CHAPTER XXXVI

Bronchial cold--Aggravated cardiac symptoms--Farewell to Sèvres --Return to the Institute--Protracted sufferings--Intellectual preoccupations--Observations on his own condition--The end-- Cremation.

If in this sad last chapter I occasionally dwell on details which may seem insignificant in themselves, it is because, at this supreme moment of Elie Metchnikoff's existence, everything was full of significance, for everything converged to emphasise the powerful unity and the ascending and continuous progress of his ideas.

His attitude in the face of illness and death was a teaching, a support, and an example. That is why, relating the story of his last days, I piously describe everything.

Towards the end of November, he caught a slight cold, which did not prevent him from leading his usual life, but which, nevertheless, was the starting-point of the illness which took him from us.

On the 2nd of December, during a walk, he suddenly felt a cardiac commotion such that he thought he was dying. For hours, his pulse remained intermittent and very rapid, and from that day he felt unwell but continued to go to the laboratory.

On the 9th of December his condition became worse and forced him to interrupt his normal life. All the doctors were away or very busy on account of the war, and it was only on the 11th that Dr. Renon could give him a consultation at the Laënnec Hospital. He found Metchnikoff's heart very tired and nervous, prescribed a treatment, and told us to come back in twenty-five days.

But the disease was making giant strides. In the night of the 12th to 13th a first attack of cardiac asthma supervened, an extremely painful one; we had the impression that the end was near. Elie suffered agonies but remained morally calm and ready for death, as he had ever been since his first heart attack, two years previously. He repeated that he had accomplished his task and run through his vital cycle; that what he could yet do would be but a supplement, and that it was better to die than to outlive his own decadence.

He only wished not to suffer too long, but that humble desire was not to be realised. We spent two more nights at Sèvres, terrible nights not to be forgotten if one had centuries to live, and we then decided to go to a nursing home in Paris, as it was imprudent to remain any longer isolated as we were.

Having heard of Metchnikoff's illness, Dr. Roux offered to receive us at the Pasteur Institute in a small lodging which was now free, the house-physician who had occupied it having been killed.

Dr. Widal, in whom Metchnikoff had absolute confidence, came to Sèvres on the 14th and found myocarditis. Thanks to an absolutely incomprehensible phenomenon, Elie had suddenly ceased to realise the rapidity of his pulse; he had 160 beats in a minute and only perceived less than half; it was therefore easy to keep the truth from him.

After a last night of suffering we left our Sèvres nest, which we had so loved. Leaning on my arm, he slowly walked through the little garden and gazed for the last time at the home that we were leaving for the unknown.... He looked worn and bent under the weight of suffering, but he was quite calm, and his eyes, though firm and gentle, already seemed to me to be looking very far away.

The automobile bore us slowly from Sèvres to the Pasteur Institute, and we found ourselves in the small flat which had been inhabited by the young doctor who had been killed in the war. He had only spent a short stage of his life there. How long should we remain? And what road should we take when we left it? We tried to smile, though our hearts were terribly heavy, in order to cheer each other.

But, in the course of the day, we were surrounded by friends full of solicitude, the tension relaxed, and we felt a growing sense of comfort and security. No more nights of mortal dread and loneliness, with no help at hand! That thought alone inspired courage and hope. In case of need, I had only to send down to the next floor to ask for a doctor.

For a few days, Elie felt much better, perhaps on account of the mental relief, but his heart was weak and his pulse extremely rapid. Drs. Widal, Martin, Veillon, Salimbeni, and Darré came to see him every day; during the whole of his long illness, they never ceased to show him the most attentive and devoted care. They attempted by every means to save him from pain, for, alas, they had no hope of curing him. Nothing was neglected, and many still greater sufferings were spared him.[33]

[33] For instance, Dr. Widal, very early in his illness, had advised a saltless diet, which caused the infiltration in the tissues to remain comparatively slight.

The war was an inexhaustible and passionately interesting subject of conversation; Elie read a number of newspapers and listened with avidity to every news from private sources. Often, too, scientific questions were discussed, which continued to interest him intensely. These talks were an invaluable relaxation.

Feeling infinitely grateful towards his medical advisers and friends, he showed himself a most docile patient, following their prescriptions with absolute punctuality. When his condition grew worse and he felt no hope whatever of his recovery, he often used to say, "What is to be done? the doctors can do nothing, for medicine is powerless. Unhappily, it will remain so for a long time. Much work will have to be done to rid humanity of the scourge of diseases. But, surely, one day science will succeed in doing so; that will be chiefly through prophylaxis and rational hygiene. There will also be a new science--the science of death; it will be known how to make it less hard."

After lunch and a short sleep, he received the daily visit of his friend Dr. Roux, with whom he talked in the full intimacy of friendship and affection. He confided to him his apprehensions and desires, and felt unlimited gratitude for his kindness to us, often saying to me, with tears in his eyes, "I knew Roux was a kind man and a true friend, but I see now that he is incomparable." Other friends also did their utmost to serve him and to show their sympathy. He had the great joy of feeling himself beloved and surrounded with an atmosphere of real kindness. Many times he said to me, "Now, only, have I appreciated the warm-heartedness of the French at its full value. Do not fail, in my biography, to emphasise how deeply I feel it, and how grateful I am. I want them to know it."

Yet all the care and devotion of which he was the object could neither arrest the fatal progress of disease nor spare cruel suffering to him who had thought of nothing but relieving the pains of others. All our efforts were as flowers scattered over a tomb; he, poor tortured one, was slowly, consciously sinking into it through the implacable logic of Fate. From the beginning of his illness, he foresaw the issue; he lived in constant expectation of death, on the threshold of which his calm and serenity remained as unalterable as were his patience and resignation.

After a temporary and comparative lull, which lasted until the end of December, the disease began to progress again, and almost every week brought a fresh alarming symptom. It was especially during the night that the pain, treacherously, reappeared. After dropping asleep fairly early, he would begin to breathe with difficulty and then awake in an indescribable state of anguish; perspiration drenched his head, neck, and chest, several towels often being required to dry him. His breathing was hard; during bad attacks, the wheezing of his bronchial tubes was terrifying.

He would sit up, his hands clenched, his face blue and contracted by suffering, his darkened lips apart, his eyes dilated--the face of a man on the rack. He gasped like a suffocating man; at last a tearing cough supervened, followed by expectoration, and the attack gradually subsided.

For a time we were able to relieve him without the use of narcotics. As long as there was a ray of hope--not of recovery, but of a bearable life and further work--he wished at all costs to avoid the influence of narcosis. He breathed fumes of pyridin or ether, he smoked Escouflaire cigarettes, and inhaled various other things. In order to sleep after an attack, he ate a few biscuits, and I sprinkled his head with a menthol solution, with which I damped his temples and forehead. That eased him, and sometimes he slept again for a few hours.

But how many were the nights of insomnia and suffering! How many times did he call for death as a deliverer, and say that he _resigned_ himself to live for my sake only!

And in spite of the martyrdom he endured, he always had gentle words, a caress, a consolation even! He constantly returned to the thought that he had nothing to complain of, that he had had a large share of happiness and good fortune in having accomplished his task, and even arrived at the development of the natural death-instinct.

All those who saw him every day knew that he was courageous and patient, every one admired his serenity, but no one could realise the _degree_ of his courage and patience, for no one had seen and lived through those miserable nights.

Often, even, when asked how he was, he said "not bad!" after a terrible night, saying to me afterwards in explanation, "Why grieve them, since it cannot be helped?"

At the beginning of our stay in the Institute, he was not yet quite bedridden. After his morning toilet, he would lie for some hours on a sofa, reading almost continuously, newspapers, scientific reviews, and many works in connection with the book he had planned on the sexual function, of which he wrote only the introduction and a few lines of the first chapter.[34]

[34] He expounded the theory that ideas on the sexual function had been falsified through fear of venereal diseases at a time when people did not know either how to avoid or cure those diseases. He showed that the condemnation of a natural function by divers religions was based on that fear. He analysed the deplorable consequences of that, and set forth the necessity of returning to more wholesome ideas, more in conformity with nature and allowing the study and avoidance of many evils. He thought that, in this connection, a new direction should be given to the education of children and to marriage. He then examined the part played by the sexual function in the lives of men of genius and, with that object, read many biographies and literary works. During his illness he read books concerning Victor Hugo and Napoleon, J. J. Rousseau's _Confessions_ and even parts of the _Nouvelle Héloïse_.

Another question occupied him at that time, that of first-born children. Certain data led him to think that men of genius were but rarely the first-born of their parents, and he sought for every possible information on the subject. In his constant desire to improve life-conditions, he even thought that a demonstration of this fact might have a desirable influence on the increase of population in France after the war; if it were proved that the most successful children are not the first-born, perhaps the system of having two children only would be given up in order to have a chance of giving the country a more capable population.

His reflections on the sexual questions led him to seek for experimental means of studying gonorrhoea. He thought of inoculating the gonococcus into the eye of new-born mice and entrusted M. Rubinstein, the only worker left in the laboratory, with these experiments. The latter began them and obtained encouraging results, but he left Paris in the spring and the work remained unfinished.

Metchnikoff's mind never ceased to work unless interrupted by acute pain; until the very end, his brain never failed him. He often used to say how far he was from any mystic aspirations, and how sure he was of remaining a rationalist until the end. And such was the case. Faithful to himself, not even in the most painful moments did he feel a desire to look for support outside the ideas and principles of his whole life. Yet his soul was sad and full of care; the war grieved him utterly, every newspaper he read renewed his sorrow. When a severe engagement, Verdun for instance, was going on, he lost the little sleep he had, and his agitation became painful.

He was deeply disillusioned by the Germans. Having always felt great esteem for their scientific work, he had believed in their high culture, and now he was absolutely disconcerted by the mentality which they manifested during the war.

Neither could he understand how the war had been allowed to come about. He thought it ought to have been avoided, and considered the authorities guilty for not having done so. He said that nothing could compensate the harm done by this insane butchery.

The deserted laboratories, the interruption of scientific work, filled his soul with melancholy. For, he said, all the great, all the real questions should have been solved by Science and were kept waiting....

He also had material worries, the war having brought great perturbation in his affairs. The fate of his mobilised pupils preoccupied him constantly. The least indisposition, however trifling, of those he loved made him unhappy. His sensibility, which had always been very marked, increased still more, and consumed him; it surely was one of the causes that had worn his heart out. When already very weak and ill, he constantly thought of giving pleasure to those who were with him; he read innumerable reviews and periodicals, and would tell each friend what he had found of particular interest to the latter, even when speech was difficult to him. His gentleness and cordiality were most touching during the whole of his illness, though he preserved his usual outspokenness.... It seemed to me that this offended no one; they all understood Elie now.

He sought a refuge from his sufferings in his own ivory tower; these sufferings themselves were to him a source of observations. He studied his body and his soul as he would have studied any subject under experiment. Every day he wrote down his auto-observations, and carefully read the diary which I kept for him.

During the whole of the winter he had ups and downs. Towards the end of December the cough and respiratory symptoms increased, and at the beginning of January he expectorated clots of blood, due to a passive congestion of the right lung.

On the 19th January, some liquid appeared in the pleura on the same side. Pleurisy persisted for a whole month and necessitated three punctures. Every time we feared to tell him that the puncture was necessary, but he received the news with complete coolness, saying that he had always been in favour of radical measures.

After the third puncture, which took place on the 19th February, a marked relief supervened, and the improvement lasted for some time; it was the only moment when we saw a ray of hope.

Though keeping to his bed, he worked a great deal, read, and received not only his friends but other visitors. At the beginning of March and at the end of April he again expectorated blood, and the terrible, tragical nights began again. Yet the days were fairly good.

During that period, he had the pleasure of seeing some of his pupils again, and of receiving several Russian deputies and journalists. They talked to him of political events, of the war, of the moral state of Russia. All that interested him immensely; he plied them with the most varied questions. It must be remembered that, before that interview, we had lost all touch with Russia.

During the whole of May he again had ups and downs, but the progress of the disease was indisputable.

