Chapter 22

Chapter 225,888 wordsPublic domain

The death of Charles Darwin focussed, as it were, into one concentrated glow the feelings of admiration, and even reverence, which had been growing stronger and stronger in the years since the "Origin of Species" was published. It soon became evident that a public funeral in Westminster Abbey was very generally called for, and this being granted, a grave was chosen in the north aisle and north-east corner of the nave, north of and side by side with that of Sir John Herschel, and ten or twelve feet only from that of Sir Isaac Newton. On April 26, 1882, a great representative host of scientists, literary men, politicians, and theologians assembled for the final scene. The pallbearers were the Dukes of Devonshire and Argyll, the Earl of Derby, Mr. J. Russell Lowell (then American Minister in London), Mr. W. Spottiswoode (President of the Royal Society), Sir Joseph Hooker, Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace, Professor Huxley, Sir John Lubbock, and Canon Farrar. The Bishop of Carlisle, preaching at the Abbey on the following Sunday, admitted that Darwin had produced a greater change in the current of thought than any other man, and had done it by perfectly legitimate means. He had observed Nature with a strength of purpose, pertinacity, honesty, and ingenuity never surpassed.

"The career of Charles Darwin," wrote _The Times_ on the day of his funeral, "eludes the grasp of personal curiosity as much as of personal enmity. He thought, and his thoughts have passed into the substance of facts of the universe. A grass plot, a plant in bloom, a human gesture, the entire circle of the doings and tendencies of nature, builds his monument and records his exploits.... The Abbey has its orators and ministers who have convinced senates and swayed nations. Not one of them all has wielded a power over men and their intelligences more complete than that which for the last twenty-three years has emanated from a simple country house in Kent. Memories of poets breathe about the mighty church. Science invokes the aid of imagination no less than poetry. Darwin as he searched, imagined. Every microscopic fact his patient eyes unearthed, his fancy caught up and set in its proper niche in a fabric as stately and grand as ever the creative company of Poets' Corner wove from sunbeams and rainbows."

"Our century is Darwin's century," said the _Allgemeine Zeitung_. _The New York Herald_ described his life as "that of Socrates except its close." The _Neue Freie Presse_ said truly that his death caused lamentation as far as truth had penetrated, and wherever civilisation had made any impression.

A movement was at once set on foot for securing a worthy public memorial of Darwin. Subscriptions flowed in abundantly, and came from all countries of Europe, the United States, the British Colonies, and Brazil. Sweden sent the astonishing number of 2296 subscriptions; persons of all ranks contributed, from a bishop to a seamstress. Over L4,000 in all was subscribed, and it was resolved, in the first place, to procure the best possible statue. This work was entrusted to Mr. Boehm, R.A., with admirable results. Permission was obtained to place it in the great hall of the British Museum of Natural History, South Kensington, and here it was unveiled on June 9, 1885, by the Prince of Wales, who accepted the statue on behalf of the Trustees of the British Museum from Professor Huxley as representing the subscribers. It is agreed that the statue is excellent, the attitude easy and dignified, the expression natural and characteristic. The only defect is that the hands are unlike Darwin's. The balance, about L2,200, remaining over from the fund, was given to the Royal Society to be invested for the promotion of biological studies and researches.

The conditions under which Darwin lived were just those in which, as _The Saturday Review_ put it, his sweet and gentle nature could blossom into perfection. "Arrogance, irritability, and envy, the faults that ordinarily beset men of genius, were not so much conquered as non-existent in a singularly simple and generous mind. It never occurred to him that it would be to his gain to show that he and not some one else was the author of a discovery. If he was appealed to for help by a fellow-worker, the thought never passed into his mind that he had secrets to divulge which would lessen his importance. It was science, not the fame of science, that he loved, and he helped science by the temper in which he approached it. He had to say things which were distasteful to a large portion of the public, but he won the ear even of his most adverse critics by the manifest absence of a mere desire to shine, by his modesty, and by his courtesy. He told honestly what he thought to be the truth, but he told it without a wish to triumph or to wound. There is an arrogance of unorthodoxy as well as an arrogance of orthodoxy, and if ideas that a quarter of a century ago were regarded with dread are now accepted without a pang, the rapidity of the change of opinion, if not the change itself, is largely due to the fact that the leading exponent of these ideas was the least arrogant of men."

