Part 22

Cade, Jack, leader of the revolt of Kentish commons, 1450, 173; uncertainty as to real name and family, 176; marches to Blackheath at head of 46,000 followers, 177; draws up and presents petition to Henry VI., 178; no answer returned, 178; withdraws to Sevenoaks and defeats small body of Henry’s troops, 180; gathers reinforcements in Kent, 181; Henry VI. treats with him fruitlessly, 181; enters London without opposition, 182; preserves strict discipline in his force, 184; forced to levy toll for support of his followers, 185; after first good reception London turns against him, 187; unsuccessful fight for London Bridge, 187; treats with Henry’s representatives, 188; many of his adherents return to their homes, 189; refuses to lay down arms till parliament issues legal pardon, 189; proclaimed a traitor, 189; defeated at Queenborough, 189; dies fighting as a fugitive, in Sussex, 189; head exposed on London Bridge, 190

Cartwright, John, enters Navy and begins promising career, 308; it is cut short by his siding with the Americans at outbreak of war, 1776, 308; trains the Nottinghamshire Militia, 309; pioneer of political reform, 310; writes and speaks on the subject, 310; unsuccessful efforts to enter parliament, 312; at age of 80 charged with sedition and fined, 313; known as “Father of Reform,” 315

Catherine of Aragon, 203

Cantilupe, Bishop of Worcester, 122, 126, 133

Cantilupe, Thomas, Chancellor, 128

Cave, Robert, 148

Chalton, Sir John, Lord Mayor of London, 183

Charles I., 250 _et seq._, 280, 282

Church, Corporal, 286

Clarendon, Earl of (quoted), 262

Clarendon, Council of, 46

Clarkson, Thomas, 313

Cocke (or Cooke) Thomas, friend to both Henry VI. and Cade, 182

Cod, Thomas, Mayor of Norwich, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233

Coke, Lord Justice, 252

Colet, Dean of St. Paul’s, 199, 212

Conyers, Dr., Vicar of St. Martin, Norwich, 231

Cranmer, Archbishop, 204

Cromwell, Oliver, 279 _et seq._

Cromwell, Thomas, 208

Crowmer, Sheriff of Kent, 180; arrested and sent to Tower, 181; beheaded by Cade’s orders, 184

Curtis (Girste, or Ghirstis) City Merchant, 186

De Burgh, Hubert, 95, 107

De Gray, John, Bishop of Norwich, 81, 82

De Morville, Hugh, 59–63

Derby, Henry, Earl of (afterwards Henry IV.), 157, 163, 170

Despenser, Henry, Bishop of Norwich, 168

Des Roches, Peter, Bishop of Winchester, 82, 94, 107, 108

De Tracy, William, 59–63

De Valence, William, 123, 132

Eadmer (quoted), 6, 7, 14, 17, 26

Edward, Prince, son of Henry III., afterwards King-Edward I.; takes oath of reform to barons, 123; takes Gloucester in civil war, 126; taken prisoner at Battle of Lewes, 127; escapes to Welsh marshes, 132; intercepts de Montfort’s relief force at Evesham, 133

Eliot, John, enters parliament as member for St. Germans, 249; knighted and becomes Vice-Admiral of Devon, 249; captures the pirate Nutt, but eventually finds himself in Marshalsea prison over the affair, 250; released and is returned for Newport, 1624, 250; quarrels with Buckingham and insists upon his impeachment, 251; imprisoned in Tower in connection therewith, but soon released, 251; refuses forced loan and again imprisoned and deprived of Vice-Admiralship, 252; carries Petition of Right, 252; attacks policy of Laud, 252; supports John Rolle in refusing payment of taxes, 253; summoned before Privy Council, imprisoned for fourth time, and fined, 255; remains passionately loyal to House of Commons, 256; health gives way in confinement, 257; dies in the Tower, 1632, 257; his son’s appeal for his burial at Port Eliot, Cornwall, refused, 257

Erasmus, 193, 194, 197, 202, 211, 212

Essex, Earl of, 267

Ethelmar, half-brother to Henry III., 106

Everard, 297, 298

Fairfax, General, 298, 299

Falkland, Lord, 265, 266

Finch, Chief Justice, 262

Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, 206, 207, 208

FitzOsbert, William, called Longbeard; his early life, 72; lays his grievances before Richard I., 72; defies Archbishop Hubert, 73; his arrest and death, 75

