CHAPTER XIII.

The Bible and other Sacred Books. Newspapers, &c.

"Anonyma" continued. The Bible and other Sacred Books. Commentaries and Concordances. Newspapers and Periodicals. Directories and Annuals.

There are various books which, while not strictly anonymous, are regarded for cataloguing as if they were. Some of these have already been referred to under Societies, but there remain a few others to consider. Among them are the Bible and other sacred books, the Koran, the Talmud, the Vedas, etc.

The Bible calls more frequently for attention than any of the others. All editions of the text or portions of it are entered under the heading "Bible," and, if they are numerous, the entries are sub-divided and arranged in this or some similar order:--

a. The whole Bible (whether including the apocryphal books or not). 1. Original language. Polyglots.

2. Greek and Latin.

3. English.

4. All other languages alphabetically by the names of the languages.

5. Selections from the Old and New Testaments in the order of the Books ("Authorised Version"). b. The Old Testament. 1. Hebrew. 2. English. 3. Other languages (as before). 4. Selections from the Old Testament. c. The New Testament. 1. Greek. 2. English. 3. Other languages. 4. Selections from the New Testament.

If there were a number of entries under any one of these sub-divisions, they would be placed in chronological order by editions. The selections, if many, would be arranged first by the names of the books, then by languages, and lastly by editions as before.

A few illustrations typical of the form of entry will be useful.

=Bible, The=: _Old and New Testaments. Greek._ British Museum. Facsimile of the Codex Alexandrinus. 4 v. 4º 1879-83 220.48 _English._ The Holy Bible. 4º _Oxford Univ. Press_, 1857 220.52 -- Authorised version, in the easy reporting style of Pitman's shorthand. 20th cent. ed. n.d. 220.52 _French_. La sainte Bible; traduction d' Ostervald. _Paris_, 1899 220.54 _Italian_. La sacra Bibbia; tradotta da Diodati. _Roma_, 1880 220.55

_Old Testament. Irish_; transl. by Wm. Bedel. 4º 1685 221.562

_Parts of Old Testament._ Genesis; ed. by G. W. Wade. 1896 222.11 -- and part of Exodus: a revised version, with marginal references, &c., by Henry Alford. 1872 222.11 Psalms. _Greek_. The Psalms according to the Septuagint; ed. by H. B. Swete. _Camb._, 1896 223.2 Daniel and Ezra. _Hebrew and English_. John Leusden's translation of all the Syriac verses into pure Biblical Hebrew, with the parallel text in English. 1900 224.5

The New Testament wholly or in parts would be similarly arranged.

All the foregoing remarks apply only to _editions of the text_ as far as the dictionary catalogue is concerned. Commentaries on the whole Bible, or on the separate books, follow the customary rules for main entry, and only come under the general heading of "Bible" as subject when they deal with the Bible as a whole. Commentaries upon the Old Testament or the New Testament _separately_ are entered under "Old Testament" and "New Testament" respectively--not under "Bible"; and isolated commentaries upon a particular book under the name of that book. These points are more clearly shown by examples. When a commentary covers the whole Bible, or is meant to do so, as The Speaker's Commentary, The Expositor's Bible, The International Critical Commentary, The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges, and others, there would be a main-entry under the general editor's name, and subordinate entries or references (entries are better) under the writers or editors of the separate volumes. The contents of the volumes must either be set out under the main-entry or under the heading "Bible."

DRIVER, Samuel R., and others (_Eds._) The international critical commentary on the Holy Scriptures. 24 v. 1909-13 220.7 In course of publication. For the contents of the volumes _see_ Bible (Commentaries).

=Bible, The=: _Commentaries._ Driver, S. R. &c. (_Eds._) International critical commentary. 24 v. 1909-13 220.7 Genesis, by John Skinner; Exodus, by A. R. S. Kennedy (following on through the rest of the books in the Bible order).

It is literally more correct to set out the contents of these different volumes under the main-entry (Driver), but it is far more convenient to give them under "Bible," as above. If given under "Driver," then the note should be attached to the entry under "Bible."

The different volumes, as said before, are catalogued under the names of the individual authors, but not under the names of the separate books when they are part of a general commentary, as

SKINNER, John. A critical and exegetical commentary on Genesis. (_International critical commentary._) 1910 220.7

An alternative and briefer form is

BROOKE, A. E. International critical commentary: The Johannine Epistles. 1912 220.7

When a writer has contributed more than one volume to the work the entries can be amalgamated in this fashion

SANDAY, Wm. International critical commentary: Synopsis of the four Gospels. The Epistle to the Romans. 2 v. 1907-13 220.7

In the event of it being decided to give references instead of entries under the names of the authors of the separate volumes, such references must direct to the entry where the contents of the volumes are set out, otherwise the connection will not be apparent. The contents being under "Bible" in the above instance, the reference should read

SKINNER, John. _See_ Bible (Commentaries): Driver. International critical commentary.

Without the latter part this reference would be too indefinite to be useful. The entry itself, first shown under Skinner, takes hardly less space, and is preferable.

