Part 1

┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes │ │ │ │ │ │ Punctuation has been standardized. │ │ │ │ Characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps. │ │ │ │ The symbol ‘‡’ indicates the description in parenthesis has │ │ been added to an illustration. This may be needed if there │ │ is no caption or if the caption does not describe the image │ │ adequately. │ │ │ │ The page numbers from the original book are shown in braces │ │ {} for reference purposes. │ │ │ │ Non-printable characteristics have been given the following │ │ transliteration: │ │ Italic text: --> _text_ │ │ superscripts --> x{th} │ │ │ │ This book was written in a period when many words had │ │ not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have │ │ multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in │ │ the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated │ │ with a Transcriber’s Note. │ │ │ │ Footnotes are identified in the text with a number in │ │ brackets [2] and have been accumulated in a single section │ │ at the end of the text. │ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes are used when making corrections to the │ │ text or to provide additional information for the modern │ │ reader. These notes are not identified in the text, but have │ │ been accumulated in a single section at the end of the book. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Engraved by J. Cochran.

JOHN KNOX

FROM THE ORIGINAL PICTURE IN THE POSSESSION OF

LORD TORPHICHEN.

_Published by W. Blackwood, Edinburgh, April 10, 1831._

{i} LIFE

OF

JOHN KNOX:

CONTAINING

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE HISTORY OF

THE REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND.

WITH BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES OF THE PRINCIPAL REFORMERS, AND SKETCHES OF THE PROGRESS OF LITERATURE IN SCOTLAND DURING THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY;

AND

AN APPENDIX,

CONSISTING OF ORIGINAL PAPERS.

BY

THOMAS M‘CRIE, D.D.

THE FIFTH EDITION.

VOL. I.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, EDINBURGH; AND T. CADELL, STRAND, LONDON. MDCCCXXXI.

{ii} EDINBURGH: PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE AND COMPANY, PAUL’S WORK, CANONGATE.

{iii} PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

The Reformation from Popery marks an epoch unquestionably the most important in the History of modern Europe. The effects of the change which it produced, in religion, in manners, in politics, and in literature, continue to be felt at the present day. Nothing, surely, can be more interesting than an investigation of the history of that period, and of those men who were the instruments, under Providence, of accomplishing a revolution which has proved so beneficial to mankind.

Though many able writers have employed their talents in tracing the causes and consequences of the Reformation, and though the leading facts respecting its progress in Scotland have been repeatedly stated, it occurred to me that the subject was by no means {iv} exhausted. I was confirmed in this opinion by a more minute examination of the ecclesiastical history of this country, which I began, for my own satisfaction, several years ago. While I was pleased at finding that there existed such ample materials for illustrating the history of the Scottish Reformation, I could not but regret that no one had undertaken to digest and exhibit the information on this subject which lay hid in manuscripts, and in books which are now little known or consulted. Not presuming, however, that I had the ability or the leisure requisite for executing a task of such difficulty and extent, I formed the design of drawing up memorials of our national Reformer, in which his personal history might be combined with illustrations of the progress of that great undertaking, in the advancement of which he acted so conspicuous a part.

A work of this kind seemed to be wanting. The name of KNOX, indeed, often occurs in the general histories of the period, and some of our historians have drawn, with their usual ability, the leading traits of a character with which they could not fail to be struck; but it was foreign to their object to detail the events of his life, and it was not to be {v} expected that they would bestow that minute and critical attention on his history which is necessary to form a complete and accurate idea of his character. Memoirs of his life have been prefixed to editions of some of his works, and inserted in biographical collections, and periodical publications; but in many instances their authors were destitute of proper information, and in others they were precluded, by the limits to which they were confined, from entering into those minute statements, which are so useful for illustrating individual character, and which render biography both pleasing and instructive. Nor can it escape observation, that a number of writers have been guilty of great injustice to the memory of our Reformer, and from prejudice, from ignorance, or from inattention, have exhibited a distorted caricature, instead of a genuine portrait.

