Part 16

When there is a break or opening in the Bar, the wind is said to rush through with great violence, and to extend over the country. Here again, the effect is mistaken for the cause. In this case, the Helm-Wind, which blows always from the east, has, in some places underneath the observed opening, overcome the resistance of the air, or of the wind from the west, and of course does not rebound and ascend into the higher regions to form the Bar. The supply being cut off, a break or opening in that part of the Bar necessarily takes place.

When the temperature of the lower region has fallen and become nearly uniform with that of the mountain range, the Helm wind ceases; the Bar and the Helm approach and join each other, and rain not unfrequently follows.

When the Helm-Wind has overcome all the resistance of the lower atmosphere, or of the opposing current from the west, and the temperature of the valley and of the mountain is more nearly equalized, there is no rebound or ascent of the wind, consequently the Bar ceases to be formed, the one already existing is dissipated, and a general east wind prevails.

There is little wind in the Helm-cloud, because the air is colder in it than in the valley, and the moisture which the air contains is more condensed and is deposited in the cloud upon the summit of the mountain.

There is rarely either a Helm, Helm-wind, or Bar, during the summer, on account of the higher temperature of the summit of the Cross-Fell range, and the upper regions of the atmosphere, at that season of the year.

The different situations of the Helm, on the side, on the summit, and above the mountain, will depend on the temperature of these places: when the summit is not cold enough to condense the vapour, the Helm is situated higher in a colder region, and will descend down the side of the mountains if the temperature be sufficiently low to produce that effect.

The sky is clear between the Helm and Bar, because the air below is warmer and can support a greater quantity of vapour rising from the surface of the earth, and this vapour is driven forward by the Helm-Wind, and ascends up in the rebound to the Bar. In short, the Helm is merely a cloud or cap upon the mountain, the cold air descends from the Helm to the valley, and constitutes the Helm Wind, and when warmed and rarified in the valley, ascends and forms the Bar.

WILLIE O' SCALES.

Said Willie o' Scales, at break of day, "The hunt's up! I must busk and away! Steed, good wife? and saddle? I trow, Willie o' Scales is steed enow."

--Scotland's King is a hunting gone: Willie o' Scales, he runs alone: Knights and Nobles many a score: Hounds full twenty tongues and more.

Through the covert the deer he sprang: Over the heather the music rang. Dogs and steeds well speeded they: But Willie o' Scales, he show'd the way.

For speed of foot had Willie no peer. He outstripp'd the horses, dogs, and deer. He left the Nobles far behind. He pass'd the King like a puff of wind.

At the close of day, with a greenwood bough, Beside the deer he fann'd his brow. And "There, my liege!" to the Monarch he said, "Is as gallant a stag as ever lay dead.

"I count him fleet, for a stag of ten!"-- --"And I count thee chief of my Border men. No gallanter heart, I dare be sworn, Ever drew the shaft or wound the horn.

"No trustier hand than thine was found When foes to Scotland hemm'd us round. Now swifter of foot than our fleetest deer-- We'll try thy hold upon land and gear.

"For his speed in sport, for his might in fray, Write, 'GILL'S broad lands' to 'Willie, THE RAE!' And for ever a Willie the Rae be here, When the King comes by to hunt the deer."--

Thus spoke King William, where he stood, The Lion of Scotland, fierce of mood. And musing turned, and look'd again On his Border vassal; and cross'd the plain.

Centuries long have rolled away: The Monarch is dust, his Nobles clay: Old lines are changed, are changing still: But Willie the Rae is lord of Gill.

NOTES TO "WILLIE O' SCALES."

The long and scattered hamlet of High and Low Scales, is on the west side of Crummock Beck, near Bromfield, and a few miles from Wigton in Cumberland. Skells or scales, from a Saxon or Gothic word signifying a cover, was the name given to those slight temporary huts made of turf or sods which in the mountainous district of this county and Scotland are called Bields. They were erected most commonly for the shelter of shepherds; and during the later periods, in the border wars to protect the persons who were appointed to watch the cattle of the neighbourhood. Few estates in the kingdom have belonged to one family longer than this of THE GILL, which was formerly, however, much more extensive, comprising most probably the neighbouring hamlet of Scales. Another somewhat uncommon circumstance belonging to it is, that, to the close of last century, and for anything we know to the contrary, to a much later date, the owner had always lived on and occupied it himself; it had never been in the hands of a farmer.

The Reays of Gill, however variously their name has been spelled and pronounced by different branches of the family, derived it from one on whom it was undoubtedly bestowed as being characteristical and descriptive of himself. The active hunter, the companion and the friend of William the Lion, was called in the commoner Saxon language of his time Ra, or Raa, a Roe, from his unparalleled swiftness. In Scotland and Germany a roe is still pronounced rae, as it was formerly in England.