Tachycardia was constant, urine more and more scanty, the swelling of the legs never decreased, cough and oppression occurred frequently even during the day. Elie awaited his seventy-first birthday with impatience. Often during the night, after a painful attack, he would count the days, hours, and minutes which separated him from that date. At last it arrived. Here are the lines which he added to his notes on that day:

16th May. Against all expectation, I have lived until this day. I have reached my 71 years. My dream of a rapid death without a long illness has not been realised. I have now been bedridden for five months. After several crises of tachycardia, following upon a slight grippe with asthma, I had congestion of one lung with pleuritic exudate. Though some improvement followed after that, nevertheless I am tormented by fits of sweating followed by cough and oppression. I suffer chiefly in the night from those attacks; they provoke insomnia which can only be combated by pantopon.

My psychical state is twofold. In one way, I should like to get well, but, on the other hand, I see no sense in living any longer. Illness has not provoked in me any fear of death, and I am more deprived than formerly of the joy of living. The reawakening of spring leaves me quite indifferent. There can be no question for me of that pleasure which convalescents often feel, nor indeed of any pleasure. To the despair that I feel in the face of medicine's powerlessness to cure the ills of my friends is added the feeling of its powerlessness towards my own illness. I think that my desire to recover and to continue to live is connected with practical causes.

The war has compromised our finances, our income from Russia has practically disappeared. If I die, my wife may find herself in a very difficult situation. Given her lack of practical notions, that may lead to very sad results. Yet it is quite impossible to straighten our affairs before the end of the war and the re-establishment of normal conditions.

These were the last words he wrote in his book of notes; his hand had become weak and trembling; he tired very soon, and henceforth I wrote under his dictation. On the 18th June, one month before his cremation, he dictated to me for the last time, and this is what he said:

This is the seventh month that I have been ill and it brings my thoughts back to the gravity of my condition. I therefore continually realise how much satisfaction I have derived from life during my long years. The gradual disappearance of my "life-instinct," which already began a few years ago, is now more marked, more precise. I no longer feel that degree of pleasure which I felt only a few years ago. My affection for my nearest and dearest shows itself much more by the anxiety and suffering provoked by their diseases and sorrows than by the pleasure I derive from their joys or normal health.

Those to whom I describe my feelings tell me that satiety with living is not normal at my age. To that I oppose the following: Longevity, at least to a certain point, is hereditary. Now I have already mentioned, on the occasion of my 70th anniversary, that my parents, sister, and brothers died before reaching my present age. I knew neither of my grandparents, which shows that they could not have been very old when they died.

Let us now turn to the profession, since it is an established fact that it has an influence on the duration of life. Pasteur died at 72, but for a long time he had been unable to do scientific work. Koch did not reach the age of 67. Other bacteriologists died at a much earlier age than I (Duclaux, Nocard, Chamberland, Ehrlich, Büchner, Loeffler, Pfeiffer, Carl Fraenkel, Emmerich, Escherich).

Among those bacteriologists of my generation who are still living the majority have already ceased from working. All that should indicate that my scientific life is over and confirm at the same time the fact that my "orthobiosis" has actually reached the desirable limit.

He was anxious to prove that his end, which seemed premature at first sight, did not contradict his theories, but had deep causes such as heredity and the belated introduction of a rational diet. He had only begun to follow it at fifty-three. Facts corroborated him after his death, for the post-mortem examination showed that the heart lesions were of long standing. He himself thought they went back at least to 1881, when he had had a very grave relapsing fever. The doctors even wondered how he had lived with his heart in such a state, and only accounted for it by the strict régime which he had followed during the latter part of his life.

And indeed when it is remembered how pugnacious, how vehement he was--always, so to speak, in a state of ebullition, feverishly active, intensely sensitive--it must be admitted that his life really held more than an ordinary life of longer duration.

He was very desirous that the example of his serenity in the face of death should be encouraging and comforting. It should prove that, at the end of his vital cycle, man fears death no longer; it has lost its sting for him.

Early in June his condition became still worse. The nights were so painful that, every evening, recourse had to be had to pantopon.[35] It was with the greatest impatience that he awaited his "dear Darré and dear Salimbeni," as he called them.

[35] Pantopon is a narcotic drug prepared from opium.

After Dr. Darré had finished his complete and thorough medical examination, we three remained talking around Elie's bed for a short hour. He often recalled his personal or scientific memories when he was not too weary; we talked of the war, of medical questions; often, too, we would evoke, with Salimbeni, recollections of our journey to the Kalmuk Steppes.

We loved that peaceful hour, which ended by an injection of pantopon, the only relief, alas, that could be procured for him. He would thank Dr. Darré with gratitude, and drop his poor weary head on the pillow, awaiting in absolute security the blessed sensation of warm heaviness which pervaded him, for he knew that sleep and rest from his sufferings would not be long in coming. The spectre of tragical nights never ceased to haunt us.

Until the hot weather came, he was quite comfortable in the small flat in the Pasteur hospital; the temperature there had been perfectly regular all through the winter; but now he began to be incommoded by the heat.

M. Roux then proposed that we should be transferred to Pasteur's old flat; the rooms were spacious and much cooler. This idea rejoiced and touched Elie very much. As he thanked M. Roux, he said to him: "See how my life is bound with the Pasteur Institute. I have worked here for years; I am nursed here during my illness; in order to complete the connection I ought to be incinerated in the great oven where our dead animals are burnt, and my ashes could be kept in an urn in one of the cupboards in the library." "What a gruesome joke!" answered M. Roux, really taking those words for a joke. But directly after he was gone Elie turned to me with an anxious look and said, "Well, what do you think of my idea?" I saw by his earnest expression that he meant what he said, and I answered that I thought it a very good idea. The Pasteur Institute had become his refuge, the centre of all his scientific interests; he loved it; he had spent his best years there. Let his ashes be laid there some day; it would be in perfect harmony with his past. Let us only hope that would not be too soon! But why had he given his words that jesting form which must have misled M. Roux? He explained it to me: knowing how deeply conscientious his friend was, he did not wish to express his desire as a dying wish in order that he should feel no obligation. A simple jest, on the contrary, left him absolutely free.

On the 26th June, Elie was carried into Pasteur's flat; it was a very great satisfaction to him, it brought him nearer his laboratory. Now and then, very seldom now, he thought he might return there one day; he said I should wheel him there in his bath-chair. "I know I could scarcely work there myself. But perhaps I might still play the part of a ferment, be useful to my pupils by giving them advice. I am leaving so much unfinished work which it would be interesting to go on with: the question of intestinal flora, that of diabetes, which surely is an infectious disease--but that will have to be proved,--and my experiments on the subject were scarcely begun. I think the study of gonorrhoea will give very interesting results when they succeed in inoculating it in new-born animals. And the question of tuberculosis is well started! I could still help my pupils and encourage them if I were a little better!... But I have no illusions! I must live now only from day to day...."

Those words were uttered with heart-rending resignation.

He continued to get worse....

It was fortunate that pantopon should have given him good nights, for attacks of oppression now supervened several times during the day; tachycardia was continuous, the heart was weakening. The quantity of urine diminished; it often did not surpass 250 cubic centimetres, and no diuretic succeeded in increasing it; the legs remained swollen, ascitis was beginning to become visible; in the night he occasionally grew slightly delirious.

At the beginning of July he wished to sit up; he spent part of the afternoon in an armchair, his legs lying on cushions. We thought it was a good sign, but in reality he found it difficult to breathe lying down. Several times he asked me to play to him, very soft music, as noisy sounds wearied him. I played him some Beethoven, some Mozart; the last time it was a Chopin prelude.

On the 9th his temperature went down in an alarming way to 35.2° C. (95 F.). For the first time he would not write down his ordinary observations. "What is the good?" said he, "it has no longer any interest." Yet the next day he did so, for the last time. On the 11th and 12th he put down his temperature, and glanced superficially at the notes I had written. On the 12th, about five o'clock in the morning, he had a bad fit of breathlessness followed by coughing, and brought up large clots of very red blood. He smiled faintly. "You understand what that means," he said, adding some tender words.

I wheeled him to his bed, which he never left again.

On the 13th, in the early morning, he felt very ill. Calmly and gently he warned me to be ready. "It will surely be to-day or to-morrow."

My heart breaking, I asked him why he said that; was he feeling very weak? or suffering very much?

"No," he said, "it is difficult to say what I feel; I have never felt anything like it; it is, so to speak, a death-_sensation_.... But I feel very calm, with no fear. You will hold my hand, will you not?"

How can I describe those last three days? He preserved all his lucidity and serenity, often smiling at me and drawing me towards him. He inhaled oxygen very often, as breathlessness became almost continuous.

On the 14th there was to be a _matinée_ performance of _Manon Lescaut_, and remembering that his god-children had long wished to see that opera, he had had a box taken for them. He was now quite uneasy about it. "What ill-luck," he said, "if _it_ happened just before and prevented them from going. In any case they must not come here on their way to the theatre, so that if _it_ happens they will not know, and can still enjoy the performance."

Thanks to pantopon, he spent a very good night. He awoke about five o'clock, but remained so quiet that I thought him asleep. When I rose about six he held out his hand to me and told me he had been awake for a long time. He talked to me tenderly, in the full intimacy of our affection; he spoke sweet, unforgettable words. He made me promise once again not to give way to grief. "At first, our friends will help you, and then work, that infallible remedy, and duty.... You will have that of writing my biography. Remember how much I wish the _last_ chapter to be complete. You alone can write it, for you have seen me all the time; I have told you all my thoughts, and yet...." I understood that he had occasionally, out of pity for me, hidden his sufferings and his sad thoughts. But he did not know how often I guessed what he did not say; love and pain have a dumb language, more eloquent than any human words.

"You will hold my hand when the moment comes," he repeated. "But do not think I am afraid, now that it is near. No, I assure you, I have an absolute serenity of soul! I spent a divine night. It seemed to me that I was already half outside life. This night has taught me many things.... Everything which troubled me, everything that seemed so disturbing, so terrible, like this war for instance, seems so transitory now, such a small thing by the side of the great problems of existence!... Science will solve them some day." He ceased speaking. He seemed illumined by a very exalted feeling; it was like the last chord of his harmonious soul. What a consolation if he could have died then!

But life is cruel. He lived through two more days of suffering. On the 14th he inhaled oxygen almost continually. He asked for pantopon, but we feared to give him too much. I told him it would induce such continuous sleep that he would not even be able to enjoy it. "But an eternal sleep is precisely what I want! Do understand that now nothing is left to me but pantopon. What is the good of making me last? Is this a life? A few days or a month have no importance when one is not going to recover. And you cannot wish to prolong my sufferings." His breathlessness increased; he said, "Give me your hand; stay near me!" I knew what he meant; he had the "death-sensation."

His poor hands were hot and warmed my cold ones.... The next day I could not warm his hands, ice-cold for ever.

The whole day he awaited with impatience the hour for pantopon. About nine o'clock, when Dr. Darré came in, he said, "Dear Darré, at last!"

There was no talk that evening, he was so weary. With what anguish I awaited the stroke of midnight, which ended those two dread days! He had been mistaken by barely one day. The night was not bad, in spite of breathlessness and some fits of coughing. The next morning he felt better. He had not read the papers the day before, to-day I read him the communiqués in the _Petit Parisien_, he said it was enough. He also turned the pages of a book he had recently begun to read, _La Science et les Allemands_.

I told him how pleased I was to see him better. "It is true," he said, "to-day I have no death-sensation, but I beg you, have no illusions!"

Always that preoccupation of breaking the shock for me. He made me bring a pocket-book with some money in it and a few envelopes; in each of them he made me place notes of similar value, then with his already shaking hand, he himself wrote on each envelope the value of the notes multiplied by their number, and explained that it was to help me to find quickly what I should require after the catastrophe.

He ate better at lunch than he had done lately; but already at two o'clock the breathlessness increased. Yet he did not look pale; he had preserved his rosy complexion. As he inhaled the oxygen, he was shaken by a hiccough. He pressed my hand. "It is the end," he said, "the death rattle; that is how people die." He looked at his watch on the small table, it marked four o'clock.

"No," he said, "it must have stopped. Four o'clock struck some time ago." And he smiled. "Is it not strange that it should have stopped before I? Go and see what time it is."

