Walpole's _Journal of the Reign of George III_, ii. 248, and _Parl. Hist_. xix. 993. It so happened that on the day on which Hackman was hanged 'Fox moved for the removal of Lord Sandwich [from office] but was beaten by a large majority.' Walpole's _Letters_, vii. 194. One of her children was Basil Montague, the editor of _Bacon_. Carlyle writes of him:--'On going to Hinchinbrook, I found he was strikingly like the dissolute, questionable Earl of Sandwich; who, indeed, had been father of him in a highly tragic way.' Carlyle's _Reminiscences_, i. 224. Hackman, who was a clergyman of the Church, had once been in the army. Cradock's _Memoirs_, i. 140.

[1166] On the following Monday Boswell was present at Hackman's execution, riding to Tyburn with him in a mourning coach. _London Mag_. for 1779, p. 189.

[1167] At the Club. CROKER. See _ante_, ii. 345, note 5.

[1168] See _ante_, p. 281, for a previous slight altercation, and p. 195 for a possible cause of unfriendly feeling between the two men. If such a feeling existed, it passed away, at all events on Johnson's side, before Beauclerk's death. See _post_, iv. 10.

[1169] This gentleman who loved buttered muffins reappears in _Pickwick_ (ch. 44), as 'the man who killed himself on principle,' after eating three-shillings' worth of crumpets. Mr. Croker says that Mr. Fitzherbert is meant; but he hanged himself. _Ante_, ii. 228, note 3.

[1170] 'It is not impossible that this restless desire of novelty, which gives so much trouble to the teacher, may be often the struggle of the understanding starting from that to which it is not by nature adapted, and travelling in search of something on which it may fix with greater satisfaction. For, without supposing each man particularly marked out by his genius for particular performances, it may be easily conceived that when a numerous class of boys is confined indiscriminately to the same forms of composition, the repetition of the same words, or the explication of the same sentiments, the employment must, either by nature or accident, be less suitable to some than others.... Weariness looks out for relief, and leisure for employment, and surely it is rational to indulge the wanderings of both.' Johnson's _Works_, v. 232. See _post_, iv. 21.

[1171] 'See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept 10, and Johnson's _Works_, viii. 466. Mallet had the impudence to write to Hume that the book was ready for the press; 'which,' adds Hume, 'is more than I or most people expected.' J.H. Burton's _Hume_, ii. 139.

[1172] The name is not given in the first two editions. See _ante_, i. 82.

[1173] See p. 289 of this vol., and vol. i. p. 207. BOSWELL. The saying is from Diogenes Laertius, bk. v. ch. I, and is attributed to Aristotle --[Greek: _ho philoi oudeis philos_.]

[1174]

'Love, the most generous passion of the mind, The softest refuge innocence can find; The safe director of unguided youth, Fraught with kind wishes, and secured by truth; That cordial drop Heaven in our cup has thrown, To make the nauseous draught of life go down.'

Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, _A Letter from Artemisia_, Chalmers's _Poets_, viii. 242. Pope (_Imitations of Horace_, _Epist_. I. vi. 126) refers to these lines:--

'If, after all, we must with Wilmot own, The cordial drop of life is love alone.'

[1175] Garrick wrote in 1776:--'Gout, stone, and sore throat! Yet I am in spirits.' _Garrick Corres_, ii. 138.

[1176] See ante, p. 70.

[1177] In _The Life of Edmund Smith_ (_Works_, vii. 380). See _ante_, i. 81.

[1178] Johnson wrote of Foote's death:--'The world is really impoverished by his sinking glories.' Piozzi _Letters_, i. 396. See _ante_, p. 185, note 1.

[1179] 'Allowance must be made for some degree of exaggerated praise,' he said in speaking of epitaphs. 'In lapidary inscriptions a man is not upon oath.' _Ante_, ii. 407.

[1180] Garrick retired in January 1776, three years before his death. He visited Ireland in 1742, and again in 1743. Davies's _Garrick_, i. 57, 91.

[1181] In the original _impoverished_.

[1182] Certainly not Horace Walpole, as had been suggested to Mr. Croker. He and Johnson can scarcely be said to have known each other (_post_, under June 19, 1784, note). A sentence in one of Walpole's _Letters_ (iv. 407) shews that he was very unlike the French wit. On Sept. 22, 1765, he wrote from Paris:--'The French affect philosophy, literature, and free-thinking: the first never did, and never will possess me; of the two others I have long been tired. _Free-thinking is for one's self, surely not for society_.' Perhaps Richard Fitzpatrick is meant, who later on joined in writing _The Rolliad_, and who was the cousin and 'sworn brother' of Charles Fox. Walpole describes him as 'an agreeable young man of parts,' and mentions his 'genteel irony and badinage.' _Journal of the Reign of George III_, i. 167 and ii. 560. He was Lord Shelburne's brother-in-law, at whose house Johnson might have met him, as well as in Fox's company. There are one or two lines in _The Rolliad_ which border on profanity. Rogers (_Table-Talk_, p. 104) said that 'Fitzpatrick was at one time nearly as famous for his wit as Hare.' Tickell in his _Epistle from the Hon. Charles Fox to the Hon. John Townshend_, p. 13, writes:--

'Oft shall Fitzpatrick's wit and Stanhope's ease, And Burgoyne's manly sense unite to please.'

[1183] See ante, i. 379, note 2.

[1184] According to Mr. Wright (Croker's _Boswell_, p. 630), this physician was Dr. James. I have examined, however, the 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 7th editions of his _Dissertation on Fevers_, but can find no mention of this. In the 7th edition, published in 1770, he complains (p. 111) of 'the virulence and rancour with which the fever-powder and its inventor have been traduced and persecuted by the vendors of medicines and their abettors.'

[1185] According to Mr. Croker this was Andrew Millar, but I doubt it. See ante, i. 287, note 3.

[1186] 'The Chevalier Taylor, Ophthalmiator Pontifical, Imperial, and Royal,' as he styled himself. _Gent. Mag_. xxxi. 226. Lord Eldon said that--'Taylor, dining with the barristers upon the Oxford circuit, having related many wonderful things which he had done, was asked by Bearcroft, "Pray, Chevalier, as you have told us of a great many things which you have done and can do, will you be so good as to try to tell us anything which you cannot do?" "Nothing so easy," replied Taylor, "I cannot pay my share of the dinner bill: and that, Sir, I must beg of you to do."' Twiss's _Eldon_, i 321.

[1187] Pope mentions Ward in the Imitations of Horace_, 2 Epistle,