CHAPTER VI.

Books by more than Two Authors. Composite Books.

=Books by Three Authors. Choice of Subject-Headings.= =Cross-References. Books by a number of Authors.= =Ecclesiastical and other Titles of Honour. The use of= =Capitals. Editors. Dates of Publication. Title-Entries.= =Punctuation. "Indexing" Contents of Composite Books.= =Separate Works printed together. Volumes of Essays= =by Single Authors.=

A book written by more than two authors or of a composite character needs careful consideration as to the best method of entry. If the number of authors does not exceed three, the book can be dealt with on the lines indicated in the preceding chapter. The principal entry of a book of this nature is

CADBURY, Edward, M. Cécile MATHESON, and George SHANN. Women's work and wages: a phase of life in an industrial city. 1906

The method of giving the imprint and collation having already been shown, they are omitted as far as they can be from this and all subsequent entries taken in illustration, upon the understanding that those who desire to give them in full know how to do so, and others--the majority--who look upon them as burdening the entry, can see how far they may be judiciously left out.

The second and third authors of the above book require references from their names

MATHESON, M. Cécile (_joint-author_.) _See_ Cadbury, Edward. SHANN, George (_joint-author_.) _See_ Cadbury, Edward.

Where strict economy of entry is of importance, these two references could be dispensed with, though it is undesirable to omit them if space can be spared. The economy can, of course, be carried much further by laying down a rule to the effect that, when a book has more than two authors, only the first shall be taken into account, in this way

CADBURY, Edward, and others. Women's work and wages. 1906

in which case the references cannot be given, as there is nothing to refer to, the names of the other authors not appearing in the entry. Some catalogues economise by leaving out all references from the names of joint-authors without any serious difficulty arising, though it is not in accordance with good cataloguing principles.

An alternative method of entry, and one recognised by the rules, though it is cumbersome, is to take the name of the first-mentioned author as the "heading," followed by "and others," and bring the names of all into the entry, after this fashion

CADBURY, Edward, and others. Women's work and wages: a phase of life in an industrial city, by Edward Cadbury, M. Cécile Matheson, and George Shann. 1906

the references ("added entries") from the two last-named authors being given as recommended above.

This book requires two subject-entries and a reference, it being upon women's work and the payment therefor among the poorer class of workers in Birmingham, and is a contribution to the literature of the labour question as regards women. Therefore it is entered under the heading "Labour," with a sub-heading "Women's work."

=Labour=: _Women's work._ Cadbury, E., &c. Women's work and wages. 1906

We have the choice of another heading, viz., "Women"; and as there will certainly be other books in a reasonably sized library upon the labour and wages aspects of the question, it would be a waste of space to give double entries (under both headings), therefore we proceed to put the matter right by a reference--

=Women=: _See also_ Labour (Women's work).

If we consider that the book has some bearing, as this has, upon the social question in general, sweating, and poverty, we add _See also_ references _under_ any headings adopted for these subjects.

=Social Question, The=: _See also_ Labour.

=Sweating=: _See also_ Labour.

=Poor=: _See also_ Labour.

When the time for printing arrives, if the completed catalogue has no books entered under any of these headings, the _See also_ reference must either be withdrawn altogether or converted into a _See_ reference. For example, the reference from "Sweating" might be given as

Sweating. _See_ Labour.

upon the supposition that books solely upon this aspect of the labour question might be better placed under the more general heading, though this is somewhat against the rule for specific entry. The difference between these two forms of reference may again be emphasised. The _See_ reference is intended to prevent books being entered under the subject-heading referred _from_ in order that they be placed under the heading referred _to_; the _See also_ reference is an appendix to a subject-heading, under which books relating to the subject in general are entered, and is meant to direct to lesser or related divisions of the same subject.

The scope of the inquiry of the book is local and has an important bearing upon social conditions in Birmingham, which must be taken into account, therefore an entry is given

=Birmingham=: _Social, &c. Conditions._ Cadbury, E., &c. Women's work and wages. 1906

The fact that the book is so entered signifies in itself that it applies particularly to Birmingham, without any further necessity for showing the connection.