FitzStephen, W. (quoted), 35, 49, 53, 59

FitzUrse, Reginald, 59–63

Flowerdew, Sergeant, 222, 223

Frost, 321

Fulke, follower of Ket, 235

Fussell, 328

Gilbert, Earl of Gloucester, 126, 128, 131, 132

Gough, Matthew, 186

Green, J. R. (quoted), 91, 92

Green, Squire of Wylby, 222

Gregory IX., Pope, letter to, from Grosseteste, 102

Grindcobbe, William, supporter of John Ball in Hertford, 143, 146; follows Wat Tyler, 149; at Mile End, 159; hanged at St. Albans, 167

Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, born in Suffolk of humble parentage, goes to Oxford, rises to foremost honours there, and becomes bishop, at sixty, 101; institutes reforms at Oxford, 102; befriends Dominican and Franciscan friars, 102; withstands Henry III.’s rapacity, 104; attends council in London, recites grievances of Henry III.’s misrule, 107; resists seizure of English Church revenues by Innocent IV., 108–111; refuses canonry of Lincoln to pope’s nephew, 111; Cardinals uphold Grosseteste against Innocent IV., 112; makes appeal to whole realm on behalf of rights of English Church, 113; dies, 1235, and is buried in Lincoln Cathedral, 113; Edward I.’s application for canonization refused, 113

Gunnell, Tutor in Sir Thomas More’s family, 199

Hales, Sir Robert, Treasurer to Richard II., 146; advises no conference with Tyler’s followers, 154; beheaded on Tower Hill, 160

Hampden, John, refuses to pay ship-money, 258; case decided against him, 259; acts with Eliot against Buckingham, 261; strong influence in House of Commons, 262; prominent work in Long Parliament, 263; impeached for high treason, 265; takes refuge from Charles in city, 266; prepares for war, 266; raises regiment of infantry in Bucks, 267; mortally wounded at Chalgrove, 268

Hazlerig, 265, 288

Henry I., 19–26

Henry II.; appoints Thomas Becket Chancellor of England, 34; their close friendship, 35; determines to appoint Thomas to the archbishopric, 36; his dispute with Thomas, and its cause, 41; draws up the Constitutions of Clarendon, 46; his dissatisfaction with the result, 48; charges Thomas with corrupt practices, 48–54; his sudden rage and hasty words, resulting in the murder of the archbishop, 63

Henry III.; appeals for money at Council of Westminster, 1244, 104; confronts bishops with Innocent IV.’s letter exhorting them to give liberally, 104; bishops evade coercion, 105; king again tries in 1252, 106; bishops, led by Grosseteste, refuse, 106; his miserable misrule, 108; dealings with Simon of Montfort in Gascony, 118–120; his financial difficulties reach climax, 1257, 120; continued quarrels with barons, 122; obtains dispensation from promises to barons, 124; civil war is declared, 126; defeated by Simon of Montfort, and peace made, 1264, 127; war again breaks out, 132; is victorious, 137

Henry VIII., 197, 201, 202, 203, 207, 208

Holland, Sir John, 159

Holles, 265

Horne, Alderman, 182

Horne, Alderman, supports Tyler, and welcomes him to London, 156

Hotham, Sir John, 267

Howe, Lord, 308

Hugh of Lincoln, 77

Herbert of Bosham (quoted), 38, 58

Iden, Alexander, 189, 190

Innocent III., Pope, 77, 81, 83, 95

Innocent IV., Pope, 104, 106, 110, 111, 113

Ireton, General, 280, 286

Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, 144

John, King, refuses to acknowledge Stephen Langton’s appointment to archbishopric, 81; seizes estates of Canterbury, and drives chapter into exile, 82; is excommunicated, 83; meets primate at Winchester and is formally absolved, 85; strife with barons, 86; his campaign to recover lost Angevine provinces, 87; capitulation to the barons, 90; signs the Great Charter, 91; his death, 95

John of Gaunt, calls parliament at Northampton, 147; his unpopularity with the people, 151; his palace of the Savoy and its valuable contents destroyed, 157

John of Salisbury (quoted), 56

Jones, Ernest, 324; joins Chartist movement at 27, 325; son of an officer and educated abroad, 325; works with Feargus O’Connor, 325; attends Chartist convention, 327; addresses large meetings in London, 328; arrested, tried, found guilty of seditious speech and imprisoned, 328; on his release Chartist movement declining, 329; contests Halifax unsuccessfully, 330; gives support to advanced radicals, 330; stands twice unsuccessfully for Nottingham, 330; dies suddenly at the age of 50, 330