I was encouraged to prosecute my design, in consequence of my possessing a manuscript volume of Knox’s Letters, which throw considerable light upon his character and history. The advantages which I have derived from this volume will appear in the course of the work, where it is quoted under the general title of _MS. Letters_.[1]

{vi} The other manuscripts which I have chiefly made use of are Calderwood’s large History of the Church of Scotland, Row’s History, and Wodrow’s Collections. Calderwood’s History, besides much valuable information respecting the early period of the Reformation, contains a collection of letters written by Knox between 1559 and 1572, which, together with those in my possession, extend over twenty years of the most active period of his life. I have carefully consulted this history as far as it relates to the period of which I write. The copy which I most frequently quote belongs to the Church of Scotland. In the Advocates’ Library, besides a complete copy of that work, there is a folio volume of it, reaching to the end of the year 1572. It was written in 1634, and has a number of interlineations and marginal alterations, differing from the other copies, which, if not made by the author’s own hand, were most probably done under his eye. I have sometimes quoted this copy. The reader will easily discern when this is the case, as the references to it are made merely by the year under which the transaction is recorded, the volume not being paged.

Row, in composing the early part of his Historie of the Kirk, had the assistance of Memoirs written {vii} by David Ferguson, his father‑in‑law, who was admitted minister of Dunfermline at the establishment of the Reformation. Copies of this History seem to have been taken before the author had put the finishing hand to it, which may account for the additional matter to be found in some of them. I have occasionally quoted the copy which belongs to the Divinity Library in Edinburgh, but more frequently a copy transcribed in 1726, which is more full than any other that I have had access to see.

The industrious Wodrow had amassed a valuable collection of manuscripts relating to the ecclesiastical history of Scotland, the greater part of which is now deposited in our public libraries. In the library of the University of Glasgow, there is a number of volumes in folio, containing collections which he had made for illustrating the lives of the Scottish reformers and divines of the sixteenth century. These have supplied me with some interesting facts; and are quoted under the name of Wodrow MSS. in Bibl. Coll. Glas.

For the transactions of the General Assembly, I have consulted the Register commonly called the Book of the Universal Kirk. There are several copies of {viii} this manuscript in the country; but that which is followed in this work, and which is the oldest that I have examined, belongs to the Advocates’ Library.

I have endeavoured to avail myself of the printed histories of the period, and of books published in the age of the Reformation, which often incidentally mention facts that are not recorded by historians. In the Advocates’ Library, which contains an invaluable treasure of information respecting Scottish affairs, I had an opportunity of examining the original editions of most of the Reformer’s works. The rarest of all his tracts is the narrative of his Disputation with the Abbot of Crossraguel, which scarcely any writer since Knox’s time seems to have seen. After I had given up all hopes of procuring a sight of this curious tract, I was accidentally informed that a copy of it was in the library of Alexander Boswell, Esq. of Auchinleck, who very politely communicated it to me.

In pointing out the sources which I have consulted, I wish not to be understood as intimating that the reader may expect in the following work, much information which is absolutely new. He who engages in researches of this kind, must lay his account with finding the result of his discoveries reduced {ix} within a small compass, and should be prepared to expect that many of his readers will pass over with a cursory eye, what he has procured with great, perhaps with unnecessary labour. The principal facts respecting the Reformation and the Reformer, are already known. I flatter myself, however, that I have been able to place some of these facts in a new and more just light, and to bring forward others which have not hitherto been generally known.

The reader will find the authorities, upon which I have proceeded in the statement of facts, carefully marked; but my object was rather to be select than numerous in my references. When I had occasion to introduce facts which have been often repeated in histories, and are already established and unquestionable, I did not reckon it necessary to be so particular in producing the authorities.

After so many writers of biography have incurred the charge either of uninteresting generality, or of tedious prolixity, it would betray great arrogance were I to presume that I had approached the due medium. I have particularly felt the difficulty, in writing the life of a public character, of observing the line which divides biography from general history. {x} Desirous of giving unity to the narrative, and at the same time anxious to convey information respecting the ecclesiastical and literary history of the period, I have separated a number of facts and illustrations of this description, and placed them in notes at the end of the Life. I am not without apprehensions that I may have exceeded in the number or length of these notes, and that some readers may think, that, in attempting to relieve one part of the work, I have overloaded another.

No apology will, I trust, be deemed necessary for the freedom with which I have expressed my sentiments on the public questions which naturally occurred in the course of the narrative. Some of these are at variance with opinions which are popular in the present age; but it does not follow from this that they are false, or that they should have been suppressed. I have not become the indiscriminate panegyrist of the Reformer, nor have I concealed or thrown into shade his faults; but, on the other hand, the apprehension of incurring these charges has not deterred me from vindicating him wherever I considered his conduct to be justifiable, or from apologizing for him against uncandid and exaggerated censures. The attacks which have been made on his {xi} character from so many quarters, and the attempts to wound the Reformation through him, must be my excuse for having so often adopted the language of apology.

