Chapter 5

THE CONDUCT OF WARFARE 50

SECTION 1 _On the Open Sea_ 51

The Freedom of the Seas? (1917) 51

SECTION 2 _In Other Waters_ 51

The Suez Canal (1898) 51 " " " ( " ) 51 " " " ( " ) 53 " " " ( " ) 54 The Closing of the Dardanelles (1912) 55 " " " " " ( " ) 58

SECTION 3 _In a Special Danger Zone?_ 59

The German Threat (1915) 59

SECTION 4 _Aerial Warfare_ 61

The Debate on Aeronautics (1909) 61 The Aerial Navigation Act (1913) 63 Sovereignty over the Air (1913) 65 Attack from the Air: The Enforcement of International Law (1914) 66 " " " " The Rules of International Law (1914) 67

SECTION 5 _Submarines_ 69

Germany and the Hague (1914) 69 The "Pirates" (March 13, 1915) 70 Submarine Crews (March 22, 1915) 71 Mr. Wilson's Note (May 16, 1915) 72

SECTION 6 _Lawful Belligerents_ 73

Guerilla Warfare (1906) 73 The Russian Use of Chinese Clothing (1904) 75 The Rights of Armed Civilians (1914) 77 Civilians in Warfare: The Right to take up Arms (1914) 78 Civilians and a Raid (1914) 79 Miss Cavell's Case (1915) 79

SECTION 7 _Privateering and the Declaration of Paris_ 80

Our Mercantile Marine in War Time (1898) 81 " " " " " " ( " ) 84 Our Mercantile Marine in War (1898) 87 The Declaration of Paris (1911) 87 " " " " (1914) 89 " " " " (1916) 91 " " " " (1916) 92

SECTION 8 _Assassination_ 93

The Natal Proclamation (1906) 93

SECTION 9 _The Choice of Means of Injuring_ 94

Bullets in Savage Warfare (1903) 94 Gases (1918) 97

SECTION 10 _The Geneva Convention_ 98

Wounded Horses in War (1899) 98

SECTION 11 _Enemy Property in Occupied Territory_ 100

International "Usufruct" (1898) 101 Requisitions in Warfare (1902) 103

SECTION 12 _Enemy Property at Sea_ 104

Private Property at Sea (1913) 104

SECTION 13 _Martial Law_ 105

The Executions at Pretoria (1901) 106 The Petition of Right (1901) 108 The Petition of Right (1902) 109 Martial Law in Natal (1906) 111

SECTION 14 _The Naval Bombardment of Open Coast Towns_ 112

Naval Atrocities (1888) 113 The Naval Manoeuvres (1888) 113 " " " ( " ) 117 Naval Bombardments of Unfortified Places (1904) 120

SECTION 15 _Belligerent Reprisals_ 123

Reprisals (1917) 123 " ( " ) 124

SECTION 16 _Peace_ 124

Undesirable Peace Talk (1915) 124