Geniality and genuine humour must be remembered as among the many delightful traits in Darwin's character. Mr. Edmund Yates, in his "Celebrities at Home" (second series), describes his as a laugh to remember, "a rich Homeric laugh, round and full, musical and jocund." "At a droll suggestion of Mr. Huxley's, or a humorous doubt insinuated in the musical tones of the President of the Royal Society (Sir Joseph Hooker), the eyes twinkle under the massive overhanging brows, the Socratic head, as Professor Tyndall loves to call it, is thrown back, and over the long white beard rolls out such a laugh as we have attempted to describe."

Exceptionally good-hearted and sympathetic as a man, Darwin discovered his life-work, and did it, in spite of a most powerful hindrance, in the best possible manner, with the least possible waste of force. But, more than doing his work, he set others to work, incited them, suggested to them, aided them, scattered among them seeds which, finding fertile soil, sprang up and bore fruit a hundredfold. His greatness is as much in what be caused others to do as in what he did himself. Even in arousing antagonism, though by the gentlest means, he did a great work, for he secured examination and criticism in such bulk that the whole world was leavened by his doctrine; and in controversy no man has any disagreeable reminiscence of him. Many have cause to bless the day when they first came into communication with Darwin, to find him welcome them, encourage them, place his own vast stores of knowledge and thought at their disposal, and, best of all, make them love him naturally as a dear friend.

Darwin's was one of those open and frank minds which are entrenched behind no rampart of isolating prejudice, and elevated on no platform of conscious superiority. It was equally natural to him to ask and to give information. No one ever was more accessible to all who genuinely sought his aid in their inquiries or their projects; no one ever more truly sought information from all quarters whence truth was attainable. Hence the mass of his letters to all kinds of persons is enormous, and only a small proportion, probably, will ever be published. His letters are like his conversation, free, frank, without a trace of _arriere pensee_, praising others where possible--and no man ever found it more possible to praise others more genuinely--depreciating himself and his work most unduly. "You so overestimate the value of what I do," he writes on one occasion, "that you make me feel ashamed of myself, and wish to be worthy of such praise." Again, "You have indeed passed a most magnificent eulogium on me, and I wonder that you were not afraid of hearing 'oh, oh,' or some other sign of disapprobation. Many persons think that what I have done in science has been much overrated, and I very often think so myself, but my comfort is that I have never consciously done anything to gain applause." Here we see the scientific man occupying the highest possible moral standpoint as a seeker after truth. His election as one of the honorary members of the Physiological Society was to him a "wholly unexpected honour," and a "mark of sympathy" which pleased him in a very high degree.

"Work," he writes on another occasion, "is my sole pleasure in life." "It is so much more interesting to observe than to write." So long as he could devise experiments and mark the results he continued to do it, rather than prepare his voluminous notes on many subjects for publication. "Trollope, in one of his novels, gives as a maxim of constant use by a brickmaker, 'It is dogged as does it,' and I have often and often," wrote Darwin, "thought this is a motto for every scientific worker." How faithfully he adopted it himself those who read through any one of his experimental books can appreciate. He habitually read or heard some good novel as a recreation, and took a by no means restricted interest in general literature.

Considering how usual it is for leading thinkers to be drawn into controversy, even when most desirous of avoiding it, it is remarkable how little Darwin was mixed up with hotly-debated questions. "I hate controversy," he writes, "and it wastes much time, at least with a man who, like myself, can work for only a short time in a day." One of the few occasions on which he appeared as a champion of a cause was on the question of vivisection, in which a chivalrous feeling led him to intervene with the following letter to Professor Holmgren, of Upsala University, which was published in _The Times_ of April 18, 1881. "I thought it fair," he wrote, "to bear my share of the abuse poured in so atrocious a manner on all physiologists."

