Chapter 9
CONSTRUCTIONS
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The preceding part of this book has been concerned chiefly with forms and vocabulary. There remain still to be learned the forms of the Subjunctive Mood, the Participles, and the Gerund of the regular verb, and the conjugation of the commoner irregular verbs. These will be taken up in connection with the study of constructions, which will be the chief subject of our future work. The special vocabularies of the preceding lessons contain, exclusive of proper names, about six hundred words. As these are among the commonest words in the language, _they must be mastered_. They properly form the basis of the study of words, and will be reviewed and used with but few additions in the remaining lessons.
For practice in reading and to illustrate the constructions presented, a continued story has been prepared and may be begun at this point (see p. 204). It has been divided into chapters of convenient length to accompany progress through the lessons, but may be read with equal profit after the lessons are finished. The story gives an account of the life and adventures of Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a Roman boy, who fought in Cæsar’s campaigns and shared in his triumph. The colored plates illustrating the story are faithful representations of ancient life and are deserving of careful study.
LESSON LXI
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
«342.» In addition to the indicative, imperative, and infinitive moods, which you have learned, Latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive. The tenses of the subjunctive are
PRESENT } IMPERFECT } ACTIVE AND PASSIVE PERFECT } PLUPERFECT }
«343.» The tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the corresponding tenses of the indicative, and, in addition, _each of them may refer to future time_. No meanings of the tenses will be given in the paradigms, as the translation varies with the construction used.
«344.» The present subjunctive is inflected as follows:
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE VOICE SINGULAR 1. a´mem mo´neam re´gam ca´piam au´diam 2. a´mēs mo´neās re´gās ca´piās au´diās 3. a´met mo´neat re´gat ca´piat au´diat
PLURAL 1. amē´mus moneā´mus regā´mus capiā´mus audiā´mus 2. amē´tis moneā´tis regā´tis capiā´tis audiā´tis 3. a´ment mo´neant re´gant ca´piant au´diant
PASSIVE VOICE SINGULAR 1. a´mer mo´near re´gar ca´piar au´diar 2. amē´ris moneā´ris regā´ris capiā´ris audiā´ris (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) 3. amē´tur moneā´tur regā´tur capiā´tur audiā´tur
PLURAL 1. amē´mur moneā´mur regā´mur capiā´mur audiā´mur 2. amē´minī moneā´minī regā´minī capiā´minī audiā´minī 3. amen´tur monean´tur regan´tur capian´tur audian´tur
_a._ The present subjunctive is formed from the present stem.
_b._ The mood sign of the present subjunctive is «-ē-» in the first conjugation and «-ā-» in the others. It is shortened in the usual places (cf. §12), and takes the place of the final vowel of the stem in the first and third conjugations, but not in the second and fourth.
_c._ The personal endings are the same as in the indicative.
_d._ In a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».
«345.» The present subjunctive of the irregular verb «sum» is inflected as follows:
{ 1. sim { 1. sīmus SING. { 2. sīs PLURAL { 2. sītis { 3. sit { 3. sint
«346.» «The Indicative and Subjunctive Compared.»
1. The two most important of the finite moods are the indicative and the subjunctive. The indicative deals with facts either real or assumed. If, then, we wish to assert something as a fact or to inquire after a fact, we use the indicative.
2. On the other hand, if we wish to express a _desire_ or _wish_, a _purpose_, a _possibility_, an _expectation_, or some such notion, we must use the subjunctive. The following sentences illustrate the difference between the indicative and the subjunctive ideas.
INDICATIVE IDEAS SUBJUNCTIVE IDEAS
1. _He is brave_ 1. _May he be brave_ «Fortis est» «Fortis sit» (idea of wishing) 2. _We set out at once_ 2. _Let us set out at once_ «Statim proficīscimur» «Statim proficīscāmur» (idea of willing) 3. _You hear him every day_ 3. _You can hear him every day_ «Cotīdiē eum audīs» «Cotīdiē eum audiās» (idea of possibility) 4. _He remained until the ship_ 4. _He waited until the ship_ _arrived_ _should arrive_ «Mānsit dum nāvis pervēnit» «Exspectāvit dum nāvis pervenīret»[1] (idea of expectation) 5. _Cæsar sends men who find the_ 5. _Cæsar sends men_ _bridge_ _who are to find_ (or _to find_) _the bridge_ «Caesar mittit hominēs quī» «Caesar hominēs mittit quī» «pontem reperiunt» «pontem reperiant» (idea of purpose)
[Footnote 1: «pervenīret», imperfect subjunctive.]
NOTE. From the sentences above we observe that the subjunctive may be used in either independent or dependent clauses; but it is far more common in the latter than in the former.
«347.» EXERCISE
Which verbs in the following paragraph would be in the indicative and which in the subjunctive in a Latin translation?
There have been times in the history of our country when you might be proud of being an American citizen. Do you remember the day when Dewey sailed into Manila Bay to capture or destroy the enemy’s fleet? You might have seen the admiral standing on the bridge calmly giving his orders. He did not even wait until the mines should be removed from the harbor’s mouth, but sailed in at once. Let us not despair of our country while such valor exists, and may the future add new glories to the past.
LESSON LXII
THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE
«348.» Observe the sentence
«Caesar hominēs mittit quī pontem reperiant», _Cæsar sends men to find the bridge_
The verb «reperiant» in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive because it tells us what Cæsar wants the men to do; in other words, it expresses his will and the purpose in his mind. Such a use of the subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose.
«349.» RULE. «Subjunctive of Purpose.» _The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause._
«350.» A clause of purpose is introduced as follows:
I. If something is wanted, by
«quī», the relative pronoun (as above) «ut», conj., _in order that, that_ «quō» (abl. of «quī», _by which_), _in order that, that_, used when the purpose clause contains a comparative. The ablative «quō» expresses the measure of difference. (Cf. §317.)
II. If something is not wanted, by
«nē», conj., _in order that not, that not, lest_
«351.» EXAMPLES
1. «Caesar cōpiās cōgit quibus hostīs īnsequātur» _Cæsar collects troops with which to pursue the foe_
2. «Pācem petunt ut domum revertantur» _They ask for peace in order that they may return home_
3. «Pontem faciunt quō facilius oppidum capiant» _They build a bridge that they may take the town more easily_ (lit. _by which the more easily_)
4. «Fugiunt nē vulnerentur» _They flee that they may not_ (or _lest they_) _be wounded_
«352.» «Expression of Purpose in English.» In English, purpose clauses are sometimes introduced by _that_ or _in order that_, but much more frequently purpose is expressed in English by the infinitive, as _We eat to live_, _She stoops to conquer_. In Latin prose, on the other hand, «purpose is never expressed by the infinitive». Be on your guard and do not let the English idiom betray you into this error.
«353.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Veniunt ut { dūcant, mittant, videant, audiant, { dūcantur, mittantur, videantur, audiantur. 2. Fugimus nē { capiāmur, trādāmur, videāmus, { necēmur, rapiāmur, resistāmus. 3. Mittit nūntiōs quī { dicant, audiant, veniant, { nārrent, audiantur, in conciliō sedeant. 4. Castra mūniunt { sēsē dēfendant, impetum sustineant, quō facilius { hostīs vincant, salūtem petant.
II. 1. The Helvetii send ambassadors to seek[1] peace. 2. They are setting out at daybreak in order that they may make a longer march before night. 3. They will hide the women in the forest (_acc. with_ «in») that they may not be captured. 4. The Gauls wage many wars to free[1] their fatherland from slavery. 5. They will resist the Romans[2] bravely lest they be destroyed.
[Footnote 1: Not infinitive.]
[Footnote 2: Not accusative.]
LESSON LXIII
INFLECTION OF THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES
«354.» The imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal endings to the present active infinitive.
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE 1. amā´rem monē´rem re´gerem ca´perem audī´rem 2. amā´rēs monē´rēs re´gerēs ca´perēs audī´rēs 3. amā´ret monē´ret re´geret ca´peret audī´ret
1. amārē´mus monērē´mus regerē´mus caperē´mus audīrē´mus 2. amārē´tis monērē´tis regerē´tis caperē´tis audīrē´tis 3. amā´rent monē´rent re´gerent ca´perent audī´rent
PASSIVE 1. amā´rer monē´rer re´gerer ca´perer audī´rer 2. amārē´ris monērē´ris regerē´ris caperē´ris audīrē´ris (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) (-re) 3. amārē´tur monērē´tur regerē´tur caperē´tur audīrē´tur
1. amārē´mur monērē´mur regerē´mur caperē´mur audīrē´mur 2. amārē´minī monērē´minī regerē´minī caperē´minī audīrē´minī 3. amāren´tur monēren´tur regeren´tur caperen´tur audīren´tur
_a._ In a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».
«355.» The imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb «sum» is inflected as follows:
{ 1. es´sem { 1. essē´mus SING. { 2. es´sēs PLURAL { 2. essē´tis { 3. es´set { 3. es´sent
«356.» The three great distinctions of time are _present_, _past_, and _future_. All tenses referring to present or future time are called «primary tenses», and those referring to past time are called «secondary tenses». Now it is a very common law of language that in a complex sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as the tense in the principal clause. In the sentence _He «says» that he «is» coming_, the principal verb, _says_, is present, that is, is in a primary tense; and _is coming_, in the dependent clause, is naturally also primary. If I change _he says_ to _he said_,--in other words, if I make the principal verb secondary in character,--I feel it natural to change the verb in the dependent clause also, and I say, _He «said» that he «was» coming_. This following of a tense by another of the same kind is called _tense sequence_, from _sequī_, “to follow.”
In Latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable regularity, especially when an indicative in the principal clause is followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause. Then a primary tense of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive, and a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of the subjunctive. Learn the following table:
«357.» TABLE FOR SEQUENCE OF TENSES
+-----+-------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | | PRINCIPAL VERB | DEPENDENT VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE | | P | IN THE +---------------------+---------------------+ | R | INDICATIVE | _Incomplete or_ | _Completed Action_ | | I | | _Continuing Action_ | | | M +-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | A | Present | | | | R | Future | Present | Perfect | | T | Future perfect | | | +-----+-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ | S D | | | | | E A | Imperfect | | | | C R | Perfect | Imperfect | Pluperfect | | O Y | Pluperfect | | | | N- | | | | +-----+-------------------+---------------------+---------------------+
«358.» RULE. «Sequence of Tenses.» _Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses and secondary by secondary._
«359.» EXAMPLES
I. Primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:
«Mittit» } «Mittet» } «hominēs ut agrōs vāstent» «Mīserit» }
{ _sends_ } { _that they may_ } _He_ { _will send_ } _men_ { _in order to_ } { _will have sent_ } { _to lay waste the fields_ }
II. Secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses:
«Mittēbat»} «Mīsit» } «hominēs ut agrōs vāstārent» «Mīserat» }
{ _was sending_ } { _that they might_ } _He_ { _sent or has sent_ } _men_ { _in order to_ } { _had sent_ } { _to lay waste the fields_ }
«360.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Vēnerant ut {dūcerent, mitterent, vidērent, audīrent, {dūcerentur, mitterentur, vidērentur, audirentur
2. Fugiēbat nē {caperētur, trāderētur, vidērētur, {necārētur, raperētur, resisteret.
3. Misit nūntiōs quī {dīcerent, audīrent, venīrent {nārrārent, audīrentur, in conciliō sedērent.
4. Castra mūnīvērunt {sēsē dēfenderent, impetum sustinērent, quō facilius {hostīs vincerent, salūtem peterent.
II. 1. Cæsar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight more bravely. 2. The Helvetii left their homes to wage war. 3. The scouts set out at once lest they should be captured by the Germans. 4. Cæsar inflicted punishment on them in order that the others might be more terrified. 5. He sent messengers to Rome to announce the victory.
LESSON LXIV
THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE
«361.» The perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as follows:
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE SINGULAR 1. amā´verim monu´erim rē´xerim cē´perim audī´verim 2. amā´veris monu´eris rē´xeris cē´peris audī´veris 3. amā´verit monu´erit rē´xerit cē´perit audī´verit
PLURAL 1. amāve´rimus monue´rimus rēxe´rimus cēpe´rimus audīve´rimus 2. amāve´ritis monue´ritis rēxe´ritis cēpe´ritis audīve´ritis 3. amā´verint monu´erint rē´xerint cē´perint audī´verint
PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE SINGULAR 1. amāvis´sem monuis´sem rēxis´sem cēpis´sem audīvis´sem 2. amāvis´sēs monuis´sēs rēxis´sēs cēpis´sēs audīvis´sēs 3. amāvis´set monuis´set rēxis´set cēpis´set audīvis´set
PLURAL 1. amāvissē´mus monuissē´mus rēxissē´mus cēpissē´mus audīvissē´mus 2. amāvissē´tis monuissē´tis rēxissē´tis cēpissē´tis audīvissē´tis 3. amāvis´sent monuis´sent rēxis´sent cēpis´sent audīvis´sent
_a._ Observe that these two tenses, like the corresponding ones in the indicative, are formed from the perfect stem.
_b._ Observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future perfect indicative active, excepting that the first person singular ends in «-m» and not in «-ō».
_c._ Observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by adding «-issem, -issēs», etc. to the perfect stem.
_d._ In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive active of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».
«362.» The passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with «sim», the present subjunctive of «sum.»
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE SINGULAR 1. amā´tus sim mo´nitus sim rēc´tus sim cap´tus sim audī´tus sim 2. amā´tus sīs mo´nitus sīs rēc´tus sīs cap´tus sīs audī´tus sīs 3. amā´tus sit mo´nitus sit rēc´tus sit cap´tus sit audī´tus sit
PLURAL 1. amā´tī sīmus mo´nitī s. rēc´tī s. cap´tī s. audī´tī s. 2. amā´tī sītis mo´nitī s. rēc´tī s. cap´tī s. audī´tī s. 3. amā´tī sint mo´nitī sint rēc´tī sint cap´tī sint audī´tī sint
«363.» The passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with «essem», the imperfect subjunctive of «sum».
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE SINGULAR 1. amātus essem monitus essem rēctus essem captus e. audītus e. 2. amātus essēs monitus essēs rēctus essēs captus e. audītus e. 3. amātus esset monitus esset rēctus esset captus e. audītus e.
PLURAL 1. amātī essēmus monitī essēmus rēctī essēmus captī e. audītī e. 2. amātī essētis monitī essētis rēctī essētis captī e. audītī e. 3. amātī essent monitī essent rēctī essent captī e. audītī e.
_a._ In a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive passive of «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō.»
«364.» The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb «sum» are inflected as follows:
PERFECT PLUPERFECT fu´erim fue´rimus fuis´sem fuissē´mus fu´eris fue´ritis fuis´sēs fuissē´tis fu´erit fu´erint fuis´set fuis´sent
«365.» A substantive clause is a clause used like a noun, as,
_That the men are afraid_ is clear enough (clause as subject) He ordered _them to call on him_ (clause as object)
We have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this way (cf. §213), and have noted the similarity between Latin and English usage in this respect. But the Latin often uses the _subjunctive_ in substantive clauses, and this marks an important difference between the two languages.
«366.» RULE. «Substantive Clauses of Purpose.» _A substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of «commanding», «urging», «asking», «persuading», or «advising», where in English we should usually have the infinitive._
EXAMPLES
1. _The general ordered the soldiers to run_ «Imperātor mīlitibus imperāvit ut currerent» 2. _He urged them to resist bravely_ «Hortātus est ut fortiter resisterent» 3. _He asked them to give the children food_ «Petīvit ut līberīs cibum darent» 4. _He will persuade us not to set out_ «Nōbīs persuādēbit nē proficīscāmur» 5. _He advises us to remain at home_ «Monet ut domī maneāmus»
_a._ The object clauses following these verbs all express the purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or not done. (Cf. §348.)
«367.» The following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose. Learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones.
«hortor», _urge_ «imperō», _order_ (with the _dative_ of the _person_ ordered and a _subjunctive clause_ of the _thing_ ordered done) «moneō», _advise_ «petō», «quaerō», «rogō», _ask, seek_ «persuādeō», _persuade_ (with the same construction as imperō) «postulō», _demand, require_ «suādeō», _advise_ (cf. «persuādeō»)
N.B. Remember that «iubeō», _order_, takes the infinitive as in English. (Cf. §213.1.) Compare the sentences
«Iubeō eum venīre», _I order him to come_ «Imperō eī ut veniat», _I give orders to him that he is to come_
We ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first, but the difference in meaning between iubeō and imperō in the Latin requires the _infinitive_ in the one case and the _subjunctive_ in the other.
«368.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Petit atque hortātur ut ipse dīcat. 2. Caesar Helvētiīs imperāvit nē per prōvinciam iter facerent. 3. Caesar nōn iussit Helvētiōs per prōvinciam iter facere. 4. Ille cīvibus persuāsit ut dē fīnibus suīs discēderent. 5. Caesar prīncipēs monēbit nē proelium committant. 6. Postulāvit nē cum Helvētiīs aut cum eōrum sociīs bellum gererent. 7. Ab iīs quaesīvī nē proficīscerentur. 8. Iīs persuādēre nōn potuī ut domī manērent.
II. 1. Who ordered Cæsar to make the march? (_Write this sentence both with_ «imperō» _and with_ «iubeō».) 2. The faithless scouts persuaded him to set out at daybreak. 3. They will ask him not to inflict punishment. 4. He demanded that they come to the camp. 5. He advised them to tell everything («omnia»).
NOTE. Do not forget that the English infinitive expressing purpose must be rendered by a Latin subjunctive. Review §352.
LESSON LXV
THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF _POSSUM_ · VERBS OF FEARING
«369.» Learn the subjunctive of «possum» (§495), and note especially the position of the accent.
«370.» «Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing.» We have learned that what we want done or not done is expressed in Latin by a subjunctive clause of purpose. In this class belong also _clauses after verbs of fearing_, for we fear either that something will happen or that it will not, and we either want it to happen or we do not. If we want a thing to happen and fear that it will not, the purpose clause is introduced by «ut». If we do not want it to happen and fear that it will, «nē» is used. Owing to a difference between the English and Latin idiom we translate «ut» after a verb of fearing by _that not_, and «nē» by _that_ or _lest_.
«371.» EXAMPLES
«timeō» } { «veniat» «timēbō» } «ut» { «timuerō» } { «vēnerit»
_I fear_, _shall fear_, _shall have feared_, _that he will not come_, _has not come_
«timēbam» } { «venīret» «timuī» } «ut» { «timueram» } { «vēnisset»
_I was fearing_, _feared_, _had feared_, _that he would not come_, _had not come_
The same examples with «nē» instead of «ut» would be translated _I fear that_ or _lest he will come_, _has come_, etc.
«372.» RULE. «Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing.» _Verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by «ut» («that not») or «nē» («that» or «lest»)._
«373.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Caesar verēbātur ut supplicium captīvōrum Gallīs placēret. 2. Rōmānī ipsī magnopere verēbantur nē Helvētiī iter per prōvinciam facerent. 3. Timēbant ut satis reī frūmentāriae mittī posset. 4. Vereor ut hostium impetum sustinēre possim. 5. Timuit nē impedīmenta ab hostibus capta essent. 6. Caesar numquam timuit nē legiōnēs vincerentur. 7. Legiōnēs pugnāre nōn timuērunt.[1]
II. 1. We fear that they are not coming. 2. We fear lest they are coming. 3. We feared that they had come. 4. We feared that they had not come. 5. They feared greatly that the camp could not be defended. 6. Almost all feared[1] to leave the camp.
[Footnote 1: Distinguish between what one is afraid _to do_ (complementary infinitive as here) and what one is afraid _will take place_ or _has taken place_ (substantive clause with the subjunctive).]
LESSON LXVI
THE PARTICIPLES
«374.» The Latin verb has the following Participles:[1]
[Transcriber’s Note: For reasons of space, this table is given in two forms: first a reduced version without translation, and then the complete text, including translations, split into two elements.]
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE PRESENT amāns monēns regēns capiēns audiēns FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus
PASSIVE PERFECT amātus monitus rēctus captus audītus FUTURE[2] amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus
CONJ. I CONJ. II ACTIVE PRESENT amāns monēns _loving_ _advising_ FUTURE amātūrus monitūrus _about to love_ _about to advise_
PASSIVE PERFECT amātus monitus _loved, having_ _advised, having been advised_ _been loved_ FUTURE[2] amandus monendus _to be loved_ _to be advised_
CONJ. III CONJ. IV ACTIVE PRESENT regēns capiēns audiēns _ruling_ _taking_ _hearing_ FUTURE rēctūrus captūrus audītūrus _about to rule_ _about to take_ _about to hear_
PASSIVE PERFECT rēctus captus audītus _ruled, having_ _taken, having_ _heard, havinh_ _been ruled_ _been taken_ _been heard_ FUTURE[2] regendus capiendus audiendus _to be ruled_ _to be taken_ _to be heard_
[Footnote 1: Review §203.]
[Footnote 2: The future passive participle is often called the _gerundive_.]
_a._ The present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem, and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem.
_b._ The present active participle is formed by adding «-ns» to the present stem. In «-iō» verbs of the third conjugation, and in the fourth conjugation, the stem is modified by the addition of «-ē-», as «capi-ē-ns», «audi-ē-ns». It is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension. (Cf. §256.)
«amāns», _loving_ BASE «amant-» STEM «amanti-» SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ amāns amāns amantēs amantia _Gen._ amantis amantis amantium amantium _Dat._ amantī amantī amantibus amantibus _Acc._ amantem amāns amantīs amantia _or_ -ēs _Abl._ amantī amantī amantibus amantibus _or_ -e _or_ -e
(1) When used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in «-ī»; when used as a participle or as a substantive, in «-e».
(2) In a similar way decline «monēns», «regēns», «capiēns», «audiēns».
_c._ The future active participle is formed by adding «-ūrus» to the base of the participial stem. We have already met this form combined with «esse» to produce the future active infinitive. (Cf. §206.)
_d._ For the perfect passive participle see §201. The future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding «-ndus» to the present stem.
_e._ All participles in «-us» are declined like «bonus».
_f._ Participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives.
_g._ Give all the participles of the following verbs: «cūrō», «iubeō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «mūniō».
«375.» «Participles of Deponent Verbs.» Deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive; consequently every deponent verb has four participles, as,
_Pres. Act._ «hortāns», _urging_ _Fut. Act._ «hortātūrus», _about to urge_ _Perf. Pass._ (in form) «hortātus», _having urged_ _Fut. Pass._ (_Gerundive_) «hortandus», _to be urged_
_a._ Observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but _active_ in meaning. _No other verbs have a perfect active participle._ On the other hand, the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs.
_b._ Give the participles of «cōnor», «vereor», «sequor», «patior», «partior».
«376.» «Tenses of the Participle.» The tenses express time as follows:
1. The present active participle corresponds to the English present active participle in _-ing_, but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb; as, «mīlitēs īnsequentēs cēpērunt multōs», _the soldiers, while pursuing, captured many._ Here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together.
2. The perfect participle (excepting of deponents) is regularly passive and corresponds to the English past participle with or without the auxiliary _having been_; as, «audītus», _heard_ or _having been heard_.
3. The future active participle, translated _about to_, etc., denotes time after the action of the main verb.
«377.» Review §§203, 204, and, note the following model sentences:
1. «Mīlitēs currentēs erant dēfessī», _the soldiers who were running_ (lit. _running_) _were weary_.
2. «Caesar profectūrus Rōmam nōn exspectāvit», _Cæsar, when about to set out_ (lit. _about to set out_) _for Rome, did not wait_.
3. «Oppidum captum vīdimus», _we saw the town which had been captured_ (lit. _captured town_).
4. «Imperātor trīduum morātus profectus est», _the general, since_ (_when_, or _after_) _he had delayed_ (lit. _the general, having delayed_) _three days, set out_.
5. «Mīlitēs vīctī terga nōn vertērunt», _the soldiers, though they were conquered_ (lit. _the soldiers conquered_), _did not retreat_.
In each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses. We note, however, that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction (_when, since, after, though_, etc.), or a relative clause. Consider, in each case, what translation will best bring out the thought, and do not, as a rule, translate the participle literally.
«378.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Puer timēns nē capiātur fugit. 2. Aquila īrā commōta avīs reliquās interficere cōnāta erat. 3. Mīlitēs ab hostibus pressī tēla iacere nōn potuērunt. 4. Caesar decimam legiōnem laudātūrus ad prīmum agmen prōgressus est. 5. Imperātor hortātus equitēs ut fortiter pugnārent signum proeliō dedit. 6. Mīlitēs hostīs octō milia passuum īnsecūtī multīs cum captīvīs ad castra revertērunt. 7. Sōl oriēns multōs interfectōs vīdit. 8. Rōmānī cōnsilium audāx suspicātī barbaris sēsē nōn commīsērunt. 9. Nāvis ē portū ēgressa nūllō in perīculō erat.
II.[3] 1. The army was in very great danger while marching through the enemy’s country. 2. Frightened by the length of the way, they longed for home. 3. When the scouts were about to set out, they heard the shouts of victory. 4. When we had delayed many days, we set fire to the buildings and departed. 5. While living at Rome I heard orators much better than these. 6. The soldiers who are fighting across the river are no braver than we.
[Footnote 3: In this exercise use participles for the subordinate clauses.]
LESSON LXVII
THE IRREGULAR VERBS _VOLŌ_, _NŌLŌ_, _MĀLŌ_ THE ABLATIVE WITH A PARTICIPLE, OR ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
«379.» Learn the principal parts and conjugation of «volō», _wish_; «nōlō» («ne» + «volō»), _be unwilling_; «mālō» («magis» + «volō»), _be more willing, prefer_ (§497). Note the irregularities in the present indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive, and in the imperfect subjunctive. (Cf. §354.)