"When the deer and the rae Lightly bounding together, Sport the lang simmer day On the braes of Balquhither."

The tradition is that the head, or chief, of this family had a grant of the lands of Gill to him, and his heirs for ever, from William the Lion, King of Scotland, whose eventful reign lasted nearly half a century; and who died in 1214. This grant is said to have been made, not only as a reward for his fidelity to his prince, but as a memorial of his extraordinary swiftness of foot in pursuing the deer, outstripping in fleetness most of the horses and dogs. The conditions of the grants were, that he should pay a pepper corn yearly, as an acknowledgment, and that the name of William should, if possible, be perpetuated in the family. "And this is certain," says a writer in the Gentleman's Magazine about the year 1794, "That ever since, till now, a William Reay has been owner of the Gill. There is every reason to believe that the present John Reay is the first instance of a deviation." It is said that even in that instance the deviation was not made without deliberation; William the father having first consulted an eminent lawyer, whether he might safely call his son John. It was replied that mere length of occupancy would quiet the possession and make the title good.

The great military tenure of lands in this district was by HOMAGE, FEALTY and CORNAGE. This last (cornage) drew after it _wardship_, _marriage_, and _relief_. And the service of this tenure was _knight's service_. HOMAGE was the most honourable service, and the most humble service of reverence, that a free tenant can do to his lord. For when he was to do homage to his lord, he was to appear ungirt, bareheaded, without his sword, and, kneeling on both knees, his hands held out and clasped between his lord's, was to say--"I become your man from this day forward of life, and limb, and earthly honour, and unto you will be true and faithful, and faith unto you will bear for the tenements that I claim to hold of you, saving the faith that I owe to our Sovereign Lord the King." And then the lord so sitting was to kiss him; by which kiss he was bound to be his vassal for ever.

When a free tenant was to do FEALTY to his lord, he was to hold his right hand upon a book, and say thus--"Know ye this, my lord, that I will be faithful and true to you, and faith to you will bear for the tenements which I claim to hold of you, and that I will lawfully do to you the customs and services which I ought to do at the terms assigned; so help me God and his Saints." But he was not to kneel, nor make such humble reverence as in homage; and fealty might be done before the steward of the court, but homage could only be done to the lord himself.

CORNAGE, called also HORNGELD, and NOWTEGELD or (cow-tax) seems early to have been converted into a pecuniary fine, being a stipulated payment in the first instance for the finding of scouts or horners to procure intelligence. It was first paid in cattle. The tenants who held by cornage were bound to be always ready to serve the King and lord of the manor on horseback, or on foot, at their own charge; and when the King's army marched into Scotland, their post was in the vanguard as they advanced, and in the vanguard on their return. Because they best knew the passes and defiles, and the way and manner of the enemy's attacking and retreating. _Wardship_ and _marriage_ were included in this tenure. When the tenant died, and the heir male was within the age of twenty one years, the lord was to have the land holden of him until the heir should attain that age; because the heir by intendment of law was not able to do knight's service before his age of twenty-one years. And if such heir was not married at the time of the death of his ancestor, then the lord was to have the wardship and marriage of him. But if the tenant died leaving an heir female, which heir female was of the age of fourteen years or upwards, then the lord was not to have the wardship of the land, nor of the body; because a woman of that age might have a husband to do knight's service. But if such heir female was under the age of fourteen years, and unmarried at the time of the death of her ancestor, the lord was to have the wardship of the land holden of him until the age of such heir female of fourteen years; within which time the lord might tender unto her convenable marriage without disparagement; and if the lord did not tender such marriage within the said age, she might have entered into the lands, and ousted the lord.

Thus the consent of a superior lord was requisite for the marriage of a female vassal; and this power was distorted into the right of disposing of the ward in marriage. When the King or lord was in want of money it was by no means unusual to offer the wards, male or female, with their lands, in a sense to the highest bidder. If the ward refused to fulfil the marriage so made, then a sum was due from the estates equal to what they would have fetched.

_Relief_ was a certain sum of money, that the heir, on coming of age, paid unto the lord, on taking possession of the inheritance of his ancestor.

A _Knight's fee_ was estimated, not according to the quality but the quantity of the land, about 640 acres; and the relief was after the rate of one fourth part of the yearly value of the fee.

The _lord's rent_ was called _white money_, or _white rent_, from its being paid in silver.

SCUTAGE or service of the shield, was another compensation in money, instead of personal service against the Scots.