When a book is what may be called a monograph-commentary, i.e., a book standing alone upon a single book or two or three books of the Bible, it receives the same treatment as would any other work, irrespective of its connection with the Bible. For example

THOLUCK, A. Commentary on the Gospel of St. John. 1860 226.5

is placed with any other books upon the Fourth Gospel, as

=John, St., Gospel of=: Tholuck, A. Commentary on the Gospel of St. John. 1860 226.5

Monographs of this character are not lost to the inquirer who only consults the heading "Bible," if the guiding references are provided.

=Bible, The=: _Commentaries. See also_ Old Testament; New Testament; _and the names of the separate Books as_ Genesis, Job, John, St.

=Old Testament=: _See also the names of the separate Books._

=New Testament=: _See also the names of the separate Books._

There is a gain in economy by entering books upon any or all of St. Paul's Epistles under his name, instead of distributing them under the names of the churches to which they were addressed. Books to illustrate this are

LIGHTFOOT, J. B., _Bp._ St. Paul's Epistle to the Philippians: a revised text; with intro., notes, and dissertations. 1900 227.6 -- St. Paul's Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: a revised text; with intros., notes, and dissertations. 7th ed. 1884 227.7 -- St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians: a revised text; with intro., notes, and dissertations. 1902 227.4 PRIDHAM, Arthur. Notes and reflections on the Epistle to the Philippians. [1879] 227.6

Although the Lightfoot volumes contain the original text of the Epistles, their value may be said to lie in the notes and dissertations which bring them under the monograph-commentary arrangement. They may, further, be regarded as a single work in three volumes--as in reality they are, though it is not so stated on the title-pages. The entries for subject are

=Paul, St.=: Lightfoot, J. B. St. Paul's Epistles. 3 v. 1884-1902 1. Galatians 227.4 2. Philippians 227.6 3. Colossians and Philemon 227.7 Pridham, A. Notes, &c. on the Epistle to the Philippians. [1879] 227.6

References can be given from the names of the several Epistles, always provided there are books upon them under the heading, as

Galatians, Epistle to the. _See_ Paul, St.

Those who have but limited space at their disposal may consider that the principal entries above given under Lightfoot are too full, and should be reduced. In their case the style given under "Paul, St." may, with a little amplification, be taken to afford more definite information, as

LIGHTFOOT, J. B., _Bp._ St. Paul's Epistles; with intros., notes, &c. 3 v. 1. Galatians. 1902 227.4 2. Philippians. 1900 227.6 3. Colossians and Philemon. 1884 227.7

The cataloguing of the Bible or its parts, and books upon it, presents little or no trouble in the classified catalogue, as the systems of classification are very fully and carefully worked out under this division, as in Dewey's 220 to 229.

The editions of the sacred books of other religions will not be so many in most libraries, and consequently need no special consideration. The following two books upon the Koran will suggest the method of entry for others:

Koran, The; transl. from the Arabic by J. M. Rodwell. (_Everyman's lib_.) [1909] 297 Wherry, E. M. Commentary on the Qurán, comprising Sale's translation. 4 v. 1896 297

References are necessary from the names of the religions concerned.

=Mohammedanism=: _See also_ Koran.

Varieties of the name, as Qurán and Coran, hardly need notice for reference purposes, as presumably a searcher would not fail to look under Koran. The same remark applies to Mahomet and Muhammed, though a reference from Islam to Mohammedanism is desirable. A reference from Christianity to the Bible would be superfluous.

It will be noticed that the main-entry for the Wherry book is not given under "Koran." The reason for this is the same as that for the books by Bishop Lightfoot, viz., that the commentary, and not the text, is the essential part of the work. Therefore the principal entry is

WHERRY, E. M. A comprehensive commentary on the Qurán, comprising Sale's translation and preliminary discourse. (_Trübner's Oriental ser._) 4 v. 1896 297

References from the translators named in both the books are essential, especially as Sale's is the better known, though the reference is more usefully given to the Koran, as

Sale, George (_transl._) _See_ Koran, The. Rodwell, J. M. (_transl._) _See_ Koran, The.

Though both of these books belong to series, neither series is of the character that calls for an entry under its name, unless it be the "Trübner's Oriental Series." The "Everyman's Library" is too comprehensive, and both are sufficiently noticed by naming the series in the main-entries, as shown.

The instructions laid down in some of the codes of rules would seem to imply that the writers of commentaries should be left in obscurity. This is not so: they stand upon the same footing as other authors, and are entitled to the same consideration; their names being adopted for the main-entry, as shown in the Lightfoot and Wherry examples given above; unless the commentaries are of so slight a character, being mere notes, or otherwise occupy so small a place as to be nothing more than an editing of the text. An instance of this latter type is a book bearing the title

Sartor resartus: a fully annotated edition with an introductory essay on Thomas Carlyle, by Rev. James Wood. 1902

Carlyle's name does not appear upon the title-page as the author, probably because it was deemed unnecessary to give it, but it is rendered simply as

CARLYLE, Thomas. Sartor resartus; annotated, with an intro. essay on Carlyle, by James Wood. 1902 824.82

with the usual reference from the editor

WOOD, Jas. (_Ed._) _See_ Carlyle, Thos.

or more definitely

WOOD, James (_Ed._) _See_ Carlyle, Thomas (Sartor resartus.)