_a._ These verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or without a subject accusative; as, «volunt venīre», _they wish to come_; «volunt amīcōs venīre», _they wish their friends to come_. The English usage is the same.[1]
[Footnote 1: Sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after these verbs. (See §366.)]
[ Conjugations given in §497:
PRINCIPAL PARTS: «volō, velle, voluī», ----, _be willing, will, wish_ «nōlō, nōlle, nōluī», ----, _be unwilling, will not_ «mālō, mālle, māluī», ----, _be more willing, prefer_
INDICATIVE SINGULAR _Pres._ volō nōlō mālō vīs nōn vis māvīs vult nōn vult māvult
PLURAL volumus nōlumus mālumus vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis volunt nōlunt mālunt
_Impf._ volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam _Fut._ volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc. _Perf._ voluī nōluī māluī _Plup._ volueram nōlueram mālueram _F.P._ voluerō nōluerō māluerō
SUBJUNCTIVE SINGULAR _Pres._ velim nōlim mālim velīs nōlīs mālīs velit nōlit mālit
PLURAL velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis velint nōlint mālint
_Impf._ vellem nōllem māllem _Perf._ voluerim nōluerim māluerim _Plup._ voluissem nōluissem māluissem
IMPERATIVE _Pres._ nōlī nōlīte _Fut._ nōlītō, etc.
INFINITIVE _Pres._ velle nōlle mālle _Perf._ voluisse nōluisse māluisse
PARTICIPLE _Pres._ volēns, -entis nōlēns, -entis ----]
«380.» Observe the following sentences:
1. «Magistrō laudante omnēs puerī dīligenter labōrant», _with the teacher praising_, or _since the teacher praises_, or _the teacher praising, all the boys labor diligently._
2. «Caesare dūcente nēmō prōgredī timet», _with Cæsar leading_, or _when Cæsar leads_, or _if Cæsar leads_, or _Cæsar leading, no one fears to advance._
3. «Hīs rēbus cognitīs mīlitēs fūgērunt», _when this was known_, or _since this was known_, or _these things having been learned, the soldiers fled._
4. «Proeliō commissō multī vulnerātī sunt», _after the battle had begun_, or _when the battle had begun_, or _the battle having been joined, many were wounded._
_a._ One of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in English by the preposition _with_ (cf. §50). In each of the sentences above we have a noun and a participle in agreement in the ablative, and the translation shows that in each instance the ablative expresses _attendant circumstance_. For example, in the first sentence the circumstance attending or accompanying the diligent labor of the boys is the praise of the teacher. This is clearly a _with_ relation, and the ablative is the case to use.
_b._ We observe, further, that the ablative and its participle are absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence. If we were to express the thought in English in a similar way, we should use the nominative independent or absolute. In Latin the construction is called the Ablative Absolute, or the Ablative with a Participle. This form of expression is exceedingly common in Latin, but rather rare in English, so we must not, as a rule, employ the English absolute construction to translate the ablative abolute. The attendant circumstance may be one of _time_ (when or after), or one of _cause_ (since), or one of _concession_ (though), or one of _condition_ (if). In each case try to discover the precise relation, and translate the ablative and its participle by a clause which will best express the thought.
«381.» RULE. «Ablative Absolute.» _The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance._
NOTE 1. The verb «sum» has no present participle. In consequence we often find two nouns or a noun and an adjective in the ablative absolute with no participle expressed; as, «tē duce», _you_ (being) _leader_, _with you as leader_; «patre īnfirmō», _my father_ (being) _weak_.
NOTE 2. Be very careful not to put in the ablative absolute a noun and participle that form the subject or object of a sentence. Compare
_a._ _The Gauls, having been conquered by Cæsar, returned home_
_b._ _The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar, the army returned home_
In _a_ the subject is _The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar_, and we translate,
«Gallī ā Caesare victi domum revertērunt»
In _b_ the subject is _the army_. _The Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar_ is nominative absolute in English, which requires the ablative absolute in Latin, and we translate,
«Gallīs ā Caesare victīs exercitus domum revertit»
NOTE 3. The fact that only deponent verbs have a perfect active participle (cf. §375.a) often compels a change of voice when translating from one language to the other. For example, we can translate _Cæsar having encouraged the legions_ just as it stands, because «hortor» is a deponent verb. But if we wish to say _Cæsar having conquered the Gauls_, we have to change the voice of the participle to the passive because «vincō» is not deponent, and say, _the Gauls having been conquered by Cæsar_ (see translation above).
«382.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Māvīs, nōn vīs, vultis, nōlumus. 2. Ut nōlit, ut vellēmus, ut mālit. 3. Nōlī, velle, nōluisse, mālle. 4. Vult, māvultis, ut nōllet, nōlīte. 5. Sōle oriente, avēs cantāre incēpērunt. 6. Clāmōribus audītīs, barbarī prōgredī recūsābant. 7. Caesare legiōnēs hortātō, mīlitēs paulō fortius pugnāvērunt. 8. Hīs rēbus cognitīs, Helvētiī fīnitimīs persuāsērunt ut sēcum iter facerent. 9. Labōribus cōnfectīs, mīlitēs ā Caesare quaerēbant ut sibi praemia daret. 10. Conciliō convocātō, prīncipēs ita respondērunt. 11. Dux plūrīs diēs in Helvētiōrum fīnibus morāns multōs vīcōs incendit. 12. Magnitūdine Germānōrum cognitā, quīdam ex Rōmānis timēbant. 13. Mercātōribus rogātīs, Caesar nihilō plūs reperīre potuit.
II. 1. He was unwilling, lest they prefer, they have wished. 2. You prefer, that they might be unwilling, they wish. 3. We wish, they had preferred, that he may prefer. 4. Cæsar, when he heard the rumor (_the rumor having been heard_), commanded («imperāre») the legions to advance more quickly. 5. Since Cæsar was leader, the men were willing to make the journey. 6. A few, terrified[2] by the reports which they had heard, preferred to remain at home. 7. After these had been left behind, the rest hastened as quickly as possible. 8. After Cæsar had undertaken the business (_Cæsar, the business having been undertaken_), he was unwilling to delay longer.[3]
[Footnote 2: Would the ablative absolute be correct here?]
[Footnote 3: Not «longius». Why?]
LESSON LXVIII
THE IRREGULAR VERB _FĪŌ_ · THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT
«383.» The verb «fīō», _be made, happen_, serves as the passive of «faciō», _make_, in the present system. The rest of the verb is formed regularly from «faciō». Learn the principal parts and conjugation (§500). Observe that the «i» is long except before «-er» and in «fit».
_a._ The compounds of «facio» with prepositions usually form the passive regularly, as,
_Active_ «cōnficiō, cōnficere, cōnfēcī, cōnfectus» _Passive_ «cōnficior, cōnficī, cōnfectus sum»
[ Conjugation given in §500:
PRINCIPAL PARTS «fīō, fierī, factus sum»
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE _Pres._ fīō ---- fīam _2d Pers._ fī fīte fīs ---- fit fīunt _Impf._ fīēbam fierem _Fut._ fīam ----
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE _Perf._ factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim _Plup._ factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem _F.P._ factus, -a, -um erō
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES _Pres._ fierī _Perf._ factus, -a, -um _Perf._ factus, -a, -um esse _Ger._ faciendus, -a, -um _Fut._ [[factum īrī]]]
«384.» Observe the following sentences:
1. «Terror erat tantus ut omnēs fugerent», _the terror was so great that all fled._
2. «Terror erat tantus ut nōn facile mīlitēs sēsē reciperent», _the terror was so great that the soldiers did not easily recover themselves._
3. «Terror fēcit ut omnēs fugerent», _terror caused all to flee_ (lit. _made that all fled_).
_a._ Each of these sentences is complex, containing a principal clause and a subordinate clause.
_b._ The principal clause names a cause and the subordinate clause states the _consequence_ or _result_ of this cause.
_c._ The subordinate clause has its verb in the subjunctive, though it is translated like an indicative. The construction is called the _subjunctive of consequence or result_, and the clause is called a consecutive or result clause.
_d._ In the last example the clause of result is the object of the verb «fēcit».
_e._ The conjunction introducing the consecutive or result clause is «ut» = _so that_; negative, «ut nōn» = _so that not_.
«385.» RULE. «Subjunctive of Result.» _Consecutive clauses of result are introduced by «ut» or «ut nōn» and have the verb in the subjunctive._
«386.» RULE. _Object clauses of result with «ut» or «ut nōn» are found after verbs of «effecting» or «bringing about»._
«387.» «Purpose and Result Clauses Compared.» There is great similarity in the expression of purpose and of result in Latin. If the sentence is affirmative, both purpose and result clauses may be introduced by «ut»; but if the sentence is negative, the purpose clause has «nē» and the result clause «ut nōn». Result clauses are often preceded in the main clause by such words as «tam», «ita», «sic» (_so_), and these serve to point them out. Compare
_a._ «Tam graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur» _He was so severely wounded that he was captured_ _b._ «Graviter vulnerātus est ut caperētur» _He was severely wounded in order that he might be captured_
Which sentence contains a result clause, and how is it pointed out?
«388.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Fit, fīet, ut fīat, fīēbāmus. 2. Fīō, fīēs, ut fierent, fierī, fīunt. 3. Fīētis, ut fīāmus, fīs, fīemus. 4. Mīlitēs erant tam tardī ut ante noctem in castra nōn pervenīrent. 5. Sōl facit ut omnia sint pulchra. 6. Eius modī perīcula erant ut nēmō proficīscī vellet. 7. Equitēs hostium cum equitātū nostrō in itinere contendērunt, ita tamen[1] ut nostrī omnibus in partibus superiōrēs essent. 8. Virtūs mīlitum nostrōrum fēcit ut hostēs nē ūnum quidem[2] impetum sustinērent. 9. Hominēs erant tam audācēs ut nūllō modō continērī possent. 10. Spatium erat tam parvum ut mīlitēs tēla iacere nōn facile possent. 11. Hōc proeliō factō barbarī ita perterritī sunt ut ab ultimīs gentibus lēgātī ad Caesarem mitterentur. 12. Hoc proelium factum est nē lēgātī ad Caesarem mitterentur.
[Footnote 1: «ita tamen», _with such a result however_.]
[Footnote 2: «nē ... quidem», _not even_. The emphatic word is placed between.]
II. 1. It will happen, they were being made, that it may happen. 2. It happens, he will be made, to happen. 3. They are made, we were being made, lest it happen. 4. The soldiers are so brave that they conquer. 5. The soldiers are brave in order that they may conquer. 6. The fortification was made so strong that it could not be taken. 7. The fortification was made strong in order that it might not be taken. 8. After the town was taken,[3] the townsmen feared that they would be made slaves. 9. What state is so weak that it is unwilling to defend itself?
[Footnote 3: Ablative absolute.]
LESSON LXIX
THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC OR DESCRIPTION THE PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE
«389.» Akin to the subjunctive of consequence or result is the use of the subjunctive in clauses of characteristic or description.
This construction is illustrated in the following sentences:
1. «Quis est quī suam domum nōn amet?» _who is there who does not love his own home?_
2. «Erant quī hoc facere nōllent», _there were (some) who were unwilling to do this._
3. «Tū nōn is es quī amīcōs trādās», _you are not such a one as to_, or _you are not the man to, betray your friends._
4. «Nihil videō quod timeam», _I see nothing to fear_ (nothing of such as character as to fear it).
_a._ Each of these examples contains a descriptive relative clause which tells what kind of a person or thing the antecedent is. To express this thought the subjunctive is used. A relative clause that merely states a fact and does not describe the antecedent uses the indicative. Compare the sentences
_Cæsar is the man who is leading us_, «Caesar est is quī nōs dūcit» (mere statement of fact, no description, with the indicative) _Cæsar is the man to lead us_, «Caesar est is quī nōs dūcat» (descriptive relative clause with the subjunctive)
_b._ Observe that in this construction a demonstrative pronoun and a relative, as is «quī», are translated _such a one as to, the man to_.
_c._ In which of the following sentences would you use the indicative and in which the subjunctive?
_These are not the men who did this_ _These are not the men to do this_
«390.» RULE. «Subjunctive of Characteristic.» _A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the «subjunctive of characteristic or description»._
«391.» Observe the sentences
1. Rōmānī «Caesarem cōnsulem» fēcērunt, _the Romans made «Cæsar consul»_.
2. «Caesar cōnsul» ā Rōmānīs factus est, _«Cæsar» was made «consul» by the Romans_.
_a._ Observe in 1 that the transitive verb «fēcērunt», _made_, has two objects: (1) the direct object, «Caesarem»; (2) a second object, «cōnsulem», referring to the same person as the direct object and completing the predicate. The second accusative is called a Predicate Accusative.
_b._ Observe in 2 that when the verb is changed to the passive both of the accusatives become nominatives, the _direct object_ becoming the _subject_ and the _predicate accusative_ the _predicate nominative_.
«392.» RULE. «Two Accusatives.» _Verbs of «making», «choosing», «calling», «showing», and the like, may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives._
«393.» The verbs commonly found with two accusatives are
«creo, creāre, creāvī, creātus», _choose_ «appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātus» } «nōminō, nōmināre, nōmināvī, nōminātus» } _call_ «vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus» } «faciō, facere, fēcī, factus», _make_
«394.» EXERCISES
I. 1. In Germāniae silvis sunt[1] multa genera ferārum quae reliquīs in locīs nōn vīsa sint. 2. Erant[1] itinera duo quibus Helvētiī domō discēdere possent. 3. Erat[1] manus nūlla, nūllum oppidum, nūllum praesidium quod sē armīs dēfenderet. 4. Tōtō frūmentō raptō, domī nihil erat quō mortem prohibēre possent. 5. Rōmānī Galbam ducem creāvērunt et summā celeritāte profectī sunt. 6. Neque erat[1] tantae multitūdinis quisquam quī morārī vellet. 7. Germānī nōn iī sunt quī adventum Caesaris vereantur. 8. Cōnsulibus occīsīs erant quī[2] vellent cum rēgem creāre. 9. Pāce factā erat nēmō quī arma trādere nōllet. 10. Inter Helvētiōs quis erat quī nōbilior illō esset?
II. 1. The Romans called the city Rome. 2. The city was called Rome by the Romans. 3. The better citizens wished to choose him king. 4. The brave soldier was not the man to run. 5. There was no one [3]to call me friend. 6. These are not the men to[4] betray their friends. 7. There were (some) who called him the bravest of all.
[Footnote 1: Remember that when the verb «sum» precedes its subject it is translated _there is_, _there are_, _there were_, etc.]
[Footnote 2: «erant quī», _there were_ (some) _who_. A wholly indefinite antecedent of «quī» does not need to be expressed.]
[Footnote 3: A relative clause of characteristic or description.]
[Footnote 4: See §389.b.]
* * * * *
«Eighth Review, Lessons LXI-LXIX, §§527-528»
* * * * *
LESSON LXX
THE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE CONJUNCTION _CUM_ THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION
«395.» The conjunction «cum» has the following meanings and constructions:
«cum» TEMPORAL = _when_, followed by the indicative or the subjunctive «cum» CAUSAL = _since_, followed by the subjunctive «cum» CONCESSIVE = _although_, followed by the subjunctive
As you observe, the mood after «cum» is sometimes indicative and sometimes subjunctive. The reason for this will be made clear by a study of the following sentences:
1. «Caesarem vīdī tum cum in Galliā eram», _I saw Cæsar at the time when I was in Gaul_.
2. «Caesar in eōs impetum fēcit cum pācem peterent», _Cæsar made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace_.
3. «Hoc erat difficile cum paucī sine vulneribus essent», _this was difficult, since only a few were without wounds_.
4. «Cum prīmī ōrdinēs fūgissent, tamen reliquī fortiter cōnsistēbant», _though the front ranks had fled, yet the rest bravely stood their ground_.
_a._ The underlying principle is one already familiar to you (cf. §389.a). When the «cum» clause states a fact and simply _fixes the time_ at which the main action took place, the indicative mood is used. So, in the first example, «cum in Galliā eram» fixes the time when I saw Cæsar.
_b._ On the other hand, when the «cum» clause _describes the circumstances_ under which the main act took place, the subjunctive mood is used. So, in the second example, the principal clause states that Cæsar made an attack, and the «cum» clause describes the circumstances under which this act occurred. The idea of _time_ is also present, but it is subordinate to the idea of _description_. Sometimes the descriptive clause is one of _cause_ and we translate «cum» by _since_; sometimes it denotes _concession_ and «cum» is translated _although_.
«396.» RULE. «Constructions with _Cum_». _The conjunction «cum» means «when», «since», or «although». It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means «when» and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place._
NOTE. «Cum» in clauses of description with the subjunctive is much more common than its use with the indicative.
«397.» Note the following sentences:
1. «Oppidum erat parvum magnitūdine sed magnum multitūdine hominum», _the town was small in size but great in population_.
2. «Homō erat corpore īnfīrmus sed validus animō», _the man was weak in body but strong in courage_.
_a._ Observe that «magnitūdine», «multitūdine», «corpore», and «animō» tell _in what respect_ something is true. The relation is one covered by the ablative case, and the construction is called the _ablative of specification_.
«398.» RULE. «Ablative of Specification.» _The ablative is used to denote «in what respect» something is true._
«399.» IDIOMS
«aliquem certiōrem facere», _to inform some one_ (lit. _to make some one more certain_) «certior fierī», _to be informed_ (lit. _to be made more certain_) «iter dare», _to give a right of way, allow to pass_ «obsidēs inter sē dare», _to give hostages to each other_
«400.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Helvētiī cum patrum nostrōrum tempore domō prefectī essent, cōnsulis exercitum in fugam dederant. 2. Cum Caesar in Galliam vēnit, Helvētiī aliōs agrōs petēbant. 3. Caesar cum in citeriōre Gallia esset, tamen dē Helvētiōrum cōnsiliīs certior fīēbat. 4. Cum Helvētiī bellō clārissimī essent, Caesar iter per prōvinciam dare recūsāvit. 5. Lēgātus cum haec audīvisset, Caesarem certiōrem fecit. 6. Cum principēs inter sē obsidēs darent, Rōmānī bellum parāvērunt. 7. Caesar, cum id nūntiātum esset, mātūrat ab urbe proficīscī. 8. Nē virtūte quidem Gallī erant parēs Germānis. 9. Caesar neque corpore neque animō īnfīrmus erat. 10. Illud bellum tum incēpit cum Caesar fuit cōnsul.
Observe in each case what mood follows «cum», and try to give the reasons for its use. In the third sentence the «cum» clause is concessive, in the fourth and sixth causal.
II. 1. That battle was fought at the time when («tum cum») I was at Rome. 2. Though the horsemen were few in number, nevertheless they did not retreat. 3. When the camp had been sufficiently fortified, the enemy returned home. 4. Since the tribes are giving hostages to each other, we shall inform Cæsar. 5. The Gauls and the Germans are very unlike in language and laws.
LESSON LXXI
VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE · THE PREDICATE GENITIVE
«401.» Review the word lists in §§510, 511.
«402.» «The Gerund.» Suppose we had to translate the sentence
_By overcoming the Gauls Cæsar won great glory_
We can see that _overcoming_ here is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in _-ing_, and that the thought calls for the ablative of means. To translate this by the Latin infinitive would be impossible, because the infinitive is indeclinable and therefore has no ablative case form. Latin, however, has another verbal noun of corresponding meaning, called the «gerund», declined as a neuter of the second declension in the _genitive_, _dative_, _accusative_, and _ablative singular_, and thus supplying the cases that the infinitive lacks.[1] Hence, to decline in Latin the verbal noun _overcoming_, we should use the infinitive for the nominative and the gerund for the other cases, as follows:
_Nom._ «superāre», _overcoming, to overcome_ INFINITIVE _Gen._ «superandī», _of overcoming_ } _Dat._ «superandō», _for overcoming_ } _Acc._ «superandum», _overcoming_ } GERUND _Abl._ «superandō», _by overcoming_ }
Like the infinitive, the gerund governs the same case as the verb from which it is derived. So the sentence given above becomes in Latin
«Superandō Gallōs Caesar magnam glōriam reportāvit»
[Footnote 1: Sometimes, however, the infinitive is used as an accusative.]
«403.» The gerund[2] is formed by adding «-ndī, -ndō, -ndum, -ndō», to the present stem, which is shortened or otherwise changed, as shown below:
PARADIGM OF THE GERUND
CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV _Gen._ amandī monendī regendī capiendī audiendī _Dat._ amandō monendō regendō capiendō audiendō _Acc._ amandum monendum regendum capiendum audiendum _Abl._ amandō monendō regendō capiendō audiendō
_a._ Give the gerund of «cūrō», «dēleō», «sūmō», «iaciō», «veniō».
_b._ Deponent verbs have the gerund of the active voice (see §493). Give the gerund of «cōnor», «vereor», «sequor», «patior», «partior».
[Footnote 2: The gerund is the neuter singular of the future passive participle used as a noun, and has the same formation. (Cf. §374.d.)]
«404.» «The Gerundive.» The gerundive is the name given to the future passive participle (§374.d) when the participle approaches the meaning of a verbal noun and is translated like a gerund. It is the adjective corresponding to the gerund. For example, to translate _the plan of waging war_, we may use the gerund with its direct object and say «cōnsilium gerendī bellum»; or we may use the gerundive and say «cōnsilium bellī gerendī», which means, literally, _the plan of the war to be waged_, but which came to have the same force as the gerund with its object, and was even preferred to it.
«405.» Compare the following parallel uses of the gerund and gerundive:
GERUND GERUNDIVE _Gen._ «Spēs faciendī pācem» «Spēs faciendae pācis» _Dat._ «Locus idōneus pugnandō» «Locus idōneus castrīs pōnendīs» _A place suitable for _A place suitable for fighting_ pitching camp_ _Acc._ «Mīsit equitēs ad īnsequendum» «Mīsit equitēs ad īnsequendōs hostīs» _He sent horsemen to pursue_ _He sent horsemen to pursue the enemy_ _Abl._ «Nārrandō fābulās magister «Nārrandīs fābulīs magister puerīs placuit» puerīs placuit» _The teacher pleased the _The teacher pleased the boys by telling stories_ boys by telling stories_
_a._ We observe
(1) That the gerund is a noun and the gerundive an adjective. (2) That the gerund, being a noun, may stand alone or with an object. (3) That the gerundive, being an adjective, is used only in agreement with a noun.
«406.» RULE. «Gerund and Gerundive.»
1. _The Gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns._
2. _The Gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual._
«407.» RULE. «Gerund or Gerundive of Purpose.» _The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with_ «ad», _or the genitive with «causā»[3] (= for the sake of), is used to express purpose._
GERUND GERUNDIVE «Ad audiendum vēnērunt» or «Ad urbem videndam vēnērunt» or «Audiendī causā vēnērunt» «Urbis videndae causā vēnērunt» _They came to hear_ _They came to see the city_
[Footnote 3: «causā» always _follows_ the genitive.]
NOTE. These sentences might, of course, be written with the subjunctive of purpose,--«vēnērunt ut audīrent»; «vēnērunt ut urbem vidērent.» In short expressions, however, the gerund and gerundive of purpose are rather more common.
«408.» We have learned that the word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive, as, «equus Galbae», _Galba’s horse._ If, now, we wish to express the idea _the horse is Galba’s_, Galba remains the possessor, and hence in the genitive as before, but now stands in the predicate, as, «equus est Galbae». Hence this is called the predicate genitive.
«409.» RULE. «Predicate Genitive.» _The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of «sum», and is then called the predicate genitive._
«410.» IDIOMS
«alīcui negōtium dare», _to employ someone_ (lit. _to give business to some one_) «novīs rēbus studēre», _to be eager for a revolution_ (lit. _to be eager for new things_) «reī mīlitāris perītissimus», _very skillful in the art of war_ «sē suaque omnia», _themselves and all their possessions_
«411.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Caesar cum in Galliā bellum gereret, militibus decimae legiōnis maximē fāvit quia reī mīlitāris perītissimī erant. 2. Sociīs negōtium dedit reī frumentāriae cūrandae. 3. Lēgāti nōn sōlum audiendī causā sed etiam dicendī causā vēnērunt. 4. Imperātor iussit explōrātōres locum idōneum mūnindō reperīre. 5. Nuper hae gentēs novīs rēbus studēbant; mox iīs persuādēbō ut Caesarī sē suaque omnia dēdant. 6. Iubēre est regīnae[4] et pārēre est multitūdinis.[4] 7. Hōc proeliō factō quīdam ex hostibus ad pācem petendam venērunt. 8. Erant quī arma trādere nōllent. 9. Hostēs tam celeriter prōgressī sunt ut spatium pīla in hostīs iaciendī non darētur. 10. Spatium neque arma capiendī[5] neque auxilī petendī[5] datum est.
II. 1. These ornaments [6]belong to Cornelia. 2. Men very skillful in the art of war were sent [7]to capture the town. 3. The scouts found a hill suitable for fortifying very near to the river. 4. Soon the cavalry will come [8]to seek supplies. 5. The mind of the Gauls is eager for revolution and for undertaking wars. 6. To lead the line of battle [9]belongs to the general. 7. [10]Whom shall we employ to look after the grain supply?
[Footnote 4: Predicate genitive.]
[Footnote 5: Which of these expressions is gerund and which gerundive?]
[Footnote 6: _belong to_ = _are of_.]
[Footnote 7: Use the gerundive with «ad».]
[Footnote 8: Use the genitive with «causā». Where should «causā» stand?]
[Footnote 9: Compare the first sentence.]
[Footnote 10: Compare the second sentence in the Latin above.]
LESSON LXXII
THE IRREGULAR VERB _EŌ_ · INDIRECT STATEMENTS
«412.» Learn the principal parts and the conjugation of «eō», _go_ (§499).
_a._ Notice that «ī-», the root of «eō», is changed to «e-» before a vowel, excepting in «iēns», the nominative of the present participle. In the perfect system «-v-» is regularly dropped.