"DEAR SIR,--In answer to your courteous letter of April 7, I have no objection to express my opinion with respect to the right of experimenting on living animals. I use this latter expression as more correct and comprehensive than that of vivisection. You are at liberty to make any use of this letter which you may think fit, but if published I should wish the whole to appear. I have all my life been a strong advocate for humanity to animals, and have done what I could in my writings to enforce this duty. Several years ago, when the agitation against physiologists commenced in England, it was asserted that inhumanity was here practised, and useless suffering caused to animals; and I was led to think that it might be advisable to have an Act of Parliament on the subject. I then took an active part in trying to get a Bill passed, such as would have removed all just cause of complaint, and at the same time have left physiologists free to pursue their researches--a Bill very different from the Act which has since been passed. It is right to add that the investigation of the matter by a Royal Commission proved that the accusations made against our English physiologists were false. From all that I have heard, however, I fear that in some parts of Europe little regard is paid to the sufferings of animals, and if this be the case I should be glad to hear of legislation against inhumanity in any such country. On the other hand, I know that physiology cannot possibly progress except by means of experiments on living animals, and I feel the deepest conviction that he who retards the progress of physiology commits a crime against mankind. Any one who remembers, as I can, the state of this science half a century ago, must admit that it has made immense progress, and it is now progressing at an ever-increasing rate.

"What improvements in medical practice may be directly attributed to physiological research is a question which can be properly discussed only by those physiologists and medical practitioners who have studied the history of their subjects; but, as far as I can learn, the benefits are already great. However this may be, no one, unless he is grossly ignorant of what science has done for mankind, can entertain any doubt of the incalculable benefits which will hereafter be derived from physiology, not only by man, but by the lower animals. Look, for instance, at Pasteur's results of modifying the germs of the most malignant diseases, from which, as it so happens, animals will, in the first place, receive more relief than man. Let it be remembered how many lives, and what a fearful amount of suffering have been saved by the knowledge gained of parasitic worms through the experiments of Virchow and others on living animals. In the future every one will be astonished at the ingratitude shown, at least in England, to these benefactors of mankind. As for myself, permit me to assure you that I honour, and shall always honour, every one who advances the noble science of physiology.

"Dear sir, yours faithfully, "CHARLES DARWIN."

As an experimenter Darwin was by no means overconfident either in his methods or his power of obtaining results. He simply took the best means open to him, or that he could devise, applied them in the best way known to him, and calmly studied the result. "As far as my experience goes," he wrote, in reference to experimental work, "what one expects rarely happens." On another occasion, after working like a slave at a certain investigation, "with very poor success;" he remarks, "as usual, almost everything goes differently to what I had anticipated." How few investigators have the magnanimity which appears in this confession. But more than this, it is an indication of the rare patience with which he stuck at a subject till he knew all he could read or discover or develop in connection with it. It was "dogged" that did it; "awfully hard work" sometimes. In reference to an attempt of his to define intelligence, which he regarded as unsatisfactory, after remarking that he tried to observe what passed in his own mind when he did the work of a worm, he writes: "If I come across a professed metaphysician, I will ask him to give me a more technical definition with a few big words, about the abstract, the concrete, the absolute, and the infinite. But sincerely, I should be grateful for any suggestions; for it will hardly do to assume that every fool knows what 'intelligent' means."

Inasmuch as it must necessarily be of great interest to know the attitude which so great a thinker as Darwin adopted towards Christianity, revelation, and other matters of theology, we give unabridged two letters which were written without a view to publication, and were published after his death without the authorisation of his representatives. Having been widely published, however, it is right that they should be given here.