I ran out to see the clock from the window of another room; it was twenty minutes to five. I met some one in the passage and asked him to go quickly to fetch one of the Institute doctors. Then I begged Elie not to have such ideas, and tried to cheer him.

"But, my child, why do you want to calm me? I am quite calm; I am only stating facts," he said, adding tender words.

At that moment Salimbeni came in. Elie said to him: "Salimbeni, you are a friend; tell me, is it the end?" And as he protested, he added, "You remember your promise? You will do my post-mortem? and look at the intestines carefully, for I think there is something there now." MM. Roux and Martin then arrived. The feeling of weight in the intestines of which he complained was mentioned. He did not know that he had ascitis in the peritoneum.

As I was attending to him I felt him move suddenly, and said, "I beg you, do not make such sudden movements; you know it is not good for you." He did not answer. I raised my head; his was thrown back on the pillows, his face had assumed a blue tinge, the white of the eyes alone could be seen under the half-closed lids.

Not a word, not a sound.

All was over.[36]

[36] It was 5.20 by the conventional war time, 4.20 in reality.

Then an abyss of oblivion....

I saw him again, stretched on his deathbed. He was white, cold, and dumb. His face bore a calm and very serious expression. He looked like a martyr who had at last entered into rest. Death had marked his face with no dread seal. The lids had closed of their own accord, and he seemed to be sleeping after great lassitude; one might have thought that, with his usual kindness, he wished to spare us all too painful an impression....

All through the night and the next morning his face preserved the same expression.

In the afternoon Salimbeni performed the autopsy. Then he was laid in his coffin; twenty-four hours had elapsed since the end. Wrapped in a white sheet, which framed his fine face, he had the appearance of a biblical prophet.

Now his expression had assumed absolute serenity, illumined by gentleness and kindness. He had a look of elevation, grandeur, and beauty which was really divine. It was an apotheosis. His beautiful soul beamed in its full purity; neither suffering nor any earthly preoccupation had any hold on it. He gave an impression of eternal rest.

It was his final image, a splendid one, the last ... for ever.

The bier was closed and covered with a heavy black pall. On life also a blacker and heavier pall had fallen. The light had gone out.

Two days later, on the 18th July, he was carried to the cemetery of the Père Lachaise, to be cremated in all simplicity, as he had wished. Faithful to his ideas, he had wished for a lay funeral, with no speeches, flowers, or invitations.

His bier disappeared into a large sarcophagus; on each side black curtains fell to hide what was going on.... Then one hour of heavy silence whilst the poor body was being consumed by the flames....

A death silence....

And that was all....

The mercurial, vivacious child, good-hearted, intelligent, and precocious; the young man, ardent, impetuous, passionate, a lover of science and of all that was exalted; the mature man, a bold thinker, an indefatigable investigator, eager, generous, tender, and devoted; the old man, in everything faithful to himself, but progressing in serenity, shining with an ever softer light, like a mountain peak in the setting sun; the martyr at last, enduring suffering with patience and resignation, seeing the approach of death without fear, observing it as he had observed life....

The hour of silence was over; the incineration accomplished. Of his body, little was left--a handful of ashes. They were enclosed within an urn and placed in the library of the Pasteur Institute.

But his beautiful, ardent soul, his audacious and fertile ideas, all that rich inner life which had developed into a harmonious and puissant symphony, all _that_ cannot be dead, cannot disappear! The ideas, the influence we give to life must persist, must live; they are the sacred flame which we hand on to others and are eternal.

EPILOGUE

The life and work of Elie Metchnikoff are so intimately bound together that, in a biography, it is impossible to separate them. That is why the description of his work necessarily has been dispersed along the story of his life; but, just as, in order to judge of a work of art, one has to draw back and contemplate the whole, we must also, after following the evolution and successive stages of E. Metchnikoff's scientific works, take a full view of his work as a whole.

He was a born biologist; everything connected with life interested him. In his childhood, he observed plants and animals. At the age of fifteen, he became acquainted with microscopic beings; they aroused in him such powerful interest towards the primitive forms of life that, from that moment, not only his future path was marked out for him but also his method of starting from the simple to elucidate the complex. He was imbued with Darwin's theory of evolution; having begun by the study of inferior animals, he began to look for their connections with other groups.

He endeavoured to establish the continuity and the unity of phenomena in all living beings. According to his method of studying first what was simplest, he turned to embryology, for in the egg and the embryo it is possible to follow step by step the transformation of the simple to the complex and to see the origin and development of all the constituent parts of the organism. Moreover, the embryo is exempt from secondary complications, due to the multiple external conditions of post-embryonic life.

Metchnikoff was able to establish, from embryological data, that the development of lower animals takes place according to the same plan and under the same laws as that of higher animals. In all of them, the segmentation of the egg is followed by the formation of embryonic layers, of which each gives birth to cells and to definite organs. Superior forms repeat, in their embryonic life, the evolution cycle of inferior forms.[37]

[37] Thus the _parenchymella_, _phagocytella_, and _gastrula_ stages correspond in the embryo with the adult form of certain very primitive Metazoa and even to a colony of unicellular animals.

This common plan in the embryology of all animals established their genealogical continuity and strengthened the Darwinian theory.

Metchnikoff's studies, carried out on the various groups of animals, contributed towards the foundation of comparative embryology. Owing to the comparative method, he had made himself familiar not only with the morphological and functional continuity of divers organisms, but also with that of their constituting cells; a comparison between the latter and unicellular beings was inevitable. That is why, having ascertained that the mobile cells of the lower Metazoa absorbed foreign bodies by inclusion, he naturally concluded that that phenomenon was similar to digestion in unicellular beings.

Having established the fact of intracellular digestion in lower animals, he extended it to certain cells of the higher animals; thus his phagocyte theory was born.

Seeing that unicellular beings, like the mobile cells of Metazoa, englobe, not only food, but foreign bodies, he asked himself whether this was not at the same time a defensive action. Such a possibility brought no surprise to a zoologist, accustomed to see that, in the struggle for existence, animals often devoured their enemies.

All the materials for the building up of the phagocyte theory were therefore ready in Metchnikoff's mind when he asked himself, as by an intuition, whether the white globules of our blood, globules so similar to amoebæ, do not play the part of a defensive army in our organism when they envelope in accumulated masses intrusive bodies injurious to the organism.

The thought was but the result of a preparatory work already accomplished; it was the butterfly escaping out of the chrysalis.

Metchnikoff had recourse to his method of simplification in order to solve the question.

The organism of the higher animals being extremely complicated, he went down as far as the transparent larva of the starfish (bipinnaria) in order to watch with his own eyes the phenomena which take place within it. He introduced a rose-thorn into the transparent body of the larva, and noted the next day that the mobile cells in the latter had crowded towards the splinter, like an army rushing to meet a foe.

The analogy of this phenomenon with inflammation and the formation of an abscess was striking. Metchnikoff said to himself that since most diseases in the higher animals are accompanied by inflammation and provoked by microbes, it was chiefly against these microbes that our defensive cells had to struggle. He named the defensive cells _phagocytes_.

He confirmed his hypothesis by another observation, equally simple. In a little transparent crustacean (Daphnia) infected by a small parasitic fungus, (_Monospora bicuspidata_), he was easily able to observe the struggle between the animal's mobile cells and its parasites.

These two simple observations served as foundation and supports to the bridge by which Metchnikoff connected normal biology with pathological biology. Having entered the domain of the latter, he studied various microbian diseases, and asked himself why the organism was sometimes liable and sometimes refractory. In order to elucidate this question, he turned again to lower animals, in which he could easily observe the most intimate phenomena, simplified.

He ascertained that liability in an animal corresponded with the fact that microbes introduced into the organism remained free and invaded it, whilst immunity coincided with the inclusion and digestion of the microbes by phagocytes.

He also found that, in artificial immunity, the phagocytes are accustomed gradually, by preventive inoculations, to digest microbes and their toxins.

Thus he established the fact that phagocytosis and inflammation are curative means employed by the organism.

All his ulterior researches, his studies on the various categories of phagocytes and their properties, on their digestive liquids, on the formation of antitoxins, on the different properties acquired by the blood, etc., were but the natural development of those premises.

He had proved that the part played by the phagocytes consists, not only in the struggle against microbes and their poisons, but also in the destruction of all the mortified or enfeebled cells of the organism, and that atrophies are nothing more than the absorption of cellular elements by the phagocytes.

He found that senile atrophies have the same cause, and asked why the cells of old people's organisms should become enfeebled.

He demonstrated that the principal cause is the chronic poisoning of the cells by toxins manufactured by microbes in the intestine. Premature senility was the result--a phenomenon as pathological as any disease.

The source of the evil, therefore, resides in the intestinal flora. Accordingly he started to study the latter, as also senility, in order to find means of struggling against both.

His researches enabled him to indicate a series of means, based, on the one hand, on the struggle against microbes, and, on the other, on the defence of the noble cells against destructive ones.[38]

[38] Replacement of the wild and noxious flora of the intestines by antagonistic cultivated microbes; strengthening and vaccinating of noble cells.

The study of old age led him to that of syphilis, a disease which provokes an arterio-sclerosis which is similar to that of old people; the study of the normal intestinal flora was followed by that of intestinal diseases, such as typhoid fever and infantile cholera.

Finally, he progressed towards the last phenomenon, the most mysterious in nature, Death.

Researches on the silk-worm moth--a rare example of an animal the life of which ends in natural death--allowed him to conclude that the latter is due to an auto-intoxication of the organism.

But he only just raised the veil of the great mystery; it was his last work....

* * * * *

Metchnikoff's philosophical evolution ran on parallel lines with his scientific researches.

When studying the laws and the unity of vital phenomena he found that their harmony was occasionally broken by the collision of internal conditions with the environment and that regrettable consequences ensued. He saw an example of that in human nature, full of disharmonies due to its animal origin.

These considerations caused the pessimism of his youth. But his energetic, pugnacious temperament could not remain content with a passive acceptance of facts.

He started to study the lack of harmony in human nature and its causes, and sought for means to combat these causes. Gradually he reached the conclusion that the greatest human disharmonies are provoked by the rupture of the normal cycle of our life, by the precocity of senility and of death, chiefly arising from a chronic poisoning by the toxins of intestinal microbes.

But having acquired the conviction that it is possible to struggle against that intoxication, he concluded that science, which has already done so much to fight diseases, would also find means of struggling against _premature_ old age and _precocious_ death, thus leading us to the normal vital cycle, _orthobiosis_.

Then disharmony, transformed into harmony, will cause the greatest of ills to disappear.

Faith in the power of Science and in the possibility of modifying human nature itself through Science was the foundation of the optimistic philosophy of his maturity. Thoughts full of strength and hope shine like leading stars all along his philosophical works.

"Alone, Rational Science is capable of showing humanity the true path."

"The real goal of human existence consists in an active life in conformity with individual capacity; in a life prolonged until the appearance of the _death-instinct_, and until Man, satisfied with the duration of his existence, feels the desire for annihilation."

"Man is capable of great works; that is why it is desirable that he should modify human nature and transform its disharmonies into harmonies."

"If an ideal capable of uniting _men_ in a sort of religion is possible, it can only be founded on scientific principles. And, if it is true, as is often affirmed, that man cannot live without faith, it must be faith in the power of Science."

Thus Elie Metchnikoff had begun by the study of nascent life in inferior beings; by a logical and continuous chain, he had followed the whole cycle of development of living beings in their continuity and their whole.

From the initial question of intracellular digestion he had reached the most exalted problems which can occupy our minds, the harmonising of human discords through knowledge and will.

Such is the harmonious edifice which he has built.

No vital question was indifferent to him. He tackled the most difficult and most mysterious among them with courage, moved by an invincible impulse towards Truth and sustained by enthusiasm and faith in the power of Science.

The beauty of a work of art consists in the harmony and unity of a realised conception.

Thus a Gothic cathedral, by its graceful and harmonious lines, expresses an impulse towards higher spheres; it leans solidly on the earth only in order to soar better towards the heavens.