[ Conjugation given in §499:
PRINCIPAL PARTS «eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum» (n. perf. part.) PRES. STEM ī- PERF. STEM ī- or īv- PART. STEM it-
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE SING. PLUR. _Pres._ eō īmus eam _2d Pers._ ī īte īs ītis it eunt _Impf._ ībam īrem _Fut._ ībō ---- _2d Pers._ ītō ītōte _3d Pers._ ītō euntō _Perf._ iī (īvī) ierim (īverim) _Plup._ ieram (īveram) īssem (īvissem) _F. P._ ierō (īverō)
INFINITIVE _Pres._ īre _Perf._ īsse (īvisse) _Fut._ itūrus, -a, -um esse
PARTICIPLES _Pres._ iēns, _gen._ euntis (§472) _Fut._ itūrus, -a, -um _Ger._ eundum
GERUND _Gen._ eundī _Dat._ eundō _Acc._ eundum _Abl._ eundō
SUPINE _Acc._ [[itum]] _Abl._ [[itū]] ]
«413.» Learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of «eō» with prepositions:
«ad´eō, adī´re, ad´iī, ad´itus», _go to, visit_, with the accusative «ex´eō, exī´re, ex´iī, ex´itus», _go forth_, with «ex» or «dē» and the ablative of the place from which «in´eō, inī´re, in´iī, in´itus», _begin, enter upon_, with the accusative «red´eō, redī´re, red´iī, red´itus», _return_, with «ad» or «in» and the accusative of the place to which «trāns´eō, trānsī´re, trāns´iī, trāns´itus», _cross_, with the accusative
«414.» «Indirect Statements in English.» Direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect statements:
{ 1. The Gauls are brave Direct statements { 2. The Gauls were brave { 3. The Gauls will be brave
Indirect statements { 1. _He says_ that the Gauls _are_ brave after a verb in { 2. _He says_ that the Gauls _were_ brave the present tense { 3. _He says_ that the Gauls _will be_ brave
Indirect statements { 1. _He said_ that the Gauls _were_ brave after a verb in { 2. _He said_ that the Gauls _had been_ brave a past tense { 3. _He said_ that the Gauls _would be_ brave
We see that in English
_a._ The indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction _that_.
_b._ The verb is finite (cf. §173) and its subject is in the nominative.
_c._ The tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense, _He said._
«415.» «Indirect Statements in Latin.» In Latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows:
DIRECT { 1. «Gallī sunt fortēs» STATEMENTS { 2. «Gallī erant fortēs» { 3. «Gallī erunt fortēs»
{ 1. «Dīcit» or «Dīxit Gallōs esse fortīs» { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to be brave_)[1] INDIRECT { 2. «Dīcit» or «Dīxit Gallōs fuisse fortīs» STATEMENTS { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to have been brave_)[1] { 3. «Dīcit» or «Dīxit Gallōs futūrōs esse fortīs» { (_He says_ or _He said_ { _the Gauls to be about to be brave_)[1]
[Footnote 1: These parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations, but merely to show the literal meaning of the Latin.]
Comparing these Latin indirect statements with the English in the preceding section, we observe three marked differences:
_a._ There is no conjunction corresponding to _that_.
_b._ The verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative.
_c._ The tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the principal verb.
«416.» RULE. «Indirect Statements.» _When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive._
«417.» «Tenses of the Infinitive.» When the sentences in §415 were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement, «sunt» became «esse», «erant» became «fuisse», and «erunt» became «futūrōs esse».
«418.» RULE. «Infinitive Tenses in Indirect Statements.» _A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive._
NOTE. When translating into Latin an English indirect statement, first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form. That will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect.
«419.» RULE. «Verbs followed by Indirect Statements.» _The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of «saying», «telling», «knowing», «thinking», and «perceiving»._
«420.» Verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are:
_a_. Verbs of saying and telling: «dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus», _say_ «negō, negāre, negāvī, negātus», _deny, say not_ «nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātus», _announce_ «respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsus», _reply_
_b_. Verbs of knowing: «cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus», _learn_, (in the perf.) _know_ «sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus», _know_
_c_. Verbs of thinking: «arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum», _think, consider_ «exīstimō, exīstimāre, exīstimāvī, exīstimātus», _think, believe_ «iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvi, iūdicātus», _judge, decide_ «putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus», _reckon, think_ «spērō, spērāre, spērāvi, spērātus», _hope_
_d_. Verbs of perceiving: «audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus», _hear_ «sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus», _feel, perceive_ «videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus», _see_ «intellegō, intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus», _understand, perceive_
Learn such of these verbs as are new to you.
«421.» IDIOMS «postrīdiē eius diēī», _on the next day_ (lit. _on the next day of that day_) «initā aestāte», _at the beginning of summer_ «memoriā tenēre», _to remember_ (lit. _to hold by memory_) «per explōrātōrēs cognōscere», _to learn through scouts_
«422.» EXERCISES
I. 1. It, īmus, īte, īre. 2. Euntī, iisse _or_ īsse, ībunt, eunt. 3. Eundi, ut eant, ībitis, īs. 4. Nē īrent, ī, ībant, ierat. 5. Caesar per explorātores cognōvit Gallōs flūmen trānsīsse. 6. Rōmānī audīvērunt Helvētiōs initā aestāte dē fīnibus suīs exitūrōs esse. 7. Legātī respondērunt nēminem ante Caesarem illam īnsulam adīsse. 8. Prīncipēs Gallōrum dīcunt sē nūllum cōnsilium contrā Caesaris imperium initūrōs esse. 9. Arbitrāmur potentiam rēgīnae esse maiōrem quam cīvium. 10. Rōmānī negant se lībertātem Gallīs ēreptūrōs esse. 11. Hīs rēbus cognitīs sēnsimus lēgātōs non vēnisse ad pācem petendam. 12. Helvētii sciunt Rōmānōs priōrēs victōriās memoriā tenēre. 13. Sociī cum intellegerent multōs vulnerārī, statuērunt in suōs fīnīs redīre. 14. Aliquis nūntiāvit Mārcum cōnsulem creātum esse.
II. 1. The boy is slow. He says that the boy is, was, (and) will be slow. 2. The horse is, has been, (and) will be strong. He judged that the horse was, had been, (and) would be strong. 3. We think that the army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer. 4. The next day we learned through scouts that the enemy’s town was ten miles off.[2] 5. The king replied that the ornaments belonged to[3] the queen.
[Footnote 2: _to be off, to be distant_, «abesse».]
[Footnote 3: Latin, _were of_ (§409).]
LESSON LXXIII
VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE IRREGULAR VERB _FERŌ_ THE DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS
«423.» Review the word lists in §§513, 514.
«424.» Learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb «ferō», _bear_ (§498).
1. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds of ferō, _bear_:
«ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus», _bring to; report_ «cōn´ferō, cōnfer´re, con´tulī, conlā´tus», _bring together, collect_ «dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlā´tus», _bring to; report; grant, confer_ «īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus», _bring in, bring against_ «re´ferō, refer´re, ret´tulī, relā´tus», _bear back, report_
[ Conjugation given in §498:
PRINCIPAL PARTS «ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus» PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lāt-
INDICATIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE _Pres._ ferō ferimus feror ferimur fers fertīs ferris, -re ferimimī fert ferunt fertur feruntur _Impf._ ferēbam ferēbar _Fut._ feram, ferēs, etc. ferar, ferēris, etc. _Perf._ tulī lātus, -a, -um sum _Plup._ tuleram lātus, -a, -um eram _F.P._ tulerō lātus, -a, -um erō
SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres._ feram, ferās, etc. ferar, ferāris, etc. _Impf._ ferrem ferrer _Perf._ tulerim lātus, -a, -um sim _Plup._ tulissem lātus, -a, -um essem
IMPERATIVE _Pres. 2d Pers._ fer ferte ferre feriminī _Fut. 2d Pers._ fertō fertōte fertor _3d Pers._ fertō ferunto fertor feruntor
INFINITIVE _Pres._ ferre ferrī _Perf._ tulisse lātus, -a, -um esse _Fut._ lātūrus, -a, -um esse ----
PARTICIPLES _Pres._ ferēns, -entis _Pres._ ---- _Fut._ lātūrus, -a, -um _Ger._ ferendus, -a, -um _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ lātus, -a, -um
GERUND _Gen._ ferendī _Dat._ ferendō _Acc._ ferendum _Abl._ ferendō
SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[lātum]] _Abl._ [[lātū]] ]
«425.» The dative is the case of the indirect object. Many intransitive verbs take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative (cf. §153). Transitive verbs take a direct object in the accusative; but sometimes they have an indirect object or dative as well. _The whole question, then, as to whether or not a verb takes the dative, depends upon its capacity for governing an indirect object._ A number of verbs, some transitive and some intransitive, which in their simple form would not take an indirect object, when compounded with certain prepositions, have a meaning which calls for an indirect object. Observe the following sentences:
1. «Haec rēs exercituī magnam calamitātem attulit», _this circumstance brought great disaster to the army._
2. «Germānī Gallīs bellum īnferunt», _the Germans make war upon the Gauls._
3. «Hae cōpiae proeliō nōn intererant», _these troops did not take part in the battle._
4. «Equitēs fugientibus hostibus occurrunt», _the horsemen meet the fleeing enemy._
5. «Galba cōpiīs fīlium praefēcit», _Galba put his son in command of the troops._
In each sentence there is a dative, and in each a verb combined with a preposition. In no case would the simple verb take the dative.
«426.» RULE. «Dative with Compounds.» _Some verbs compounded with «ad», «ante», «con», «dē», «in», «inter», «ob», «post», «prae», «prō», «sub», «super», admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative._
NOTE 1. Among such verbs are[1]
«ad´ferō, adfer´re, at´tulī, adlā´tus», _bring to; report_ «ad´sum, ades´se, ad´fuī, adfutū´rus», _assist; be present_ «dē´ferō, dēfer´re, dē´tulī, dēlātus», _report; grant, confer_ «dē´sum, dees´se, dē´fuī,----», _be wanting, be lacking_ «īn´ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus», _bring against, bring upon_ «inter´sum, interes´se, inter´fuī, interfutū´rus», _take part in_ «occur´rō, occur´rere, occur´rī, occur´sus», _run against, meet_ «praefi´ciō, praefi´cere, praefē´cī, praefec´tus», _appoint over, place in command of_ «prae´sum, praees´se, prae´fuī, ----», _be over, be in command_
[Footnote 1: But the accusative with «ad» or «in» is used with some of these, when the idea of _motion to_ or _against_ is strong.]
«427.» IDIOMS
«graviter» or «molestē ferre», _to be annoyed at, to be indignant at_, followed by the accusative and infinitive «sē cōnferre ad» or «in», with the accusative, _to betake one’s self to_ «alicui bellum īnferre», _to make war upon some one_ «pedem referre», _to retreat_ (lit. _to bear back the foot_)
«428.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Fer, ferent, ut ferant, ferunt. 2. Ferte, ut ferrent, tulisse, tulerant. 3. Tulimus, ferēns, lātus esse, ferre. 4. Cum nāvigia insulae adpropinquārent, barbarī terrōre commōtī pedem referre cōnātī sunt. 5. Gallī molestē ferēbant Rōmānōs agrōs vastāre. 6. Caesar sociīs imperāvit nē fīnitimis suīs bellum īnferrent. 7. Explorātōrēs, qui Caesarī occurrērunt, dīxērunt exercitum hostium vulneribus dēfessum sēsē in alium locum contulisse. 8. Hostes sciēbant Rōmānōs frūmentō egēre et hanc rem Caesarī summum perīculum adlātūram esse. 9. Impedīmentīs in ūnum locum conlātis, aliquī mīlitum flūmen quod nōn longē aberat trānsiērunt. 10. Hōs rēx hortātus est ut ōrāculum adīrent et rēs audītās ad sē referrent. 11. Quem imperātor illī legiōnī praefēcit? Pūblius illī legiōnī pracerat. 12. Cum esset Caesar in citeriōre Galliā, crēbrī ad eum[2] rūmōrēs adferēbantur litterīsque quoque certior fīēbat Gallōs obsidēs inter sē dare.
II. 1. The Gauls will make war upon Cæsar’s allies. 2. We heard that the Gauls would make war upon Cæsar’s allies. 3. Publius did not take part in that battle. 4. We have been informed that Publius did not take part in that battle. 5. The man who was in command of the cavalry was wounded and began to retreat. 6. Cæsar did not place you in command of the cohort to bring[3] disaster upon the army.
[Footnote 2: Observe that when «adferō» denotes _motion to_, it is not followed by the dative; cf. footnote, p. 182.]
[Footnote 3: Not the infinitive. (Cf. §352.)]
LESSON LXXIV
VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS
«429.» Review the word lists in §§517, 518.
«430.» When we report a statement instead of giving it directly, we have an indirect statement. (Cf. §414.) So, if we report a question instead of asking it directly, we have an indirect question.
DIRECT QUESTION INDIRECT QUESTION _Who conquered the Gauls? He asked who conquered the Gauls_
_a._ An indirect question depends, usually as object, upon a verb of asking (as «petō», «postulō», «quaerō», «rogō») or upon some verb or expression of saying or mental action. (Cf. §420.)
«431.» Compare the following direct and indirect questions:
DIRECT INDIRECT
«Quis Gallōs vincit?» { _a._ «Rogat quis Gallōs vincat» _Who is conquering the_ { _He asks who is conquering the_ _Gauls?_ { _Gauls_ { _b._ «Rogavit quis Gallōs vinceret» { _He asked who was conquering_ { _the Gauls_
{ _a._ «Rogat ubi sit Rōma» «Ubī est Rōma?» { _He asks where Rome is_ _Where is Rome?_ { _b._ «Rogāvit ubi esset Rōma» { _He asked where Rome was_
{ _a._ «Rogat num Caesar Gallōs vīcerit» { _He asks whether Cæsar conquered_ «Caesarne Gallōs vīcit?» { _the Gauls_ _Did Cæsar conquer the_ { _b._ «Rogāvit num Caesar Gallōs _Gauls?_ { «vīcisset» { _He asked whether Cæsar had_ { _conquered the Gauls_
_a._ The verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood, but the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question.
_b._ The tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense sequence.
_c._ Indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative words as introduce direct questions, excepting that_yes_-or-_no_ direct questions (cf. §210) on becoming indirect are usually introduced by «num», _whether_.
«432.» RULE. «Indirect Questions.» _In an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence._
«433.» IDIOMS
«dē tertiā vigiliā», _about the third watch_ «iniūriās alicui īnferre», _to inflict injuries upon some one_ «facere verba prō», with the ablative, _to speak in behalf of_ «in reliquum tempus», _for the future_
«434.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Rēx rogāvit quid lēgātī postulārent et cūr ad sē vēnissent. 2. Quaesīvit quoque num nec recentīs iniūriās nec dubiam Rōmānōrum amīcitiam memoriā tenērent. 3. Vidētisne quae oppida hostēs oppugnāverint? 4. Nōnne scītis cūr Gallī sub montem sēse contulerint? 5. Audīvimus quās iniūrias tibi Germānī intulissent. 6. Dē tertiā vigiliā imperātor mīsit hominēs quī cognōscerent quae esset nātūra montis. 7. Prō hīs ōrātor verba fēcit et rogāvit cūr cōnsulēs nāvīs ad plēnem summī perīculī locum mittere vellent. 8. Lēgātīs convocātīs dēmōnstrāvit quid fierī vellet. 9. Nūntius referēbat quid in Gallōrum conciliō dē armīs trādendīs dictum esset. 10. Moneō nē in reliquum tempus peditēs et equitēs trāns flūmen dūcās.
II. 1. What hill did they seize? I see what hill they seized. 2. Who has inflicted these injuries upon our dependents? 3. They asked who had inflicted those injuries upon their dependents. 4. Whither did you go about the third watch? You know whither I went. 5. At what time did the boys return home? I will ask at what time the boys returned home.
LESSON LXXV
VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE, OR END FOR WHICH
«435.» Review the word lists in §§521, 522.
«436.» Observe the following sentences:
1. «Explōrātōrēs locum castrīs dēlēgērunt», _the scouts chose a place for a camp._
2. «Hoc erat magnō impedīmentō Gallīs», _this was_ (for) _a great hindrance to the Gauls._
3. «Duās legiōnēs praesidiō castrīs relīquit», _he left two legions as_ (lit. _for_) _a guard to the camp._
In each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the _purpose or end for which_ something is intended or for which it serves. These datives are «castrīs», «impedīmentō», and «praesidiō». In the second and third sentences we find a second dative expressing the _person or thing affected_ («Gallīs» and «castrīs»). As you notice, these are true datives, covering the relations of _for which_ and _to which_. (Cf. §43.)
«437.» RULE. «Dative of Purpose or End.» _The dative is used to denote the «purpose or end for which», often with another dative denoting the «person or thing affected»._
«438.» IDIOMS
«cōnsilium omittere», _to give up a plan_ «locum castrīs dēligere», _to choose a place for a camp_ «alicui magnō ūsuī esse», _to be of great advantage to some one_ (lit. _for great advantage to some one_)
«439.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Rogāvit cūr illae cōpiae relictae essent. Respondērunt illās cōpiās esse praesidiō castrīs. 2. Caesar mīsit explōrātōrēs ad locum dēligendum castrīs. 3. Quisque exīstimāvit ipsum nōmen Caesaris magnō terrōrī barbarīs futūrum esse. 4. Prīmā lūce īdem exercitus proelium ācre commīsit, sed gravia suōrum vulnera magnae cūrae imperātōrī erant. 5. Rēx respondit amīcitiam populī Rōmānī sibi ōrnāmentō et praesidiō dēbēre esse. 6. Quis praeerat equitātuī quem auxiliō Caesarī sociī mīserant? 7. Aliquibus rēs secundae sunt summae calamitātī et rēs adversae sunt mīrō ūsuī. 8. Gallīs magnō ad pugnam erat impedīmentō quod equitātus ā dextrō cornū premēbat. 9. Memoria prīstinae virtūtis nōn minus quam metus hostium erat nostrīs magnō ūsuī. 10. Tam dēnsa erat silva ut prōgredī nōn possent.
II. 1. I advise you [1]to give up the plan [2]of making war upon the brave Gauls. 2. Do you know [3]where the cavalry has chosen a place for a camp? 3. The fear of the enemy will be of great advantage to you. 4. Cæsar left three cohorts as (for) a guard to the baggage. 5. In winter the waves of the lake are so great [4]that they are (for) a great hindrance to ships. 6. Cæsar inflicted severe[5] punishment on those who burned the public buildings.
[Footnote 1: Subjunctive of purpose. (Cf. §366.)]
[Footnote 2: Express by the genitive of the gerundive.]
[Footnote 3: Indirect question.]
[Footnote 4: A clause of result.]
[Footnote 5: «gravis, -e.»]
LESSON LXXVI
VOCABULARY REVIEW · THE GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF QUALITY OR DESCRIPTION
«440.» Review the word lists in §§524, 525.
«441.» Observe the English sentences
(1) _A man «of» great courage_, or (2) _A man «with» great courage_
(3) _A forest «of» tall trees_, or (4) _A forest «with» tall trees_
Each of these sentences contains a phrase of quality or description. In the first two a man is described; in the last two a forest. The descriptive phrases are introduced by the prepositions _of_ and _with_.
In Latin the expression of quality or description is very similar.
The prepositions _of_ and _with_ suggest the genitive and the ablative respectively, and we translate the sentences above
(1) «Vir magnae virtūtis», or (2) «Vir magnā virtūte» (3) «Silva altārum arborum», or (4) «Silva altīs arboribus»
There is, however, one important difference between the Latin and the English. In English we may say, for example, _a man of courage_, using the descriptive phrase without an adjective modifier. _In Latin, however, an adjective modifier must always be used_, as above.
_a._ Latin makes a distinction between the use of the two cases in that _numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive_ and _descriptions of physical characteristics are in the ablative._ Other descriptive phrases may be in either case.
«442.» EXAMPLES
1. «Fossa duodecim pedum», _a ditch of twelve feet_.
2. «Homō magnīs pedibus et parvō capite», _a man with big feet and a small head_.
3. «Rēx erat vir summā audāciā» or «rēx erat vir summae audāciae», _the king was a man of the greatest boldness_.
«443.» RULE. «Genitive of Description.» _Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective._
«444.» RULE. «Ablative of Description.» _Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective._
«445.» RULE. «Genitive or Ablative of Description.» _Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective._
«446.» IDIOMS
«Helvētiīs in animō est», _the Helvetii intend_, (lit. _it is in mind to the Helvetians_) «in mātrimōnium dare», _to give in marriage_ «nihil posse», _to have no power_ «fossam perdūcere», _to construct a ditch_ (lit. _to lead a ditch through_)
«447.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Mīlitēs fossam decem pedum per eōrum fīnīs perdūxērunt. 2. Prīnceps Helvētiōrum, vir summae audāciae, prīncipibus gentium fīnitimārum sorōrēs in mātrimōnium dedit. 3. Eōrum amīcitiam cōnfīrmāre voluit quō facilius Rōmānīs bellum īnferret. 4. Germanī et Gallī nōn erant eiusdem gentis. 5. Omnēs ferē Germānī erant magnīs corporum vīribus.[1] 6. Gallī qui oppidum fortiter dēfendēbant saxa ingentis magnitūdinis dē mūrō iaciēbant. 7. Cum Caesar ab explōrātōribus quaereret quī illud oppidum incolerent, explōrātōrēs respondērunt eōs esse homines summā virtūte et magnō cōnsiliō. 8. Moenia vīgintī pedum ā sinistrā parte, et ā dextrā parte flūmen magnae altitūdinis oppidum dēfendēbant. 9. Cum Caesar in Galliam pervēnisset, erat rūmor Helvētiīs in animō esse iter per prōvinciam Rōmānam facere. 10. Caesar, ut eōs ab fīnibus Rōmānis prohibēret, mūnītiōnem [2]multa mīlia passuum longam fēcit.
II. 1. Cæsar was a general of much wisdom and great boldness, and very skillful in the art of war. 2. The Germans were of great size, and thought that the Romans had no power. 3. Men of the highest courage were left in the camp as (for) a guard to the baggage. 4. The king’s daughter, who was given in marriage to the chief of a neighboring state, was a woman of very beautiful appearance. 5. The soldiers will construct a ditch of nine feet around the camp. 6. A river of great width was between us and the enemy.
[Footnote 1: From «vīs». (Cf. §468.)]
[Footnote 2: Genitives and ablatives of description are adjective phrases. When we use an _adverbial_ phrase to tell _how long_ or _how high_ or _how deep_ anything is, we must use the accusative of extent. (Cf. §336.) For example, in the sentence above «multa mīlia passuum» is an adverbial phrase (accusative of extent) modifying «longam». If we should omit «longam» and say _a fortification of many miles_, the genitive of description (an adjective phrase) modifying «mūnītiōnem» would be used, as «mūnītiōnem multōrum mīlium passuum».]
LESSON LXXVII
REVIEW OF AGREEMENT, AND OF THE GENITIVE, DATIVE, AND ACCUSATIVE
«448.» There are four agreements:
1. That of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to which it belongs (§§76, 81).
2. That of the adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle with its noun (§65).
3. That of a verb with its subject (§28).
4. That of a relative pronoun with its antecedent (§224).
«449.» The relation expressed by the «genitive» is, in general, denoted in English by the preposition _of_. It is used to express
{ _a._ As attributive (§38). 1. Possession { { _b._ In the predicate (§409).
2. The whole of which a part is taken (partitive genitive) (§331).
3. Quality or description (§§443, 445).
«450.» The relation expressed by the «dative» is, in general, denoted in English by the prepositions _to_ or _for_ when they do not imply motion through space. It is used to express
{ _a._ With intransitive verbs and with { transitive verbs in connection with a { direct object in the accusative (§45). 1. The indirect object { _b_. With special intransitive verbs (§154). { _c_. With verbs compounded with «ad», «ante», { «con», «dē», «in», «inter», «ob», «post», { «prae», «prō», «sub», «super» (§426).
2. The object to which the quality of an adjective is directed (§143).
3. The purpose, or end for which, often with a second dative denoting the person or thing affected (§437).
«451.» The «accusative» case corresponds, in general, to the English objective. It is used to express
1. The direct object of a transitive verb (§37).
2. The predicate accusative together with the direct object after verbs of _making, choosing, falling, showing_, and the like (§392).
3. The subject of the infinitive (§214).
4. The object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative (§340).
5. The duration of time and the extent of space (§336).
6. The place to which (§§263, 266).
«452.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Mīlitēs quōs vīdimus dīxērunt imperium bellī esse Caesaris imperātōris. 2. Helvētiī statuērunt quam[1] maximum numerum equōrum et carrōrum cōgere. 3. Tōtīus Galliae Helvētiī plūrimum valuērunt. 4. Multās hōrās ācriter pugnātum est neque quisquam poterat vidēre hostem fugientem. 5. Virī summae virtūtis hostīs decem mīlia passuum īnsecūtī sunt. 6. Caesar populō Rōmānō persuāsit ut sē cōnsulem creāret. 7. Victōria exercitūs erat semper imperātōrī grātissima. 8. Trīduum iter fēcērunt et Genāvam, in oppidum[2] hostium, pervēnērunt. 9. Caesar audīvit Germānōs bellum Gallīs intulisse. 10. Magnō ūsuī mīlitibus Caesaris erat quod priōribus proeliīs sēsē exercuerant.
II. 1. One[3] of the king’s sons and many of his men were captured. 2. There was no one who wished[4] to appoint her queen. 3. The grain supply was always a care (for a care) to Cæsar, the general. 4. I think that the camp is ten miles distant. 5. We marched for three hours through a very dense forest. 6. The plan [5]of making war upon the allies was not pleasing to the king. 7. When he came to the hill he fortified it [6]by a twelve-foot wall.