Kemp, Cardinal, Archbishop of York, Chancellor to Henry VI., 187, 188, 190

Kent, Earl of, 159

Ket, Robert, landowner in Norfolk, a tanner by trade, 223; sympathies on the side of the people, 223; offers to lead the movement against enclosures of land, 224; he is eagerly accepted as captain, and leads large army towards Norwich, 224; issues manifesto attacking landlords, 225; advances to Mousehold, and his force increases to 20,000, 228; sends statement to Edward VI., 229; king replies by herald, 229; sets about organising and victualling his followers, as he is not content with vague promises, 230; arrests landowners, 231; repudiates king’s “pardon” as being a just and innocent man, 232; his arrest ordered by king’s messenger, but impossible in the presence of his followers, 232; friction arises between Norwich authorities and the rebels, 232; fight ensues, Norwich in his hands, 233; unsuccessfully opposed by Marquis of Northampton, 234; commands in Norwich for three weeks, 235; disappointed at rising not becoming general, 236; negotiates with Earl of Warwick, sent to suppress revolt, 237; abrupt conclusion, and battle follows, 238; his mistaken tactics and defeat, 239; his followers surrender to Warwick, 239; his flight and capture, 239; tried, found guilty of high treason and condemned to death, 241; hanged in chains in Norwich, 241

Ket, William, 223, 239, 240, 241

Knolles, Sir Robert, 156

Knyvett, Sir Edmund, 236

Langham, Simon, Archbishop of Canterbury, 144

Langland, Robert, 145

Langton, Stephen, appointed to archbishopric of Canterbury against King John’s wishes by Innocent III., 81, 82; is driven into exile by the king, 82; returns six years later, 85; starts the movement for the Great Charter, 86; frames articles for the Charter, 90; disagreement with papal legate, 94; works for preservation of peace during early years of Henry III.’s reign, 95; his character and place in history, 96

Laud, Archbishop, 252, 253, 256, 257, 260, 262, 272

Legge, John, 147, 160

le Despenser, Hugh, Justiciar, 126, 128, 134

Lilburne, John, apprenticed to a cloth merchant in London and becomes friend of Prynne, 278; charged before Star Chamber with circulating unlicensed books, and sentenced to be whipped, pilloried, and imprisoned, 278; released by order of Long Parliament, 278; fights at Edgehill and Marston Moor, where he is taken prisoner, 278; leaves army in 1645 rather than take the Covenant, 279; resists the tyranny of parliamentary government, 279; heads the party in the army called the Levellers, 281; again imprisoned and released in 1649, 282; writes pamphlets against the government and is again imprisoned, 284; petition presented to parliament for his release, 284; tried for treasonable writings, 287; fined and banished, 288; goes to Holland, and returns, without permission, to London, in 1653, 289; arrested and acquitted, 289; again imprisoned by Cromwell for two years, 290; converted to Quakerism, 290; released and pensioned, 290; dies at Eltham, 290

Litster, Geoffrey, follower of John Ball in Norfolk, 143, 146; his death, 168, 217

Looney, 328

Lovett, 319, 322

Luard (quoted), 101–2

Lyons, Richard, 161

Macaulay, Lord (quoted), 264

Malpas, Philip, 185

Martin, Papal Legate, 110

Matthew of Westminster (quoted), 127

Maurice, C. E. (quoted), 95

Mendall, John, a name by which Jack Cade was known, 175

Moleyns, Bishop of Chichester, supporter of Duke of Suffolk, killed at Portsmouth, 174

Montfort, Henry of, eldest son of Earl of Leicester, 133, 134

Montfort, Simon of, second son of Earl of Leicester, 132, 133

Montfort, Simon of, Earl of Leicester, son of first Earl of Leicester, marries Eleanor, sister of Henry III., and widow of Earl of Pembroke, 117; boyhood passed in France, 117; leaves for crusades, distinguished career in Palestine, 118; returns in 1242, 118; works with Grosseteste in his reforms, 118; goes to Gascony for five years (1248–53) and deals with turbulent nobles, 118; saves Gascony for English crown, and restores order in the province, 119; Henry III.’s ingratitude, 119; recognized leader of the barons on his return to England, 120; successful in “Mad Parliament,” 1258, 122; as “foreigner” yields castles of Kenilworth and Odiham, 123; fresh difficulties with Henry III. in carrying out Provisions of Oxford, 124; civil war imminent, 1264; and many bishops and barons desert Simon, 125; offers £30,000 to king to make peace and adhere to Provisions of Oxford--proposal rejected, 126; Battle of Lewes won by Simon, 126; peace made, 127; draws up new scheme of reform, the precursor of later representative government, 129; fresh disturbances and defections, followed by renewal of war, 132; Battle of Evesham, and death of Simon, 134; interred in Evesham Abbey, 134