In the classified catalogue the book is placed at 331.4 (Sociology. Capital. Labour and Wages. Labour of Women), and the index entries are

Cadbury, E., &c. Women's work. 331.4 Labour, 331.4 Women's work, 331.4 Birmingham, Women's work, 331.4

The next book we take in hand has the names of no less than twenty-three contributors on its title-page, and is entitled

The Church and life of to-day, by the Bishop of Bristol, the Dean of Manchester, the Bishop of Durham [and twenty other names following.] 1910

Clearly all the names cannot be reckoned with in this case, and so we take the first, the Bishop of Bristol. Under no circumstances would the book be entered by the name of the See or Deanery of any of the writers, and, if not given in the book, the name of the Bishop or Dean must be ascertained from a Clergy List or any other available source, taking care that the name is that of the right person. Accordingly the entry under the surname of the first-named author becomes

BROWNE, G. F., _Bp. of Bristol_, and others. The Church and life of to-day. 1910

The _Bp. of Bristol_ may be curtailed to simple _Bp._, as bishops change their sees at times, and it must be a rare occurrence to have two bishops of the same surname at the same date. It is the rule to give the highest position attained at the time the catalogue is prepared, irrespective of the date of publication of the book, even though it may appear to be an anachronism. This, by the way, applies not only to ecclesiastical preferment, but to changes in the peerage or any other accessions in rank. The second essay in this volume illustrates this point, though not so far as this book is concerned. It is by "the Rt. Rev. J. E. Welldon, Dean of Manchester, late Bishop of Calcutta." The cataloguer does not trouble to notice both offices, but takes the highest which has been held, and enters as

WELLDON, J. E. C., _Bp._

While the rules recommend reference from the name of the See, it serves no very useful purpose, and would multiply entries largely if always given. The form when used would be

Bristol, Bishop of. _See_ Browne, G. F.

It has already been shown that the offices held by a writer and his academical or other honours are ignored by the cataloguer unless for the special purpose of distinguishing between authors of the same name. If the title is so used, it is given as

SMITH, _Rev._ John.

if the degree, as

SMITH, John, M.A.

and not in the form occasionally seen, of

SMITH, M.A., John.

Anything required to distinguish between authors may be used, even the name of the place with which a man is identified. A good example of four authors, sometimes mixed for want of this, is

TAYLOR, Isaac, _Baptist minister, Calne_. TAYLOR, Isaac, _Canon of York_. TAYLOR, Isaac, _Indep. minister, Ongar_. TAYLOR, Isaac, _of Stanford Stevens_.

As three of these are "Rev.," no purpose is served by affixing that title to their names, and in cataloguing would generally be no more useful than to attach "Mr." to others. It is considered to be quite in order to ignore all ecclesiastical titles below that of a dean, and, in the democracy of cataloguing, military and civil distinctions share the same fate. It is a matter of no moment to the cataloguer that the compiler say of a dictionary of quotations holds the rank of colonel. Civil distinctions below that of a knight may safely be disregarded, even "Hon." omitted from the names of younger sons and daughters of the nobility, though it is customary and better to give the higher _courtesy titles_ of Lord and Lady. The custom here outlined works quite satisfactorily in practice, and is economical of space, but any who wish to be particularly exact and deferential in this respect cannot do better than follow the British Museum rule (No. 15) in its entirety and after the manner of the examples attached thereto.

The honours lists of each New Year and King's Birthday must be closely examined, and the changes in titles noted for alteration in the catalogue.

Something must be said here as to the use of capital letters in cataloguing. Until comparatively recent years it was the recognised custom to give a capital initial to every word that would admit of it, but this fashion is not now so generally observed. Perhaps our American cousins are to be blamed (or praised) for this. As has been truly said

"The reasons for writing and printing all catalogue titles in small letters and with only such capitals as cannot be avoided is two-fold. First, there can be no standard prescribing what words should or should not be capitalised [that is, a rule saying what words should have a capital letter under the older fashion], and so the cataloguer will be constantly at a loss, or will use capitals in the most unprincipled way. He will write one day, The Dangers of great Cities, and the next, The dangers of Great Cities; with no particular reason for either form. Secondly, the appearance--the symmetry--of a title or a sentence, whether written or printed, is best attained by the exclusion of capitals. Nothing can be more unsightly than the constant breaking up of the harmony of a line by the capricious use of capitals."