[Footnote 1: What is the force of «quam» with superlatives?]
[Footnote 2: «urbs» or «oppidum», appositive to a name of a town, takes a preposition.]
[Footnote 3: What construction is used with numerals in preference to the partitive genitive?]
[Footnote 4: What mood? (Cf. §390.)]
[Footnote 5: Use the gerund or gerundive.]
[Footnote 6: Latin, _by a wall of twelve feet._]
LESSON LXXVIII
REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE
«453.» The relations of the ablative are, in general, expressed in English by the prepositions _with_ (or _by_), _from_ (or _by_), and _in_ (or _at_). The constructions growing out of these meanings are
I. Ablative rendered _with_ (or _by_): 1. Cause (§102) 2. Means (§103) 3. Accompaniment (§104) 4. Manner (§105) 5. Measure of difference (§317) 6. With a participle (ablative absolute) (§381) 7. Description or quality (§§444, 445) 8. Specification (§398)
II. Ablative rendered _from_ (or _by_): 1. Place from which (§§179, 264) 2. Ablative of separation (§180) 3. Personal agent with a passive verb (§181) 4. Comparison without «quam» (§309)
III. Ablative rendered _in_ (or _at_): 1. Place at or in which (§§265, 266) 2. Time when or within which (§275)
«454.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Gallī locīs superiōribus occupātīs itinere exercitum prohibēre cōnantur. 2. Omnēs oppidānī ex oppidō ēgressī salūtem fugā petere incēpērunt. 3. Caesar docet sē mīlitum vītam suā salūte habēre multō cāriōrem. 4. Cum celerius omnium opīniōne pervēnisset, hostēs ad eum obsidēs mīsērunt 5. Vīcus in valle positus montibus altissimīs undique continētur. 6. Plūrimum inter Gallōs haec gēns et virtūte et hominum numerō valēbat. 7. Secundā vigiliā nūllō certō ōrdine neque imperiō ē castrīs ēgressī sunt. 8. Duābus legiōnibus Genāvae relictīs, proximō diē cum reliquīs domum profectus est. 9. Erant itinera duo quibus itineribus Helvētiī domō exīre possent. 10. Rēx erat summā audāciā et magnā apud populum potentiā. 11. Gallī timōre servitūtis commōtī bellum parābant. 12. Caesar monet lēgātōs ut contineant militēs, nē studiō pugnandī aut spē praedae longius[1] prōgrediantur. 13. Bellum ācerrimum ā Caesare in Gallōs gestum est.
II. 1. The lieutenant after having seized the mountain restrained his (men) from battle. 2. All the Gauls differ from each other in laws. 3. This tribe is much braver than the rest. 4. This road is [2]ten miles shorter than that. 5. In summer Cæsar carried on war in Gaul, in winter he returned to Italy. 6. At midnight the general set out from the camp with three legions. 7. I fear that you cannot protect[3] yourself from these enemies. 8. [4]After this battle was finished peace was made by all the Gauls.
[Footnote 1: «longius», _too far_. (Cf. §305.)]
[Footnote 2: Latin, _by ten thousands of paces_.]
[Footnote 3: «dēfendere».]
[Footnote 4: Ablative absolute.]
LESSON LXXIX
REVIEW OF THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE, THE INFINITIVE, AND THE SUBJUNCTIVE
«455.» The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns (§§402, 406.1).
«456.» The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual (§406.2).
«457.» The infinitive is used:
I. As in English.
_a._ As subject or predicate nominative (§216).
_b._ To complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication (complementary infinitive) (§215).
_c._ As object with subject accusative after verbs of _wishing, commanding, forbidding_, and the like (§213).
II. In the principal sentence of an indirect statement after verbs of _saying _and _mental action_. The subject is in the accusative (§§416, 418, 419).
«458.» The subjunctive is used:
1. To denote purpose (§§349, 366, 372).
2. To denote consequence or result (§§385, 386).
3. In relative clauses of characteristic or description (§390).
4. In «cum» clauses of time, cause, and concession (§396).
5. In indirect questions (§432).
«459.» EXERCISES
I. 1. Caesar, cum pervēnisset, militēs hortābātur nē cōnsilium oppidī capiendi omitterent. 2. Rēx, castrīs prope oppidum positīs, mīsit explōrātōrēs quī cognōscerent ubi exercitus Rōmanus esset. 3. Nēmo relinquēbātur quī arma ferre posset. 4. Nūntiī vīdērunt ingentem armōrum multitudinem dē mūrō in fossani iactam esse. 5. Dux suōs trānsīre flūmen iussit. Trānsīre autem hoc flūmen erat difficillimum. 6. Rōmānī cum hanc calamitātem molestē ferrant, tamen terga vertere recūsāvērunt. 7. Hōc rūmōre audītō, tantus terror omnium animōs occupāvit ut nē fortissimī quidem proelium committere vellent. 8. Erant quī putārent tempus annī idōneum nōn esse itinerī faciendō. 9. Tam ācriter ab utraque parte pugnābātur ut multa mīlia hominum occīderentur. 10. Quid timēs? Timeō nē Rōmānīs in animō sit tōtam Galliam superāre et nōbīs iniūriās inferre.
II. 1. Do you not see who is standing on the wall? 2. We hear that the plan of taking the town has been given up. 3. Since the Germans thought that the Romans could not cross the Rhine, Cæsar ordered a bridge to be made. 4. When the bridge was finished, the savages were so terrified that they hid themselves. 5. They feared that Cæsar would pursue them. 6. Cæsar [1]asked the traders what the size of the island was. 7. The traders advised him not [2]to cross the sea. 8. He sent scouts [3]to choose a place for a camp.
[Footnote 1: «quaerere ab».]
[Footnote 2: Not infinitive.]
[Footnote 3: Use the gerundive with «ad».]
READING MATTER
INTRODUCTORY SUGGESTIONS
«How to Translate.» You have already had considerable practice in translating simple Latin, and have learned that the guide to the meaning lies in the endings of the words. If these are neglected, no skill can make sense of the Latin. If they are carefully noted and accurately translated, not many difficulties remain. Observe the following suggestions:
1. Read the Latin sentence through to the end, noting endings of nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.
2. Read it again and see if any of the words you know are nominatives or accusatives. This will often give you what may be called the backbone of the sentence; that is, subject, verb, and object.
3. Look up the words you do not know, and determine their use in the sentence from their endings.
4. If you cannot yet translate the sentence, put down the English meanings of all the words _in the same order as the Latin words_. You will then generally see through the meaning of the sentence.
5. Be careful to
_a._ Translate adjectives with the nouns to which they belong.
_b._ Translate together prepositions and the nouns which they govern.
_c._ Translate adverbs with the words that they modify.
_d._ _Make sense._ If you do not make sense, you have made a mistake. One mistake will spoil a whole sentence.
6. When the sentence is correctly translated, read the Latin over again, and try to understand it as Latin, without thinking of the English translation.
«The Parts of a Sentence.» You will now meet somewhat longer sentences than you have had before. To assist in translating them, remember, first of all, that every sentence conveys a meaning and either tells us something, asks a question, or gives a command. Every sentence must have a subject and a verb, and the verb may always have an adverb, and, if transitive, will have a direct object.
However long a sentence is, you will usually be able to recognize its subject, verb, and object or predicate complement without any difficulty. These will give you the leading thought, and they must never be lost sight of while making out the rest of the sentence. The chief difficulty in translating arises from the fact that instead of a single adjective, adverb, or noun, we often have a phrase or a clause taking the place of one of these; for Latin, like English, has adjective, adverbial, and substantive clauses and phrases. For example, in the sentence _The idle boy does not study_, the word _idle_ is an adjective. In _The boy wasting his time does not study_, the words _wasting his time_ form an adjective phrase modifying _boy_. In the sentence _The boy who wastes his time does not study_, the words _who wastes his time_ form an adjective clause modifying _boy_, and the sentence is complex. These sentences would show the same structure in Latin.
In translating, it is important to keep the parts of a phrase and the parts of a clause together and not let them become confused with the principal sentence. To distinguish between the subordinate clauses and the principal sentence is of the first importance, and is not difficult if you remember that a clause regularly contains a word that marks it as a clause and that this word usually stands first. These words join clauses to the words they depend on, and are called _subordinate conjunctions_. They are not very numerous, and you will soon learn to recognize them. In Latin they are the equivalents for such words as _when, while, since, because, if, before, after, though, in order that, that_, etc. Form the habit of memorizing the Latin subordinate conjunctions as you meet them, and of noting carefully the mood of the verb in the clauses which they introduce.
THE LABORS OF HERCULES
Hercules, a Greek hero celebrated for his great strength, was pursued throughout his life by the hatred of Juno. While yet an infant he strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him. During his boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength, and on reaching manhood he succeeded in delivering the Thebans from the oppression of the Minyæ. In a fit of madness, sent upon him by Juno, he slew his own children; and, on consulting the Delphic oracle as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime, he was ordered to submit himself for twelve years to Eurystheus, king of Tiryns, and to perform whatever tasks were appointed him. Hercules obeyed the oracle, and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve extraordinary feats known as the Labors of Hercules. His death was caused, unintentionally, by his wife Deiani´ra. Hercules had shot with his poisoned arrows a centaur named Nessus, who had insulted Deianira. Nessus, before he died, gave some of his blood to Deianira, and told her it would act as a charm to secure her husband’s love. Some time after, Deianira, wishing to try the charm, soaked one of her husband’s garments in the blood, not knowing that it was poisoned. Hercules put on the robe, and, after suffering terrible torments, died, or was carried off by his father Jupiter.
LIII.[1] THE INFANT HERCULES AND THE SERPENTS
Dī[2] grave supplicium sūmmit de malīs, sed iī quī lēgibus[3] deōrum pārent, etiam post mortem cūrantur. Illa vīta dīs[2] erat grātissima quae hominibus miserīs ūtilissima fuerat. Omnium autem praemiōrum summum erat immortālitās. Illud praemium Herculī datum est.
Herculis pater fuit Iuppiter, māter Alcmēna, et omnium hominum validissimus fuisse dīcitur. Sed Iūnō, rēgīna deōrum, eum, adhūc īnfantem, interficere studēbat; nam eī[1] et[2] Herculēs et Alcmēna erant invīsī. Itaque mīsit duās serpentīs, utramque saevissimam, quae mediā nocte domum[3] Alcmēnae vēnērunt. Ibi Herculēs, cum frātre suō, nōn in lectulō sed in scūtō ingentī dormiēbat. Iam audācēs serpentēs adpropinquāverant, iam scūtum movēbant. Tum frāter, terrōre commōtus, magnā vōce mātrem vocāvit, sed Herculēs ipse, fortior quam frāter, statim ingentīs serpentīs manibus suīs rapuit et interfēcit.
[Footnote 1: This number refers to the lesson after which the selection may be read.]
[Footnote 2: «Dī» and «dīs» are from «deus». Cf. §468.]
[Footnote 3: «lēgibus», §501.14.]
[Footnote 1: «eī», _to her_, referring to Juno.]
[Footnote 2: «et ... et», _both ... and_.]
[Footnote 3: «domum», §501.20.]
LIV. HERCULES CONQUERS THE MINYÆ
Herculēs ā puerō[1] corpus suum gravissimīs et difficillimīs labōribus exercēbat et hōc modō vīrēs[2] suās cōnfirmāvit. Iam adulēscēns Thēbīs[3] habitābat. Ibi Creōn quīdam erat rēx. Minyae, gēns validissima, erant fīnitimī Thēbānīs, et, quia ōlim Thēbānōs vīcerant, quotannīs lēgātōs mittēbant et vectīgal postulābant. Herculēs autem cōnstituit cīvīs suōs hōc vectīgālī līberāre et dixit rēgī, “Dā mihi exercitum tuum et ego hōs superbōs hostīs superābō.” Hanc condiciōnem rēx nōn recūsāvit, et Herculēs nūntiōs in omnīs partis dīmīsit et cōpiās coēgit.[4] Tum tempore opportūnissimō proelium cum Minyīs commīsit. Diū pugnātum est, sed dēnique illī impetum Thēbānōrum sustinēre nōn potuērunt et terga vertērunt fugamque cēpērunt.
[Footnote 1: «ā puerō», _from boyhood_.]
[Footnote 2: «virēs», from «vīs». Cf. §468.]
[Footnote 3: «Thēbīs», §501.36.1.]
[Footnote 4: «coēgit», from «cōgō».]
HE COMMITS A CRIME AND GOES TO THE DELPHIAN ORACLE TO SEEK EXPIATION
Post hoc proelium Creōn rēx, tantā victōriā laetus, fīliam suam Herculī in mātrimōnium dedit. Thēbīs Herculēs cum uxōre suā diū vīvēbat et ab omnibus magnopere amābātur; sed post multōs annōs subitō [1]in furōrem incidit et ipse suā manū līberōs suōs interfēcit. Post breve tempus [2]ad sānitātem reductus tantum scelus expiāre cupiēbat et cōnstituit ad ōrāculum Delphicum iter facere. Hoc autem ōrāculum erat omnium clārissimum. Ibi sedēbat fēmina quaedam quae Pȳthia appellābātur. Ea cōnsilium dabat iīs quī ad ōrāculum veniēbant.
[Footnote 1: «in furōrem incidit», _went mad_.]
[Footnote 2: «ad sānitātem reductus», lit. _led back to sanity_. What in good English?]
LV. HERCULES BECOMES SUBJECT TO EURYSTHEUS[1] · HE STRANGLES THE NEME´AN LION
Itaque Herculēs Pȳthiae tōtam rem dēmonstrāvit nec scelus suum abdidit. Ubi iam Herculēs fīnem fēcit, Pȳthia iussit eum ad urbem Tīryntha[2] discēdere et ibi rēgī Eurystheō sēsē committere. Quae[3] ubi audīvit, Herculēs ad illam urbem statim contendit et Eurystheō sē in servitūtem trādidit et dīxit, “Quid prīmum, Ō rēx, mē facere iubēs?” Eurystheus, quī perterrēbātur vī et corpore ingentī Herculis et eum occidī[4] studēbat, ita respondit: “Audī, Herculēs! Multa mira[5] nārrantur dē leōne saevissimō quī hōc tempore in valle Nemaeā omnia vāstat. Iubeō tē, virōrum omnium fortissimum, illō mōnstrō hominēs līberāre.” Haec verba Herculī maximē placuērunt. “Properābo,” inquit, “et parēbō imperiō[6] tuō.” Tum in silvās in quibus leō habitābat statim iter fēcit. Mox feram vīdit et plūrīs impetūs fēcit; frūstrā tamen, quod neque sagittīs neque ūllō aliō tēlō mōnstrum vulnerāre potuit. Dēnique Herculēs saevum leōnem suīs ingentibus bracchiīs rapuit et faucīs eius omnibus vīribus compressit. Hōc modō brevī tempore eum interfēcit. Tum corpus leōnis ad oppidum in umerīs reportāvit et pellem posteā prō[7] veste gerēbat. Omnēs autem quō eam regiōnem incolēbant, ubi fāmam dē morte leōnis ingentis accēpērunt, erant laetissimī et Herculem laudābant verbīs amplissimīs.
[Footnote 1: «Eu-rys´theus» (pronounced _U-ris´thūs_) was king of _Tī´ryns_, a Grecian city, whose foundation goes back to prehistoric times.]
[Footnote 2: «Tīryntha», the acc. case of «Tīryns», a Greek noun.]
[Footnote 3: «Quae», obj. of «audīvit». It is placed first to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. This is called a connecting relative.]
[Footnote 4: «occīdī», pres. pass. infin.]
[Footnote 5: «mīra», _marvelous things_, the adj. being used as a noun. Cf. «omnia», in the next line.]
[Footnote 6: «imperiō», §501.14.]
[Footnote 7: «prō», _for, instead of_.]
LVI. SLAYING THE LERNE´AN HYDRA
Deinde Herculēs ab Eurystheō iussus est Hydram occīdere. Itaque cum amīcō Iolāō[1] contendit ad palūdem Lernaeam ubi Hydra incolēbat. Hoc autem mōnstrum erat serpēns ingēns quae novem capita habēbat. Mox is mōnstrum repperit et summō[2] cum perīculō collum eius sinistrā manū rapuit et tenuit. Tum dextrā manū capita novem abscīdere incēpit, sed frūstrā labōrābat, quod quotiēns hoc fēcerat totiēns alia nova capita vidēbat. Quod[3] ubi vīdit, statuit capita ignī cremāre. Hōc modō octō capita dēlēvit, sed extrēmum caput vulnerārī nōn potuit, quod erat immortāle. Itaque illud sub ingentī saxō Herculēs posuit et ita victōriam reportāvit.
[Footnote 1: «Iolāō», abl. of _I-o-lā´us_, the hero’s best friend.]
[Footnote 2: Note the emphatic position of this adjective.]
[Footnote 3: «Quod ubi», _when he saw this_, another instance of the connecting relative. Cf. p. 199, l. 3.]
LVII. THE ARCADIAN STAG AND THE ERYMANTHIAN BOAR
Postquam Eurystheō mors Hydrae nuntiata est, summus terror animum eius occupavit. Itaque iussit Herculem capere et ad sē reportāre cervum quendam; nam minimē cupīvit tantum virum in rēgnō suō tenēre. Hie autem cervus dīcēbātur aurea cornua et pedēs multō[1] celeriōrēs ventō[2] habēre. Prīmum Herculēs vestīgia animālis petīvit, deinde, ubi cervum ipsum vīdit, omnibus vīribus currere incēpit. Per plūrimōs diēs contendit nec noctū cessāvit. Dēnique postquam per tōtum annum cucurrerat--ita dīcitur--cervum iam dēfessum cēpit et ad Eurystheum portāvit.
Tum vērō iussus est Herculēs aprum quendam capere quī illō tempore agrōs Erymanthiōs vāstābat et hominēs illīus locī magnopere perterrēbat. Herculēs laetē negōtium suscēpit et in Arcadiam celeriter sē recēpit. Ibi mox aprum repperit. Ille autem; simul atque Herculem vīdit, statim quam[3] celerrimē fūgit et metū perterritus in fossam altam sēsē abdidit. Herculēs tamen summā cum difficultāte eum extrāxit, nec aper ūllō modō sēsē līberāre potuit, et vīvus ad Eurystheum portātus est.
[Footnote 1: «multō», §501.27.]
[Footnote 2: «ventō», §501.34.]
[Footnote 3: «quam». What is the force of «quam» with a superlative?]
LVIII. HERCULES CLEANS THE AUGE´AN STABLES AND KILLS THE STYMPHALIAN BIRDS
Deinde Eurystheus Herculī hunc labōrem multō graviōrem imperāvit. Augēās[1] quīdam, quī illō tempore rēgnum Ēlidis[2] obtinēbat, tria mīlia boum[3] habēbat. Hī[4] ingentī stabulō continēbantur. Hoc stabulum, quod per trīgintā annōs nōn pūrgātum erat, Herculēs intrā spatium ūnīus diēī pūrgāre iussus est. llle negōtium alacriter suscēpit, et prīmum labōre gravissimō maximam fossam fōdit per quam flūminis aquam dē montibus ad mūrum stabulī dūxit. Tum partem parvam mūrī dēlēvit et aquam in stabulum immīsit. Hōc modō fīnm operis fēcit ūnō diē facillimē.
Post paucōs diēs Herculēs ad oppidum Stymphālum iter fēcit; nam Eurystheus iusserat eum avis Stymphālidēs occīdere. Hae avēs rōstra ferrea habēbant et hominēs miserōs dēvorābant. Ille, postquam ad locum pervēnit, lacum vīdit in quō avēs incolēbant. Nūllō tamen modō Herculēs avibus adpropinquāre potuit; lacus enim nōn ex aquā sed ē līmō cōnstitit.[5] Dēnique autem avēs [6]dē aliquā causā perterritae in aurās volāvērunt et magna pars eārum sagittīs Herculis occīsa est.
[Footnote 1: «Augēās», pronounced in English _Aw-jē´as_.]
[Footnote 2: «Ēlidis», gen. case of «Ēlis», a district of Greece.]
[Footnote 3: «boum», gen. plur. of «bōs». For construction see §501.11.]
[Footnote 4: «ingentī stabulō», abl. of means, but in our idiom we should say _in a huge stable_.]
[Footnote 5: «cōnstitit», from «consto».]
[Footnote 6: «dē aliquā causā perterritae», _frightened for some reason_.]
LIX. HERCULES CAPTURES THE CRETAN BULL AND CARRIES HIM LIVING TO EURYSTHEUS
Tum Eurystheus iussit Herculem portāre vīvum ex īnsulā Crētā taurum quendam saevissimum. Ille igitur nāvem cōnscendit--nam ventus erat idōneus--atque statim solvit. Postquam trīduum nāvigavit, incolumis īnsulae adpropinquāvit. Deinde, postquam omnia parāta sunt, contendit ad eam regiōnem quam taurus vexābat. Mox taurum vīdit ac sine ūllō metū cornua eius corripuit. Tum ingentī labōre mōnstrum ad nāvem trāxit atque cum hāc praedā ex īnsulā discessit.
THE FLESH-EATING HORSES OF DIOME´DES
Postquam ex īnsulā Crētā domum pervēnit, Hercules ab Eurystheō in Thrāciam missus est. Ibi Diomēdēs quīdam, vir saevissimus, rēgnum obtinēbat et omnīs ā fīnibus suīs prohibēbat. Herculēs iussus erat equōs Diomedis rapere et ad Eurystheum dūcere. Hī autem equī hominēs miserrimōs dēvorābant dē quibus rēx supplicium sūmere cupiēbat. Herculēs ubi pervēnit, prīmum equōs ā rēge postulāvit, sed rēx eōs dēdere recūsāvit. Deinde ille īrā commōtus rēgem occīdit et corpus eius equīs trādidit. Itaque is quī anteā multōs necāverat, ipse eōdem suppliciō necātus est. Et equī, nūper saevissima animālia, postquam dominī suī corpus dēvorāvērunt, mānsuētī erant.
LX. THE BELT OF HIPPOL´YTE, QUEEN OF THE AMAZONS
Gēns Amāzonum[1] dīcitur[2] omnīnō ex mulieribus fuisse. Hae cum virīs proelium committere nōn verēbantur. Hippolytē, Amāzonum rēgīna, balteum habuit pulcherrimum. Hunc balteum possidēre fīlia Eurystheī vehementer cupiēbat. Itaque Eurystheus iussit Herculem impetum in Amāzonēs facere. Ille multīs cum cōpiīs nāvem cōnscendīt et paucis diēbus in Amāzonum fīnīs pervēnit, ac balteum postulāvit. Eum trādere ipsa Hipporytē quidem cupīvit; reliquīs tamen Amazonibus[3] persuādēre nōn potuit. Postrīdiē Herculēs proelium commīsit. Multās hōrās utrimque quam fortissimē pugnātum est Dēnique tamen mulieres terga vertērunt et fugā salūtem petiērunt. Multae autem captae sunt, in quō numerō erat ipsa Hippolytē. Herculēs postquam balteum accēpit, omnibus captīvīs lībertātem dedit.
[Footnote 1: A fabled tribe of warlike women living in Asia Minor.]
[Footnote 2: «omnīnō», etc., _to have consisted entirely of women._]
[Footnote 3: «Amāzonibus», §501.14.]
THE DESCENT TO HADES AND THE DOG CER´BERUS
Iamque ūnus modo ē duodecim labōribus relinquēbātur sed inter omnīs hic erat difficillimus. Iussus est enim canem Cerberum[4] ex Orcō in lūcem trahere. Ex Orcō autem nēmō anteā reverterat. Praetereā Cerberus erat mōnstrum maximē horribile et tria capita habēbat. Herculēs postquam imperia Eurystheī accēpit, statim profectus est et in Orcum dēscendit. Ibi vērō nōn sine summō periculō Cerberum manibus rapuit et ingentī cum labōre ex Orcō in lūcem et adurbem Eurystheī trāxit.
Sic duodecim laborēs illī[5] intrā duodecim annōs cōnfectī sunt. Dēmum post longam vītam Herculēs ā deīs receptus est et Iuppiter fīliō suō dedit immortālitātem.
[Footnote 4: The dog Cerberus guarded the gate of Orcus, the abode of the dead.]
[Footnote 5: «illī», _those famous._]
P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS: THE STORY OF A ROMAN BOY[1]
LXI. PUBLIUS IS BORN NEAR POMPE´II
P. Cornēlius Lentulus,[2] adulēscēns Rōmānus, amplissimā familiā[3] nātus est; nam pater eius, Mārcus, erat dux perītissimus, cuius virtūte[4] et cōnsiliō multae victōriae reportātae erant; atque mater eius, lūlia, ā clārissimīs maiōribus orta est. Nōn vērō in urbe sed rūrī[5] Pūblius nātus est, et cum mātre habitābat in vīllā quae in maris lītore et sub radīcibus magnī montis sita erat. Mōns autem erat Vesuvius et parva urbs Pompēiī octō mīlia[6] passuum[7] aberat. In Italiā antīquā erant plūrimae quidem villae et pulchrae, sed inter hās omnīs nūlla erat pulchrior quam villa Mārcī Iūliaeque. Frōns vīllae mūrō a maris fluctibus mūniēbātur. Hinc mare et lītora et īnsulae longē lātēque cōnspicī[8] ac saepe nāvēs longae et onerāriae poterant. Ā tergō et ab utrōque latere agrī ferācissimī patēbant. Undique erat magna variōrum flōrum cōpia et multa ingentium arborum genera quae aestāte[9] umbram dēfessīs agricolīs grātissimam adferēbant. Praetereā erant[10] in agrīs stabulīsque multa animālium genera, nōn sōlum equī et bovēs sed etiam rārae avēs. Etiam erat[10] magna piscīna plēna piscium; nam Rōmānī piscīs dīligenter colēbant.