Such is also the character of Elie Metchnikoff's life-work.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX

WORKS OF ELIE METCHNIKOFF

1865. "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Chaetopoden," Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, xv. 3, p. 328.

"Über einige wenig bekannte Thierformen," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xv. 4, p. 450.

"Über Geodesmus bilineatus Nob. (Fasciola terrestris), eine europäische Landplanarie, Mélanges biologiques" (Bull. de l'Académie des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg, vol. v.).

1866. "Untersuchungen über die Embryologie der Hemipteren (vorläufige Mitteilung)," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xvi. 1, p. 128.

"Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Myzostomum," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xvi. 1, p. 326.

"Apsilus lentiformis, ein Räderthier," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xvi. 3, p. 1.

"Embryologischen Studien an Insecten," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xvi. Entgegnung auf die Erwiederung des Her. Prof. Leuckart in Giessen, in Betreff der Frage über die Nematodenentwicklung (Göttingen, Verlag von Adalbert Rente).

1867. "Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Würmer," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xvii. 4, p. 539.

"Embryology of the Sepiola" (in Russian), Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelles, Genève, vol. 21.

1868. "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Chaetopoden" (in collaboration with Ed. Claparède), Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xviii.

1869. "Embryology of Nebalia" (in Russian), Mélanges biologiques de l'Académie de Saint-Pétersbourg, vi. p. 730.

"Untersuchungen über die Metamorphose einiger Seethiere, Tornaria," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xx. p. 131.

"Über ein Larvenstadium von Euphausia," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xix. 4, p. 179.

"Über die Entwicklung der Echinodermen und Nemertinen," Mémoires de l'Acad. de Saint-Pétersbourg, xiv. 8, p. 33.

1870. "Bemerkungen über Echinodermen," Bulletins de l'Acad. de Saint-Pétersbourg, xiv. p. 51.

"Embryologie des Scorpions," Zeitschr. f. wissen. Zool. xxi.

1871. "Über die Metamorphose einiger Seethiere," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxi. 2, p. 235.

"Entwicklungsgeschichte des Chelifers," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxi. p. 513.

"Über den Naupliuszustand von Euphausia," ibid. Bd. xix.

1872. "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der einfachen Ascidien," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxii. 3, p. 339.

"Vorläufige Mitteilung über die Embryologie der Polydesmiden," Mélanges biologiques des Bullet. de l'Académie des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg, vol. viii.

"Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Kalkschwämme," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxiv. p. 1.

"Studien über die Entwicklung der Medusen und Siphonophoren," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxiv. p. 15.

"Embryologie der doppelfüssigen Myriapoden," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxiv. p. 253.

1874. "Embryologisches über Geophilus," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxv. p. 313.

1876. "Beiträge zur Morphologie der Spongien," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxvii. p. 275.

1878. "Spongiologische Studien," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxxii. p. 349.

1879. "Spongiologische Studien," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxxii. p. 374.

1880. "Über die intracelluläre Verdauung bei Coelenteraten," Zoologischer Anzeiger, No. 56, p. 261.

"Untersuchungen über Orthonectiden," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxxv. p. 282.

"Über die systematische Stellung von Balanoglossus," Zoologischer Anzeiger, pp. 139, 153.

1881. "Zur Lehre über die intracelluläre Verdauung niederer Tiere," Zoologischer Anzeiger, p. 310.

_Vergleichend-embryologische Studien_:

1. Entodermbildung bei Geryoniden.

2. "Über einige Studien der Cunina," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxxvi. p. 433.

1882. 3. "Über die Gastrula einiger Metazoen," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxxvii. p. 286.

"Die Embryologie von Planaria polychroa," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xxxviii. 3, p. 331.

1883. "Untersuchungen über die intracelluläre Verdauung bei wirbellosen Tieren," Arbeiten d. zool. Instituts zu Wien, v. 2, p. 14 (Quarterly Journal of Micr. Science, vol. 93).

"Untersuchung über die mesodermalen Phagocyten einiger Wirbeltiere," Biologisch. Centralblatt, No. 18, p. 560, Bd. iii.

1884. "Embryologische Mitteilungen über Echinodermen," Zoologischer Anzeiger, vii. Nos. 158, 159.

"Über eine Sprosspilzkrankheit der Daphnien; Beitrag zur Lehre über den Kampf der Phagocyten gegen Krankheitserreger," Virchow's Archiv, vol. 96, p. 177.

"Über die Beziehung der Phagocyten zu Milzbrandbacillen," Virchow's Archiv, vol. 97, p. 502.

"Über die pathologische Bedeutung der intracellulären Verdauung," Fortschritte der Medizin, 1884, p. 558, No. 17.

1885. _Vergleichend-embryologische Studien_:

4. "Über die Gastrulation und Mesodermbildung der Ctenophoren," 648.

5. "Über die Bildung der Wanderzellen bei Asterien und Echiniden," Zeit. f. wissen. Zool. xlii. p. 656.

1886. "Medusologische Mittheilungen," Arbeiten d. zool. Instituts zu Wien, vi. 2, p. 1.

Embryologische Studien an Medusen, ein Beitrag zur Genealogie der Primitivorgane, Wien, 1886.

1887. "Sur l'atténuation des bactéridies charbonneuses dans le sang des moutons réfractaires," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, i. p. 42, No. 1.

"Über den Kampf der Zellen gegen Erysipelkokken, ein Beitrag zur Phagocytenlehre," Virchow's Archiv, vol. 107, p. 209.

"Über den Phagocytenkampf bei Rückfalltyphus," Virchow's Archiv, vol. 109, p. 176.

"Sur la lutte des cellules de l'organisme contre l'invasion des microbes," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, i. p. 321, No. 7.

"Kritische Bemerkungen über den Aufsatz des Herrn Christmas-Dirckinck-Holmfeld, I. V.," Fortschritte der Medizin, 17, p. 541.

1888. "Über die phagocytäre Rolle der Tuberkelriesenzellen," Virchow's Archiv, vol. 113, p. 63.

"Pasteuria Ramosa, un représentant des bactéries à division longitudinale," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, p. 165, t. ii. No. 4.

"Über das Verhalten der Milzbrandbakterien im Organismus," Virchow's Archiv, vol. 114, p. 465.

"Réponse à la critique de M. Weigert au sujet des cellules géantes de la tuberculose," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, ii. p. 604.

1889. "Recherches sur la digestion intracellulaire," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, iii. p. 25, No. 1.

"Contribution à l'étude du pléomorphisme des bactéries," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, iii. p. 61, No. 2.

"Note sur le pléomorphisme, etc.," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, iii. p. 265, No. 5.

_Studies on Immunity_:

1. "Immunité des lapins contre le bacille du rouget des porcs," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, iii. p. 289, No. 6.

1890. 2. "Le Charbon des pigeons," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, iv. p. 65, No. 2.

3. "Le Charbon des rats blancs," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, iv. p. 193, No. 4.

1891. 4. "L'Immunité des cobayes vaccinés contre le Vibrio Metchnikowii," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, v. p. 465, No. 8.

"Sur la propriété bactéricide du sang de rat" (in collaboration with Dr. Roux), No. 8.

"Recherches sur l'accoutumance aux produits microbiens" (in collaboration with Dr. Roudenko), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, v. p. 567, No. 9.

"Beiträge zur vergleichenden Pathologie der Entzündung," Virchow Festschrift, vol. 11.

1892. "La Phagocytose musculaire" (in collaboration with Dr. Soudakevitch), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, vi. p. 1.

Leçons sur la pathologie comparée de l'inflammation. Paris, 1892.

"On Aqueous Humour, Micro-organisms and Immunity," Journal of Pathology, i.

_Studies on Immunity_:

5. "Immunité des lapins vaccinés contre le microbe du Hogcholéra," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, vi. p. 189, No. 5.

"Atrophie des muscles pendant la transformation des batraciens," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, vi. No. 1.

"Note au sujet du mémoire de M. Soudakevitch (Parasitisme intracellulaire des néoplasmes cancéreux)," No. 3.

"Über Muskelphagocytose," Centralblatt für Bakteriologie, 1892.

"La Lutte pour l'existence entre les diverses parties de l'organisme," Revue scientifique, 10 sept. 1892, No. 11.

1893. "Recherches sur le choléra et les vibrions, 1er mémoire" (Sur la propriété préventive du sang humain vis-à-vis du vibrion de Koch), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, vii. p. 403, No. 5.

2. "Mémoire," idem (Sur la propriété pathogène des vibrions), tome vii. p. 562, No. 7.

Comparative Pathology of Inflammation. Lectures at the Pasteur Institute. Paul: London, 1893. 8vo. (The name of the translator is not stated.)

1894. 3. "Mémoire," idem (Sur la vaccination artificielle du vibrion cholérique), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, viii. p. 257, No. 5.

4. "Mémoire," idem (Sur l'immunité et la réceptivité vis-à-vis du choléra intestinal), tome viii. p. 529, No. 8.

"L'état actuel de la question de l'immunité" (Rapport du Congrès international de Budapest), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, viii. p. 706, No. 10.

1895. _Studies on Immunity_:

6. "Sur la destruction extracellulaire des bactéries dans l'organisme," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, ix. p. 433, No. 6.

1896. "Toxine et antitoxine cholériques" (in collaboration with Drs. Roux and Salimbeni), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, x. p. 25, No. 5.

"Quelques remarques à propos de l'article de Gabritchevsky sur la fièvre récurrente," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, x. No. 11.

_Recherches sur l'influence de l'organisme sur les toxines_:

1897. 1st Memoir. "Recherches sur l'influence de l'organisme sur les toxines," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xi. p. 801.

"Réponse à M. Gabritchevsky," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xi. No. 3.

"Immunität," Weyl's Handbuch der Hygiene. Jena, 1897.

"Recherches sur l'influence de l'organisme sur les toxines" (Communication faite au congrès de Moscou en août 1897), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xi. No. 10.

1898. 2nd Memoir. "Influence du système nerveux sur la toxine tétanique," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xii. No. 2, p. 81.

3rd Memoir. "Toxine tétanique et leucocytes," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xii. No. 4, p. 263.

1899. "Résorption des cellules," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xiii. No. 10, p. 737.

1900. _Researches on the Influence of the Organism on Toxins_:

4ème mémoire. "Sur la spermotoxine et l'antispermotoxine," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xiv. p. 5.

"Sur les cytotoxines," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xiv. No. 6. p. 369.

"Recherches sur l'action de l'hémotoxine sur l'homme," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xiv. No. 6, p. 402.

1901. _Biological Studies on Old Age_:

1st Memoir. "Sur le blanchiment des cheveux et des poils," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xv. No. 12, p. 865.

L'Immunité dans les maladies infectieuses. Paris, 1901.

1902. _Biological Studies on Old Age._ "Recherches sur la vieillesse des perroquets" (in collaboration with Drs. Mesnil and Weinberg), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xvi. No. 12.

The Nature of Man. Studies in optimistic philosophy. The English translation by P. Chalmers Mitchell. Heinemann: London; Putnams: New York, 1903. 8vo.

1903. _Studies on Human Nature_: Paris, 1903.

Études expérimentales sur la syphilis (in collaboration with Dr. Roux):

1st Memoir. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xvii. No. 12, p. 809.

1904. 2nd Memoir. "Études expérimentales sur la syphilis" (in collaboration with Dr. Roux), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xviii. No. 1, p. 1.

3rd Memoir. Id. No. 11.

1905. 4th Memoir. Id. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xix. No. 11.

Immunity in Infective Diseases. Translated from the French by F. G. Binnie. University Press: Cambridge; The Macmillan Co.: New York, 1905. 8vo.

1906. 5th Memoir. Id., Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xx. No. 10.

The New Hygiene: three lectures on the prevention of infectious diseases. Translated and a preface written by E. Ray Lankester. Heinemann: London, 1906. 8vo.

[Another edition.] Chicago Medical Book Co.: Chicago, 1906. 8vo.

1907. [Another edition.] W. T. Keener & Co.: Chicago, 1907. 8vo.

"Sur la prophylaxie de la syphilis" (Paper read at the XIIth International Congress in Berlin), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xxi. No. 10.