In the Appendix, I have inserted a number of Knox’s letters, and other papers relative to that period, none of which, as far as I know, have formerly been published. Several others, intended for insertion in the same place, have been kept back, as the work has swelled to a greater size than was expected. A very scarce Poem, written in commendation of the Reformer, and published in the year after his death, is reprinted in the Supplement.

The prefixed portrait of Knox is engraved from a painting in the possession of the Right Honourable Lord Torphichen, with the use of which his Lordship, in the most obliging manner, favoured the publishers. There is every reason to think that it is a genuine likeness, as it strikingly agrees with the print of our Reformer, which Beza, who was personally acquainted with him, published in his _Icones_. There is a small brass medal, which has on one side a bust of Knox, and on the other the following inscription:――JOANNES KNOXUS SCOTUS THEOLOGUS {xii} ECCLESIÆ EDIMBURGENSIS PASTOR. OBIIT EDIMBURGI AN. 1572. ÆT. 57. It appears to have been executed at a period much later than the Reformer’s death. There is an error of ten years as to his age; and as Beza has fallen into the same mistake, it is not improbable that the inscription was copied from his _Icones_, and that the medal was struck on the continent.

_EDINBURGH,_ _November 14, 1811._

{xiii} PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

In preparing this work for a second impression, I have endeavoured carefully to correct mistakes which had escaped me in the first, both as to matter and language. I have introduced accounts of the principal public transactions of the period, which a desire of being concise induced me formerly to exclude, but which serve to throw light on the exertions of the Reformer, and ought to be known by those who read his Life. And I have entered into a more full detail of several parts of his conduct than was practicable within the limits of a single volume. Such additional authorities, printed or manuscript, as I have had access to, since the publication of the former edition, have been diligently consulted; and I flatter myself that the alterations and additions which these have enabled me to make, will be considered as improvements.

I have added to the Supplement a number of original Latin Poems on the principal characters mentioned in the course of the work, which may not be unacceptable to the learned reader.

_EDINBURGH,_ _March 1, 1813._

{xv} ADVERTISEMENT TO THE FIFTH EDITION.

Besides the additional matter introduced into the Fourth Edition, the present contains a variety of new facts and documents, the most interesting of which will be found in the Note concerning Scottish Martyrs, at the end of the first volume. The portrait of the Regent Murray, now prefixed to the second volume, is taken from the original in Holyrood Palace.

_EDINBURGH,_ _February 14, 1831._

{xvi}

{xvii} CONTENTS OF VOLUME FIRST.

PERIOD FIRST.

Birth and parentage of Knox――his education――state of literature in Scotland――introduction of Greek language――political and ecclesiastical opinions of John Major――their probable influence on Knox and Buchanan――Knox teaches scholastic philosophy at St Andrew’s――is admitted to clerical orders――change in his studies and sentiments――state of religion in Scotland――urgent necessity of a reformation――gratitude due to the reformers――introduction of reformed opinions into Scotland――Patrick Hamilton――martyrs――exiles for religion――reformation promoted by the circulation of the scriptures――by poetry――embraced by persons of rank――its critical state at the death of James V., Page 1

PERIOD SECOND.

Knox retires from St Andrew’s, and joins himself to the reformed――is degraded from the priesthood――reformation favoured by Regent Arran――Scottish Parliament authorize the use of the Scriptures in the vulgar language――the Regent abjures the reformed religion――Thomas Guillaume――George Wishart――Knox enters the family of Langniddrie as a tutor――Cardinal Beatoun assassinated――Knox persecuted by Archbishop Hamilton――averse to go to England――takes refuge in the Castle of St Andrew’s――his sentiments respecting the assassination of Beatoun――Sir David Lindsay of the Mount――Henry Balnaves of Halhill――John Rough――Knox’s call to the ministry――his reluctance to comply with it――reflections on this――his first sermon――his disputation {xviii} before a convention of the clergy――the clergy begin to preach at St Andrew’s――success of Knox’s labours――castle taken, and Knox confined in the French galleys――his health injured――his fortitude of mind――writes a confession of faith――extract from his dedication to a treatise of Balnaves――his humane advice to his fellow‑prisoners――his liberation, Page 37

PERIOD THIRD.