The use of capitals is now mostly limited to proper names and to adjectives derived from them, besides those customary in ordinary usage. In foreign names the custom of the language is followed, and, therefore, speaking generally, there would be more capital letters in the Teutonic languages, and fewer in the Romance languages. In the entry of the book under notice it is seen that the word Church has an initial capital because the Church of England is meant and not the Christian church in general. There is a recommendation to the effect that a capital initial should be used to the second word in the title of a book if the first word is an article, and this, though not commonly adopted in practice, has the advantage of emphasising the word whereby the entry is usually alphabetised (as shown later), as the articles "a," "an," and "the," are invariably ignored for this purpose when beginning a title, though they are taken into account in the middle of a title. The use made of capital letters throughout the illustrative entries in this book is that becoming general, and can be noted in passing. It is not intended to dogmatise on the use of capitals, as it resolves itself into a question of taste rather than one of utility--the rule is, however, "in all doubtful cases avoid the use of capitals."

The twenty-three essays or articles in the book before us range over as many topics, opening with one on novels and novelists, and closing with one on training in patriotism. As there is a more or less single purpose or idea running through them all, viz., the influence or bearing of the Church of England on the ethical and social questions of the day, the whole book is entered under the name of that Church for subject.

=Church of England=: Browne, G. F., &c. The Church and life of to-day. 1910

As already stated, when the number of entries under such a subject-heading warrant it, they should be sub-divided to facilitate reference and indicate as far as possible the nature of the books. As a rule such divisions suggest themselves by the quantity and nature of the material in hand when arranging it under the heading, the entries falling into sections like History, Customs, Ritual, Polity, etc., this being marked and placed with the sub-division most appropriate.

The book also has a large bearing upon the ethics of these days, and seems to need an additional entry under "Morals" or "Ethics." If any doubt exists as to the value of the book as a contribution to the subject, let the mistake be made on the right side, and give the entry

=Ethics=: Browne, G. F., &c. The Church and life of to-day. 1910

and the reference from the synonym

Morals. _See_ Ethics.

For the classified catalogue the entry is marked 261.4 (Religion. The Church. Church and Morals.), and the index entries

Ethics, Church and, 261.4 Church of England and Morals, 261.4 Morals, Church and, 261.4 Browne, G. F., &c. The Church and life of to-day. 261.4

A book somewhat similar to the last but varying in the method of treatment is

The citizen of to-morrow: a handbook on social questions edited by Samuel E. Keeble for the Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service. London, Charles H. Kelly

Examining the book we find that there are three series, each consisting of five essays, classified as "Historical and General," "Labour and Poverty," and "Citizenship and Service." The book, having a general editor, the main-entry is given under his name, and because of this is not entered under that of the writer of the first essay, as in the previous example.

KEEBLE, Samuel E. (_Ed._) The citizen of to-morrow: a handbook on social questions. (_Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service._) [1906]

The abbreviation _Ed._ may be used either for editor or edited, the position marking the meaning. The year of publication is not on the title-page, but is taken from the end of the preface, which is dated "June 30, 1906"; being, therefore, an addition to the title-page it is enclosed in brackets. The value of giving the year of publication wherever possible is unquestionable. When there is no clue to it in the book itself, all available sources of reference should be searched, more particularly the _English Catalogue of Books_ and library catalogues. In the event of the search proving fruitless, the letters "n.d.", signifying no date, are put in place of the date.

As was the case with the previous book, each essay in the book deals with a separate subject, yet the whole forms a single subject, and may be fitly placed under a heading entitled, say,

=Social Question, The=: Keeble, S. E. (_Ed._) The citizen of to-morrow. [1906]

Such a heading would be specially reserved for books dealing with the whole social problem, and no book should find a place under it if upon a particular phase, such as housing, the land, unemployment, etc., as the position for these is under the name of the special subject they deal with. As recommended already, _See also_ references should be given from it as books upon the separate subjects come up for cataloguing.