The Prolongation of Life: optimistic studies. The English translation edited by P. Chalmers Mitchell. Heinemann: London, 1907. 8vo.

_Essais optimistes._

1908. "Études sur la flore intestinale," "Putréfaction intestinale," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xxii. No. 12.

1909. Idem. "Roussettes et microbes" (in collaboration with MM. Weinberg, Pozersky, Distaso, Berthelot), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xxiii. No. 12.

Notes on Sour Milk and other Methods of administering Selected Lactic Germs in Intestinal Bacterio-therapy. J. Bale, Sons & Co.: London, 1909. 8vo.

1910. Idem. "Poisons intestinaux et scléroses," Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xxiv. No. 10.

The Prolongation of Life. New and revised edition, Heinemann: London; Putnams: New York, 1910. 8vo.

1911. "Sur la fièvre typhoïde expérimentale" (Metchnikoff et Besredka), Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, xxv. No. 3.

Annales de l'Institut Pasteur:

Tome xxv. No. 6. Quelques remarques sur la vaccination à propos du mémoire de M. Choukevitch sur le choléra.

Tome xxv. No. 6. Réponse de MM. Metchnikoff et Besredka à M. le Dr. Vincent (remarques sur la vaccination antityphique).

Tome xxv. No. 11. El. Metchnikoff, E. Burnet et L. Tarassevitch, "Recherches sur l'épidémiologie de la tuberculose dans les steppes Kalmouks."

Tome xxv. No. 12. El. Metchnikoff et A. Besredka, "Des vaccinations antityphiques (2nd Memoir)."

1912. Tome xxvi. No. 11. El. Metchnikoff et Eug. Wollman, "Sur quelques essais de désintoxication intestinale," "Bactériothérapie intestinale."

The Warfare against Tuberculosis--being the Priestley Lecture of the National Health Society for the year 1912. Published in Bedrock, January 1913. Constable: London.

1913. _Études sur la flore intestinale._

Tome xxvii. No. 8. "Des vaccinations antityphiques" (El. Metchnikoff et A. Besredka).

Tome xxvii. No. 11. "Toxicité des sulfoconjugués de la série aromatique."

1914. Tome xxviii. No. 2. "Études sur la flore intestinale" (4ème mémoire). "Les diarrhées des nourrissons."

1915. Tome xxix. No. 8. "Causerie de El. Metchnikoff à l'occasion de son jubilé."

Tome xxix. No. 10. "La Mort du papillon du mûrier."

"Founders of Modern Medicine: Pasteur, Lister, Koch" in Russian (a French translation to appear shortly).

1915-16. "Introduction à 'Études sur la fonction sexuelle'" (posthume, dans Le Mercure de France, 1917).

1916. The Nature of Man. Popular edition. Heinemann: London, 1916. 8vo.

_Note._--Sources consulted: British Museum Catalogue; English Catalogue; American Catalogue.

INDEX

Acoelomata, development of, 73

Albaran, Dr., 231

Alexander I., Tsar of Russia, 26

Alexander II., 28; assassination of, 101, 104, 218

Alexis Michailovitch, Tsar, sends Spatar on mission to China, 24; death of, 25

Alhambra, the, 124

Amour (Amur) river, Spatar's exploration of, 24

_Anisoplia austriaca_, experiments on, 111

_Annales de l'Institut Pasteur_, 1915, 249-50 _n._

Anthrax vaccine experiment, unfortunate result of, 133-4

Anthropoid apes, Metchnikoff's desire to experiment with, 140, 189; syphilis experiments with, 190, 191; infantile cholera experiments with, 207, 220; typhoid fever experiments with, 207

Antitoxins, Metchnikoff's experiments with, 162

_Arbeiten des zool. Inst. zu Wien_, publication of Metchnikoff's "Untersuchung über die intracelluläre Verdauung bei wirbellosen Tieren," 119 _n._

Arterio-sclerosis, 189, 206

Ascidia, Metchnikoff's difference with Kovalevsky _re_, 62, 73

Asiatic cholera, 220

Astrakhan steppes, 84, 85

Austria, declaration of war on Serbia, 1914, 240

Baer, Prof., and Baer Prize, 58

Bakounine, 52, 56

Bardach, Dr., 127, 133

Bassarab, Constantine, 24

Baumgarten, Prof., hostile criticism of phagocyte theory, 126, 129; criticism refuted, 148

Behring, theory of immunity, 148; discovery of antitoxins, 149, 150

Békétoff, Prof., 40, 58

_Bell_, the, 29

Berlin Congress, 1890, 148-9

Berthelot, M., pupil and collaborator of Metchnikoff, 197, 221

Besredka, Dr., researches, 161-2, 207-8

Birsch, 169 _n._

Bobrinsky, Count, 111, 112

Bogomoloff, 29

_Bombyx mori_ (moth of the silk-worm), Metchnikoff's experiments with, 238-9, 251

Bordet, M. I., important researches and experiments, 165

Borrel, M., 162

Brockhaus and Effrone, _Encyclopædia_ quoted, 25-6

Bronn, _Classes and Orders of the Animal Kingdom_, 31

Büchner, 169, 265; paper on humoral theory, 150

Buckle, _History of Civilisation_, 29

Buda-Pest Congress (International, 1894), 159

_Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists_, 33

Bunsen, 48

Burnet, M., 211

Caillaux affair, 240

Cantemir, Prince, 26

Casso, Minister of Public Instruction, 219

Cephalopoda, Metchnikoff's study of, 56, 57

Chamberland, 265

Chauveau, 169 and _n._

Cholera outbreak in France, 1892, 154; Metchnikoff's experiments with cholera vibrio, 154-7, 158 _seq._

Choukevitch, Dr., 212

Cienkovsky, friendship for and interest in Metchnikoff, 59, 60, 73; resigns from Odessa University, 75; bacillus, 210

Claus, Prof., 48, 119

Coelentera and intracellular digestion, 107, 110, 116

Coelomata, development of, 73

Cohendy, M., research work of, 196

Cohn, association with and interest in Metchnikoff, 43, 45

"Conception of Nature and of Medical Science, A," Metchnikoff's Stuttgart Lecture, 1909, 209, 224

Crimea, and Black Sea fauna, 59

Ctenophora, 73

"Curative Forces of the Organism, The," Metchnikoff Lecture on, in Berlin, 1908, 208, 223

Curded milk, manufacture, Metchnikoff's connection with, 226-7

Daphniæ, experiments with, 121, 279

Darré, Dr., 256, 266, 271

Darwin, _The Origin of Species_, 41; theories, 276, 277

Diabetes, 246

Dubois-Reymond, journal of, 48

Duclaux, M., 137, 265

Duniasha (Avdotia Maximovna), 4, 10

Eberth's bacillus, 207-8

Echinodermata, Metchnikoff's researches, etc., 61, 62, 70; metamorphoses of, 72, 73; and intracellular digestion, 107, 110, 116; observations on larvæ transformation, 119

_Education from an Anthropological Point of View_, Metchnikoff's paper on, 63, 74

Ehrlich, Prof., 199, 265

Embryology, comparative, Metchnikoff's studies in, 50-51, 56, 57, 107, 277

Emmerich, 265; attack on phagocyte theory, 131; attacks refuted, 148

Engelmann, 45

Ephemeridæ, Metchnikoff's study of, 105, 106, 193, 237

Escherich, 265

_Essais optimistes_, 191-2, 209

_Études sur la nature humaine_, 185, 191, 209; quoted, 188

Evolution, Metchnikoff's researches in, 50-51

_Fabricia_, Metchnikoff's researches on, 43

Fédorovitch, Mlle. Ludmilla, afterwards Madame Elie Metchnikoff, 63; engagement to Metchnikoff, 65-9; marriage to Metchnikoff, 69; illness of, 69-70; a clever draughtswoman, 71; temporary recovery of, 73; relapse, 74, 75, 78; death, 79

Fédorovitch, Mlle., 71, 74, 78, 80; account of interview with Metchnikoff, 83

"Flora of the Human Body," Wilde Lecture, 1901, 182

_Flore du corps humain_, La, 224

"Forces curatives de l'organisme," quoted, 120-21

_Forty Years' Search for a Rational Conception of Life_, 223

_Founders of Modern Medicine, The_, extract from preface to, 247-8

Fraenkel, Carl, 265

Gamaléia, Dr., 127, 133

Garibaldi Movement, the, 47

Garnier, M., 21, 22

_Gastræa_, Haeckel's theory of the, 108

"Gastrotricha," Metchnikoff's establishment of, 42

Geneva, young revolutionary centre, 47-8

_Geodesmus bilineatus_, 106-7

Geophilus (_see_ Myriapoda)

George, Henry, 202

Germany, Metchnikoff's appreciation of scientists of, 55

Germany, declaration of war on Russia, 240; on France, 242

Giessen, Naturalists' Congress at, 1864, 44-5

_Glycobacter peptonicus_, 221, 222

Goethe, _Faust_, 195, 204

Goldschmidt, Dr., 78, 79

_Göttingen News_, Leuckart's memoir on Nematodes in, 48

Granada, 124

Gravitz, 169 _n._

Grove, _The Unity of Physical Forces_, 32

Guancios, Caves of the, 77

Haeckel, theory of the _gastræa_, 108

Hayem, 169 _n._

Heitz, Dr., 231

Heligoland, flora and fauna of, 43

Helmholtz, 48

Henle, Prof., 54

Herzen, _Passé et pensées_, 47

Hirschfeld, 169 _n._

Hodounof, 19, 20, 22

Hueppe, Prof., 131

Hugo, Victor, 260 _n._

Iamanouchi, M., 211

Immunity, 122; opposing theories of Behring and Metchnikoff, 148, 149, 150, 151; ancient and modern theories of, 168-70; Metchnikoff's exposition of, 171-180

_Immunity in Infectious Diseases_, 170

Infantile cholera, 207, 220-21

_Inflammation_, Metchnikoff's lectures on, 152-3

Intestinal flora, problem of, 196-8, 206; further researches, 220, 235, 280; experiments with rats, 221, 222

Intracellular digestion, Metchnikoff's studies of, 57, 105, 107, 110, 116, 170, 277, 278

Jaurès, assassination of, 240

Jelly-fish, Metchnikoff's monograph on embryology of, 126

Jenner and method of antivariolic vaccination, 168

_Journal de Moscou_, Elie Metchnikoff's first publication in, 33

Jupille, M., 155

Kalmuk steppes, Metchnikoff's journey to, 82-3; description of, 215-16; Metchnikoff's anthropological work among natives of, 84-5; liability of natives to tuberculosis, 210-11; Pasteur Institute expedition to, 212; description of, 215-17

Keferstein, Prof., 54

Kent, Saville, discoveries of _Protospongia_, 110

Kharkoff, 1, 16, 20; Lycée, progress in, 28; University, ancient methods in, 31-2, 37, 40

Kherson, peasants' grievances and vexatious conduct in, 113, 114

Kirghiz steppes, endemic plague in, 211; Russian plague mission to, 211, 215, 218; description of, 214

Kleinenberg, Prof., encouragement of Metchnikoff, 118, 119

Kleps, 169 _n._

Koch, Prof., 265; attitude to Metchnikoff's theory, 133, 149

Kölliker, Prof., 37

Kovalevsky, Alexander, friendship with Metchnikoff, 49, 58; work of, 51, 52, 61, 62, 72, 73, 108; divides Baer Prize with Metchnikoff, 58

Kriloff, 26

Kühne, 41

Latapie, M., 155

_Law of Life, The_, 223

_Leçons sur la pathologie comparée de l'inflammation_, 152-3

Leube, Dr., 231

Leuckart, Prof., 43-5, 46

Lilienfiorse, 199

Lister, Dr., 148

Loeffler, 265

London Congress, 149-50

Lubarsch, attacks on Metchnikoff's theory, 232

Lucernaria, 73

_Macaques_ or Barbary apes, 124; Metchnikoff's typhoid experiments with, 207-8

Macrophages, 163-4, 166, 178, 184

Madeira, 75

Maeterlinck, Maurice, 228-9

Maisonneuve, M., 191

Malaga, gardens of, 124

Manoukhine, Dr., 231

Martin, Dr., 256, 273

Medusæ, 72, 73, 116

Mertens, 76, 79

_Messenger of Europe_, Metchnikoff's contributions to, 208-9, 239 _n._

Messina, Metchnikoff's work at, 61

Messina, the Metchnikoff home at, 115

Messina, earthquake at, 1908, 115, 116

Metazoa, 277

Metchnikoff, Dmitri Ivanovitch, devotion to his brother's family, 5, 17, 21, 28; appearance and character, 5-6; other references, 12, 14