The first of these was sent in 1873 to N. D. Deedes, a Dutch gentleman, who wrote to ask Darwin his opinion on the existence of a God:

"It is impossible to answer your question briefly; I am not sure that I could do so even if I wrote at some length. But I may say that the impossibility of conceiving that this grand and wondrous universe, with our conscious selves, arose through chance, seems to me our chief argument for the existence of God; but whether this is an argument of real value, I have never been able to decide. I am aware that if we admit a first cause, the mind still craves to know whence it came and how it arose. Nor can I overlook the difficulty from the immense amount of suffering through the world. I am, also, induced to defer to a certain extent to the judgment of the many able men who have fully believed in God; but here, again, I see how poor an argument this is. The safest conclusion seems to be that the whole subject is beyond the scope of man's intellect, but man can do his duty."

The second letter was addressed to Nicholas, Baron Mengden, a German University student, in whom the study of Darwin's books had raised religious doubts. It is dated June 5, 1879. The following is a re-translation of a German translation:

"I am very busy, and am an old man in delicate health, and have not time to answer your questions fully, even assuming that they are capable of being answered at all. Science and Christ have nothing to do with each other, except in so far as the habit of scientific investigation makes a man cautious about accepting any proofs. As far as I am concerned, I do not believe that any revelation has ever been made with regard to a future life; every one must draw his own conclusions from vague and contradictory probabilities."

It should be added that he was greatly averse to every form of militant anti-religious controversy, and always deprecated it. He would have been the last to desire that his words should be quoted as of scientific authority, or as being more than the results of his own thought on questions which were not the subject of his life study. Let those who think that his having expressed these views is a regrettable blow to orthodox Christianity, set against it the enormous service Darwin did to reasonable natural theology by giving an intelligible key to the explanation of the universe. And let all men remember that genuine honesty such as Darwin's cannot possibly hinder the interests or the spread of truth. His declaration that "man can do his duty," implies his conviction that man may know what his duty is; and very many noble spirits besides Darwin have not found it possible to advance with certainty beyond this point.

As to Darwin's place in literature, that is due supereminently to his thoughts. In his expression of them he had the saving quality of directness, and usually wrote with simplicity. Incisive he was not ordinarily; caution of his type harmonises ill with incisiveness. But what he lost thereby he gained in solidity and in permanence. Sometimes, as we have pointed out, his imagination carried him beyond his usual sober vein, and then he showed himself aglow with feeling or with sympathetic perception.

But when we speak of his imagination we pass at once to the other side of his mind--if indeed any such patient inquiry as his could have been maintained except for the imaginative side of him. This lit up his path, buoyed him in difficulties and failures, suggested new expedients, experiments, and combinations. The use of imagination in science has never been more aptly illustrated nor more beneficial than in his case. Darwin, more than any other man perhaps, showed the value, if not the essentiality, of "working hypotheses"; and if any man now wants to progress in biology, he will be foolish if he does not seek such and use them freely, and abandon them readily if disproved.

Darwin imagined grandly, and verified his imaginings as far as one man's life suffices; and no man can do more. And Darwin won, as far as a man can win, success during his lifetime. As Professor Huxley said, in lecturing on "The Coming of Age of 'The Origin of Species,'" "the foremost men of science in every country are either avowed champions of its leading doctrines, or at any rate abstain from opposing them." His prescience has in less than a generation been justified by the discovery of intermediate fossil forms of animals too numerous to be here recounted. The break between vertebrate and invertebrate animals, between flowering and non-flowering plants, between animal and plant, is now bridged over by discoveries in the life histories of animals and plants which exist to-day. Embryo animals and plants are now known to go through stages which repeat and condense the upward ascent of life; and they give us information of the greatest value as to lost stages in the path. We can, as it were, see the actual track through which evolution may have proceeded. "Thus," says Professor Huxley, "if the doctrine of evolution had not existed, palaeontologists must have invented it, so irresistibly is it forced upon the mind by the study of the remains of the Tertiary mammalia which have been brought to light since 1859;" and again, "so far as the animal world is concerned, evolution is no longer a speculation, but a statement of historical fact."