The book is unlike that upon the Church of England, inasmuch as it lays no particular stress upon the efforts of the Wesleyan Methodists towards social reform. At the same time, the work has been prepared under the auspices of the Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service, and this must be recognised, in full catalogues at any rate, by the entry

Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service. The citizen of to-morrow; ed. by S. E. Keeble. [1906]

A book of this varied nature is a little puzzling in regard to its right place in the classified catalogue, as some parts of it bear on topics in the class Sociology, though in the aggregate it may be regarded as belonging to Social Ethics, and so is marked 177.

In the books hitherto taken as examples, no entries have been given under the first words of the titles, as it is not considered that they are required. There is the remote possibility in this instance of the book being remembered by its title, but that does not justify the entry, as any person interested would remember one of the three entries already given. When it is thought essential or desirable to give a title-entry, it will be shown as we proceed. The older catalogues of popular libraries were largely based upon the principle of a title-entry for every item; the first or some other striking word of the title-page being taken; it being considered rank heresy to go behind the words of the title, as already mentioned. The result was often confusing, if not actually misleading. A case in point is that of the first book we took in illustration (page 34). Under the old system this would have appeared as

Portugal, In. By A. F. G. Bell.

while Lady Jackson's "Fair Lusitania," though identical in subject, would be in another part of the catalogue, as

Lusitania, Fair. By Lady Jackson.

It may be noted in passing that every book taken so far in illustration is virtually without a punctuation mark of any kind on the title-page. If the title-pages had been punctuated by the printer, it is probable that no two of them would have been alike in principle, therefore the cataloguer must provide the punctuation as he proceeds, certainly it cannot be left to the printer. The entry above under "Keeble" lends itself to an explanation of the punctuation used in it. The parentheses enclosing the (_Ed._) serve to isolate it from the initials of the author's name, and so prevent misunderstanding in that respect. Occasionally the form used is

KEEBLE (Samuel E.) _ed._

A colon is used between the title of the book ("The citizen of to-morrow") and its explanatory sub-title ("a handbook on social questions") which makes the distinction clear. If the second title were an alternative one preceded by "or," the first title is followed by a semi-colon and the second preceded by a comma, as

The citizen of to-morrow; or, a handbook on social questions.

The printing of the name of the Union of Social Service in italics enclosed in parentheses emphasises in some measure the fact that it is published for that body, and indicates the point of view taken. In the entry under "Wesleyan Methodist Union" the semi-colon before the "ed. by S. E. Keeble" is a good form, separating the name from the title of the book without cutting it off altogether as a full stop would do. On the other hand, if he were the sole author of the book, the "ed.," being omitted, the "by" would be preceded by a comma, as

Wesleyan Methodist Union for Social Service. The citizen of to-morrow, by S. E. Keeble.

The next is apparently of the same kind as the two preceding books, yet it calls for quite different treatment. The title-page reads

Essays and studies by members of the English Association. Collected by A. C. Bradley. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1910

Here the English Association in its corporate capacity is regarded as the author of its own publications, the editor or collector occupying a subsidiary place, more particularly in this case, as each of the three volumes of these _Essays and studies_ so far published has a different editor. Accordingly our entry becomes

English Association, The. Essays and studies; collected by A. C. Bradley. _Oxf._, 1910

with a reference

BRADLEY, A. C. (_Ed._) _See_ English Association.

The volume contains seven essays, each by a different author upon a separate subject, and, unlike the other two books, without a general idea running through the whole. For full, and, indeed, for average catalogues, each of these essays must be reckoned with, both for authors and subjects. Where space is not of much consequence, and it is desired to catalogue the book fully, then the contents are set out under the principal entry, and each of the essays dealt with as if it were a distinct work. This is for the dictionary catalogue. To carry it out adequately fifteen entries are necessary, and are here fully worked out.

English Association, The. Essays and studies; ed. by A. C. Bradley. _Oxf._, 1910 English place-names, by H. Bradley. On the present state of English pronunciation, by R. Bridges. Browning, by W. P. Ker. Blind Harry's _Wallace_, by G. Neilson. Shakespeare and the grand style, by G. Saintsbury. Some suggestions about bad poetry, by E. Sichel. Carlyle and his German masters, by C. E. Vaughan.