More, Sir Thomas, born 1478, member of Cardinal Morton’s household, leaves there for Oxford, and later studies law in Lincoln’s Inn, 193; friendship with Erasmus, 194; spends four years with Carthusians, 195; leaves Charterhouse, marries and enters parliament, 195; opposes Henry VII.’s exactions, 195; Under-Sheriff for the City, 196; embassies to Flanders and Calais, 197; enters Henry VIII.’s service, and rises rapidly to highest offices of State, 197; happy domestic life, 198; withholds support from king on his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, 203; resigns chancellorship, 205; declines to be present at Anne Boleyn’s coronation, 206; unsuccessful attempt to implicate him in the “treason” of Holy Maid of Kent, 206; finds himself unable to take oath denying papal supremacy, and is sent to Tower, 207; indicted for treason, 208; sentenced to death, 209; beheaded on Tower Hill, 210; beatified, 213

Mortimer, name by which Jack Cade was popularly known, 176

Mortimer, Roger, 132

Newton, Sir John, Governor of Rochester Castle, taken prisoner by Tyler, 149; sent with message from Tyler to the king, 154

Nicholas, papal legate, 86

Norfolk, Duke of, 202

Northampton, Council of, 48

Northampton, Marquis of (William Parr), 234

Oastler, 323

O’Brien, James Bronterre, 320, 321, 322

O’Connor, Feargus, 320, 323, 329, 330

Otho, papal legate, 109, 110

Overton, Richard, 284

Palgrave, Sir Francis (quoted), 22, 23

Pandulf, papal legate, 83, 94

Pankhurst, Mrs., 336

Pankhurst, Christabel, 336

Paris, Matthew (quoted), 100, 105, 108, 113, 117, 124

Parker, Matthew, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, 231, 232

Perkins, Corporal, 286

Petibone, John, 232

Place, Francis, 314, 319, 320

Powell, Professor York (quoted), 30, 65, 91, 121, 135

Prince, 284

Pym, John, enters House of Commons, 1614, 260; conspicuous in “Short Parliament,” 260; supports Eliot in Buckingham’s impeachment, 261; becomes leader of parliamentary party, 261; canvasses England on horseback before “Long Parliament,” 261; opens charge of impeachment against Strafford, 262; active work in parliament, 263, 264; makes overtures to the queen, 263; impeached for high treason, 265; takes refuge in city from Charles, 266; secures Portsmouth and Hull for the parliament, 266; his “solemn league and covenant” accepted by parliament, 269; dies, 1643, and buried in Westminster Abbey, 269

Rich, Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury, 106; retires to Pontigny, 1240, and dies, 109

Richard II., agrees to interview with Tyler, 154; allows himself to be dissuaded, 155; sends to Tyler for written statement of grievances, 157; agrees to a meeting at Mile End, 159; assents to Tyler’s requests, 160; second meeting at Smithfield, 162; again agrees to Tyler’s demands, 164; after Tyler’s death personally disperses his followers, 166; the danger passed, rebels fiercely punished, 167; formally annuls charters granted to Tyler, 168; his death, 170

Richard the Breton, 59–63

Richard, Earl of Cornwall, half brother to Henry III., became King of the Romans, 118

Richard, Earl of Gloucester, 121, 122, 124

Rishanger, Chronicler for St. Albans (quoted), 121, 134

Rockingham, Council of, 13, 15

Roger of Wendover (quoted), 88

Roper, William, son-in-law to Sir Thomas More, 195, 196, 202

Roper, Margaret (his wife), 198

Russell, Lord John, 321, 326, 329

Sadler, 323

Salisbury, Earl of, counsels Richard II. not to interview Tyler, 155; at Smithfield, 163; his death, 170

Sanders, Henry, 297

Say-and-Sele, Lord, treasurer to Henry VI., impeached for treason, 174; arrested and taken to Tower, 181; beheaded by Cade’s order, 184