[Footnote 1: This story is fiction with certain historical facts in Cæsar’s career as a setting. However, the events chronicled might have happened, and no doubt did happen to many a Roman youth.]
[Footnote 2: A Roman had three names, as, «Pūblius» (given name), «Cornēlius» (name of the _gēns_ or clan), «Lentulus» (family name).]
[Footnote 3: Abl. of source, which is akin to the abl. of separation (§501.32).]
[Footnote 4: «virtūte», §501.24.]
[Footnote 5: «rūrī», §501.36.1.]
[Footnote 6: «mīlia», §501.21.]
[Footnote 7: «passuum», §501.11.]
[Footnote 8: «cōnspicī», infin. with poterant, §215. Consult the map of Italy for the approximate location of the villa.]
[Footnote 9: «aestāte», §501.35.]
[Footnote 10: How are the forms of «sum» translated when they precede the subject?]
LXII. HIS LIFE ON THE FARM
Huius vīllae Dāvus, servus Mārcī, est vīlicus[1] et cum Lesbiā uxōre omnia cūrat. Vīlicus et uxor in casā humilī, mediīs in agrīs sitā, habitant. Ā prīmā lūce ūsque ad vesperum sē[2] gravibus labōribus exercent ut omnī rēs bene gerant.[3] Plūrima enim sunt officia Dāvī et Lesbiae. Vīlicus servōs regit nē tardī sint[3]; mittit aliōs quī agrōs arent,[3] aliōs quī hortōs inrigent,[3] et opera in[4] tōtum diem impōnit. Lesbia autem omnibus vestīmenta parat, cibum coquit, pānem facit.
Nōn longē ab hōrum casā et in summō colle situm surgēbat domicilium ipsīus dominī dominaeque amplissimum. Ibi plūrīs annōs[5] Pūblius cum mātre vītam fēlīcem agēbat; nam pater eius, Mārcus, in terrīs longinquīs gravia reī pūblicae bella gerēbat nec domum[6] revertī poterat. Neque puerō quidem molestum est rūrī[7] vīvere. Eum multae rēs dēlectant. Magnopere amat silvās, agrōs, equōs, bovēs, gallīnās, avīs, reliquaque animālia. Saepe plūrīs hōrās[8] ad mare sedet quō[9] melius fluctūs et nāvīs spectet. Nec omnīnō sine comitibus erat, quod Lȳdia, Dāvī fīlia, quae erat eiusdem aetātis, cum eō adhūc infante lūdēbat, inter quōs cum annīs amīcitia crēscēbat. Lȳdia nūllum alium ducem dēligēbat et Pūblius ab puellae latere rārō discēdēbat. Itaque sub clārō Italiae sōle Pūblius et Lȳdia, amīcī fidēlissimī, per campōs collīsque cotīdiē vagābantur. Modo in silvā fīnitimā lūdebant ubi Pūblius sagittīs[10] celeribus avis dēiciēbat et Lȳdia corōnīs variōrum flōrum comās suās ōrnābat; modo aquam et cibum portābant ad Dāvum servōsque dēfessōs quī agrōs colēbant: modo in casā parvā aut hōrās lactās in lūdō cōnsūmēbant aut auxilium dabant Lesbiae, quae cibum virō et servīs parābat vel aliās rēs domesticās agēbat.
[Footnote 1: The «vīlicus» was a slave who acted as overseer of a farm. He directed the farming operations and the sale of the produce.]
[Footnote 2: «se», reflexive pron., object of «exercent».]
[Footnote 3: For the construction, see §501.40.]
[Footnote 4: «in», _for_.]
[Footnote 5: «annōs», §501.21.]
[Footnote 6: «domum», §501.20.]
[Footnote 7: «rūrī», §501.36.1.]
[Footnote 8: «hōrās», cf. «annōs», line 17.]
[Footnote 9: «quō ... spectet», §§349, 350.]
[Footnote 10: «sagittis», §501.24.]
LXIII. MARCUS LENTULUS, THE FATHER OF PUBLIUS, IS SHIPWRECKED · JULIA RECEIVES A LETTER FROM HIM
Iam Pūblius[1] decem annōs habēbat cum M.Cornēlius Lentulus, pater eius, quī quīnque annōs[2] grave bellum in Asiā gerēbat, non sine glōriā domum[3] revertēbātur. Namque multa secunda proelia fēcerat, maximās hostium cōpiās dēlēverat, multās urbīs populo[4] Rōmānō inimīcās cēperat. Primum nūntius pervēnit quī ā Lentulō[5] missus erat[6] ut profectiōnem suam nūntiāret. Deinde plūrīs diēs[7] reditum virī optimī māter fīliusque exspectābant et animīs[8] sollicitis deōs immortālīs frūstrā colēbant. Tum dēmum hās litterās summo cum gaudiō accēpērunt:
[9]“Mārcus Iūliae suac salūtem dīcit. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. Ex Graeciā, quō[10] praeter spem et opīniōnem hodiē pervēnī, hās litterās ad tē scribō. Namque nāvis nostra frācta est; nōs autem--[11]dīs est gratia--incolumes sumus. Ex Asiae[12] portū nāvem lēnī ventō solvimus. Postquam[13] altum mare tenuimus [14]nec iam ūllae terrae appāruērunt, caelum undique et undique fluctūs, subitō magna tempestās coorta est et nāvem vehementissimē adflīxit. Ventīs fluctibusque adflīctātī[15] nec sōlem discernere nec cursum tenēre poterāmus et omnia praesentem mortem intentābant. Trīs diēs[16] et trīs noctīs[16] sine rēmīs vēlīsque agimur. Quārtō diē[17] prīmum terra vīsa est et violenter in saxa, quae nōn longē ā lītore aberant, dēiectī sumus. Tum vērō maiōra perīcula timēbāmus; sed nauta quīdam, vir fortissimus, ex nāve in fluctūs īrātōs dēsiluit [18]ut fūnem ad lītus portāret; quam rem summō labōre vix effēcit. Ita omnēs servātī sumus. Grātiās igitur et honōrem Neptūnō dēbēmus, quī deus nōs ē perīculō ēripuit. Nunc Athēnīs[19] sum, quō cōnfūgī ut mihi paucās hōrās ad quiētem darem.[20] Quam prīmum autem aliam nāvem condūcam ut iter ad Italiam reliquum cōnficiam et domum[21] ad meōs cārōs revertar. Salūtā nostrum Pūblium amīcissimē et valētūdinem tuam cūrā dīligenter. [22]Kalendīs Mārtiīs.”
[Footnote 1: _was ten years old_.]
[Footnote 2: «annōs», §501.21.]
[Footnote 3: «domum», §501.20.]
[Footnote 4: «populō», dat. with inimīcās, cf. §501.16.]
[Footnote 5: «Lentulō», §501.33.]
[Footnote 6: «ut ... nūntiāret», §501.40.]
[Footnote 7: «diēs», cf. annōs, 1. 9.]
[Footnote 8: «animīs», abl. of manner. Do you see one in line 15?]
[Footnote 9: This is the usual form for the beginning of a Latin letter. First we have the greeting, and then the expression Sī valēs, etc. The date of the letter is usually given at the end, and also the place of writing, if not previously mentioned in the letter.]
[Footnote 10: «quō», _where_.]
[Footnote 11: «dīs est grātia», _thank God_, in our idiom.]
[Footnote 12: Asia refers to the Roman province of that name in Asia Minor.]
[Footnote 13: «altum mare tenuimus», _we were well out to sea._]
[Footnote 14: «nec iam», _and no longer_.]
[Footnote 15: «adflīctātī», perf. passive part. _tossed about_.]
[Footnote 16: What construction?]
[Footnote 17: «diē», §501.35.]
[Footnote 18: «ut ... portāret», §501.40.]
[Footnote 19: «Athēnīs», §501.36.1.]
[Footnote 20: «darem», cf. «portāret», l. 6.]
[Footnote 21: Why not «ad domum»?]
[Footnote 22: «Kalendīs Mārtiīs», _the Calends_ or _first of March_; abl. of time, giving the date of the letter.]
LXIV. LENTULUS REACHES HOME · PUBLIUS VISITS POMPEII WITH HIS FATHER
Post paucōs diēs nāvis M. Cornēlī Lentulī portum Mīsēnī[1] petiit, quī portus nōn longē ā Pompēiīs situs est; quō in portū classis Rōmānā pōnēbātur et ad pugnās nāvālīs ōrnābātur. Ibi nāvēs omnium generum cōnspicī poterant. Iamque incrēdibilī celeritāte nāvis longa quā Lentulus vehēbātur lītorī adpropinquāvit; nam nōn sōlum ventō sed etiam rēmīs impellēbātur. In altā puppe stābat gubernātor et nōn procul aliquī mīlitēs Rōmānī cum armīs splendidīs, inter quōs clārissimus erat Lentulus. Deinde servī rēmīs contendere cessāvērunt[2]; nautae vēlum contrāxērunt et ancorās iēcērunt. Lentulus statim ē nāvī ēgressus est et[3] ad villam suam properāvit. Eum Iūlia, Pūblius, tōtaque familia excēpērunt. [4]Quī complexūs, quanta gaudia fuērunt!
Postrīdiē eius diēī Lentulus fīliō suō dīxit, “Venī, mī Pūblī, mēcum. Pompēiōs iter hodiē faciam. Māter tua suādet[5] ut frūctūs et cibāria emam. Namque plūrīs amīcōs ad cēnam vocāvimus et multīs rēbus[6] egēmus. Ea hortātur ut quam prīmum proficīscāmur.” “Libenter, mī pater,” inquit Pūblius. “Tēcum esse mihi semper est grātum; nec Pompēiōs umquam vīdī. Sine morā proficīscī parātus sum.” Tum celeriter currum cōnscendērunt et ad urbis mūrōs vectī sunt. Stabiānā portā[7] urbem ingressī sunt. Pūblius strātās viās mīrātur et saxa altiōra quae in mediō disposita erant et altās orbitās quās rotae inter haec saxa fēcerant. Etiam strepitum mīrātur, multitūdinem, carrōs, fontīs, domōs, tabernās, forum[8] cum statuīs, templīs, reliquīsque aedificiīs pūblicīs.
[Footnote 1: Misenum had an excellent harbor, and under the emperor Augustus became the chief naval station of the Roman fleet. See map of Italy.]
[Footnote 2: Why is the infinitive used with «cessāvērunt»?]
[Footnote 3: See Plate I, Frontispiece.]
[Footnote 4: Observe that these words are exclamatory.]
[Footnote 5: What construction follows «suādeō»? §501.41.]
[Footnote 6: «rēbus», §501.32.]
[Footnote 7: This is the abl. of the _way by which_ motion takes place, sometimes called the abl. of route. The construction comes under the general head of the abl. of means. For the scene here described, see Plate II, p. 53, and notice especially the stepping-stones for crossing the street («saxa quae in mediō disposita erant»).]
[Footnote 8: The forum of Pompeii was surrounded by temples, public halls, and markets of various sorts. Locate Pompeii on the map.]
LXV. A DAY AT POMPEII
Apud forum ē currū dēscendērunt et Lentulus dīxit, “Hīc sunt multa tabernārum genera, mī Pūblī. Ecce, trāns viam est popīna! [1]Hoc genus tabernārum cibāria vēndit. Frūctūs quoque ante iānuam stant. Ibi cibāria mea emam.” “Optimē,” respondit Pūblius. “At ubi, mī pater, crūstula emere possumus? Namque māter nōbīs imperāvit [2]ut haec quoque parārēmus. Timeō ut[3] ista popīna vēndat crūstula.” “Bene dīcis,” inquit Lentulus. “At nōnne vidēs illum fontem ā dextrā ubi aqua per leōnis caput fluit? In illō ipsō locō est taberna pīstōris quī sine dubiō vēndit crūstula.”
Brevī tempore[4] omnia erant parāta, iamque [5]quīnta hōra erat. Deinde Lentulus et fīlius ad caupōnam properāvērunt, quod famē[6] et sitī[7] urgēbantur. Ibi sub arboris umbrā sēdērunt et puerō imperāvērunt ut sibi[8] cibum et vīnum daret. Huic imperiō[9] puer celeriter pāruit. Tum laetī sē[10] ex labōre refēcērunt.
Post prandium prefectī sunt ut alia urbis spectācula vidērent. Illō tempore fuērunt Pompēiīs[11] multa templa, duo theātra, thermae magnumque amphitheātrum, quae omnia post paucōs annōs flammīs atque incendiīs Vesuvī et terrae mōtū dēlēta sunt. Ante hanc calamitātem autem hominēs [12]nihil dē monte veritī sunt. In amphitheātrō quidem Pūblius morārī cupīvit ut spectācula gladiātōria vidēret, quae in[13] illum ipsum diem prōscrīpta erant et iam [14]rē vērā incēperant. Sed Lentulus dīxit, “Morārī, Pūblī, [15]vereor ut possīmus. Iam decima hōra est et via est longa. Tempus suādet ut quam prīmum domum revertāmur.” Itaque servō imperāvit ut equōs iungeret, et sōlis occāsū[16] ad vīllam pervēnērunt.
[Footnote 1: We say, _this kind of shop_; Latin, _this kind of shops_.]
[Footnote 2: «ut ... parārēmus», §501.41.]
[Footnote 3: How is «ut» translated after a verb of fearing? How «nē»? Cf. §501.42.]
[Footnote 4: «tempore», §501.35.]
[Footnote 5: «quīnta hōra». The Romans numbered the hours of the day consecutively from sunrise to sunset, dividing the day, whether long or short, into twelve equal parts.]
[Footnote 6: «famē» shows a slight irregularity in that the abl. ending «-e» is long.]
[Footnote 7: «sitis», _thirst_, has «-im» in the acc. sing., «-ī» in the abl. sing., and no plural.]
[Footnote 8: Observe that the reflexive pronoun «sibi» does not here refer to the subject of the subordinate clause in which it stands, but to the subject of the main clause. This so-called _indirect_ use of the reflexive is often found in object clauses of purpose.]
[Footnote 9: What case? Cf. §501.14.]
[Footnote 10: «sē», cf. p. 205, l. 7, and note.]
[Footnote 11: «Pompēiīs», §501.36.1.]
[Footnote 12: «nihil ... veritī sunt», _had no fears of the mountain_.]
[Footnote 13: «in», _for_.]
[Footnote 14: «rē vērā», _in fact_.]
[Footnote 15: «vereor ut», §501.42.]
[Footnote 16: «occāsū», §501.35.]
LXVI. LENTULUS ENGAGES A TUTOR FOR HIS SON
Ā prīmīs annīs quidem Iūlia ipsa fīlium suum docuerat, et Pūblius nōn sōlum [1]pūrē et Latīnē loquī poterat sed etiam commodē legēbat et scrībēbat. Iam Ennium[2] aliōsque poētās lēgerat. Nunc vērō Pūblius [3]duodecim annōs habēbat; itaque eī pater bonum magistrum, [4]virum omnī doctrīnā et virtūte ōrnātissimum, parāvit, [5]quī Graeca, mūsicam, aliāsque artīs docēret. [6]Namque illīs temporibus omnēs ferē gentēs Graecē loquēbantur. Cum Pūbliō aliī puerī, Lentulī amīcōrum fīliī,[7] discēbant. Nam saepe apud Rōmānōs mōs erat [8]nōn in lūdum fīliōs mittere sed domī per magistrum docēre. Cotīdiē discipulī cum magistrō in peristȳlō[9] Mārcī domūs sedēbant. Omnēs puerī bullam auream, orīginis honestae signum, in collō gerēbant, et omnēs togā praetextā amictī erant, [10]quod nōndum sēdecim annōs[11] nātī sunt.
[Footnote 1: «pūrē ... poterat», freely, _could speak Latin well_. What is the literal translation?]
[Footnote 2: «Ennium», the father of Latin poetry.]
[Footnote 3: «duodecim ... habēbat», cf. p. 206, l. 8, and note.]
[Footnote 4: «virum», etc., _a very well-educated and worthy man_. Observe the Latin equivalent.]
[Footnote 5: «quī ... docēret», a relative clause of purpose. Cf. §§ 349, 350.]
[Footnote 6: In Cæsar’s time Greek was spoken more widely in the Roman world than any other language.]
[Footnote 7: «fīliī», in apposition with «puerī».]
[Footnote 8: «nōn ... mittere». This infinitive clause is the subject of «erat». Cf. §216. The same construction is repeated in the next clause, «domī ... docēre». The object of «docēre» is «fīliōs» understood.]
[Footnote 9: The peristyle was an open court surrounded by a colonnade.]
[Footnote 10: At the age of sixteen a boy laid aside the _bulla_ and the _toga praetexta_ and assumed _toga virīlis_ or manly gown.]
[Footnote 11: «annōs», §501.21. The expression «nōndum sēdecim annōs nātī sunt» means literally, _they were born not yet sixteen years_. This is the usual expression for age. What is the English equivalent?]
SCENE IN SCHOOL · AN EXERCISE IN COMPOSITION
DISCIPULĪ. Salvē, magister. MAGISTER. Vōs quoque omnēs, salvēte. [1]Tabulāsne portāvistis et stilōs? D. Portāvimus. M. Iam fābulam Aesōpī[2] discēmus. Ego legam, vōs in tabulīs scrībite. Et tū, Pūblī, dā mihi ē capsā[3] Aesōpī volūmen.[4] Iam audīte omnēs: _Vulpēs et Ūva_. Vulpēs ōlim famē coācta ūvam dēpendentem vīdit. Ad ūvam saliēbat, sūmere cōnāns. Frūstrā diū cōnāta, tandem īrāta erat et salīre cessāns dīxit: “Illa ūva est acerba; acerbam ūvam [5]nihil moror.” Omnia´ne scrīpsistis, puerī? D. Omnia, magister.
[Footnote 1: Tablets were thin boards of wood smeared with wax. The writing was done with a stylus, a pointed instrument like a pencil, made of bone or metal, with a knob at the other end. The knob was used to smooth over the wax in making erasures and corrections.]
[Footnote 2: «Aesōpī», the famous Greek to whom are ascribed most of the fables current in the ancient world.]
[Footnote 3: A cylindrical box for holding books and papers, shaped like a hatbox.]
[Footnote 4: Ancient books were written on rolls made of papy´rus.]
[Footnote 5: «nihil moror», _I care nothing for_.]
LXVII. PUBLIUS GOES TO ROME TO FINISH HIS EDUCATION
Iamque Pūblius, [1]quīndecim annōs nātus, [2]prīmīs litterārum elementīs cōnfectīs, Rōmam petere voluit ut scholās grammaticōrum et philosophōrum frequentāret. Et facillimē patrī[3] suō, qui ipse philosophiae studiō tenēbātur, persuāsit. Itaque [4]omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem comparātīs, pater fīliusque equīs animōsīs vectī[5] ad magnam urbem profectī sunt. Eōs proficīscentīs Iūlia tōtaque familia vōtīs precibusque prōsecūtae sunt. Tum per loca[6] plāna et collis silvīs vestītōs viam ingressī sunt ad Nōlam, quod oppidum eōs hospitiō modicō excēpit. Nōlae[7] duās hōrās morātī sunt, quod sōl merīdiānus ārdēbat. Tum rēctā viā[8] circiter vīgintī mīlia[9] passuum[9] Capuam,[9] ad īnsignem Campāniae urbem, contendērunt. Eō[10] multā nocte dēfessī pervēnērunt. [11]Postrīdiē eius diēī, somnō et cibō recreātī, Capuā discessērunt et [13]viam Appiam ingressī, quae Capuam tangit et ūsque ad urbem Rōmam dūcit, ante merīdiem Sinuessam pervēnērunt, quod oppidum tangit mare. Inde prīmā lūce proficīscentēs Formiās[13] properāvērunt, ubi Cicerō, ōrātor clarissimus, quī forte apud vīllam suam erat, eōs benignē excēpit. Hinc [14]itinere vīgintī quīnque mīlium passuum factō, Tarracīnam, oppidum in saxīs altissimīs situm, vīdērunt. Iamque nōn longē aberant palūdēs magnae, quae multa mīlia passuum undique patent. Per eās pedestris via est gravis et in nāve viātōrēs vehuntur. Itaque [15]equīs relictīs Lentulus et Pūblius nāvem cōnscendērunt, et, ūnā nocte in trānsitū cōnsūmptā, Forum Appī vēnērunt. Tum brevī tempore Arīcia eōs excēpit. Hoc oppidum, in colle situm, ab urbe Romā sēdecim mīlia passuum abest. Inde dēclivis via ūsque ad latum campum dūcit ubi Rōma stat. Quem ad locum ubi Pūblius vēnit et Rōmam adhūc remōtam, maximam tōtīus orbis terrārum urbem, cōnspēxit, summā admīrātiōne et gaudiō adfectus est. Sine morā dēscendērunt, et, mediō intervāllō quam celerrimē superātō, urbem portā Capēnā ingressī sunt.
[Footnote 1: «quīndecim», etc., cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.]
[Footnote 2: «prīmīs ... cōnfectīs», abl. abs. Cf. §501.28.]
[Footnote 3: «patrī», dat. with «persuāsit».]
[Footnote 4: «omnibus ... comparātīs», cf. note 2.]
[Footnote 5: «vectī», perf. pass. part. of «vehō».]
[Footnote 6: What is there peculiar about the gender of this word?]
[Footnote 7: «Nōlae», locative case, §501.36.2.]
[Footnote 8: «viā», cf. «portā», p. 208, l. 7, and note.]
[Footnote 9: What construction?]
[Footnote 10: «Eō», adv. _there_.]
[Footnote 11: «Postrīdiē eius diēī», _on the next day_.]
[Footnote 12: «viam Appiam», the most famous of all Roman roads, the great highway from Rome to Tarentum and Brundisium, with numerous branches. Locate on the map the various towns that are mentioned in the lines that follow.]
[Footnote 13: «Formiās», _Formiæ_, one of the most beautiful spots on this coast, and a favorite site for the villas of rich Romans.]
[Footnote 14: «itinere ... factō», abl. abs. The gen. «mīlium» modifies «itinere».]
[Footnote 15: «equīs relictīs». What construction? Point out a similar one in the next line.]
LXVIII. PUBLIUS PUTS ON THE TOGA VIRILIS
Pūblius iam tōtum annum Rōmae morābātur[1] multaque urbis spectācula vīderat et multōs sibi[2] amīcōs parāverat. Eī[3] omnēs favēbant; [4]dē eō omnēs bene spērāre poterant. Cotīdiē Pūblius scholas philosophōrum et grammaticōrum tantō studiō frequentābat [5]ut aliīs clārum exemplum praebēret. Saepe erat cum patre in cūriā[6]; quae rēs effēcit [7]ut summōs reī pūblicae virōs et audīret et vidēret. Ubi [8]sēdecim annōs natus est, bullam[9] auream et togam praetextam mōre Rōmānō dēposuit atque virīlem togam sūmpsit. Virīlis autem toga erat omnīnō alba, sed praetexta clāvum purpureum in margine habēbat. [10]Dēpōnere togam praetextam et sūmere togam virīlem erat rēs grātissima puerō Rōmānō, quod posteā vir et cīvis Rōmānus habēbātur.
[11]Hīs rēbus gestīs Lentulus ad uxōrem suam hās litterās scrīpsit:
[12]“Mārcus Iūliae suae salūtem dīcit. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. Accēpī tuās litterās. Hās nunc Rōmā per servum fidēlissimum mittō ut dē Pūbliō nostrō quam celerrimē sciās. Nam hodiē eī togam virīlem dedī. Ante lucem surrēxī[13] et prīmum bullam auream dē collō eius remōvī. Hāc Laribus[14] cōnsecrātā et sacrīs factīs, eum togā virīlī vestīvī. Interim plūrēs amīcī cum multitūdine optimōrum cīvium et honestōrum clientium pervēnerant [15]quī Pūblium domō in forum dēdūcerent. Ibi in cīvitātem receptus est et nōmen, Pūblius Cornēlius Lentulus, apud cīvīs Rōmānōs ascrīptum est. Omnēs eī amīcissimī fuērunt et magna[16] de eō praedīcunt. Sapientior enim aequālibus[17] est et magnum ingenium habet. [18]Cūrā ut valeās.”
[Footnote 1: «morābātur», translate as if pluperfect.]
[Footnote 2: «sibi», _for himself_.]
[Footnote 3: «Eī», why dat.?]
[Footnote 4: «dē ... poterant», in English, _all regarded him as a very promising youth;_ but what does the Latin say?]
[Footnote 5: «ut... praebēret», §501.43.]
[Footnote 6: «cūriā», a famous building near the Roman Forum.]
[Footnote 7: «ut ... audīret et vidēret», §501.44.]
[Footnote 8: «sēdecim, etc.», cf. p. 210, l. 5, and note.]
[Footnote 9: «bullam», cf. p. 210, l. 3, and note 4.]
[Footnote 10: These infinitive clauses are the subject of «erat». Cf. §216.]
[Footnote 11: «Hīs rēbus gestīs», i.e. the assumption of the _toga virilis_ and attendant ceremonies.]
[Footnote 12: Compare the beginning of this letter with the one on page 206.]
[Footnote 13: «surrēxī», from «surgō».]
[Footnote 14: The Lares were the spirits of the ancestors, and were worshiped as household gods. All that the house contained was confided to their care, and sacrifices were made to them daily.]
[Footnote 15: «quī ... dēdūcerent», §350.]
[Footnote 16: «magna», _great things_, a neuter adj. used as a noun.]
[Footnote 17: «aequālibus», §501.34.]
[Footnote 18: «Cūrā ut valeās», _take good care of your health_. How does the Latin express this idea?]