This is the principal entry for the dictionary catalogue, and the only one for the classified catalogue, where it is marked 820.6 (English Literature. Societies.) The extent to which the contents of such a book would be noticed in the indexes to a classified catalogue is a matter of discretion, and presumably they would be ignored. Not so, however, in the good dictionary catalogue; as it is a matter of every-day experience with librarians to find that essays of the kind often give the gist of a subject in such a way as to be sufficient for the needs of most of those interested in it, and, moreover, such an article or essay may prove to be the only contribution to the subject appearing in the catalogue, or the only one the library contains. The further entries then for the dictionary catalogue are these:

BRADLEY, Henry. English place-names. (English Assoc, essays.) 1910

=Place-Names=: Bradley, H. English place-names. (English Assoc, essays.) 1910 Names, Place. _See_ Place-names.

It is essential that the "(English Assoc, essays)" be in every entry as a guide to the book containing the essay. More correctly it should be given with more detail, as

BRIDGES, Robert. On the present state of English pronunciation. (English Assoc. Essays and studies.) 1910

but the shorter form serves its purpose.

For the subject-entry of this last item we can choose between "Pronunciation, English," "English Pronunciation," and "Phonetics." An examination of the essay proves that for several reasons the first is the best to select, and it becomes

=Pronunciation, English=: Bridges, R. The present state of English pronunciation. (English Assoc, essays.) 1910

The matter can be easily put right, as before, by the serviceable references

English pronunciation. _See_ Pronunciation, English. Phonetics. _See also_ Pronunciation.

The apparent frequency of such references seems to suggest that the catalogue would be chiefly composed of references, but as a matter of actual practice this is not so, as often a single reference serves for many books.

KER, W. P. Browning. (English Assoc, essays.) 1910 =Browning, Robert.= Ker, W. P. Browning. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 NEILSON, Geo. On Blind Harry's _Wallace_. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 Harry, Blind. _See_ Henry the Minstrel. Henry the Minstrel. Blind Harry's _Wallace_. Neilson, G. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910 SAINTSBURY, Geo. Shakespeare and the grand style. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910

=Shakespeare, Wm.= Saintsbury, G. Shakespeare and the grand style. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910

This heading is likely to be so large in quantity of material that it will need some sub-division of the works _on_ Shakespeare (which will follow those _by_ him.)

SICHEL, Edith. Some suggestions about bad poetry. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910

=Poetry.= Sichel, E. Some suggestions about bad poetry. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910

A heading of this kind, of course, only includes books _upon_ poetry as a subject, and not works because they are written in _poetical form_.

VAUGHAN, C. E. Carlyle and his German masters. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910

=Carlyle, Thomas.= Vaughan, C. E. Carlyle and his German masters. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910

The suggestion made in the Shakespeare entry above also applies to this Carlyle entry. There is no occasion to repeat the heading of Carlyle as subject when printing, as this style of type seems to imply, though it is sometimes done, and there is nothing against it. Books _by_ and _on_ an author can be distinguished by the use of the dash and indent, as below, or by printing the books _on_ in smaller type.

CARLYLE, Thomas. The French Revolution. 3 v. [1888]

-- The life of Friedrich Schiller. 1873

-- Sartor resartus. 1891 Arnold, A. S. The story of Carlyle. 1888 Vaughan, C. E. Carlyle and his German masters. (English Assoc. essays.) 1910

If the exigencies of space necessitate making choice between setting out the contents of a volume of this miscellaneous character, as in the principal entry above, or index-entries for author and subject in this way, there can be no question that indexing is the better, because each of the articles is a contribution to the subject, and if not so indexed is lost. This loss must perforce be risked when the collections are so voluminous that they require an enormous number of entries to complete. Unless space and expense are of no consequence, there is no alternative but to dispense with the index entries. Sainte Beuve's _Causeries du lundi_ is a case in point, and the opposite course of setting out the contents of these volumes under the principal entry must suffice for most catalogues.