The first of these references contains abbreviated forms of Christian names, which, as economies, are quite allowable, because they are well recognised and convey the same meaning as if given in full. Other names of the kind are Alex., Alf. or Alfd., Chas., Edwd., Eliz., Fredk., Geo., Margt., Robt., Saml., Wm., though it is inadvisable to use them in the transcriptions of book titles; "The marriage of Wm. Ashe," "Sir Geo. Tressady," "Geo.'s mother," must be avoided.

In the same category as commentaries come concordances, with some differences of opinion as to the necessity for giving the main-entry under the compiler's name or the author concordanced. The compiler is entitled to an acknowledgment of his work, although it is of the "scissors and paste" order of literature; it is, however, not a matter of great moment, as under any circumstances both entries are given. The following are illustrations:

ELLIS, F. S. A lexical concordance to the poetical works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. 1892 821.77 HUSBAND, M. F. A. A dictionary of the characters in the Waverley Novels of Sir Walter Scott. 1910 823.73

=Shelley, Percy B.=: Ellis, F. S. Concordance to the poetical works of Shelley. 1892 821.77

=Scott, Sir Walter=: Husband, M. F. A. Dictionary of the characters in the Waverley Novels. 1910 823.73

Newspapers, magazines, periodicals, reviews, directories, annuals, almanacks, and publications of like kind are also regarded as anonymous, and are given a first-word title-entry.

Newspapers of a general character published in London would be entered in British catalogues without any regard to the place of publication, as

Times, The. Daily Telegraph, The. Westminster Gazette, The. Illustrated London News, The.

and not as London Times, London Daily Telegraph, London Westminster Gazette, London News, Illustrated. Local papers, on the other hand, are entered under the name of the place, whether the name appears in their titles or not, as

Chelsea. West London Press. Manchester Guardian, The. Liverpool. Porcupine, The. Leeds Mercury, The.

The number of volumes and period covered should be given as well as any change of names the papers have undergone. The editors, even when known, pass unnoticed, and no general heading of "Newspapers" (or any other entry) is required except in the classified catalogue, where all newspapers fall into place under the heading--in the Dewey classification 072 (Newspapers--English).

Magazines and periodicals receive similar treatment, being entered under the first word of their distinctive titles, as

Athenæum, The. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. Dublin Review, The. Nature. Review of Reviews, The. Spectator, The.

When newspapers, periodicals, or magazines change their titles without breaking the continuity of publication, retaining some connection between their old and new titles, the entries are given under the latest titles, with references from the earlier if required, as

Nineteenth Century, The,--and after. Nation, The (formerly The Speaker). Speaker, The. _See_ Nation, The.

The alternative and better form, especially where the periodical has a separate volume number sequence under each of the titles, is to enter both as if quite distinct publications, but with notes attached marking the connection, as

Speaker, The. 10 v. 1890-1900 052 _See under_ Nation, The, _for continuation_. Nation, The. v. 1-12. 1900-12 052 _And continuation. Formerly_ The Speaker. _See under_ Speaker.

Weekly and monthly periodicals are sometimes the official organs of learned or scientific societies, in which case the name of the society becomes the entry word, as

Society of Arts, Journal of the. Royal Geographical Society, Journal of the. Society of Chemical Industry, Journal of the.

References are given, where deemed necessary, from the first word of the title to the name of the society

Journal of the Society of Arts. _See_ Society of Arts.

Publications such as these, and other technical or scientific periodicals, deserve, and should receive, additional entries under the names of the subjects with which they are mainly concerned, even if the subjects are not indicated by their titles. The building papers, for example, are as much devoted to architecture as to building, and need subject-entries as well as main-entries, thus:--

=Architecture=: _Periodicals._ Architect, The. Architectural Review, The. British Architect, The. Builder, The. Building News, The.

So far as the nature of the contents of all these papers goes, they may fitly be entered in the same manner under "Building"--_The Architect_ and _The British Architect_, having as much to do with building as _The Builder_ and _The Building News_. To prevent misunderstanding, it may be explained that the mere titles above are given to show the method of entry; the number of volumes, dates of publication, or other particulars must be added in the ordinary way.

Directories, annuals, and other "books which are not books," receive first-word entry as already stated, but a few examples may be cited.

Medical directory, The. 1912 926.1 Law list, The. 1913 923.4 Crockford's Clerical directory. 1913 922 Kelly's Handbook to the titled, landed, and official classes. 1912 923 Statesman's year-book, The; ed. by J. Scott Keltie. 1912 310 WHITAKER, Joseph. Almanack. 1913 310

Of these, the first two hardly need further entries, unless they be under "Doctors" and "Lawyers," the third must be entered under "Clergy," the fourth, though merely a directory of selected names, receives a title-entry, as

Titled, landed, &c. classes, Kelly's Handbook. 1912 923

The last two might very well be entered under a heading of "Statistics"; although not on statistics, they contain much statistical information. General directories are not entered under a heading "Directories," but under the names of the places or classes with which they are concerned.