Metchnikoff, Elie (or Ilia), parents' home at Panassovka, 1-3; birth of, 3; appearance and disposition in childhood, 8-11; early indications of unusual intelligence, 9, 16, 20; an adventurous journey to Slaviansk, 12-15; life at Kharkoff, 16-18; develops natural history tastes with Hodounof, 20-22; ancestry, 23-7; entry into and progress at Kharkoff Lycée, 28-34; friendships and their influence, with Bogomoloff, 29, with Tschelkoff, 32-3, 42, with Kovalevsky, 48 _seq._, with Cienkovsky, 59-60, with Kleinenberg, Virchow, and others, 118-19, with Pasteur, 132 _seq._, various, 56, 58-9, 63, 65, 93, 137; adopts atheism and shows continued interest in natural history, 29-30; love of music, 31, 34, 54-5, 93; plans a scientific career, 31; early publications, 33, 41; devotion to his mother, 35, 93-4; early love affairs, 35-6; abortive journey to Würzburg, 37-9; at Kharkoff University, 40-42; an early controversy with Kühne, 41; influenced by Darwin, 41, 50; early researches and privations in Heligoland, 43-5; letters to his mother quoted, 44-6, 65-9; at Giessen Congress, 45; work and relations with Leuckart, 45-8; eyesight troubles, 46, 62, 82-3, 105; visit to Geneva, 46-8; researches, Mediterranean, 48-53, 56-7, 61 _seq._, in the Crimea, 59-60, at Spezzia, etc., 70-73, anthropological among Kalmuks, 84-5, in intracellular digestion and Ephemeridæ, 105-11, 116, in infectious diseases, 128, in tuberculosis and phagocytosis, 133; at Pasteur Institute, 135-6, in cholera, 154-157, in immunity, 168-80, in senile atrophies and intestinal flora, 182-9, 191, 196-8, 206-8, 220 _seq._, in syphilis, 189-91, in infantile cholera and typhoid, 207-8, 220, in tuberculosis and plague among Kalmuks, 210-19; silk-worm moth, 238-9, 251; contribution to foundation of comparative embryology, 51, 56; studies in Germany and opinion of German scientists, 54-5, 57; illnesses, 55-56, 65, 104, 181, 217, 222, 229 _seq._, 249; return to Russia and Odessa University appointment, 58-60; appointed Zoology Professor at Petersburg, 61; interest in educational questions, 63, 100; life at Petersburg, 63-4, 71 _seq._; engagement and first marriage, 66-70; reappointed to Odessa University and difficulties of appointment, 73, 75, 78, 98 _seq._; his philosophical theory and its evolution, 74-7, 184-9, 191-5, 209, 222-4, 228-9, 281-3; visit to and life at Madeira, 75-7; death of first wife, 79; attempts suicide, 80-81; Mlle. Fédorovitch's description of, 83; journey to Astrakhan steppes, 82-3; studies of childhood, 86; meeting with family of second wife and growing intimacy, 86-8, 94; Setchénoff's description of, 88; harmony of second marriage, 89-95; character and disposition 96-8, 143-5; views of women's scientific capacity, 103; inoculates himself with relapsing fever, 104; and the phagocyte theory, first statement of, 110, describes first inception of, 116-17, progress in, 117-22, 126, 128, 142, 148, 150-53, 158-66, 183, 208-9, controversies and attacks on, 131, 133, 142, 147-9; difficulties over Russian estate management, 112-14; life at Messina, 115-19; again returns to Russia, 119; journey through Spain to Tangiers, 123-4; life at Tangiers and Villefranche, 125-6; describes work at Bacteriological Institute, Odessa, 127-8; describes first meeting with Pasteur, 132; Pasteur's offer, 132; visit to Berlin and reception by German scientists, 133; work and influence at Pasteur Institute, 135-146; M. Roux's appreciations of, 138-9, 150, 159; other appreciations, 141, 165; life at Sèvres and Paris, 144-5; visit to England, 149; triumph at London Congress, 150; interest in Pfeiffer's phenomenon, 158-60; theory and studies of natural death, 192-5, 230-35, 237-8, 252; receives Nobel Prize, 199; journey to Sweden and Russia, 199-200; visit to Tolstoï, 200-205; expedition to Kalmuk steppes, 210 _seq._; unpleasant incident of lacto-bacilli fabrication, 225-7; kindness to friends, 227-8; descriptions of his own symptoms, etc., 229-36, 250-51, 263-5; holidays at St. Léger-en-Yvelines, 228, 237-9, 251; effect of war on, 239-46, 261; preface to _Founders of Modern Medicine_ quoted, 247-8; plans a work on sexual questions, 249, 252, 260; jubilee celebrations, 249-50; last illness, 254-73; last days at Pasteur Institute, 256-73; death, 273; synopsis of work and achievements, 276-81

Metchnikoff, Madame, meeting with Metchnikoff, 87, parents and family, 87-8, 94, marriage, 89, 90, relations between husband and wife, 90-95, illness of, in 1880, 104, loss of both parents, 112, illnesses of, 123, 181, 252

Metchnikoff, Emilia Lvovna (_née_ Nevahovna), appearance and disposition, 2, 5, 6, 93; a capable housewife, 3; a devoted mother, 4, 6, 13, 14, 18, 37; delicacy of, 22; ancestors, 26; influence on Elie Metchnikoff's choice of a career, 41; endeavours to prevent Elie's first marriage, 66; letters to, from Elie quoted, 44-5, 65-69; death of, 94

Metchnikoff, Elena Samoïlovna, 4, 8, 10

Metchnikoff, Ilia Ivanovitch, home at Panassovka, 1, appearance and character, 2, marriage, 2, easy-going temperament, and extravagance, 2-6, attitude to his family and servants, 6-7

Metchnikoff, Ivan, 3, 8

Metchnikoff, Katia, appearance and character, 8, marriage, 16, 21, other references, 12, 14

Metchnikoff, Leo, 3, 8, illness of, 19, gifted but superficial nature of, 19, 46-7; activities in Geneva and connection with Garibaldi Movement, 46-7, 80

Metchnikoff, Nicholas, birth of, 3; appearance, 8; his great-aunt's favourite, 8, 10; boyhood pursuits, 17-18; enters Kharkoff Lycée, 28; life in Kharkoff, 31; death of, 230

_Microphages_, 163-4, 166

Morosoffs, the, of Moscow, 189

Moscow, Anthropological Society of, Metchnikoff's report to, 85

Moscow, International Congress, 1897, 164-5; Skin Disease Research Society, 189

Müller, Fritz, _For Darwin_, 50

_Müller's Archives_, Metchnikoff's memoir on the Vorticella in, 41

Myriapoda, embryology of, 76, 85

Naegeli, 169 _n._

Naples, cholera epidemic in, 1865, 53; Metchnikoff's first stay at, 49-53, second stay, 62

Napoleon, 260 _n._

Natural death, Metchnikoff's studies of, 237, 280-81

Natural science, Metchnikoff's campaign for the teaching of, 100

Nematodes, Metchnikoff's discoveries, etc., 42, 46

Nevahovitch, Leo, 26

Nicholas I., 28

Nobel Prize, the, 199

Nocard, M., 265; appreciation of Metchnikoff, 165

Norden, Dr., 231

Odessa, University of, 58-9, Metchnikoff's work at, 60-61, 98-9, party intrigues at, 75, 101, rights to autonomy threatened, 101-3, Congress, 1883, 120, bacteriological Institute founded at, 127

Oldenburg, Prince of, 129

Panassovka, the home of the Metchnikoffs, 1, 3, fire at, 20-21

_Parenchymella_, explanation of, 109-110

Paris, International Congress, 1900, 170

Paris, air raids on, 246

Pasteur, antirabic inoculations, 127, Metchnikoff's first interview with, 132, friendship with Metchnikoff and interest in phagocyte theory, 137, experiments in vaccination and immunity, 168-9, death of, 181, discovery of lactic fermentation microbe, 193, age at death, 265

Pasteur Institute, the, 132, Metchnikoff's work and influence at, 134-142, 144, Metchnikoff's appreciation of, 139, effect of outbreak of European War on, 244-5; celebration of Metchnikoff's jubilee, 249

Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, 24, 25, 26

Petersburg, 2, 19, Congress of Russian Naturalists at, 1867, 60-61, difficult conditions of Metchnikoff's work at, 63-4, 71, foundation of Bacteriological Institute at, 129

Petersburg Geographical Society, 82

Petrushka, 4, 12, 13

Pettenkoffer, 154, 236

Pfeiffer, 265, experiments in extracellular destruction of microbes, 158-60, 165-6, 175; attacks on Metchnikoff's theory, 232

_Phagocytella_, 110, 126

Phagocytes, origin of Metchnikoff's theory of, 51, 57, 278, development of theory, 110, 111, 113, 120-22, 142, inception of theory, 116-19, Baumgarten's hostile criticism of theory, 126; application of theory to erysipelas, 128, opposition to theory, 131, 151, controversy, 148, renewed experiments for proving theory, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 279; vindication of, at Buda-Pest Congress, 159, 160; experiments with toxins and poisons, 160-62; experiments with antitoxins, 162-164, and doctrine of immunity, 170-80, and senility, 183, 280

Phagocytosis, Metchnikoff's first paper on, read at Odessa Congress of Physicians and Naturalists, 1883, 120

_Phyllirhoë_, 175

Picot, E., _Chronicle of John Neculua_ quoted, 23

Pirquet's test, 211

_Pleomorphism of Microbes_, Metchnikoff's memoir, 1888, 211

Poland, Revolution in, 1830, 26

Polypi, 72

_Popular Star_, 29

Preyer, theory of fatigue and sleep, 194

_Protospongia_, discovery of, by Saville Kent, 110

Pushkin, 2, 26

Radlkoffer, _The Crystals of Proteic Substances_, 33

Rasputin, 219

Recklinghausen, 169 _n._

Relapsing fever, experiments to prove phagocytic reaction, 129

Renon, Dr., 255

Rotifera, 193, 237-8

Rousseau, J. J., _Confessions and the Nouvelle Héloïse_, 260 _n._

Roux, Dr., 137, 255, appreciation of Metchnikoff quoted, 138-9, 141, 159, 249; collaboration with Metchnikoff, 150, 162, 163, 164, wins Osiris Prize, 189; reply to campaign against Metchnikoff, 226; friendship with and visits to Metchnikoff in his last illness, 257, 267, 273

Rubinstein, M., 260

St. Léger-en-Yvelines, 228, 237

Salimbeni, Dr., 163, 184, 211, 215, 256, 266, 272-3

Sanarelli, Dr., discovery of choleriform bacilli, 156

Sarepta, 217-18

Schaudinn, discovery of syphilitic treponema, 190

Scorpion, the, Metchnikoff's researches concerning the development of, 71

Senility and death, Metchnikoff's views on and researches, 182-8, 191-5

Serums, their action, 177

Setchénoff, Prof., 52-3, 71, 73, 78, 239; autobiography quoted, 88

Sèvres, Metchnikoff Villa at, 144, 145

Siphonophora, 72

Slaviansk, adventurous journey of the Metchnikoff family to, 12

Spain, Metchnikoff's eventful journey through, 80

Spatar, Joury Stepanovitch, 26

Spatar, Nicholas Milescu, exploits and adventures of, 23-4, mission to China, 24, literary activities and services to Peter the Great, 25, death of, 25

Spezzia, the Metchnikoffs sojourn at, 70-71

Sponges and Echinodermata, Metchnikoff's study of, 61, 72, 106, 117

Stepanita, Prince, his dealings with Nicholas Milescu Spatar, 24

Syphilis, Metchnikoff's researches on, 189-91, 280

Tangiers, journey to, through Spain, 123-4, description of, 124-6

Tarassevitch, Dr., 212

Tchistovitch, Dr., 231

_Time for Marriage, The_, Metchnikoff's paper on, 77

Tolstoï, Léon, a day at Iasnaïa Paliana, 200-205

Tolstoï, Countess, 203

Tornaria, Metchnikoff's discovery concerning, 70

Toxins and the phagocyte theory, experiments, 160 seq.