LXIX. PUBLIUS JOINS CÆSAR’S ARMY IN GAUL
Pūblius iam adulēscēns postquam togam virīlem sūmpsit, aliīs rēbus studēre incēpit et praesertim ūsū[1] armōrum sē[2] dīligenter exercuit. Magis magisque amāvit illās artīs quae mīlitārem animum dēlectant. Iamque erant [3]quī eī cursum mīlitārem praedīcerent. Nec sine causā, quod certē patris īsigne exemplum [4]ita multum trahēbat. [5]Paucīs ante annīs C. Iūlius Caesar, ducum Rōmānōrum maximus, cōnsul creātus erat et hōc tempore in Galliā bellum grave gerēbat. Atque in exercitū eius plūrēs adulēscentēs mīlitābant, apud quōs erat amīcus quīdam Pūblī. Ille Pūblium crēbrīs litterīs vehementer hortābātur [6]ut iter in Galliam faceret. Neque Pūblius recūsāvit, et, multīs amīcīs ad portam urbis prōsequentibus, ad Caesaris castra profectus est. Quārtō diē postquam iter ingressus est, ad Alpīs, montīs altissimōs, pervēnit. Hīs summā difficultāte superātīs, tandem Gallōrum in fīnibus erat. Prīmō autem veritus est ut[7] castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquāre posset, quod Gallī, maximīs cōpiīs coāctīs, Rōmānōs obsidēbant et viās omnīs iam clauserant. Hīs rēbus commōtus Pūblius vestem Gallicam induit nē ā Gallīs caperētur, et ita per hostium cōpiās incolumis ad castra pervenīre potuit. Intrā mūnītiōnes acceptus, ā Caesare benignē exceptus est. Imperātor fortem adulēscentem amplissimīs verbīs laudāvit et eum [8]tribūnum mīlītum creāvit.
[Footnote 1: Abl. of means.]
[Footnote 2: «sē», reflexive object of «exercuit».]
[Footnote 3: «quī ... praedīcerent», §501.45.]
[Footnote 4: «ita multum trahēbat», _had a great influence in that direction_.]
[Footnote 5: «Paucīs ante annīs», _a few years before_; in Latin, _before by a few years_, «ante» being an adverb and «annīs» abl. of degree of difference.]
[Footnote 6: «ut ... faceret», §501.41.]
[Footnote 7: «ut», how translated here? See §501.42.]
[Footnote 8: The _military tribune_ was a commissioned officer nearly corresponding to our rank of colonel. The tribunes were often inexperienced men, so Cæsar did not allow them much responsibility.]
HOW THE ROMANS MARCHED AND CAMPED
Exercitus quī in hostium fīnibus bellum genit multīs perīcuīs circumdatus est. [1]Quae perīcula ut vītāret, Rōmāni summam cūram adhībēre solēbant. Adpropinquanteēs cōpiīs hostium agmen ita dispōnēbant [2]ut imperātor ipse cum plāribus legiōnibus expedītīs[3] prīmum agmen dūceret. Post eās cōpiās impedīmenta[4] tōtīus exercitūs conlocābant. [5]Tum legiōnēs quae proximē cōnscrīptae erant tōtum agmen claudēbant. Equitēs quoque in omnīs partīs dīmittēbantur quī loca explōrārent; et centuriōnēs praemittēbantur ut locum castrīs idōneum dēligerent. Locus habēbatur idōneus castrīs [6]quī facile dēfendī posset et prope aquam esset. Quā dē causā castra[7] in colle ab utrāque parte arduō, ā fronte lēniter dēclīvī saepe pōnēbantur; vel locus palūdibus cīnctus vel in flūminis rīpīs situs dēligēbātur. Ad locum postquam exercitus pervēnit, aliī mīlitum [8]in armīs erant, aliī castra mūnīre incipiēbant. Nam [9]quō tūtiōrēs ab hostibus mīlitēs essent, nēve incautī et imparātī opprimerentur, castra fossā lātā et vāllō altō mūniēbant. In castrīs portae quattuor erant ut ēruptiō mīlitum omnīs in partīs fierī posset. In angulīs castrōrum erant turrēs dē quibus tēla in hostīs coniciēbantur. [10]Tālibus in castrīs quālia dēscrīpsimus Pūblius ā Caesare exceptus est.
[Footnote 1: «Quae perīcula», object of «vītārent». It is placed first to make a proper connection with the preceding sentence.]
[Footnote 2: «ut ... dūceret», §501.43.]
[Footnote 3: «expedītīs», i.e. without baggage and ready for action.]
[Footnote 4: «impedīmenta». Much of the baggage was carried in carts and on beasts of burden, as is shown above; but, besides this, each soldier (unless «expedītus») carried a heavy pack. See also picture, p. 159.]
[Footnote 5: The newest legions were placed in the rear, because they were the least reliable.]
[Footnote 6: «quī ... posset ... esset», §501.45.]
[Footnote 7: «castra», subject of «pōnēbantur».]
[Footnote 8: «in armīs erant», _stood under arms_.]
[Footnote 9: «quō ... essent». When is «quō» used to introduce a purpose clause? See §350.I.]
[Footnote 10: «Tālibus in castrīs quālia», _in such a camp as_. It is important to remember the correlatives «tālis ... quālis», _such ... as_.]
LXX. THE RIVAL CENTURIONS
Illīs in castrīs erant duo centuriōnēs,[1] fortissimī virī, T. Pullō et L. Vorēnus, quōrum neuter alterī virtūte[2] cēdere volēbat. Inter eōs iam multōs annōs īnfēnsum certāmen gerēbātur. Tum dēmum fīnis contrōversiae hōc modō[3] factus est. Diē tertiō postquam Pūblius pervēnit, hostēs, maiōribus cōpiīs coāctīs, ācerrimum impetum in castra fēcērunt. Tum Pullō, [4]cum Rōmānī tardiōrēs[5] vidērentur, “Cūr dubitās,” inquit, “Vorēne? Quam commodiōrem occāsiōnem exspectās? Hic diēs dē virtūte nostrā iūdicābit.” Haec[6] cum dīxisset, extrā mūnītiōnēs prōcessit et in eam hostium partem quae cōfertissima [7]vidēbātur inrūpit. Neque Vorēnus quidem tum vāllō[8] sēsē continet, sed Pullōnem subsequitur. Tum Pullō pīlum in hostīs immittit atque ūnum ex multitūdine prōcurrentem trāicit. Hunc percussum et exanimātum hostēs scūtīs prōtegunt et in Pullōnem omnēs tēla coniciunt. Eius scūtum trānsfīgitur et tēlum in balteō dēfīgitur. Hic cāsus vāgīnam āvertit et dextram manum eius gladium ēdūcere cōnantis[9] morātur. Eum ita impedītum hostēs circumsistunt.
Tum vēro [10]eī labōrantī Vorēnus, cum sit inimīcus, tamen auxilium dat. Ad hunc cōnfestim [11]ā Pullōne omnis multitūdō sē convertit. Gladiō comminus pugnat Vorēnus, atque, ūnō interfectō, reliquōs paulum prōpellit. Sed īnstāns cupidius[12] īnfēlīx, [13]pede sē fallente, concidit.
Huic rūrsus circumventō auxilium dat Pullō, atque ambō incolumēs, plūribus interfectīs, summā cum laude intrā mūnītiōnēs sē recipiunt. Sic inimīcōrum alter alterī auxilium dedit nec de eōrum virtūte quisquam iūdicāre potuit.
[Footnote 1: A centurion commanded a company of about sixty men. He was a common soldier who had been promoted from the ranks for his courage and fighting qualities. The centurions were the real leaders of the men in battle. There were sixty of them in a legion. The centurion in the picture (p. 216) has in his hand a staff with a crook at one end, the symbol of his authority.]
[Footnote 2: «virtūte», §501.30.]
[Footnote 3: Abl. of manner.]
[Footnote 4: «cum ... vidērentur», §501.46.]
[Footnote 5: «tardiōrēs», _too slow_, a not infrequent translation of the comparative degree.]
[Footnote 6: «Haec», obj. of «dīxisset». It is placed before «cum» to make a close connection with the preceding sentence. What is the construction of «dīxisset»?]
[Footnote 7: «vidēbatur, inrūpit». Why is the imperfect used in one case and the perfect in the other? Cf. §190.]
[Footnote 8: «vāllō», abl. of means, but in English we should say _within the rampart_. Cf. «ingentī stabulō», p. 201, l. 13, and note.]
[Footnote 9: «cōnantis», pres. part. agreeing with «eius».]
[Footnote 10: «eī labōrantī», indir. obj. of dat.]
[Footnote 11: «ā Pullōne», _from Pullo_, abl. of separation.]
[Footnote 12: «cupidius», _too eagerly_.]
[Footnote 13: «pede sē fallente», lit. _the foot deceiving itself_; in our idiom, _his foot slipping_.]
LXXI. THE ENEMY BESIEGING THE CAMP ARE REPULSED
Cum iam sex hōrās pugnatum esset[1] ac nōn sōlum vīrēs sed etiam tēla Rōmānōs dēficerent[1], atque hostēs ācrius instārent,[1] et vāllum scindere fossamque complēre incēpissent,[1] Caesar, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, suīs imperāvit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent,[2] et, signō datō, ex castrīs ērumperent.[2] [3]Quod iussī sunt faciunt, et subitō ex omnibus portīs ērumpunt. Atque tam celeriter mīlitēs concurrērunt et tam propinquī erant hostēs[4] ut spatium pīla coniciendī[5] nōn darētur. Itaque reiectīs pīlīs [6]comminus gladiīs pugnātum est. Diū et audācter hostēs restitērunt et in extrēmā spē salūtis tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut ā dextrō cornū vehementer [7]multitūdine suōrum aciem Rōmanam premerent. [8]Id imperātor cum animadvertisset, Pūblium adulēscentem cum equitātū mīsit quī labōrantibus[9] auxilium daret. Eius impetum sustinēre nōn potuērunt hostēs[10] et omnēs terga vertērunt. Eōs in fugam datōs Pūblius subsecūtus est ūsque ad flūmen Rhēnum, quod ab eō locō quīnque mīlia passuum aberat. Ibi paucī salūtem sibi repperērunt. Omnibus reliquīs interfectīs, Pūblius et equitēs in castra sēsē recēpērunt. Dē hāc calamitāte fīnitimae gentēs cum certiōrēs factae essent, ad Caesarem lēgātōs mīsērunt et sē suaque omnia dēdidērunt.
[Footnote 1: «pugnātum esset, dēficerent, īnstārent, incēpissent». These are all subjunctives with «cum». Cf. §501.46.]
[Footnote 2: «intermitterent, ērumperent». What use of the subjunctive?]
[Footnote 3: «Quod», etc., _they do as ordered_. The antecedent of «quod» is «id» understood, which would be the object of «faciunt».]
[Footnote 4: «ut ... darētur». Is this a clause of purpose or of result?]
[Footnote 5: «coniciendī», §402.]
[Footnote 6: «comminus gladiīs pugnātum est», _a hand-to-hand conflict was waged with swords_.]
[Footnote 7: «multitūdine suōrum», _by their numbers_. «suōrum» is used as a noun. What is the literal translation of this expression?]
[Footnote 8: «Id imperātor. Id» is the obj. and «imperātor» the subj. of «animadvertisset».]
[Footnote 9: «labōrantibus». This participle agrees with «iīs» understood, the indir. obj. of «daret; qui ... daret» is a purpose clause, §501.40.]
[Footnote 10: «hostēs», subj. of «potuērunt».]
LXXII. PUBLIUS GOES TO GERMANY · ITS GREAT FORESTS AND STRANGE ANIMALS
Initā aestāte Caesar litterīs certior fīēbat et per explōrātōrēs cognōscēbat plūrīs cīvitātēs Galliae novīs rēbus studēre,[1] et contrā populum Rōmānum coniūrāre[1] obsidēsque [2]inter sē dare,[1] atque cum hīs Germānōs quōsdam quoque sēsē coniūnctūrōs esse.[1] Hīs litterīs nūntiīsque commōtus Caesar cōnstituit quam celerrimē in Gallōs proficīscī,[3] ut eōs inopīnantīs opprimeret, et Labiēnum lēgātum cum duābus legiōnibus peditum et duōbus mīlibus equitum in Germānōs mittere.[3] [4]Itaque rē frūmentāriā comparātā castra mōvit. Ab utrōque[5] rēs bene gesta est; nam Caesar tam celeriter in hostium fīnīs pervēnit ut spatium [6]cōpiās cōgendī nōn darētur[4]; et Labiēnus dē Germānīs tam grave supplicium sūmpsit ut nēmō ex eā gente in reliquum tempus Gallīs auxilium dare audēret.[7]
Hoc iter in Germāniam Pūblius quoque fēcit et, [8]cum ibi morārētur, multa mīrābilia vīdit. Praesertim vērō ingentem silvam mīrābātur, quae tantae magnitūdinis esse dīcēbātur [9]ut nēmō eam trānsīre posset, nec quisquam scīret aut initium aut fīnem. Quā dē rē plūra cognōverat ā mīlite quōdam quī ōlim captus ā Germānīs multōs annōs ibi incoluit. Ille[10] dē silvā dīcēns, “Īnfīnītae magnitūdinis est haec silva,” inquit; “nee quisquam est [11]huius Germāniae [12]quī initium eius sciat aut ad fīnem adierit. Nāscuntur illīc multa tālia animālium genera quālia reliquīs in locīs nōn inveniuntur. Sunt bovēs quī ūnum[13] cornū habent; sunt etiam animālia quae appellantur alcēs. Hae nūllōs crūrum[14] articulōs habent. Itaque, sī forte concidērunt, sēsē ērigere nūllō modō possunt. Arborēs habent prō[15] cubīlibus; ad eās sē applicant atque ita reclīnātae quiētem capiunt. Tertium est genus eōrum quī ūrī appellantur. Hī sunt paulō minōrēs elephantīs.[16] Magna vis eōrum est et magna vēlōcitās. Neque hominī neque ferae parcunt.[17]”
[Footnote 1: Observe that all these infinitives are in indirect statements after «certior fīēbat», _he was informed_, and «cognōscēbat», _he learned_. Cf. §501.48, 49.]
[Footnote 2: «inter sē», _to each other_.]
[Footnote 3: «proficīscī, mittere». These infinitives depend upon «cōnstituit».]
[Footnote 4: Before beginning a campaign, food had to be provided. Every fifteen days grain was distributed. Each soldier received about two pecks. This he carried in his pack, and this constituted his food, varied occasionally by what he could find by foraging.]
[Footnote 5: Abl. of personal agent, §501.33.]
[Footnote 6: «cōpiās cōgendī», §501.37.1.]
[Footnote 7: «darētur, audēret», §501.43. «audēret» is not from «audiō».]
[Footnote 8: «cum ... morārētur», §501.46.]
[Footnote 9: «ut ... posset, ... scīret», §501.43.]
[Footnote 10: «Ille», subj. of «inquit».]
[Footnote 11: «huius Germāniae», _of this part of Germany_.]
[Footnote 12: «quī ... scīat ... adierit», §501.45.]
[Footnote 13: «ūnum», _only one_.]
[Footnote 14: «crūrum», from «crūs».]
[Footnote 15: «prō», _for, in place of_.]
[Footnote 16: «elephantīs», §501.34.]
[Footnote 17: «parcunt». What case is used with this verb?]
LXXIII. THE STORMING OF A CITY
Pūblius plūrīs diēs in Germāniā morātus[1] in Galliam rediit, et ad Caesaris castra sē contulit. Ille quia molestē ferēbat Gallōs[2] eius regiōnis obsidēs dare recūsāvisse et exercituī frūmentum praebēre nōluisse, cōnstituit eīs[3] bellum īnferre. Agrīs vāstātīs, vīcīs incēnsīs, pervēnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et nātūrā et arte mūnītum erat. Cingēbātur mūrō vīgintī quīnque pedēs[4] altō. Ā lateribus duōsitum, praeruptō fastīgiō ad plānitiem vergēgat; ā quārtō tantum[5] latere aditus erat facilis. Hoc oppidum oppugnāre, [6]cum opus esset difficillimum, tamen cōnstituit Caesar. Et castrīs mūnītīs Pūbliō negōtium dedit ut rēs [7]ad oppugnandum necessāriās parāret.
Rōmānōrum autem oppugnātiō est haec.[8] Prīmum turrēs aedificantur quibus mīlitēs in summum mūrum ēvādere possint[9]; vīneae[10] fīunt quibus tēctī mīlitēs ad mūrum succēdant; pluteī[11] parantur post quōs mīlitēs tormenta[12] administrent; sunt quoque arietēs quī mūrum et portās discutiant. Hīs omnibus rēbus comparātīs, deinde [13]agger ab eā parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vīneīs ad ipsum oppidum agitur. Tum turris in aggere prōmovētur; arietibus quī sub vīneīs conlocātī erant mūrus et portae discutiuntur; ballistīs, catapultīs, reliquīsque tormentīs lapidēs et tēla in oppidum coniciuntur. Postrēmō cum iam turris et agger altitūdinem mūrī adaequant et arietēs moenia perfrēgērunt,[14] signō datō mīlitēs inruunt et oppidum expugnant.
[Footnote 1: «morātus». Is this part. active or passive in meaning?]
[Footnote 2: «Gallōs», subj. acc. of the infins. «recūsāvisse» and «nōluisse». The indirect statement depends upon «molestē ferēbat».]
[Footnote 3: «eīs», §501.15.]
[Footnote 4: «pedēs», §501.21.]
[Footnote 5: «tantum», adv. _only_.]
[Footnote 6: «cum ... esset», a clause of concession, §501.46.]
[Footnote 7: «ad oppugnandum», a gerund expressing purpose.]
[Footnote 8: «haec», _as follows_.]
[Footnote 9: «possint», subjv. of purpose. Three similar constructions follow.]
[Footnote 10: «vīneae». These «vīneae» were wooden sheds, open in front and rear, used to protect men who were working to take a fortification. They were about eight feet high, of like width, and double that length, covered with raw hides to protect them from being set on fire, and moved on wheels or rollers.]
[Footnote 11: «pluteī», large screens or shields with small wheels attached to them. These were used to protect besiegers while moving up to a city or while serving the engines of war.]
[Footnote 12: «tormenta». The engines of war were chiefly the catapult for shooting great arrows, and the ballista, for hurling large stones. They had a range of about two thousand feet and were very effective.]
[Footnote 13: The «agger», or mound, was of chief importance in a siege. It was begun just out of reach of the missiles of the enemy, and then gradually extended towards the point to be attacked. At the same time its height gradually increased until on a level with the top of the wall, or even higher. It was made of earth and timber, and had covered galleries running through it for the use of the besiegers. Over or beside the _agger_ a tower was moved up to the wall, often with a battering-ram (_aries_) in the lowest story. (See picture, p. 221.)]
[Footnote 14: «perfrēgērunt», from «perfringō».]
LXXIV. THE CITY IS TAKEN · THE CAPTIVES ARE QUESTIONED
Omnibus rēbus necessāriīs ad oppugnandum ā Pūbliō comparātīs, dēlīberātur in conciliō quod cōnsilium [1]oppidī expugnandī ineant.[2] Tum ūnus[3] ex centuriōnibus, vir reī mīlitāris perītissimus, “Ego suādeō,” inquit, “ut ab eā parte, ubi aditus sit[5] facillimus, aggerem exstruāmus[4] et turrim prōmoveāmus[6] atque ariete admōtō simul mūrum discutere cōnēmur.[5]” [6]Hoc cōnsilium cum omnibus placēret, Caesar concilium dīmīsit. Deinde mīlitēs hortātus ut priōrēs victōriās memoriā[7] tenērent, iussit aggerem exstruī, turrim et arietem admovērī. Neque oppidānīs[8] cōnsilium dēfuit. Aliī ignem et omne genus tēlōrum dē mūrō in turrim coniēcērunt, aliī ingentia saxa in vīneās et arietem dēvolvērunt. Diū utrimque ācerrimē pugnātum est. Nē vulnerātī quidem pedem rettulērunt. Tandem, [9]dē tertiā vigiliā, Pūblius, quem Caesar illī operī[10] praefēcerat, nūntiāvit partem[11] mūrī ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse. Quā rē audītā Caesar signum dat; mīlitēs inruunt et magnā cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt.
Postrīdiē eius diēī, hōc oppidō expugnātō, [12]captīvōrum quī nōbilissimī sunt ad imperātōrem ante praetōrium[13] addūcuntur. Ipse, lōrīcā aurātā et paludāmentō purpureō īnsignis, captīvōs per interpretem in hunc modum interrogat:[14] Vōs quī estis[15]?
INTERPRES. Rogat imperātor quī sītis.
CAPTĪVĪ. Fīliī rēgis sumus.
INTERPRES. Dīcunt sē fīliōs esse rēgis.
IMPERĀTOR. Cūr mihi tantās iniūriās intulistis?
INTERPRES. Rogat cūr sibi tantās iniūriās intuleritis.
CAPTĪVĪ. Iniūriās eī nōn intulimus sed prō patriā bellum gessimus. Semper voluimus Rōmānīs esse amīcī, sed Rōmānī sine causā nōs domō patriāque expellere cōnātī sunt.
INTERPRES. [16]Negant sē iniūriās tibi intulisse, sed prō patriā bellum gessisse. [17]Semper sē voluisse amīcōs Rōmānīs esse, sed Rōmānōs sine causā sē domō patriāque expellere cōnātōs esse.
IMPERĀTOR. [18]Manēbitisne in reliquum tempus in fidē, hāc rebelliōne condōnātā?
Tum vērō captīvī multīs cum lacrimīs iūrāvērunt sē in fidē mānsūrōs esse, et Caesar eōs incolumīs domum dīmīsit.
[Footnote 1: «oppidī expugnandī». Is this a gerund or a gerundive construction? Cf. §501.37.]
[Footnote 2: «ineant». §501.50.]
[Footnote 3: «ūnus». subj. of «inquit».]
[Footnote 4: «sit». This is a so-called subjunctive by attraction, which means that the clause beginning with «ubi» stands in such close connection with the subjv. clause beginning with «ut», that its verb is attracted into the same mood.]
[Footnote 5: All these verbs are in the same construction.]
[Footnote 6: «Hoc cōnsilium», subj. of «placēret». For the order cf. «Haec cum», etc., p. 215, l. 22, and note; «Id imperātor cum», p. 217, l. 8.]
[Footnote 7: «memoriā», abl. of means.]
[Footnote 8: «oppidānīs», §501.15.]
[Footnote 9: Between twelve and three o’clock in the morning. The night was divided into four watches.]
[Footnote 10: «operī», §501.15.]
[Footnote 11: «partem», subj. acc. of «concidisse».]
[Footnote 12: «captīvōrum ... sunt», _the noblest of the captives_.]
[Footnote 13: The general’s headquarters.]
[Footnote 14: Study carefully these direct questions, indirect questions, and indirect statements.]
[Footnote 15: See Plate III, p. 148.]
[Footnote 16: «Negant», etc., _they say that they have not_, etc. «Negant» is equivalent to «dīcunt nōn», and the negative modifies «intulisse», but not the remainder of the indirect statement.]
[Footnote 17: «Semper», etc., _that they have always_, etc.]
[Footnote 18: «Manēbitisne in fidē», _will you remain loyal?_]
LXXV. CIVIL WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY THE BATTLE OF PHARSALIA
Nē cōnfectō[1] quidem bellō Gallicō, [2]bellum cīvīle inter Caesarem et Pompēium exortum est. Nam Pompēius, quī summum imperium petēbat, senātuī persuāserat ut Caesarem reī pūblicae hostem[3] iūdicāret et exercitum eius dīmittī iubēret. Quibus cognitīs rēbus Caesar exercitum suum dīmittere recūsāvit, atque, hortātus mīlitēs ut ducem totiēns victōrem ab inimīcōrum iniūriīs dēfenderent, imperāvit ut sē Rōmam sequerentur. Summā cum alacritāte mīlitēs pāruērunt, et trānsitō Rubicōne[4] initium bellī cīvīlis factum est.
Italiae urbēs quidem omnēs ferē [5]rēbus Caesaris favēbant et eum benignē excēpērunt. Quā rē commōtus Pompēius ante Caesaris adventum Rōmā excessit et Brundisium[6] pervēnit, inde [7]paucīs post diēbus cum omnibus cōpiīs ad Ēpīrum mare trānsiit. Eum Caesar cum septem legiōnibus et quīngentīs equitibus secūtus est, et īnsignis inter Caesaris comitātum erat Pūblius.
Plūribus leviōribus proeliīs factīs, tandem cōpiae adversae ad Pharsālum[8] in Thessaliā sitam castra posuērunt. Cum Pompeī exercitus esset bis tantus quantus Caesaris, tamen erant multī quī veterānās legiōnēs quae Gallōs et Germānōs superāverant vehementer timēbant. Quōs[9] [10]ante proelium commissum Labiēnus[11] lēgātus, quī ab Caesare nūper dēfēcerat, ita adlocūtus est: “[12]Nōlīte exīstimāre hunc esse exercitum veterānōrum mīlitum. Omnibus interfuī proeliīs[13] neque temerē incognitam rem prōnūntiō. Perexigua pars illīus exercitūs quī Gallōs superāvit adhūc superest. Magna pars occīsa est, multī domum discessērunt, multī sunt relictī in Italiā. Hae cōpiae quās vidētis in [14]citeriōre Galliā nūper cōnscrīptae sunt.” Haec[15] cum dīxisset, iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum esse. [16]Hoc idem Pompēius et omnēs reliquī iūrāvērunt, et magnā spē et laetitiā, sīcut certam ad victōriam, cōpiae ē castrīs exiērunt.