Whatever doubt may arise as to the policy of indexing such a work, none whatever exists as to the necessity for dealing separately with the contents of a volume which consists in reality of several works brought together by an editor or publisher. A good example of this is

Ideal commonwealths: Plutarch's Lycurgus, More's Utopia, Bacon's New Atlantis, Campanella's City of the Sun, and a fragment of Hall's Mundus alter et idem; with an introduction by Henry Morley. 10th edition. London: Routledge.

Each of the individual works must be catalogued separately and completely precisely as if each were a separate publication. The main-entry may appear under the name of Morley as editor (though his share in the production seems to consist merely of a preface of four pages) in this form

MORLEY, Henry (_Ed._) Ideal commonwealths. n.d.

Plutarch's Lycurgus. More's Utopia. Bacon's New Atlantis. Campanella's City of the Sun. Hall's Mundus alter et idem (fragment).

The subordinate or added entries in this case being given under each author.

PLUTARCH. Life of Lycurgus. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. MORE, Sir Thomas. Utopia. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. BACON, Francis, _Lord_. New Atlantis. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. CAMPANELLA, Tommaso. The City of the Sun. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. HALL, Joseph. Mundus alter et idem; transl. by Wm. King. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d.

In the Campanella item above the Christian name is kept in the vernacular, as it is a customary rule to so enter all names instead of anglicizing them, even when the books are translations.

In addition to the foregoing entries, all the works contained in the book, the Plutarch excepted, will need title-entries in the dictionary catalogue.

Utopia. More, Sir T. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d.

The "(Morley. Ideal commonwealths)" must be inserted in every entry as a guide to the book containing the works. The form more correctly is "(Morley, H. (_Ed._) Ideal commonwealths.)", though the shorter form is sufficiently distinctive. Even this could be left out if it happened that the entry covered the only edition of any of the books contained in a library, when the usual shelf-mark attached to the entry might be regarded as a sufficient guide, and the entry reduced to the simplest form of

Utopia. More, Sir T. n.d. 320.1

though this is not recommended.

On the other hand, if a library had a collection of editions of the _Utopia_, it would be a good and reasonable economy to cover the whole by a reference to the author's name, where they would be found set out in detail, as

Utopia. More, Sir T. _See under_ More, Sir Thomas.

The remaining entries, continued on the same lines, are

New Atlantis. Bacon, Lord. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. City of the Sun, The. Campanella, T. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d. Mundus alter et idem. Hall, J. (Morley. Ideal commonwealths.) n.d.

For the classified catalogue the full entry, as shown under Morley above, is numbered 320.1 (Political Science. Theory of the State), and each author must appear in the index.

The foregoing rules and suggestions are also applicable to works of a varied character when the work of a _single author_--volumes of essays usually meriting and receiving separate entries under the subjects. Fletcher's _A. L. A. Index to General Literature, Boston_, 1905, is a useful work of reference in this connection, though it does not compensate for the want of the indexing referred to in this chapter.

A volume may consist of a number of essays or articles by an individual author upon topics so closely related that they are a contribution to a single subject. Such, for example, is

PELHAM, Henry F. Essays; collected and ed. by F. Haverfield. pp. xxiv., 328, map. la.8º _Oxf._, 1911 937

This is lettered on the publisher's cover "Essays on Roman History." The contents of the volume, which should be set out under the above entry, are

Biographical note. The Roman curiæ. Chronology of the Jugurthine War. The early Roman emperors (Cæsar-Nero). Problems in the constitution of the Principate. The domestic policy of Augustus. Notes on the reign of Claudius. Hadrian. The Roman frontier system. The Roman frontier system in Southern Germany. Arrian as legate of Cappadocia. Discoveries at Rome, 1870-89. The imperial domains and the colonate. Pascua. Pagus.

Although so miscellaneous in character, this book requires but one subject-entry, as it would be a work of supererogation to index each essay separately.

=Rome=: _History._ Pelham, H. F. Essays. 1911 937

For the classified catalogue the book is not placed under English Essays (824), but under Ancient History--Rome (937), the index entries being

Pelham, Henry F. Essays. 937 Rome, Ancient (History). 937