_Trattoria della Harmonia_, the, 53

Trieste, Metchnikoff's work at, 62

Tschelkoff, Prof., 32, 33, 40, 41, 42

Tshori, Convent of, 217

Tuberculosis, researches on phagocytosis, in, 133; Metchnikoff's theory of natural vaccination, 210-11, 218

Typhoid fever, 207-8

Vaquez, Dr., 230

Veillon, Dr., 256

Vienna, Hygienists' Conference at, 1887, 131

Villa Orotava, giant dragon-tree at, 77

Virchow, cellular theory, 32, 48, 169 _n._; encouragement of Metchnikoff, 118-19; _Archives_, publication of Metchnikoff's researches in, 122, 129

Volga, description of, 212-13

von Noorden, 182

von Siebold, Prof., 54

Vorticella, the, Metchnikoff's memoir on, 41

Waldeyer, 169 _n._

Weinberg, M., 184

Widal, Dr., 255, 256

Wollman, pupil and collaborator of Metchnikoff, 196-7, 221

Würzburg, University of, Metchnikoff's abortive journey to, 37

Zalensky, 32

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DELANE OF THE "TIMES." By Sir E. T. COOK. 6s. net.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By LORD CHARNWOOD. 10s. 6d. net.

ABDUL HAMID. By SIR EDWIN PEARS. 6s. net.

HERBERT SPENCER. By HUGH S. ELLIOT. 6s. net.

DIAZ. By DAVID HANNAY. 6s. net.

LI HUNG CHANG. By J. O. P. BLAND. 6s. net.

BISMARCK. By C. GRANT ROBERTSON, C.V.O. 10s. 6d. net.

CECIL RHODES. By BASIL WILLIAMS. 15s. net.

VICTOR HUGO. By MARY DUCLAUX. 14s. net.

MOLTKE. By Lieut.-Col. F. E. WHITTON.

II.

Political and Social Biographies and Reminiscences.

AN ENGLISH WIFE IN BERLIN: A Private Memoir of Events, Politics and Daily Life in Germany throughout the War and the Social Revolution of 1918. By EVELYN, PRINCESS BLÜCHER.

Portrait. Demy 8vo. 19s. net.

"If there are any other diarists who managed to preserve as much fairness and coolness as Princess Blücher displays in this book they need not be ashamed to publish their records. If she had a just mind she had a stalwart one."--_Spectator._

"This is a book apart. Nothing yet published gives so clear and honest a picture of German mentality. The soul of Germany is laid bare and the exposure achieved without the slightest pretension. The character of the Berlin aristocracy is written in every page of this honest and absorbing document."--_Daily Telegraph._

"Perhaps the most absorbingly interesting war book that has been written.... Altogether the book is a most remarkable one. The kind that causes one to forget one's meals and other pleasures until the last page is read. Princess Blücher has earned the undying gratitude of her countrymen for her indefatigable work on behalf of prisoners of war."--_Globe._

THE LIFE OF JOHN BRIGHT. By G. M. TREVELYAN.

20 Illustrations. Med. 8vo. 15s. net.

"A book of great and vivid interest."--_Westminster Gazette._

"The book, fully commensurate with the fame of its subject, will take its place with the standard Lives of Statesmen."--_Daily Telegraph._

"Mr. George Trevelyan has had the honour of writing what must henceforth be the accepted Life.... Finely written. We only wish we had space to quote in full."--_Spectator._

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT AND AFTER. By Sir GEORGE KEKEWICH, K.C.B.

Demy 8vo. 21s. net.

"His reflections upon the Civil Service are full of interest.... There is much entertaining matter in the book, which touches in turn on almost every topic of present-day administration."--_Morning Post._

"Sir George Kekewich and Anthony Trollope are, so far as we know, the only permanent officials who have written a book about their own departments.... Sir George was genuinely interested in his duties and did well the work which he found to his hand."--_Saturday Review._

THE END OF A CHAPTER. By SHANE LESLIE, M.A.

Fcap. 8vo. 2s. net.

A BEACON FOR THE BLIND: Being a Life of Henry Fawcett, the Blind Postmaster-General. By WINIFRED HOLT. Foreword by Rt. Hon. Viscount BRYCE.

16 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.

"The whole wonderful story of this life Miss Holt tells with a proper warmth of enthusiasm.... Carefully and intimately, so that the reader is able to love the man as well as admire the hero."--_Observer._

"A valuable memorial of a noble character and a truly extraordinary man."--_Times._

CHARLES STEWART PARNELL. A Memoir by his Brother, JOHN HOWARD PARNELL.

Frontispiece. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.

GENERAL BOTHA: The Career and the Man. By HAROLD SPENDER. Portrait and Maps. New and Enlarged Edition, bringing the story down to General Botha's death.

Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.

"A tale worth the telling, and set forth with a lucidity, a sympathy, and a comprehension remarkable in one whose acquaintance with South Africa can only be slight.... A book which is not only a valuable historical document but absorbingly interesting in every page."--_Westminster Gazette._

CECIL RHODES. By BASIL WILLIAMS. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See p. 4.)

LORD GEORGE BENTINCK: A Political Biography. By BENJAMIN DISRAELI. Introduction by CHARLES WHIBLEY.

Demy 8vo. 6s. net.

"A fascinating edition of a fascinating book."--_Morning Post._

"Mr. Whibley's introduction contains an appreciation of Lord Beaconsfield concisely just to his great gifts, to the general consistency of his life, and to his qualities as a statesman."--_Outlook._

OLIVER CROMWELL. By THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 12s. net.

BISMARCK. By C. GRANT ROBERTSON, C.V.O. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See p. 4.)

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CAVOUR. By WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER.

Front. Demy 8vo. 2 vols. 30s. net.

"A real benefit to the cause of recent history.... Mr. Thayer has done his work notably well. It is accurate, thorough, well-balanced, essentially lucid. Well-written, solid yet inspiring, admirably produced.... Such a work is a credit to the book industry from every point of view."--_Bookman._

THE LIFE OF VENIZELOS. By S. B. CHESTER.

In this volume the author has traced the life of one of the most remarkable men of to-day. BOOK I.--Crete before and during the rise of Venizelos--deals with the early life of this great patriot; his early struggles as leader of the Cretan revolution; his final triumphal election to the Greek National Assembly. BOOK II.--Venizelos as Maker of Modern Greece--is a history of the gradual aggrandisement of Greece. From 1910 to 1920 the life of Venizelos is synonymous with that of his country.

ISMAIL KEMAL BEY. Memoirs. With an Introduction by W. MORTON FULLERTON.

Demy 8vo. 18s. net.

"An invaluable source for the historian of the downfall of the Turkish Empire, and adds materially to our knowledge of the intrigues of the great continental powers in Egypt and the Near East."--_Manchester Guardian._

"Of profound interest and reveals some inner secrets of Near Eastern policy."--_Sunday Times._

ABDUL HAMID. By Sir EDWIN PEARS. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See p. 4.)

LI HUNG CHANG. By J. O. P. BLAND. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See p. 4.)

DIAZ. By DAVID HANNAY. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See p. 4.)

NADIR SHAH. By Sir H. MORTIMER DURAND.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.

THE WINTER QUEEN: The sad story of Elizabeth of Bohemia. By MARIE HAY.

12s. 6d. net.

EMMA, LADY HAMILTON. From New and Original Documents, together with an Appendix of Notes and Letters. By WALTER SICHEL.

Illust. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ANDREW CARNEGIE.

Illustrated. 25s. net.

"He was in spirit a true sportsman, and his autobiography, fresh, crisp, and entirely unaffected, will do something to put him in his right niche."--_Observer._

"The two stages of his extraordinary career as he describes them in great detail, with honest self-satisfaction and a good deal of quiet humour, make a story--almost a romance--which is not only entertaining but instructive."--_Westminster Gazette._

A CYCLE OF ADAMS LETTERS, 1861-1865. Edited by W. C. FORD.

With many Illustrations. 2 vols.

Letters of CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, American Minister to England during the Civil War, and his two sons--HENRY ADAMS, who acted as secretary, and CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, Jr., then serving in the Northern Armies.

These two volumes of family letters form an unique series. They contain detailed description of social conditions, discussion of public questions, and wise and informed comments on the events in Great Britain and America during the war between North and South. Social, military, and diplomatic, the importance of so long a series of letters between members of a distinguished family cannot be over-estimated.

LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN HAY. By WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER.

2 vols. 21s. net.

"Mr. Thayer's very interesting biography."--LORD CROMER in _The Spectator_.

"Mr. Thayer is to be congratulated on this biography.... He has made a most skilful and attractive book, full of good reading, dealing with great events and little, and adding to our knowledge of men and things at moments of real importance to history."--_Westminster Gazette._

"One of the most comprehensive and masterly biographies I have ever read."--CLAUDIUS CLEAR in _The British Weekly_.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT. An Intimate Biography. By WILLIAM ROSCOE THAYER.

Illust. Demy 8vo. 25s. net.

"A vivacious narrative, decidedly more attractive for the English reader than Roosevelt's record of his career."--_Manchester Guardian._

ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By LORD CHARNWOOD. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See p. 4.)

LINCOLN, MASTER OF MEN. By ALONZO ROTHSCHILD. Illustrated with Portraits.

Demy 8vo. 17s. 6d. net.

ALEXANDER HAMILTON. An Essay on American Union. By F. S. OLIVER. With Portraits.

Demy 8vo. 6s. net.

"A thorough and penetrating review of the circumstances which united the States of America under a common and supreme government. On literary grounds it is a book of singular merit, while as a contribution to the political and constitutional history it deserves the closest study."--_Liverpool Post._

THE DIARY OF GIDEON WELLES, with a Memoir. Edited by JOHN T. MORSE.

Illustrated. 3 vols. 42s. net.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF NATHANIEL SOUTHGATE SHALER. With a Memoir by his Wife.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 16s. net.

Modern Biographies.

With Bibliographies and Portraits. Fcap. 8vo. 1s. 6d. net each.

LAFCADIO HEARN. By EDWARD THOMAS.

W. E. HENLEY. By L. COPE CORNFORD.

TOLSTOY. By EDWARD GARNETT.

PAUL BOURGET. By ERNEST DIMNET.

VERLAINE. By WILFRED THORLEY.

DR. BARNARDO. By A. R. NEUMAN.

CARDUCCI. By ORLO WILLIAMS.

III.

Literary, Artistic, Philosophical and General.

THE LIFE OF SIR E. T. COOK. By J. SAXON MILLS.

Frontispiece. Demy 8vo.

This is the authorised life of the famous journalist and publicist, friend and biographer of Ruskin, who became during the War one of the chiefs of the Press Bureau. Sir Edward Cook was in his time editor of the _Pall Mall Gazette_, the _Westminster Gazette_, and the _Daily News_, and Mr. Saxon Mills' book throws much valuable light on the political and social England of the last thirty years. Contents:--Parentage and School; Oxford Days; Early Journalism; Early Days on the _Pall Mall_; Politics in the 'Eighties; Editor of the _Pall Mall_; From _Pall Mall_ to _Westminster_; The _Westminster Gazette_; The _Daily News_; The South African Scene; Sale of the _Daily News_; As Editor and Journalist; Literary Work; The Last Task; Death and Character; The Age of Puff; Some Stories.

ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH: A Critical Biography. By JAMES I. OSBORNE.

Demy 8vo. 8s. 6d. net.

"Mr. Osborne has approached his difficult task with ardour and taste."--EDMUND GOSSE in the _Sunday Times_.

"A very careful and interesting piece of work."--W. L. COURTNEY in the _Daily Telegraph_.