As to the limits of the truth of Darwin's theory, Professor Huxley, writing on "Evolution in Biology," in "The Encyclopaedia Britannica," says: "How far natural selection suffices for the production of species remains to be seen. Few can doubt that, if not the whole cause, it is a very important factor in that operation; and that it must play a great part in the sorting out of varieties into those which are transitory, and those which are permanent. But the causes and conditions of variation have yet to be thoroughly explored; and the importance of natural selection will not be impaired, even if further inquiries should prove that variability is definite, and is determined in certain directions rather than in others, by conditions inherent in that which varies."

We have not space to describe the importance of the work Darwin did in, or bearing on, entomology, changing its face and vastly elevating its importance. A volume might be compiled from his writings on this subject, as reference to Professor Riley's excellent summary (Darwin Memorial Meeting, Washington, 1882) will readily show. Nor can we recount his important work in other branches of biology further than has been already done in the foregoing pages. To do so would require much more than a volume of this size.

One special department may perhaps claim notice on the ground of its supposed non-scientific character. Dr. Masters (_Gardeners' Chronicle_, April 22, 1882) says of Darwin's service to horticulture: "Let any one who knows what was the state of botany in this country even so recently as fifteen or twenty years ago, compare the feeling between botanists and horticulturists at that time with what it is now. What sympathy had the one for the pursuits of the other? The botanist looked down on the varieties, the races, and strains, raised with so much pride by the patient skill of the florist as on things unworthy of his notice and study. The horticulturist, on his side, knowing how very imperfectly plants could be studied from the mummified specimens in herbaria, which then constituted in most cases all the material that the botanist of this country considered necessary for the study of plants, naturally looked on the botanist somewhat in the light of a laborious trifler.... Darwin altered all this. He made the dry bones live; he invested plants and animals with a history, a biography, a genealogy, which at once conferred an interest and a dignity on them. Before, they were as the stuffed skin of a beast in the glass case of a museum; now they are living beings, each in their degree affected by the same circumstances that affect ourselves, and swayed, _mutatis mutandis_, by like feelings and like passions. If he had done nothing more than this we might still have claimed Darwin as a horticulturist; but as we shall see, he has more direct claims on our gratitude. The apparently trifling variations, the variations which it was once the fashion for botanists to overlook, have become, as it were, the keystone of a great theory."

A valuable summary of Darwin's influence on general philosophic thought has been given by Mr. James Sully, in his article, "Evolution in Philosophy," in "The Encyclopaedia Britannica," 9th ed., vol. viii. He, like many other thinkers, considers that Darwin has done much to banish old ideas as to the evidence of purpose in nature. Mr. Sully's views are not entirely shared, however, by Professor Winchell, an able American evolutionist ("Encyclopaedia Americana," vol. ii.) who considers that the question of teleology, or of purpose in nature, is not really touched by the special principle of natural selection, nor by the general doctrine of evolution. The mechanical theorist may, consistently with these doctrines, maintain that every event takes place without a purpose; while the teleologist, or believer in purpose, may no less consistently maintain that the more orderly and uniform we find the succession of events, the more reason is there to presume that a purposeful intelligence is regulating them. It is certainly impossible to show that the whole system of evolution does not exist for a purpose. The ranks of the evolutionists, and even of the Darwinians, as a fact, embrace believers in the most diverse systems of philosophy, including many of those who accept Christ's teaching as an authoritative Divine revelation. May not this diversity among Darwinians itself teach hope? Darwinism is held with vital grip and will therefore not become a dead creed, a fossil formula. The belief that every generation is a step in progress to a higher and fuller life contains within it the promise of a glorious evolution which is no longer a faint hope, but a reasoned faith.

"Man's thought is like Antaeus, and must be Touched to the ground of Nature to regain Fresh force, new impulse, else it would remain Dead in the grip of strong Authority. But, once thereon reset, 'tis like a tree, Sap-swollen in spring-time: bonds may not restrain; Nor weight repress; its rootlets rend in twain Dead stones and walls and rocks resistlessly.