Knox arrives in England――state of the Reformation in that kingdom――Knox sent by the privy council to preach at Berwick――his great exertions――character of Bishop Tonstal――Knox defends his doctrine before him――is removed to Newcastle――made chaplain to Edward VI.――consulted in the revisal of the liturgy and articles――makes proposals of marriage to Marjory Bowes――receives marks of approbation from the privy council――incurs the displeasure of Earl of Northumberland――is honourably acquitted by the privy council――bad state of his health――preaches in London――declines accepting a benefice――refuses a bishopric――his objections to the worship and government of the church of England――private sentiments of English reformers similar to his――plan of Edward VI. for improving the church of England――state of his court――boldness and honesty of the royal chaplains――Knox’s sermons at court――his distress at the death of Edward――he retires to the north of England on the accession of Mary――returns to the south――his prayer for the queen――marries Marjory Bowes――displeasure of some of her relations at this――Roman Catholic religion restored by parliament――Knox continues to preach――his letters are intercepted――he is forced to abscond――and retires to Dieppe in France, Page 78

PERIOD FOURTH.

Knox’s uneasy reflections on his flight――letters to his friends in England――his eloquent exhortation to religious constancy――he visits Switzerland――returns to Dieppe with the intention of venturing into England――visits Geneva――forms an intimate friendship {xix} with Calvin――returns to Dieppe――distressing tidings from England――writes his Admonition――apology for the severity of its language――devotes himself to study at Geneva――his means of subsistence――called to be minister to the English exiles at Frankfort――dissensions among them about the liturgy――moderation with which Knox acted in these――harmony restored――disorderly conduct of the sticklers for the liturgy――rebuked by Knox――he is accused of high treason――retires to Geneva――turns his thoughts to his native country――retrospect of ecclesiastical transactions in Scotland from the time he left it――triumph of the popish clergy――execution of Melville of Raith――martyrdom of Adam Wallace――provincial councils of the clergy――canons enacted by them for reforming abuses――catechism in the vulgar language――Queen Dowager made Regent――she privately favours the protestants――violence of English Queen drives preachers into Scotland――William Harlow――John Willock――Knox visits his wife at Berwick――preaches privately in Edinburgh――John Erskine of Dun――William Maitland of Lethington――Knox’s letter to Mrs Bowes――he prevails on the protestants to abstain from hearing mass――preaches at Dun――at Calder house――Sir James Sandilands――John Spotswood――Lord Lorn――Lord Erskine――The Prior of St Andrew’s――Knox dispenses the sacrament of the supper in Ayrshire――Earl of Glencairn――first religious covenant in Scotland――conversation at court about Knox――he is summoned before a convention of the clergy――appears――preaches publicly in Edinburgh――his letter to Mrs Bowes――his letter to the queen regent――he receives a call from the English congregation at Geneva――leaves Scotland――clergy condemn him as a heretic, and burn his effigy――summary of the doctrine which he had taught――estimate of the advantages which accrued to the Reformation from this visit――letter of instruction which he left behind him, Page 121

PERIOD FIFTH.

Knox arrives at Geneva――happiness which he enjoyed in that city――his passionate desire to preach the gospel in his native country――he {xx} receives an invitation from the protestant nobles in Scotland――leaves Geneva――receives letters at Dieppe dissuading him from prosecuting the journey――his animated letter to the nobility――persecution of the protestants in France――Knox preaches in Rochelle――and at Dieppe――reasons which induced him not to proceed to Scotland――he writes to the protestants of Scotland――warns them against the Anabaptists――writes to the nobility――his prudent advice respecting resistance to the government――he returns to Geneva――assists in an English translation of the Bible――publishes his letter to the queen regent――and his Appellation from the sentence of the clergy――and his First Blast of the Trumpet――reasons which led to this publication against female government――Aylmer’s answer to it――Knox receives a second invitation from the protestant nobility of Scotland――progress which the Reformation had made――formation of private congregations――resolutions of a general meeting――protestant preachers taken into the families of the nobility――correspondence between the Archbishop of St Andrew’s and Earl of Argyle――martyrdom of Walter Mill――important effects of this――protestants present a petition to the regent――her fair promises to them――death of Queen Mary of England and accession of Elizabeth――Knox leaves Geneva for Scotland――is refused a passage through England――grounds of this refusal――Knox’s reflections on it――reason for his wishing to visit England――he writes to Cecil from Dieppe――arrives in Scotland, Page 194

PERIOD SIXTH.