"A most admirable exposition of character of singular and beautiful integrity."--NEW STATESMAN.

"This acute and interesting book."--_Times Literary Supplement._

MEMORIES OF GEORGE MEREDITH, O.M. By LADY BUTCHER.

Three Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 5s. net.

"All the swift criticisms and unpremeditated comments that this indefatigable diarist has recovered from her treasures make it clear that Meredith's wit was as spontaneous as it was characteristic."--_Saturday Westminster._

"Lady Butcher deserves very hearty thanks for this little volume of her charming memories."--CLEMENT SHORTER in _The Sphere_.

FREDERICK LOCKER LAMPSON. By the Rt. Hon. AUGUSTINE BIRRELL.

Illustrated. Fcap. 4to. 25s. net.

*** 100 copies on hand-made paper, bound in white and gold and signed by the author, were also issued.

"Life is more than politics, and if we deal with a book this week it is because we have found in it an ironic and reconciling charm to make us more content with existence as it is. We are restored to the forgotten grace of letters, and Mr. Birrell has done this with that way of his own which is like no other man's. This little quarto with the rough edges, perfect in form and texture to a book lover's eye, written with a deep-laid negligence, makes us surer that Mr. Birrell will be remembered when more ponderous reputations have foundered.... A collector can see at a glance that the book lovers of posterity will always gather this volume like amber.... This character sketch, followed by a little masterpiece of editing applied to family letters and a book list, makes us regret the fate that lured Mr. Birrell from writing and wasted him on political clubs.... He is a cross between Dr. Johnson and Charles Lamb."--_Observer._

"Nothing that Mr. Birrell has previously written has been conceived in so happy a vein as this monograph.... A charming little quarto."--_Daily Chronicle._

"The book to delight the heart of every one who really cares for literature. Written with a manly and tender affection and with the reverence which the subject demands. The publishers have done their part admirably."--CLAUDIUS CLEAR in _The British Weekly_.

GEORGE MEREDITH: His Life, Genius, and Teaching. By S. C. PHOTIADES. Rendered into English by ARTHUR PRICE.

Extra Crown 8vo. 6s. net.

W. E. HENLEY. By L. COPE CORNFORD. (Modern Biographies Series. See p. 9.)

HERBERT SPENCER. By HUGH S. ELLIOT. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See p. 4.)

THE MIDDLE YEARS: Reminiscences. By KATHERINE TYNAN.

Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.

THE YEARS OF THE SHADOW. By KATHERINE TYNAN.

Demy 8vo. 15s. net.

THE EDUCATION OF HENRY ADAMS. With an Introduction BY HENRY CABOT LODGE.

21s. net.

"This fascinating autobiography.... A brilliant picture of a social epoch now completely vanished, and a record of an intellectual pilgrimage which will stand along with the few perfect examples."--_Manchester Guardian._

LETTERS TO A NIECE, and Prayer to the Virgin of Chartres. By HENRY ADAMS, Author of _The Education of Henry Adams_, etc.

"These letters written from Washington and during his travels in the Pacific, in Egypt, Paris, etc., leave in their playful and tender intimacy a pleasant impression which forms a welcome memorial of the inner life of a distinguished man of letters."--_Times Literary Supplement._

REMINISCENCES OF ARTHUR COLERIDGE. By J. A. FULLER-MAITLAND.

Demy 8vo.

Arthur Duke Coleridge, born in 1830, was the grand-nephew of the great poet, S. T. Coleridge. Educated at Eton and King's, Cambridge, he acted for fifty-four years as an official on the Midland Circuit. He died in October 1913. Very few people have had so fine a gift for friendship as Arthur Coleridge. Few also have had the privilege of knowing so many of those who interpreted the artistic feeling of their time. He himself did much to stimulate the vogue of the best in music. His musical recollections are a delightful account of his important work towards the musical revival in England.

VIA GIBBS. A Memoir by Mrs. ALSTON.

Photogravure Portrait and 8 half-tone Illust. Demy 8vo.

A memorial volume to Victoria Florence de Burgh Gibbs, C.B.E., eldest daughter of the Rt. Hon. W. H. Long, M.P., and the wife of Lieut.-Col. G. A. Gibbs, M.P. "The path of a good woman is indeed strewn with flowers, but they rise behind her steps, not before them."--RUSKIN.

DELANE OF THE "TIMES." By Sir E. T. COOK. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See p. 4.)

LORD STOWELL: His Life and the Development of English Prize Law. By E. S. ROSCOE.

Front. Med. 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.

"Mr. Roscoe has collected diligently and reverently and has been able to present a picture such as we have not had before of a great judge and a constructive jurist."--_Times Literary Supplement._

THE LIFE AND A SELECTION FROM THE LETTERS OF WILLIAM STUBBS (Bishop of Oxford). 1825-1901. Edited by W. H. HUTTON, B.D.

Demy 8vo. 6s. net.

"Mr. Hutton gives an excellent account of the Bishop's career.... Of Stubbs as a historian the book can only recount the achievements, but of Stubbs as a man it gives an excellent portrait."--_Athenæum._

PAUL VERLAINE. By HAROLD NICOLSON.

It is not easy to write a critical biography of Verlaine without either patronage or pomposity. Mr. Nicolson succeeds because he treats his subject whimsically but with respect. He does not seek to excuse or to minimise the failings of Verlaine as a man, nor does he make extravagant claims of poetical genius, but he tells with genial sympathy a rather pitiful life story, and by skilful quotation enables the reader to form his own judgment of Verlaine's work. Contents:--Youth; Marriage; Arthur Rimbaud; "Sagesse"; Middle Age; The Last Phase; Verlaine's Literary Position.

VERLAINE. By WILFRED THORLEY. (Modern Biographies Series. See p. 9.)

PAUL BOURGET. By ERNEST DIMNET. (Modern Biographies Series. See p. 9.)

VICTOR HUGO. By MARY DUCLAUX. (Makers of XIX. Century Series. See p. 4.)

CARDUCCI. By ORLO WILLIAMS. (Modern Biographies Series. See p. 9.)

DANTE ALIGHIERI: A Biographical Study. By CHARLES A. DINSMORE.

Large Crown 8vo. 15s. net.

"Dante's latest biographer has made out a very just summary of modern opinion and research."--_New Statesman._

THE LIFE OF TOLSTOY. By AYLMER MAUDE.

Vol. I. First Fifty Years to 1870.

Vol. II. Later Years.

Each vol. illustrated. Price per vol. 12s. 6d. net.

TOLSTOY. By EDWARD GARNETT. (Modern Biographies Series. See p. 9.)

JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH. His Life, Art, and Work. Translated from the German of JOHANN NIKLAUS FORKEL. With Notes and Appendices by CHARLES SANFORD TERRY, LITT.D.

Illustrated. Demy 8vo. 21s. net.

"Very much more than a re-translation of an old work which was previously translated very imperfectly into English a hundred years ago.... Though it bears the name of Forkel on the cover, it contains material for a history of Bach criticism from the beginning of the 19th century until the present day, and incidentally suggests directions which future research may follow."--_Times Literary Supplement._

TSCHUDI, THE HARPSICHORD MAKER. By WILLIAM DALE, F.S.A.

Demy 8vo. Illustrations. 7s. 6d. net.

MICHEL-ANGELO: A Record of his Life as told in his own Letters and Papers. By R. W. CARDEN, R.W., A.R.I.B.A.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. net.

LIFE AND LETTERS OF LAFCADIO HEARN. By ELIZABETH BISLAND.

Illust. Demy 8vo. 2 vols. £3: 3s. net.

LAFCADIO HEARN. By EDWARD THOMAS. (Modern Biographies Series. See p. 9.)

THE JAPANESE LETTERS OF LAFCADIO HEARN. By ELIZABETH BISLAND.

Illust. Demy 8vo. 31s. 6d. net.

LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS. Author of "Uncle Remus." By JULIA COLLIER HARRIS.

Demy 8vo. Illustrated. 18s. net.

THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN FISKE. By JOHN SPENCER CLARK.

Illustrated. Demy 8vo. 2 vols. 50s. net.

LETTERS OF ROBERT WATSON GILDER. Edited by ROSAMOND GILDER.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 14s. net.

THE MEMORIAL BIOGRAPHY OF W. G. GRACE. By LORD HAWKE, LORD HARRIS, and Sir HOME GORDON. Published under the auspices of M.C.C.

Demy 8vo. Illustrated. 21s. net.

"Of inestimable value.... Sir Home Gordon must have had an extremely difficult and laborious task, and is to be congratulated on the way in which he has accomplished it."--_Field._

IV.

Scientific and Medical.

THE LIFE OF ELIE METCHNIKOFF. By OLGA METCHNIKOFF. Translated by Mrs. R. L. DEVONSHIRE.

Frontispiece. Demy 8vo.

Reviewing the French edition of this book in January 1921, _The Times Literary Supplement_ said: "Madame Metchnikoff's excellent analysis of her husband's scientific theories does not hinder her from showing us the living, the lovable, the extraordinary human being who conceived so many ideas, who developed so many theories, inventions, innovations.... Mme. Metchnikoff has made us admire the man of science and warmly the man."

THE LIFE OF PASTEUR. By RÉNÉ VALLERY-RADOT. Translation by Mrs. R. L. DEVONSHIRE. New Edition with a preface by Sir WILLIAM OSLER, Bart., M.D., F.R.S. 2nd edition.

Demy 8vo. Portrait. 10s. 6d. net.

"A classic of scientific biography."--_Saturday Review._

"The translation of M. Vallery-Radot's admirable biography of the great Frenchman is a book which every English-speaking admirer of Pasteur will desire to possess."--_The Athenæum._

"Pasteur's career is set out in the fullest detail, making an absorbing narrative, and the scientific, social, and political environment is sketched with vivid accuracy. It is the picture of a great man, a great career, and a great epoch in the history of France and of science."--_The Times Literary Supplement._

SIR VICTOR HORSLEY. By STEPHEN PAGET. Foreword by LADY HORSLEY.

Illustrated. Demy 8vo. 21s. net.

"All the aspects of Horsley's strenuous life are depicted with the writer's accustomed sympathy and skill. Mr. Paget has given us a study of absorbing interest.... We are never allowed to lose sight of the restless energy and indomitable courage that characterised all that Horsley undertook."--_British Medical Journal._

"No biographer who agreed with Horsley could have given us anything so valuable, so convincing, so vitally defined.... Mr. Paget has never had an equal as a medical biographer, and here he has excelled himself."--_The Observer._

LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOSEPH BLACK, M.D. By Sir WILLIAM RAMSAY, K.C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., etc. Introduction by F. G. DONNAN, F.R.S.

Demy 8vo. Frontispiece Portrait and Illustrations. 6s. 6d. net.

ROBERT BOYLE: A Biography. By FLORA MASSON.

Frontispiece. Demy 8vo. 7s. 6d. net.

"May be recommended as an excellent study of the great Irishman to whose services as natural philosopher and chemist even modern scientists owe a debt of gratitude."--_Pall Mall Gazette._

THE LIFE OF SIR CHARLES TILSTON BRIGHT. By CHARLES BRIGHT, F.R.S.E. Revised and Abridged.

Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. net.

"The life story of Sir Charles Bright presents the career of a famous Englishman with all the charm of simplicity and enthusiasm.... As the chief engineer of the Atlantic cable Sir Charles Bright will always have a memorable place in the scientific progress of this century.... These volumes possess a special interest for men of science, but they tell with clearness and simplicity the career of a man of whom Englishmen must always feel proud."--_Morning Post_.

[_Spring 1921._]

MESSRS. CONSTABLE will be glad to send free on application classified Lists of their publications. The following subject headings are ready:--

POLITICS, POLITICAL SCIENCE, AND SOCIOLOGY.

HISTORY.

WAR AND MILITARY HISTORY.

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY.

EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY.

ECONOMICS AND COMMERCE.

ART AND ILLUSTRATED BOOKS.

FICTION.

_Please write to_

10-12 ORANGE STREET LONDON W.C.2.

* * * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Variations in spelling and hyphenation have been retained except in obvious cases of typographical error.

Names and terms which deviated between chapter headings and text have been made consistent.