Item Caesar, animō[17] ad dīmicandum parātus, exercitum suum ēdūxit et septem cohortibus [18]praesidiō castrīs relictīs cōpiās triplicī aciē īnstrūxit. Tum, mīlitibus studiō pugnae ārdentibus, tubā signum dedit. Mīlitēs prōcurrērunt et pīlīs missīs gladiōs strīnxērunt. Neque vērō virtūs hostibus dēfuit. Nam et tēla missa sustinuērunt et impetum gladiōrum excēpērunt et ōrdinēs cōnservāvērunt. Utrimque diū et ācriter pugnātum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit. Tum equitēs Pompēī aciem Caesaris circumīre cōnātī sunt. Quod[19] ubi Caesar animadvertit, tertiam aciem,[20] quae ad id tempus quiēta fuerat, prōcurrere iussit. Tum vērō integrōrum impetum[21] dēfessī hostēs sustinēre nōn potuērunt et omnēs terga vertērunt. Sed Pompēius dē fortūnīs suīs dēspērāns sē in castra equō contulit, inde mox cum paucīs equitibus effūgit.
[Footnote 1: With «nē ... quidem» the emphatic word stands between the two.]
[Footnote 2: The Civil War was caused by the jealousy and rivalry between Cæsar and Pompey. It resulted in the defeat and subsequent death of Pompey and the elevation of Cæsar to the lordship of the Roman world.]
[Footnote 3: «hostem», predicate accusative, §501.22.]
[Footnote 4: The Rubicon was a small stream in northern Italy that marked the boundary of Cæsar’s province. By crossing it with an armed force Cæsar declared war upon Pompey and the existing government. Cæsar crossed the Rubicon early in the year 49 B.C.]
[Footnote 5: «rēbus Caesaris favēbant», _favored Cæsar’s side_. In what case is «rēbus»?]
[Footnote 6: «Brundisium», a famous port in southern Italy whence ships sailed for Greece and the East. See map.]
[Footnote 7: «paucīs post diēbus», _a few days later_; literally, _afterguards by a few days_. Cf. «paucīs ante annīs», p. 213, l. 12, and note.]
[Footnote 8: The battle of Pharsalia was fought on August 9, 48 B.C. In importance it ranks as one of the great battles of the world.]
[Footnote 9: «Quōs», obj. of «adlocūtus est».]
[Footnote 10: «ante proelium commissum», _before the beginning of the battle_.]
[Footnote 11: «Labiēnus», Cæsar’s most faithful and skillful lieutenant in the Gallic War. On the outbreak of the Civil War, in 49 B.C., he deserted Cæsar and joined Pompey. His defection caused the greatest joy among the Pompeian party; but he disappointed the expectations of his new friends, and never accomplished anything of importance. He fought against his old commander in several battles and was slain at the battle of Munda in Spain, 45 B.C.]
[Footnote 12: «Nōlīte exīstimāre», _don´t think_.]
[Footnote 13: «proeliīs», §501.15.]
[Footnote 14: «citeriōre Galliā». This name is applied to Cisalpine Gaul, or Gaul south of the Alps.]
[Footnote 15: «Haec», obj. of «dīxisset».]
[Footnote 16: «Hoc idem», obj. of «iūrāvērunt».]
[Footnote 17: «animō», §501.30.]
[Footnote 18: «praesidiō castrīs», §501.17.]
[Footnote 19: «Quod», obj. of «animadvertit».]
[Footnote 20: «aciem», subj. of «prōcurrere».]
[Footnote 21: «impetum», obj. of «sustinēre».]
LXXVI. THE TRIUMPH OF CAESAR
Pompēiō amīcīsque eius superātīs atque omnibus hostibus ubīque victīs, Caesar imperātor Rōmam rediit et [1]extrā moenia urbis in campō Mārtiō castra posuit. Tum vērō amplissimīs honōribus adfectus est. Dictātor creātus est, et eī triumphus ā senātū est dēcrētus. [2]Quō diē de Gallīs triumphum ēgit, tanta multitūdō hominum in urbem undique cōnflūxit [3]ut omnia loca essent cōnferta. Templa patēbant, ārae fūmābant, columnae sertīs ōrnātae erant. [4]Cum vērō pompa urbem intrāret, quantus hominum fremitus ortus est! Prīmum per portam ingressī sunt senātus et magistrātūs. Secūtī sunt tībīcinēs, signiferī, peditēs laureā corōnātī canentēs: “Ecce Caesar nunc triumphat, quī subēgit Galliam,” et “Mīlle, mīlle, mīlle, mīlle Gallōs trucīdāvimus.” Multī praedam captārum urbium portābant, arma, omnia bellī īnstrūmenta. Secūtī sunt equitēs, animōsīs atque splendidissimē ōrnātīs equīs vectī, inter quōs Pūblius adulēscēns fortissimus habēbātur. Addūcēbantur taurī, arietēs, [5]quī dīs immortālibus immolārentur. Ita longō agmine prōgrediēns exercitus [6]sacrā viā per forum in Capitōlium perrēxit.
Imperātor ipse cum urbem intrāret, undique laetō clāmōre multitūdinis salūtātus est. Stābat in currū aureō quem quattuor albī equī vehēbant. Indūtus [7]togā pictā, alterā manū habēnās et lauream tenēbat, alterā eburneum scēptrum. Post eum servus in currū stāns auream corōnam super caput eius tenēbat. Ante currum miserrimī captīvī, rēgēs prīncipēsque superātārum gentium, catēnīs vīnctī, prōgrediēbantur; et vīgintī quattuor līctōrēs[8] laureatās fascīs ferentēs et signiferī currum Caesaris comitābantur. Conclūdit agmen multitūdō captīvōrum, quī, in servitūtem redāctī,[9] dēmissō vultū, vīnctīs[10] bracchiīs, sequuntur; quibuscum veniunt longissimō ōrdine mīlitēs, etiam hī praedam vel insignia mīlitāria ferentēs.
Caesar cum Capitōlium ascendisset, in templō Iovī Capitōlīnō sacra fēcit. Simul[11] captivōrum quī nōbilissimī erant, abductī in carcerem,[12] interfectī sunt. Sacrīs factīs Caesar dē Capitōliō dēscendit et in forō mīitibus suīs honōrēs mīlitārīs dedit eīsque pecūniam ex bellī praedā distribuit.
Hīs omnibus rēbus cōnfectīs, Pūblius Caesarem valēre[13] iussit et quam celerrimē ad vīllam contendit ut patrem mātremque salūtāret.
[14]Dē rēbus gestīs P. Cornēlī Lentulī hāctenus.
[Footnote 1: A victorious general with his army was not allowed to enter the city until the day of his triumph. A triumph was the greatest of all military honors.]
[Footnote 2: «Quō diē», _on the day that_, abl. of time.]
[Footnote 3: «ut ... essent», §501.43.]
[Footnote 4: «Cum ... intrāret», §501.46.]
[Footnote 5: «quī ... immolārentur», §501.40.]
[Footnote 6: The Sacred Way was a noted street running along one side of the Forum to the base of the Capitoline Hill, on whose summit stood the magnificent temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. This route was always followed by triumphal processions.]
[Footnote 7: The «toga picta» worn by a general in his triumph was a splendid robe of Tyrian purple covered with golden stars. See Plate IV, p. 213.]
[Footnote 8: The lictors were a guard of honor that attended the higher magistrates and made a way for them through the streets. On their shoulders they carried the _fasces_, a bundle of rods with an ax in the middle, symbolizing the power of the law.]
[Footnote 9: «dēmissō vultū», _with downcast countenance_.]
[Footnote 10: «vīnctīs», from «vinciō».]
[Footnote 11: «Simul», etc., _At the same time those of the captives who were the noblest._]
[Footnote 12: The prison was a gloomy dungeon on the lower slopes of the Capitoline Hill.]
[Footnote 13: «valēre iussit», _bade farewell to_.]
[Footnote 14: This sentence marks the end of the story.]
APPENDIX I
DECLENSIONS, CONJUGATIONS, NUMERALS, ETC.
NOUNS
«460.» Nouns are inflected in five declensions, distinguished by the final letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive singular.
FIRST DECLENSION--«Ā-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-ae»
SECOND DECLENSION--«O-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-ī»
THIRD DECLENSION--Consonant stems and «I-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-is»
FOURTH DECLENSION--«U-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-ūs»
FIFTH DECLENSION--«Ē-»stems, Gen. Sing. «-ē̆ī»
«461.» FIRST DECLENSION. _Ā_-STEMS
«domina», _lady_ STEM «dominā-» BASE «domin-»
SINGULAR PLURAL TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS _Nom._ domina -a dominae -ae _Gen._ dominae -ae dominārum -ārum _Dat._ dominae -ae dominīs -īs _Acc._ dominam -am dominās -ās _Abl._ dominā -ā dominīs -īs
_a._ «Dea» and «fīlia» have the termination «-ābus» in the dative and ablative plural.
«462.» SECOND DECLENSION. _O_-STEMS
_a._ MASCULINES IN -us
«dominus», _master_ STEM «domino-» BASE «domin-»
SINGULAR PLURAL TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS _Nom._ dominus -us dominī -ī _Gen._ dominī -ī dominōrum -ōrum _Dat._ dominō -ō dominīs -īs _Acc._ dominum -um dominōs -ōs _Abl._ dominō -ō dominīs -īs
1. Nouns in «-us» of the second declension have the termination «-e» in the vocative singular, as «domine».
2. Proper names in «-ius», and «filius», end in «-ī» in the vocative singular, and the accent rests on the penult, as «Vergi´lī, fīlī».
_b._ NEUTERS IN -um
«pīlum», _spear_ STEM «pīlo-» BASE «pīl-»
SINGULAR PLURAL TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS _Nom._ pīlum -um pīla -a _Gen._ pīlī -ī pīlōrum -ōrum _Dat._ pīlō -ō pīlīs -īs _Acc._ pīlum -um pīla -a _Abl._ pīlō -ō pīlīs -īs
1. Masculines in «-ius» and neuters in «-ium» end in «-ī» in the genitive singular, _not_ in «-iī», and the accent rests on the penult.
_c._ MASCULINES IN -er AND -ir
«puer», _boy_ «ager», _field_ «vir», _man_ STEMS «puero-» «agro-» «viro-» BASES «puer-» «agr-» «vir-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ puer ager vir -- _Gen._ puerī agrī virī -ī _Dat._ puerō agrō virō -ō _Acc._ puerum agrum virum -um _Abl._ puerō agrō virō -ō
PLURAL _Nom._ puerī agrī virī -ī _Gen._ puerōrum agrōrum virōrum -ōrum _Dat._ puerīs agrīs virīs -īs _Acc._ puerōs agrōs virōs -ōs _Abl._ puerīs agrīs virīs -īs
«463.» THIRD DECLENSION.
CLASSIFICATION
I. Consonant Stems
1. Stems that add «-s» to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only.
2. Stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular: _a._ masculines and feminines; _b._ neuters.
II. _I_-Stems.
Masculines, feminines, and neuters.
«464.» I. CONSONANT STEMS
1. _Nouns that add «-s» to the base to form the nominative singular: masculines and feminines only_
«prīnceps», «mīles», m., «lapis», m., m., _chief_ _soldier_ _stone_ BASES | OR | «prīncip-» «mīlit-» «lapid-» STEMS |
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ prīnceps mīles lapis -s _Gen._ prīncipis mīlitis lapidis -is _Dat._ prīncipī mīlitī lapidī -ī _Acc._ prīncipem mīlitem lapidem -em _Abl._ prīncipe mīlite lapide -e
PLURAL _Nom._ prīncipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs _Gen._ prīncipum mīlitum lapidum -um _Dat._ prīncipibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus _Acc._ prīncipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs _Abl._ prīncipibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus
«rēx», m., «iūdex», m., «virtūs», f., _king_ _judge_ _virtue_ BASES | OR | «rēg-» «iūdic-» «virtūt-» STEMS |
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ rēx iūdex virtūs -s _Gen._ rēgis iūdicis virtūtis -is _Dat._ rēgī iūdicī virtūtī -ī _Acc._ rēgem iūdicem virtūtem -em _Abl._ rēge iūdice virtūte -e
PLURAL _Nom._ rēgēs iūdicēs virtūtēs -ēs _Gen._ rēgum iūdicum virtūtum -um _Dat._ rēgibus iūdicibus virtūtibus -ibus _Acc._ rēgēs iūdicēs virtūtēs -es _Abl._ rēgibus iūdicibus virtūtibus -ibus
NOTE. For consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. §233.3.
2. _Nouns that have no termination in the nominative singular_
_a._ MASCULINES AND FEMININES
«cōnsul», m., «legiō», f., «ōrdō», «pater», m., _consul_ _legion_ m., _row_ _father_ BASES | OR | «consul-» «legiōn-» «ōrdin-» «patr-» STEMS |
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ cōnsul legiō ōrdō pater -- _Gen._ cōnsulis legiōnis ōrdinis patris -is _Dat._ cōnsulī legiōnī ōrdinī patrī -ī _Acc._ cōnsulem legiōnem ōrdinem patrem -em _Abl._ cōnsule legiōne ōrdine patre -e
PLURAL _Nom._ cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs _Gen._ cōnsulum legiōnum ōrdinum patrum -um _Dat._ cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus _Acc._ cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs _Abl._ cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus
NOTE. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. §236.1-3.
_b._ NEUTERS «flūmen», «tempus», «opus», «caput», n., _river_ n., _time_ n., _work_ n., _head_ BASES | OR | «flūmin-» «tempor-» «oper-» «capit-» STEMS |
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ flūmen tempus opus caput -- _Gen._ flūminis temporis operis capitis -is _Dat._ flūminī temporī operī capitī -ī _Acc._ flūmen tempus opus caput -- _Abl._ flūmine tempore opere capite -e
PLURAL _Nom._ flūmina tempora opera capita -a _Gen._ flūminum temporum operum capitum -um _Dat._ flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus _Acc._ flūmina tempora opera capita -a _Abl._ flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
NOTE. For vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular, cf. §238.2, 3.
«465.» II. _I_-STEMS
_a._ MASCULINES AND FEMININES
«caedēs», f., «hostis», «urbs», f., «cliēns», m., _slaughter_ m., _enemy_ _city_ _retainer_ STEMS «caedi-» «hosti-» «urbi-» «clienti-» BASES «caed-» «host-» «urb-» «client-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ caedēs hostis urbs cliēns -s, -is, _or_ -ēs _Gen._ caedis hostis urbis clientis -is _Dat._ caedī hostī urbī clientī -ī _Acc._ caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im) _Abl._ caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-ī)
PLURAL _Nom._ caedēs hostēs urbēs clientēs -ēs _Gen._ caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium _Dat._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus _Acc._ caedīs, -ēs hostīs, -ēs urbīs, -ēs clientīs, -ēs -īs, -ēs _Abl._ caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
1. «Avis», «cīvis», «fīnis», «ignis», «nāvis», have the abl. sing. in «-ī» or «-e».
2. «Turris» has accusative «turrim» and ablative «turrī» or «turre».
_b._ NEUTERS
«īnsigne», n., «animal», n., «calcar», _decoration_ _animal_ n., _spur_
STEMS «īnsigni-» «animāli-» «calcāri-» BASES «īnsign-» «animāl-» «calcār-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ īnsigne animal calcar -e _or_ -- _Gen._ īnsignis animālis calcāris -is _Dat._ īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī _Acc._ īnsigne animal calcar -e _or_ -- _Abl._ īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī
PLURAL _Nom._ īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia _Gen._ īnsignium animālium calcārium -ium _Dat._ īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus _Acc._ īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia _Abl._ īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus
«466.» THE FOURTH DECLENSION. _U_-STEMS
«adventus», m., «cornū», n., _horn_ _arrival_ STEMS «adventu-» «cornu-» BASES «advent-» «corn-»
TERMINATIONS SINGULAR MASC. NEUT. _Nom._ adventus cornū -us -ū _Gen._ adventūs cornūs -ūs -ūs _Dat._ adventuī (ū) cornū -uī (ū) -ū _Acc._ adventum cornū -um -ū _Abl._ adventū cornū -ū -ū
PLURAL _Nom._ adventūs cornua -ūs -ua _Gen._ adventuum cornuum -uum -uum _Dat._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus _Acc._ adventūs cornua -ūs -ua _Abl._ adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
«467.» THE FIFTH DECLENSION. _Ē_-STEMS
«diēs», m., _day_ «rēs», f., _thing_ STEMS «diē-» «rē-» BASES «di-» «r-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS _Nom._ diēs rēs -ēs _Gen._ diēī reī -ē̆ī _Dat._ diēī reī -ē̆ī _Acc._ diem rem -em _Abl._ diē rē -ē
PLURAL _Nom._ diēs rēs -ēs _Gen._ diērum rērum -ērum _Dat._ diēbus rēbus -ēbus _Acc._ diēs rēs -ēs _Abl._ diēbus rēbus -ēbus
«468.» SPECIAL PARADIGMS
«deus», «domus», f., «vīs», f., «iter», m., _god_ _house_ _strength_ n., _way_ STEMS «deo-» «domu-» «vī-» and «iter-» and «vīri-» «itiner-» BASES «de-» «dom-» «v-» and «iter-» and «vīr-» «itiner-»
SINGULAR _Nom._ deus domus vīs iter _Gen._ deī domūs vīs (rare) itineris _Dat._ deō domuī, -ō vī (rare) itinerī _Acc._ deum domum vim iter _Abl._ deō domō, -ū vī itinere
PLURAL _Nom._ deī, dī domūs vīrēs itinera _Gen._ deōrum, deum domuum, -ōrum vīrium itinerum _Dat._ deīs, dīs domibus vīribus itineribus _Acc._ deōs domōs, -ūs vīrīs, -ēs itinera _Abl._ deīs, dīs domibus vīribus itineribus
_a._ The vocative singular of «deus» is like the nominative.
_b._ The locative of «domus» is «domī».
ADJECTIVES
«469.» FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. _O_- AND _Ā_-STEMS
_a._ ADJECTIVES IN -us
«bonus», _good_ STEMS «bono-» m. and n., «bona-» f. BASE «bon-»
SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ bonus bona bonum _Gen._ bonī bonae bonī _Dat._ bonō bonae bonō _Acc._ bonum bonam bonum _Abl._ bonō bonā bonō
PLURAL _Nom._ bonī bonae bona _Gen._ bonōrum bonārum bonōrum _Dat._ bonīs bonīs bonīs _Acc._ bonōs bonās bona _Abl._ bonīs bonīs bonīs
_b._ ADJECTIVES IN «-er»
«līber», _free_ STEMS «lībero-» m. and n., «līberā-» f. BASE «līber-»
SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ līber lībera līberum _Gen._ līberī līberae līberī _Dat._ līberō līberae līberō _Acc._ līberum līberam līberum _Abl._ līberō līberā līberō
PLURAL _Nom._ līberī līberae lībera _Gen._ līberōrum līberārum līberōrum _Dat._ līberīs līberīs līberīs _Acc._ līberōs līberās lībera _Abl._ līberīs līberīs līberīs
«pulcher», _pretty_ STEMS «pulchro-» m. and n., «pulchrā-» f. BASE «pulchr-»
SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ pulcher pulchra pulchrum _Gen._ pulchrī pulchrae pulchrī _Dat._ pulchrō pulchrae pulchrō _Acc._ pulchrum pulchram pulchrum _Abl._ pulchrō pulchrā pulchrō
PLURAL _Nom._ pulchrī pulchrae pulchra _Gen._ pulchrōrum pulchrārum pulchrōrum _Dat._ pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs _Acc._ pulchrōs pulchrās pulchra _Abl._ pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs
«470.» THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
«alius», _another_ STEMS «alio-» m. and n., «aliā-» f. BASE «ali-»
SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ alius alia aliud aliī aliae alia _Gen._ alīus alīus alīus aliōrum aliārum aliōrum _Dat._ aliī aliī aliī aliīs aliīs aliīs _Acc._ alium aliam aliud aliōs aliās alia _Abl._ aliō aliā aliō aliīs aliīs aliīs
«ūnus», _one, only_ STEMS «ūno-» m. and n., «ūnā-» f. BASE «ūn-»
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ ūnus ūna ūnum ūnī ūnae ūna _Gen._ ūnīus ūnīus ūnīus ūnōrum ūnārum ūnōrum _Dat._ ūnī ūnī ūnī ūnīs ūnīs ūnīs _Acc._ ūnum ūnam ūnum ūnōs ūnās ūna _Abl._ ūnō ūnā ūnō ūnīs ūnīs ūnīs
_a._ For the complete list see §108.
«471.» ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. _I_-STEMS
I. THREE ENDINGS
«ācer, ācris, ācre», _keen, eager_ STEM «ācri-» BASE «ācr-»
SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ ācer ācris ācre ācrēs ācrēs ācria _Gen._ ācris ācris ācris ācrium ācrium ācrium _Dat._ ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus _Acc._ ācrem ācrem ācre ācrīs, -ēs ācrīs, -ēs ācria _Abl._ ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus
II. TWO ENDINGS
«omnis, omne», _every, all_ STEM «omni-» BASE «omn-»
SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ omnis omne omnēs omnia _Gen._ omnis omnis omnium omnium _Dat._ omnī omnī omnibus omnibus _Acc._ omnem omne omnīs, -ēs omnia _Abl._ omnī omnī omnibus omnibus
III. ONE ENDING
«pār», _equal_ STEM «pari-» BASE «par-»
SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ pār pār parēs paria _Gen._ paris paris parium parium _Dat._ parī parī paribus paribus _Acc._ parem pār parīs, -ēs paria _Abl._ parī parī paribus paribus
1. Observe that all i-stem adjectives have «-ī» in the ablative singular.
[Transcriber’s Note: This sentence appears to be a footnote, but there is no footnote tag on the page.]
«472.» PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES
«amāns», _loving_ STEM «amanti-» BASE «amant-»
SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ amāns amāns amantēs amantia _Gen._ amantis amantis amantium amantium _Dat._ amantī amantī amantibus amantibus _Acc._ amantem amāns amantīs, -ēs amantia _Abl._ amante, -ī amante, -ī amantibus amantibus
«iēns», _going_ STEM «ienti-, eunti-» BASE «ient-, eunt-»
_Nom._ iēns iēns euntēs euntia _Gen._ euntis euntis euntium euntium _Dat._ euntī euntī euntibus euntibus _Acc._ euntem iēns euntīs, -ēs euntia _Abl._ eunte, -ī eunte, -ī euntibus euntibus
«473.» REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE MASC. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. altus (alto-) altior altius altissimus -a -um līber (lībero-) līberior līberius līberrimus -a -um pulcher (pulchro-) pulchrior pulchrius pulcherrimus -a -um audāx (audāci-) audācior audācius audācissimus -a -um brevis (brevi-) brevior brevius brevissimus -a -um ācer (ācri-) ācrior ācrius ācerrimus -a -um
«474.» DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES
«altior», _higher_
SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ altior altius altiōrēs altiōra _Gen._ altiōris altiōris altiōrum altiōrum _Dat._ altiōrī altiōrī altiōribus altiōribus _Acc._ altiōrem altius altiōrēs altiōra _Abl._ altiōre altiōre altiōribus altiōribus
«plūs», _more_
_Nom._ ---- plūs plūrēs plūra _Gen._ ---- plūris plūrium plūrium _Dat._ ---- ---- plūribus plūribus _Acc._ ---- plūs plūrīs (-ēs) plūra _Abl._ ---- plūre plūribus plūribus
«475.» IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE bonus, -a, -um, melior, melius, optimus, -a, -um, _good_ _better_ _best_ malus, -a, -um, peior, peius, pessimus, -a, -um, _bad_ _worse_ _worst_ magnus, -a, -um, maior, maius, maximus, -a, -um, _great_ _greater_ _greatest_ multus, -a, -um, ----, plūs, _more_ plūrimus, -a, -um, _much_ _most_ parvus, -a, -um, minor, minus, minimus, -a, -um,_ _small_ _smaller_ _smallest senex, senis, senior maximus nātū _old_ iuvenis, -e, iūnior minimus nātū _young_ vetus, veteris, vetustior, -ius veterrimus, -a, -um _old_ facilis, -e, facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um _easy_ difficilis, -e, difficilior, -ius difficillimus, -a, -um _difficult_ similis, -e, similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um _similar_ dissimilis, -e, dissimilior, -ius dissimillimus, -a, -um _dissimilar_ humilis, -e, _low_ humilior, -ius humillimus, -a, -um gracilis, -e, gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um _slender_ exterus, _outward_ exterior, extrēmus, extimus, _outer, exterior_ _outermost, last_ īnferus, _below_ īnferior, _lower_ īnfimus, īmus, _lowest_ posterus, posterior, _later_ postrēmus, postumus, _following_ _last_ superus, _above_ superior, suprēmus, summus, _higher_ _highest_ [[cis, citrā,]] citerior, _hither_ citimus, _hithermost_ [[_on this side_]] [[in, intrā,]] interior, _inner_ intimus, _inmost_ [[_in, within_]] [[prae, prō,]] prior, _former_ prīmus, _first_ [[_before_]] [[prope, _near_]] propior, _nearer_ proximus, _next_ [[ultrā, _beyond_]] ulterior, _further_ ultimus, _furthest_
«476.» REGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE cārē (cārus), _dearly_ cārius cārissimē miserē (miser), _wretchedly_ miserius miserrimē ācriter (ācer), _sharply_ ācrius ācerrimē facile (facilis), _easily_ facilius facillimē
«477.» IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE diū, _long, a long time_ diūtius diūtissimē bene (bonus), _well_ melius, _better_ optimē, _best_ male (malus), _ill_ peius, _worse_ pessimē, _worst_ magnopere, _greatly_ magis, _more_ maximē, _most_ multum (multus), _much_ plūs, _more_ plūrimum, _most_ parum, _little_ minus, _less_ minimē, _least_ saepe, _often_ saepīus saepissimē
«478.» NUMERALS
The cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting «ūnus», «duo», «trēs», the hundreds above one hundred, and «mīlle» used as a noun. The ordinals are declined like «bonus, -a, -um».