Thine then it was to touch dead thoughts to earth, Till of old dreams sprang new philosophies, From visions systems, and beneath thy spell Swiftly uprose, like magic palaces,-- Thyself half-conscious only of thy worth-- Calm priest of a tremendous oracle."[13]

Here let us leave Charles Darwin; a marvellously patient and successful revolutioniser of thought; a noble and beloved man.

FOOTNOTES:

[13: Round Table Series. "Charles Darwin" (1886), by J. T. Cunningham.]

THE END.

INDEX.

Ainsworth, Mr. W. F., on Darwin at Edinburgh, 22 Allen, Mr. Grant, on Darwin, 25, 31, 95, 112 Ancestry of the Darwins, 11, 12, 14 Andes, 43, 45 Antiquity of man, 113 Ants, Observations on, 88, 89 Archaeology and earthworms, 151, 152 _Athenaeum_, The, 22, 94, 124

Bahia, 32 Bahia Blanca, 38 _Beagle_, H.M.S., 27, 29, 34, 36, 40, 41, 44, 45, 48, 52-60, 65 Bees, Observations on, 88, 89 Bell, Sir C., "Anatomy of Expression," 126 Bentley, T., and Darwin's mother, 17 Blushing, 133 Bladderwort, The, 140 Botanical papers, 103 Botanical works, 103-108, 136-145 Brazil, 32-36 Breeds, Domestic, 80-82, 109-111 British Association, Darwin at, 60 Buenos Ayres, 39, 40 Burdon-Sanderson, Prof., 140 Butterwort, The, 140 Button, Jemmy, the Fuegian, 130

Caldcleugh, Mr., 45 Cambridge University, 24-29, 146 Candolle, A. de, 148-150 Carlisle, Bishop of, on Darwin, 154, 155 Carlyle, Thomas and Mrs., and Erasmus Darwin, 19 Character of Darwin, 155-160, 162-165 Chili, 43-45 Chiloe, 43 Chonos Archipelago, 43 Christianity and Darwin, 115-117, 121, 163-166, 169 Cirripedia, Books on, 61-63 Classification, 91 "Climbing Plants," 107 Copley medal, 106 Coral reefs, Book on, 55-59; observations on, 48, 52, 55 Corfield, Mr. R., 43 Cross-fertilisation of plants, 141-143

Dana, Prof. J. D., on Coral Reefs, 58 Darwin, Charles, and domestic animals, 71; and entomology, 25, 167; and Malthus, 72, 73; and novelists, 133; and Prof. Henslow, 24-30; and Sir C. Lyell, 31, 51, 52, 69, 70; and Sir J. Hooker, 54, 74, 75, 78; and slavery, 34, 35; and spelling reform, 148; as an experimenter, 162; at Cambridge, 24-29; at Edinburgh, 22-24; "Biographical Sketch of an Infant," 131; birth, 18; character of, 155-160, 162-165; "Climbing Plants," 107; contributions to mental science, 134, 135; death of, 153; "Descent of Man," 112-125; discovery of extinct mammals, 38, 39; elected F.G.S., 51; F.R.S., 52; experience of missionaries, 43, 47; experiments on children, 129, 131; "Expression of Emotions," 126-135; fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, 141-143; "Fertilisation of Orchids," 103-106; first scientific paper, 23; "Formation of Mould," 150-152; forms of flowers, 143; funeral of, 154; "Geology of the _Beagle_," 55-60; history of "Origin of Species," 64-78; honours bestowed on, 146; "Insectivorous Plants," 136-139; "Journal of Researches," 52; modesty of, 28, 66; on blushing, 133; on Cirripedia, 61-63; on religion, 115-117, 121, 163-169; on vivisection, 160-162; "Origin of Species," 41, 42, 46, 64-78, 79-99; physical appearance and habits of, 100-102, 147, 148; places named after, 48; portraits of, 146; power of movement in plants, 143-145; school-days of, 19-21; secretary of Geological Society, 51; sons of, 102; statue of, 156; voyage in _Beagle_, 29-50 Darwin, Mrs. C., 53 Darwin, Erasmus, of Lichfield and Derby, 12-14, 66-67 Darwin, Erasmus, of London, 19, 153 Darwin, Mr. Francis, 140-144 Darwin, Mrs. R. W. (Susannah Wedgwood), 17-19 Darwin, R. W., of Elston, 12 Darwin, R. W., father of Charles, 14-18 Darwin Sound, 48 Death of Charles Darwin, 153 "Descent of Man," 112-125 Digestion by plants, 137, 138 Discovery of extinct mammals, 39 Down House, 60, 101, 102, 147-150