Scales, Lord, guardian of prisoners in Tower, 182; in conjunction with mayor and corporation opposes Cade, 186

Seldon, 252

Shaftesbury, Lord, 323

Sharpe, 328

Sheffield, Lord, 234

Sibley, Alderman, 156

Somerset, Protector, 221, 236

Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury, Chancellor to Henry VI., 181, 187, 188

Stafford, Sir Humfrey, 180

Stafford, Sir William, 180

Standish, Ralph, 165, 166

Steward, Augustine, 234, 235

Strafford, Earl of, 252, 256, 262, 263

Straw, Jack, priest in Essex, follower of John Ball, 143; acts as lieutenant to Wat Tyler, 149; hanged without trial, 167

Strode, 265

Sudbury, Simon, Archbishop of Canterbury, 144; his palace at Canterbury ransacked by Tyler, 152; Lambeth palace stormed by Tyler and records destroyed, but building uninjured, 156; beheaded by Tyler, on Tower Hill, 161

Suffolk, Duke of, chief minister to Henry VI., 173; impeached as a traitor, 174; beheaded, 174

Suffolk, Earl of, President of Richard II.’s council, 155, 163, 167, 170

Sutherton, Leonard, 232

Tonge, Alderman, 156

Theobald, Archbishop, 33, 34, 36

Thompson, Corporal William, 285

Thompson, Cornet, 286

Tressilian, Sir Robert, 167, 170

Tyler, John, 148, 149

Tyler, Wat, chosen captain of peasants at Maidstone, 149; his recorded history can be followed for eight days only, 150; his followers at first moderate, 151; at Canterbury, 152; bursts open gaol at Maidstone and releases Ball and other prisoners, 153; sets out for London at head of 30,000 men, 153; encamps at Blackheath, 153; sends Sir John Newton with message to Richard II., 154; interview refused, 155; he marches on London Bridge, and destroys adjacent property, 155; keeps his followers under strict discipline, 156; demands interview with the king, 158; conference at Mile End, 159, 160; invites king to meet him again, at Smithfield, 162; his demands agreed to, 164; in sudden scuffle draws dagger, strikes Walworth, and is mortally wounded in return, 165; his head exposed on London Bridge, 166

Urban, Pope, 18, 19

Vernon, 328

Vincent, 321

Von Hutten, Ulrich, 193

Warwick, Earl of, High Chamberlain to Henry VIII., 236–240

Walter, Hubert, Bishop of Salisbury, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, 69, 70, 73, 76, 77, 81

Walter of Coventry (quoted), 85

Walworth, William, Mayor of London, owns London houses of ill-fame, 155; the same destroyed by Tyler, 155; attempts to fortify London Bridge, 155; urges king and council to action, 157; at Smithfield, 163; wounds Tyler mortally, 165; knighted by Richard, 166

Walwyn, 283

Warham, Archbishop, 197

Watson, a Norwich preacher, 229

Waynfleet, William, Bishop of Winchester, 188

Wellington, Duke of, 326

Wentworth (see Strafford, Earl of).

Weston, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 252

Wilberforce, William, 313

William I., his character, 3; condition of country under, 3–5; death, 5

William II., his character, 5; condition of England under, 6; appoints Anselm to Archbishopric of Canterbury, 10; his quarrel with Anselm, 11–13, _et seq._; his death, 19

Williams, 328

Windebank, 262

Winstanley, Gerrard, 286; leader of the “Digger” movement, 293; born in Lancashire, but settled in London as a trader, 294; fails, and retires to the country, 294; publishes pamphlets, social and religious, 295; first action of the “Diggers,” 297–8; appeals to General Fairfax against interference, 299; receives little notice, 300; makes further active efforts, 300; movement suppressed, 300; little known of him later, 301

Wollstonecraft, Mary, 336

Wolsey, Cardinal, 197, 201, 202, 203, 208, 217, 222

Wraw, John, supporter of Ball in Suffolk, 143, 146; follows Wat Tyler, 149; at Blackheath, 153; returns to Suffolk to announce rising, 153; is hanged as rebel, 167

_The Westminster Press (Gerrards Ltd.), Harrow Road, London, W._

Transcriber’s note:

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unpaired quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unpaired.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to the corresponding illustrations.

Footnotes, originally at the bottoms of pages, have been collected and placed just before the Index of this eBook.

The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.