The DRENGAGE tenure, which prevailed about Brougham and Clifton, was extremely servile. The tenants seem to have been drudges to perform the most laborious and servile offices. Dr. Burn quotes authority to prove that Sir Hugh de Morville in Westmorland changed drengage into free service; and that Gilbert de Brougham gave one half of the village of Brougham to Robert de Veteripont to make the other half free of drengage. One of the de Threlkelds also, who lived at Yanwath Hall, in the time of Edward I., relieved his tenants at Threlkeld of servile burdens at four pence a head. The services were half a draught for one day's ploughing; one day's mowing; one of shearing; one of clipping; one of salving sheep; one carriage load in two years, not to go above ten miles; to dig and load two loads of peat every year--the tenants to have their crowdy (a coarse mess of meal, dripping and hot water) while they worked; the cottagers the same, only they found a horse and harrow instead of the half plough, and a footman's load, not a carriage load.

Many of these have long been lost sight of; and now most of the lands, whether held on customary or arbitrary tenures, merely pay an almost nominal rent, besides certain fines, to the lord of the manor. Nevertheless there is much truth in what Blackstone says: that "copy holders are only villeins improved."

Lands of arbitrary tenure pay, with certain deductions, fines of two years value on the death of lord or tenant, or of both, and on alienation. Some pay dower to the widow; others do not. Some pay a live heriot, which means the best animal in the tenant's possession; others, a dead heriot, that is, the most valuable implement, or piece of furniture. In Catholic times, the Church also, on some manors, claimed as heriot the second best animal the tenant might die possessed of, and on others the best. In some instances a heriot is only payable when a widow remains in possession of the tenement, and in these cases the original object of the impost was to recompense the lord of the manor for the loss of a man's military service during the widow's occupancy. In some joint manors where two, or perhaps three, lords have claims for heriots, very discreditable, and, to a dying tenant's family, very distressing scenes are enacted; for, when it becomes known that the holder of a tenement so burdened is on his death-bed, the stewards of the several manors place watches round the premises, who ascertain what and where the best animal may be, and, as soon as the demise of the tenant is announced, a rush ensues, and an unseemly contest for possession.

In arbitrary lands some lords claim all the timber; others only the oak; others the oak and yew; others oak and white thorn; and so on. In some the tenant is bound to plant two trees of the same kind for every one he fells; but tenants have a right to timber for repairs, rebuilding, or implements, though they must not cut down without license. Many lands are bound to carry their grain to the manorial mill to be ground and _multured_; but this custom has fallen into disuse. Most lords retain the minerals and game if they enfranchise the soil, as many have done.

Many lands used to pay boons of various kinds; and some of these services are still enforced. By these were demanded so many men or boys, horses, carts, &c., in peat cutting time, hay time, harvest, wood-cutting and carting, and so on. In Martindale Chace, near Ulswater, where Mr. Hasell has a herd of that now rare species, the Red Deer, the tenants are bound to attend the lord's hunt once a year, which is called on their court roll a _Boon Hunt_. On this occasion, they each held their district allotted on the boundaries of the Chace, where they are stationed, to prevent the stag flying beyond the liberty. In the east of Cumberland, the tenants were obliged to send horses and sacks to St. Bees, for salt for the lord's use; some had to bring their own provisions when engaged in these services: some were entitled to a cake of a stated size for each man, and a smaller for a boy, on assembling in the morning at a fixed hour, under a certain tree, as was the custom at Irton Hall. Breach of punctuality forfeited this cake, but the work was always exacted. Certain farms in some manors were bound to maintain male animals for the use of all the tenants, subject to various conditions and regulations. Formerly many tenants paid a pound of pepper at the lord's court; others only a pepper-corn; and some lands are still held by this custom.

Many other peculiar customs connected with the tenure of land formerly existed.

Curious individual exemptions from certain burthens are to be met with occasionally. In the parish of Renwick a copyholder is released from payment of the prescription in lieu of tithe, paid by all his neighbours, because one of his ancestors slew "a cock-a-trice." This monster is alleged to have been nothing more than a bat of extraordinary size, which terrified the people in church one evening, so that all fled save the clerk, who valiantly giving battle, succeeded in striking it down with his staff. For this exploit, which is stated to have taken place about 260 years ago, he was rewarded with the exemption mentioned, which is still claimed by his successors.