Earle, Erasmus, 12 Earthquake experience, 44 Earthworms, Darwin on, 150-152 _Edinburgh Review_, on "Descent of Man," 124; on Erasmus Darwin, 12, 13; on "Origin of Species," 94 Edinburgh University, 21-24 Ehrenberg, 31 Entomology, 25, 141-143 Evolution, History of, in Darwin's mind, 39, 40-42, 46, 47, 50, 64-78, 112 "Expression of Emotions," 126-135

Falkland Islands, 43, 60 Fertilisation, Cross and Self-, in the Vegetable Kingdom, 141-143 "Fertilisation of Orchids," 103-106 Fitzroy, Capt., 27, 29, 31, 48, 49 "Forms of Flowers," 143 Fuegians, 42, 43, 112 Funeral of Charles Darwin, 154

Galapagos Islands, 45-47 Gauchos, 38, 40, 116, 130 Geikie, Prof. A., on Darwin's "Coral Reefs," 58 Geographical distribution, 91 Geological observations by Darwin, 30, 38, 39 Geological papers by Darwin, 51, 52, 59, 60 Geological record, Imperfection of, 90, 91 Geological Society, 51, 52, 63 "Geology of the _Beagle_," 53, 55-60 Germination of plants, 142 Grant, Prof., 23, 69 Greville, Dr., 23

Haeckel, Prof., 71, 72, 147 Hall, Capt. Basil, and Coral Reefs, 55 Henslow, Prof., 24-30 Herbert, Dean, 71 Holmgren, Prof., Letter to, 160-162 Honours conferred on Darwin, 146 Hooker, Sir J., 54, 74, 78, 140 Huxley, Prof., 65, 91, 94, 165-167

Imagination, Definition of, 115 "Insectivorous Plants," 136-141 Insects, 88, 89, 102-106, 136-139 Instinct, 88-90, 114 Interdependence of species, 84

Jameson, Prof., 23 "Journal of Researches," 31, 34, 36, 42, 46, 53

Keeling Islands, 48, 56

Lamarck and Darwin, 67, 68 Linnean Society, 75-78, 107, 143, 147 Literary position of Darwin, 165 Lubbock, Sir J., 141 Lyell, Sir C., 31, 51, 52, 69, 70, 74

Magellan, Straits of, 43 Maldonado, 36, 37 Malthus on Population, 72, 73, 82 Mammals, Extinct, 38, 39, 54 Masters, Dr., on Darwin and Horticulture, 167 Matthew, Mr. P., and "Origin of Species," 97 Mental powers of man, 114-123 Mental science, Darwin and, 134, 135 Meteyard, Miss, on R. W. Darwin, 16; on Wedgwood, 18 Missionaries, 43, 47 Monkeys, 132 Monkeys and man, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 122 Monte Video, 36, 40 Montgomery, James, "Pelican Island," 55 Morphology, 64, 91, 92 "Mould, Formation of," 152 Mount Darwin, 49 Mount, The, Shrewsbury, 17-20, 80 "Movement, Power of, in Plants," 143-145 Murray, Mr. J., on Coral Reefs, 59 _Mylodon Darwinii_, 54

"Naturalist's Voyage Round the World," 53 Natural Selection, 84, 85, 97-99, 108, 117 New Zealand, 47 Niata cattle, 40 Novelists, 133

"Orchids, Fertilisation of," 103-106 "Origin of Species," 41, 42, 46, 64-78, 79-99 Owen, Sir R., 53, 64 Oxford, Bishop of, (Wilberforce), on "Origin of Species," 95

Palaeontographical Society, 62 Pampas thistles, 40 Pangenesis, Hypothesis of, 111 Patagonia, 41 Peru, 45 Phillips, Prof. J., 52, 63 Physiological Selection, 87 Physiological Society, 159 Plinian Society, Edinburgh, 22, 23 Port Darwin, 48 Portraits of Darwin, 146 _Punch_, 123, 124

_Quarterly Review_ on Darwin's "Journal," 53; on "Descent of Man," 124, 125; on "Origin of Species," 95

Ray Society, 62 Religion, 115-117, 121 Religious views of Darwin, 163-166, 169 Reptiles of Galapagos, 46 Riley, Prof. C. V., on Darwin and Entomology, 25, 167 Rio Negro, 37, 40 Rio Plata, 41 Romanes, Mr., 87, 89, 115, 134, 135 Rosas, General, 38, 39 Royal medal, 62 Royal Society and Charles Darwin, 52, 62, 106 Rudimentary organs, 92

Santiago, 43, 45 _Saturday Review_ on Charles Darwin, 156, 157; on "Descent of Man," 125; on "Origin of Species," 95 Savage man described, 49, 122, 123 "Scientific Inquiry, Manual of," 61 Selection, Natural, 84, 85, 97-99 Selection, Physiological, 87 Semper, Prof., on Coral Reefs, 58 Shrewsbury, 15-20 Shrewsbury school, 20 Social qualities of man, 116 Social questions, 121 Sonnet on Darwin, 169 Spencer, Mr. Herbert, Views of, 73, 112 Statue of Darwin, 155-156 Stokes, Admiral, 33, 34 Structure of human body, 114 Struggle for existence, 72, 73, 82, 83 Sully, Mr. James, on Evolution and Design, 168 Sun-dew, 136-139 Sweden and Darwin, 156 Sydney, 48

Tahiti, 47 Tasmania, 48 Tierra del Fuego, 42, 43 _Times, The_, on Charles Darwin, 155 Tree of Life, 85-87 Tres Montes, 44 Tucutuco, Blindness of, 68

Unitarian Church, Shrewsbury, 17, 19

Valdivia, 44 Valparaiso, 43, 45 "Variation of Animals and Plants," 108-112 Variations of Species, 79, 85-87, 108-112 Verde, Cape de, 31, 41 "Vestiges of Creation," 73 Vivisection, Darwin on, 160-162 Volcanic islands, 59

Wallace, Mr. A. R., 75-78 Wedgwood, Josiah, 14 Wells, Dr., and Origin of Species, 96 Winchell, Prof., and evolution, 168-169 Wollaston medal, 63 Woman compared with man, 119, 120 Woodall, Mr. E., on Charles Darwin, 17, 101

Yates, Mr. E., on "Darwin at Home," 157

Zoological Gardens, 115, 128, 131, 132 "Zoology of the _Beagle_," 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

JOHN P. ANDERSON

(_British Museum_).

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I. WORKS.

II. MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS.

III. APPENDIX-- Biography, Criticism, etc. Magazine Articles.

IV. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF WORKS.

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I. WORKS.

Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the Southern Shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. [With appendices and addenda.] 3 vols. London, 1839, 8vo.

Vol. iii. is the "Journal and Remarks, 1832-1836," by Charles Darwin. The appendix to vol. ii. has a distinct title-page and pagination. Some copies of this work were issued in 2 vols., the third being complete in itself, and sold separately with the title "Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N., from 1832 to 1836. By Charles Darwin, Esq.," etc.

Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the World, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. Second edition, corrected, with additions. (_Murray's Colonial and Home Library._) London, 1845, 8vo.

This has been reprinted with a new title-page reading, "A Naturalist's Voyage Round the World, etc."

The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain R. Fitzroy, during the years 1832-36. Edited and superintended by C. D.