In the parish of Castle-Sowerby, the ten principal estates were anciently called _Red Spears_, on account of the singular service by which the tenants held them, viz:--that of riding through the town of Penrith on Whit-Tuesday, brandishing their spears. Those who held by this tenure were of the order of Red Knights, mentioned in our law books; a name derived from the Saxon, who held their lands by serving the lord on horseback. _Delient equitare cum domino suo de manerio in manerium, vel cum domini uxore._ In times of peace, it is presumed they held the annual service above noted as a challenge to the enemies of their country, or those who might dispute the title of their lord, similar to the parade of the Champion of England at a coronation. The spears were about nine feet in length, and till within the last century, some of them remained in the proprietors' houses, where they were usually deposited; and were sureties to the sheriff for the peaceable behaviour of the rest of the inhabitants.

The ancient owners of the Red Spears estates annually served as jurors at the forest court held near Hesket, on St. Barnabas Day, by which they were exempted from all parish offices.

ERMENGARDE.

It was the early summer time, When Maidens stint their praying To wander forth at morning's prime, With happy hearts, a maying; To wash their rosy cheeks with dew, And roam the meadows over: And ask the winds to tell them true Of some far distant lover.

Then little Ermengarde, the while To graver thoughts awaking, Look'd sadly on St. Herbert's Isle As morn was brightly breaking. Some tapestry for his altar wrought Beside her bed was lying; Her beads, and little scroll for thought, No conscious look descrying.

And now when might the gentle Saint Be at his service bending; His earnest life, without a taint Of earth still heavenwards tending-- His silver voice, oft heard in prayer, Or in direction pleading-- His manhood's bright angelic air-- Her thought too fond were feeding.

In little Ermengarde her love With God the Saint divided. Unknown even to herself she wove The threads her passion guided. And when she trembled on her knees Confessing faith before him-- Ah! can this be but Man she sees, So heart and soul adore him!

So little Ermengarde with pale And thoughtful cheek sat sighing, When rode an Elf-man down the vale Her open lattice eyeing. "Good morrow! May my Lady's thought, This happy May-day, blossom; And tenfold blessedness be wrought Within that gentle bosom!"

"My tongue no thought or wish express'd"-- --"Yet, trust me, fairest Lady!" "In Bowscale tarn, for thy behest, The undying twain are ready. Ask from their breasts two tiny scales Of gold and pearly whiteness. These on thy heart--fulfill'd prevails Thy wish in all its brightness!"--

The stranger pass'd. Away she hies, The mountain pathway keeping, Where deep amid the silence lies The gloomy water sleeping. "Come, faithful fishes! give to me Two little scales"--she chanted-- That in my bosom peace may be, And all my wishes granted."--

They gave her from their pearly sides Two little scales. She bore them Down from the hill the Tarn that hides, And in her bosom wore them. The simple Cross her mother gave Was on her neck, a token Of that pure faith to which she clave; But lo! the link was broken!

Down Greta's side with wild delight The little Maiden wandered; And on the Saint before her sight, Her inmost sight, she pondered; Now thinking--O that wed with mine His holy heart were moving! How shall we soar in thoughts divine, How walk in pathways loving!

It was a festal day, and bands Of youths and maids were trooping With flowers and offerings in their hands, And round the altar grouping. And hark the little bell! it calls To every heart how sweetly! But most on Ermengarde's it falls With joy that brings her fleetly.

But on the stony river's brim A moment's space delaying, To gaze--before she look'd on him-- On her own features playing Within the mirror'd pool below-- Its broken link dissevering, Her little Cross fell sinking slow Beyond her vain endeavouring.

And from the stream two fin-like arms Leapt up and snatch'd her wailing, And dragg'd her down with all her charms In anguish unavailing. And down the rocks they bore her fast With struggles unrelenting: And Greta's roar mix'd in the blast With Ermengarde's lamenting.

And far adown the rushing tide Was dragg'd and whirled the Maiden; And wildly mid the pools she cried In accents horror-laden. The streams dash'd on with furious roar; No aid the rude rocks lent her; Wild and more wild they gather'd o'er The loud and lost lamenter.

So she whom Magic's wiles had driven, And her own heart persuaded, To tempt a Saint to turn from heaven, Fell, snatch'd from life unaided. Yet, not for ever lost, she roves Amid the winding currents, And utters to the hills and groves Her wail above the torrents.

For yet some bard shall wander by With harp and song so holy, That they shall wrench the caves where lie Her limbs in anguish lowly. And free her for the blessed light And air again to greet her Awhile, before she takes her flight To where the Saint shall meet her.

Even I, for little Ermengarde, Would harp a life-long morrow, But to reverse that doom so hard, And lead her back from sorrow; Mid happy thoughts again to beam, All joyousness partaking; But never more of Saints to dream When summer morns are breaking.

NOTES TO "ERMENGARDE."

I.--St. Herbert's Isle, placed nearly in the centre of Derwent Lake, derives its name from a hermit who lived there in the seventh century, and had his cell on this island.