CARDINALS ORDINALS (_How many_) (_In what order_) 1, ūnus, -a, -um, _one_ prīmus, -a, -um _first_ 2, duo, duae, duo _two_ secundus (_or_ alter) _second_ 3, trēs, tria _three_, tertius _third_, 4, quattuor etc. quārtus etc. 5, quīnque quīntus 6, sex sextus 7, septem septimus 8, octō octāvus 9, novem nōnus 10, decem decimus 11, ūndecim ūndecimus 12, duodecim duodecimus 13, tredecim (decem (et) trēs) tertius decimus 14, quattuordecim quārtus decimus 15, quīndecim quīntus decimus 16, sēdecim sextus decimus 17, septendecim septimus decimus 18, duodēvīgintī (octōdecim) duodēvīcēnsimus 19, ūndēvīgintī (novendecim) ūndēvīcēnsimus 20, vīgintī vīcēnsimus 21, {vīgintī ūnus _or_ {vīcēnsimus prīmus _or_ {ūnus et vīgintī, etc. {ūnus et vīcēnsimus, etc. 30, trīgintā trīcēnsimus 40, quadrāgintā quadrāgēnsimus 50, quīnquāgintā quīnquāgēnsimus 60, sexāgintā sexāgēnsimus 70, septuāgintā septuāgēnsimus 80, octōgintā octōgēnsimus 90, nōnāgintā nōnāgēnsimus 100, centum centēnsimus 101, centum (et) ūnus, etc. centēnsimus (et) prīmus, etc. 120, centum (et) vīgintī centēnsimus vīcēnsimus 121, centum (et) vīgintī ūnus, centēnsimus (et) vīcēnsimus prīmus, etc. etc. 200, ducentī, -ae, -a ducentēnsimus 300, trecentī trecentēnsimus 400, quadringentī quadringentēnsimus 500, quīngentī quīngentēnsimus 600, sescentī sescentēnsimus 700, septingentī septingentēnsimus 800, octingentī octingentēnsimus 900, nōngentī nōngentēnsimus 1000, mīlle mīllēnsimus
«479.» Declension of «duo», _two_, «trēs», _three_, and «mīlle», _a thousand_.
MASC. FEM. NEUT. M. AND F. NEUT. SING. PLUR. _N._ duo duae duo trēs trīa mīlle mīlia _G._ duōrum duārum duōrum trium trium mīlle mīlium _D._ duōbus duābus duōbus tribus tribus mīlle mīlibus _A._ duōs duās duo trīs tria mīlle mīlia _or_ duo duās duo _or_ trēs tria _A._ duōbus duābus duōbus tribus tribus mīlle mīlibus
NOTE. «Mīlle» is used in the plural as a noun with a modifying genitive, and is occasionally so used in the nominative and accusative singular. For the declension of «ūnus» cf. §470.
PRONOUNS
«480.» PERSONAL
ego, _I_ tū, _you_ suī, _of himself,_ _etc._ SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. _Nom._ ego nōs tū vōs ---- ---- _Gen._ meī nostrum, -trī tuī vestrum, -trī suī suī _Dat._ mihi nōbīs tibi vōbīs sibi sibi _Acc._ mē nōs tē vōs sē, sēsē sē, sēsē _Abl._ mē nōbīs tē vōbīs sē, sēsē sē, sēsē
Note that «suī» is always reflexive.
«481.» DEMONSTRATIVE
Demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions, but have the pronominal endings «-ī̆us» and «-ī» in the gen. and dat. sing.
«ipse», _self_
SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ ipse ipsa ipsum ipsī ipsae ipsa _Gen._ ipsī´us ipsī´us ipsī´us ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum _Dat._ ipsī ipsī ipsī ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs _Acc._ ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsōs ipsās ipsa _Abl._ ipsō ipsā ipsō ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs
«hic», _this_ (here), _he_
_Nom._ hic haec hoc hī hae haec _Gen._ huius huius huius hōrum hārum hōrum _Dat._ huic huic huic hīs hīs hīs _Acc._ hunc hanc hoc hōs hās haec _Abl._ hōc hāc hōc hīs hīs hīs
«iste», _this, that_ (of yours), _he_
_Nom._ iste ista istud istī istae ista _Gen._ istī´us istī´us istī´us istōrum istārum istōrum _Dat._ istī istī istī istīs istīs istīs _Acc._ istum istam istud istōs istās ista _Abl._ istō istā istō istīs istīs istīs
«ille», _that_ (yonder), _he_
_Nom._ ille illa illud illī illae illa _Gen._ illī´us illī´us illī´us illōrum illārum illōrum _Dat._ illī illī illī illīs illīs illīs _Acc._ illum illam illud illōs illās illa _Abl._ illō illā illō illīs illīs illīs
«is», _this, that, he_
_Nom._ is ea id iī, eī eae ea _Gen._ eius eius eius eōrum eārum eōrum _Dat._ eī eī eī iīs, eīs iīs, eīs iīs, eīs _Acc._ eum eam id eōs eās ea _Abl._ eō eā eō iīs, eīs iīs, eīs iīs, eīs
«īdem», _the same_
_Nom._ īdem e´adem idem iī´dem eae´dem e´adem eī´dem _Gen._ eius´dem eius´dem eius´dem eōrun´dem eārun´dem eōrun´dem _Dat._ eī´dem eī´dem eī´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem _Acc._ eun´dem ean´dem idem eōs´dem eās´dem e´adem _Abl._ eō´dem eā´dem eō´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem iīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem eīs´dem
NOTE. In the plural of «is» and «īdem» the forms with two i’s are preferred, the two i’s being pronounced as one.
«482.» RELATIVE
«quī», _who, which, that_
SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ quī quae quod quī quae quae _Gen._ cuius cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum _Dat._ cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus _Acc._ quem quam quod quōs quās quae _Abl._ quō quā quō quibus quibus quibus
«483.» INTERROGATIVE
«quis», substantive, _who, what_
SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ quis quid qui quae quae _Gen._ cuius cuius quōrum quārum quōrum _Dat._ cui cui quibus quibus quibus _Acc._ quem quid quōs quās quae _Abl._ quō quō quibus quibus quibus
The interrogative adjective «quī, quae, quod», is declined like the relative.
«484.» INDEFINITES
«quis» and «quī», as declined above,[1] are used also as indefinites (_some, any_). The other indefinites are compounds of «quis» and «quī».
«quisque», _each_
SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE MASC. & FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ quisque quidque quisque quaeque quodque _Gen._ cuius´que cuius´que cuius´que cuius´que cuius´que _Dat._ cuique cuique cuique cuique cuique _Acc._ quemque quidque quemque quamque quodque _Abl._ quōque quōque quōque quāque quōque
[Footnote 1: «qua» is generally used instead of «quae» in the feminine nominative singular and in the neuter nominative and accusative plural.]
«485.» «quīdam», _a certain one, a certain_
Observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has «quoddam» and the substantive «quiddam».
SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ quīdam quaedam quoddam, quiddam (_subst._) _Gen._ cuius´dam cuius´dam cuius´dam _Dat._ cuidam cuidam cuidam _Acc._ quendam quandam quoddam, quiddam (_subst._) _Abl._ quōdam quādam quōdam
PLURAL _Nom._ quīdam quaedam quaedam _Gen._ quōrun´dam quārun´dam quōrun´dam _Dat._ quibus´dam quibus´dam quibus´dam _Acc._ quōsdam quāsdam quaedam _Abl._ quibus´dam quibus´dam quibus´dam
«486.» «quisquam», substantive, _any one_ (at all)
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ quisquam quicquam (quidquam) _Gen._ cuius´quam cuius´quam _Dat._ cuiquam cuiquam _Acc._ quemquam quicquam (quidquam) _Abl._ quōquam quōquam
«487.» «aliquis», substantive, _some one_. «aliquī», adjective, _some_
SINGULAR SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVE MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ aliquis aliquid aliquī aliqua aliquod _Gen._ alicu´ius alicu´ius alicu´ius alicu´ius alicu´ius _Dat._ alicui alicui alicui alicui alicui _Acc._ aliquem aliquid aliquem aliquam aliquod _Abl._ aliquō aliquō aliquō aliquā aliquō
PLURAL FOR BOTH SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE MASC. FEM. NEUT. _Nom._ aliquī aliquae aliqua _Gen._ aliquō´rum aliquā´rum aliquō´rum _Dat._ ali´quibus ali´quibus ali´quibus _Acc._ aliquōs aliquās aliqua _Abl._ ali´quibus ali´quibus ali´quibus
_a._ «quis (quī)», _any one, any_, is the least definite (§297.b). «aliquis (aliquī)», _some one, some_, is more definite than «quis». «quisquam», _any one_ (at all), and its adjective «ūllus», _any_, occur mostly with a negative, expressed or implied, and in clauses of comparison.
REGULAR VERBS
«488.» FIRST CONJUGATION. _Ā_-VERBS. _AMŌ_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus» PRES. STEM amā- PERF. STEM amāv- PART. STEM amāt-
ACTIVE PASSIVE INDICATIVE PRESENT _I love, am loving,_ _I am loved_, etc. _do love_, etc. amō amāmus amor amāmur amās amātis amāris, -re amāminī amat amant amātur amantur
IMPERFECT _I loved, was loving_, _I was loved_, etc. _did love_, etc. amābam amābāmus amābar amābāmur amābās amābātis amābāris, -re amābāminī amābat amābant amābātur amābantur
FUTURE _I shall love_, etc. _I shall be loved_, etc. amābō amābimus amābor amābimur amābis amābitis amāberis, -re amābiminī amābit amābunt amābitur amābuntur
PERFECT _I have loved, loved,_ _I have been (was) loved_, etc. _did love_, etc. amāvi amāvimus amātus, {sum amātī, {sumus amāvistī amāvistis -a, -um {es -ae, -a {estis amāvit amāvērunt, -re {est {sunt
PLUPERFECT _I had loved_, etc. _I had been loved_, etc. amāveram amāverāmus amātus, {eram amātī, {erāmus amāverās amāverātis -a, -um {erās -ae, -a {erātis amāverat amāverant {erat {erant
FUTURE PERFECT _I shall have loved_, etc. _I shall have been loved_, etc. amāverō amāverimus amātus, {erō amātī, {erimus amāveris amāveritis -a, -um {eris -ae, -a {eritis amāverit amāverint {erit {erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT amem amēmus amer amēmur amēs amētis amēris, -re amēminī amet ament amētur amentur
IMPERFECT amārem amāremus amārer amārēmur amārēs amārētis amārēris, -re amārēminī amāret amārent amārētur amārentur
PERFECT amāverim amāverimus amātus, {sim amātī, {sīmus amāveris amāveritis -a, -um {sīs -ae, -a {sītis amāverit amāverint {sit {sint
PLUPERFECT amāvissem amāvissēmus amātus, {essem amātī, {essēmus amāvissēs amāvissētis -a, -um {essēs -ae, -a {essētis amāvisset amāvissent {esset {essent
IMPERATIVE PRESENT amā, _love thou_ amāre, _be thou loved_ amāte, _love ye_ amāminī, _be ye loved_
FUTURE amātō, _thou shalt love_ amātor, _thou shalt be loved_ amātō, _he shall love_ amātor, _he shall be loved_ amātōte, _you shall love_ ---- amantō, _they shall love_ amantor, _they shall be loved_
INFINITIVE _Pres._ amāre, _to love_ amārī, _to be loved_ _Perf._ amāvisse, amātus, -a, -um esse, _to have loved_ _to have been loved_ _Fut._ amātūrus, -a, -um [[amātum īrī]], _to be about to be loved_ esse, _to be_ _about to love_
PARTICIPLES _Pres._ amāns, -antis, _Pres._ ---- _loving_ _Fut._ amātūrus, -a, -um, _Gerundive[1]_ amandus, -a, -um, _to be _about to love_ loved_ _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ amātus, -a, -um, _having been loved, loved_
GERUND _Nom._ ---- _Gen._ amandī, _of loving_ _Dat._ amandō, _for loving_ _Acc._ amandum, _loving_ _Abl._ amandō, _by loving_
SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[amātum]], _to love_ _Abl._ [[amātū]], _to love, in the loving_
[Footnote 1: Sometimes called the future passive participle.]
«489.» SECOND CONJUGATION. _Ē_-VERBS. _MONEŌ_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus» PRES. STEM monē- PERF. STEM monu- PART. STEM monit-
ACTIVE PASSIVE INDICATIVE PRESENT _I advise_, etc., _I am advised,_ etc. moneō monēmus moneor monēmur monēs monētis monēris, -re monēminī monet monent monētur monentur
IMPERFECT _I was advising_, etc., _I was advised_, etc. monēbam monēbāmus monēbar monēbāmur monēbās monēbātis monēbāris, -re monēbāminī monēbat monēbant monēbātur monēbāntur
FUTURE _I shall advise_, etc., _I shall be advised_, etc. monēbō monēbimus monēbor monēbimur monēbis monēbitis monēberis, -re monēbiminī monēbit monēbunt monēbitur monēbuntur
PERFECT _I have advised,_ _I have been (was) advised_, etc. _I advised_, etc. monuī monuimus {sum {sumus monuistī monuistis monitus, {es monitī, {estis monuit monuērunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt
PLUPERFECT _I had advised_, etc., _I had been advised_, etc.
monueram monuerāmus {eram {erāmus monuerās monuerātis monitus, {eras monitī, {eratis monuerat monuerant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant
FUTURE PERFECT _I shall have advised_, _I shall have been advised_, etc. etc. monuerō monuerimus {erō {erimus monueris monuerītis monitus, {eris monitī, {eritis monuerit monuerīnt -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT moneam moneāmus monear moneāmur moneās moneātis moneāris, -re moneāminī moneat moneant moneātur moneantur
IMPERFECT monērem monērēmus monērer monērēmur monērēs monērētis monērēris, -re monērēminī monēret monērent monērētur monērentur
PERFECT monuerim monuerimus {sim {sīmus monueris monueritis monitus, {sīs monitī, {sītis monuerit monuerint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint
PLUPERFECT monuissem monuissēmus {essem {essēmus monuissēs monuissētis monitus, {essēs monitī, {essētis monuisset monuissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent
IMPERATIVE PRESENT monē, _advise thou_ monēre, _be thou advised_ monēte, _advise ye_ monēminī, _be ye advised_
FUTURE monētō, _thou shall_ monētor, _thou shalt be advised_ _advise_ monētō, _he shall advise_ monētor, _he shall be advised_ monētōte, _you shall advise_ ---- monentō, _they shall_ monentor, _they shall be advised_ _advise_
INFINITIVE _Pres._ monēre, _to advise_ monērī, _to be advised_ _Perf._ monuisse, _to have_ monitus, -a, -um esse, _advised_ _to have been advised_ _Fut._ monitūrus, -a, -um [[monitum īrī]], esse, _to be_ _to be about to be advised_ _about to advise_
PARTICIPLES _Pres._ monēns, -entis, _Pres._ ---- _advising_ _Fut._ monitūrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ monendus, -a, -um, _about to advise_ _to be advised_ _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ monitus, -a, -um, _having been advised, advised_
GERUND _Nom._ ---- _Gen._ monendī, _of advising_ _Dat._ monendō, _for advising_ _Acc._ monendum, _advising_ _Abl._ monendō, _by advising_
SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[monitum]], _to advise_ _Abl._ [[monitū]], _to advise, in the advising_
«490.» THIRD CONJUGATION. _Ĕ_-VERBS. _REGŌ_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «regō, regere, rexī, rēctus» PRES. STEM rege- PERF. STEM rēx- PART. STEM rēct-
ACTIVE PASSIVE INDICATIVE PRESENT _I rule_, etc. _I am ruled_, etc. regō regimus re´gor re´gimur regis regitis re´geris, -re regi´minī regit regunt re´gitur regun´tur
IMPERFECT _I was ruling_, etc. _I was ruled_, etc. regēbam regēbāmus regē´bar regēbā´mur regēbās regēbātis regēbā´ris, -re regēbā´minī regēbat regēbant regēbā´tur regēban´tur
FUTURE _I shall rule_, etc. _I shall be ruled_, etc. regam regēmus re´gar regē´mur regēs regētis regē´ris, -re regē´minī reget regent regē´tur regen´tur
PERFECT _I have ruled_, etc. _I have been ruled_, etc. rēxī rēximus {sum {sumus rēxistī rēxistis rēctus, {es rēctī, {estis rēxit rēxērunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt
PLUPERFECT _I had ruled_, etc. _I had been ruled_, etc. rēxeram rēxerāmus {eram {erāmus rēxerās rēxerātis rēctus, {eras rēctī, {erātis rēxerat rēxerant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant
FUTURE PERFECT _I shall have ruled_, etc. _I shall have been ruled_, etc. rēxerō rēxerimus {erō {erimus rēxeris rēxeritis rēctus, {eris rēctī, {eritis rēxerit rēxerint -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT regam regāmus regar regāmur regās regātis regāris, -re regāminī regat regant regātur regantur
IMPERFECT regerem regerēmus regerer regerēmur regerēs regerētis regerēris, -re regerēminī regeret regerent regerētur regerentur
PERFECT rēxerim rēxerimus {sim {sīmus rēxeris rēxeritis rēctus, {sīs rēcti, {sītis rēxerit rēxerint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint
PLUPERFECT rēxissem rēxissēmus {essem {essēmus rēxissēs rēxissētis rēctus, {essēs rēcti, {essētis rēxisset rēxissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent
IMPERATIVE PRESENT rege, _rule thou_ regere, _be thou ruled_ regite, _rule ye_ regiminī, _be ye ruled_
FUTURE regitō, _thou shalt rule_ regitor, _thou shalt be ruled_ regitō _he shall rule_ regitor, _he shall be ruled_ regitōte, _ye shall rule_ ---- reguntō, _they shall rule_ reguntor, _they shall be ruled_
INFINITIVE _Pres._ regere, _to rule_ regī, _to be ruled_ _Perf._ rēxisse, _to have_ rēctus, -a, -um esse, _ruled_ _to have been ruled_ _Fut._ rēctūrus, -a, -um [[rēctum īrī]], esse, _to be_ _to be about to be ruled_ _about to rule_
PARTICIPLES _Pres._ regēns, -entis, _Pres._ ---- _ruling_ _Fut._ rēctūrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ regendus, -a, -um, _to be ruled_ _about to rule_ _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ rēctus, -a, -um, _having been ruled, ruled_
GERUND _Nom._ ---- _Gen._ regendī, _of ruling_ _Dat._ regendō, _for ruling_ _Acc._ regendum, _ruling_ _Abl._ regendō, _by ruling_
SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[rēctum]], _to rule_ _Abl._ [[rēctū]], _to rule, in the ruling_
«491.» FOURTH CONJUGATION. _Ī_-VERBS. _AUDIŌ_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus» PRES. STEM audī- PERF. STEM audīv- PART. STEM audīt-
ACTIVE PASSIVE INDICATIVE PRESENT _I hear_, etc. _I am heard_, etc. audiō audīmus au´dior audī´mur audīs audītis audī´ris, -re audī´minī audit audiunt audī´tur audiun´tur
IMPERFECT _I was hearing_, etc. _I was heard_, etc. audiēbam audiēbāmus audiē´bar audiēbā´mur audiēbās audiēbātis audiēbā´ris, -re audiēbā´minī audiēbat audiēbant audiēbā´tur audiēban´tur
FUTURE _I shall hear_, etc. _I shall be heard_, etc. audiam audiēmus au´diar audiē´mur audiēs audiētis audiē´ris, -re audiē´minī audiet audient audiē´tur audien´tur
PERFECT _I have heard_, etc. _I have been heard_, etc. audīvī audīvimus {sum {sumus audīvistī audīvistis audītus, {es audītī, {estis audīvit audīvērunt, -re -a, -um {est -ae, -a {sunt
PLUPERFECT _I had heard_, etc. _I had been heard_, etc. audīveram audīverāmus {eram {erāmus audīverās audīverātis audītus, {eras audītī, {erātis audīverat audīverant -a, -um {erat -ae, -a {erant
FUTURE PERFECT _I shall have heard_, etc. _I shall have been heard_, etc. audīverō audīverimus {erō {erimus audīveris audīveritis audītus, {eris audītī, {eritis audīverit audīverint -a, -um {erit -ae, -a {erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT audiam audiāmus audiar audiāmur audiās audiātis audiāris, -re audiāminī audiat audiant audiātur audiantur
IMPERFECT audīrem audīrēmus audīrer audīrēmur audīrēs audīrētis audīrēris, -re audīrēminī audīret audīrent audīrētur audīrentur
PERFECT audīverim audīverimus {sim {sīmus audīveris audīveritis audītus, {sīs audīti, {sītis audīverit audīverint -a, -um {sit -ae, -a {sint
PLUPERFECT audīvissem audīvissēmus {essem {essēmus audīvissēs audīvissētis audītus, {essēs audīti, {essētis audīvisset audīvissent -a, -um {esset -ae, -a {essent
IMPERATIVE PRESENT PRESENT audī, _hear thou_ audīre, _be thou heard_ audīte, _hear ye_ audīminī, _be ye heard_
FUTURE audītō, _thou shalt hear_ audītor, _thou shalt be heard_ audītō _he shall hear_ audītor, _he shall be heard_ audītōte, _ye shall hear_ ---- auduntō, _they shall hear_ audiuntor, _they shall be heard_
INFINITIVE _Pres._ audīre, _to hear_ audīrī, _to be heard_ _Perf._ audīvisse, audītus, -a, -um esse, _to have heard_ _to have been heard_ _Fut._ audītūrus, -a, -um [[audītum īrī]], esse, _to be_ _to be about to be heard_ _about to hear_
PARTICIPLES _Pres._ audiēns, -entis, _Pres._ ---- _hearing_ _Fut._ audītūrus, -a, -um, _Ger._ audiendus, -a, -um, _to be heard_ _about to hear_ _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ audītus, -a, -um, _having been heard, heard_
GERUND _Nom._ ---- _Gen._ audiendī, _of hearing_ _Dat._ audiendō, _for hearing_ _Acc._ audiendum, _hearing_ _Abl._ audiendō, _by hearing_
SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[audītum]], _to hear_ _Abl._ [[audītu]], _to hear, in the hearing_
«492.» THIRD CONJUGATION. VERBS IN _-IŌ_. _CAPIŌ_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «capiō, capere, cēpī, captus» PRES. STEM cape- PERF. STEM cēp- PART. STEM capt-
ACTIVE PASSIVE INDICATIVE PRESENT capiō capimus ca´pior ca´pimur capis capitis ca´peris, -re capi´minī capit capiunt ca´pitur capiun´tur
IMPERFECT capiēbam capiebamus capiē´bar capiēbā´mur capiēbas capiēbātis capiēba´ris, -re capiēbā´minī capiēbat capiēbant capiēbā´tur capieban´tur
FUTURE capiam capiēmus ca´piar capiē´mur capiēs capiētis capiē´ris, -re capiē´minī capiet capient capiē´tur capien´tur
PERFECT cēpī, cēpistī, cēpit, etc. captus, -a, -um sum, es, est, etc.
PLUPERFECT cēperam, cēperās, cēperat, captus, -a, -um eram, erās, erat, etc. etc.
FUTURE PERFECT cēperō, cēperis, cēperit, captus, -a, -um erō, eris, erit, etc. etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT capiam, capiās, capiat, capiar, -iāris, -re, -iātur, etc. etc. IMPERFECT caperem, caperēs, caperet, caperer, -erēris, -re, -erētur, etc. etc. PERFECT cēperim, cēperis, cēperit, captus, -a, -um sim, sīs, sit, etc. etc. PLUPERFECT cēpissem, cēpissēs, captus, -a, -um essem, essēs, esset, cēpisset, etc. etc.
IMPERATIVE PRESENT _2d Pers._ cape capite capere capiminī
FUTURE _2d Pers._ capitō capitōte capitor ---- _3rd Pers._ capitō capiuntō capitor capiuntor
INFINITIVE _Pres._ capere capī _Perf._ cēpisse captus, -a, -um esse _Fut._ captūrus, -a, -um [[captum īrī]] esse
PARTICIPLES _Pres._ capiēns, -ientis _Pres._ ---- _Fut._ captūrus, -a, -um _Ger._ capiendus, -a, -um _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ captus, -a, -um
GERUND _Gen._ capiendī etc.
SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[captum]] _Abl._ [[captū]]
«493.» DEPONENT VERBS
[Transcriber’s Note: Asterisks in this section are from the original text (“marked with a star”).]
PRINCIPAL PARTS
I. «hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum», _urge_ II. «vereor, verērī, veritus sum», _fear_ III. «sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», _follow_ IV. «partior, partīrī, partītus sum», _share, divide_
NOTE. In addition to the passive conjugation, deponent verbs use certain forms from the active. These are marked with a star. Deponent -iō verbs of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of capiō.
INDICATIVE _Pres._ hortor vereor sequor partior hortāris, -re verēris, -re sequeris, -re partīris, -re hortātur verētur sequitur partītur hortāmur verēmur sequimur partīmur hortāminī verēminī sequiminī partīminī hortantur verentur sequuntur partiuntur _Impf._ hortābar verēbar sequēbar partiēbar _Fut._ hortābor verēbor sequar partiar _Perf._ hortātus sum veritus sum secūtus sum partītus sum _Plup._ hortātus eram veritus eram secūtus eram partītus eram _F.P._ hortātus erō veritus erō secūtus erō partītus erō
SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres._ horter verear sequar partiar _Impf._ hortārer verērer sequerer partīrer _Perf._ hortātus sim veritus sim secūtus sim partītus sim _Plup._ hortātus essem veritus essem secūtus essem partītus essem
IMPERATIVE _Pres._ hortāre verēre sequere partīre _Fut._ hortātor verētor sequitor partītor
INFINITIVE _Pres._ hortārī verērī sequī partīrī _Perf._ hortātus esse veritus esse secūtus esse partītus esse _Fut._ *hortātūrus *veritūrus *secūtūrus *partītūrus esse esse esse esse
PARTICIPLES _Pres._ *hortāns *verēns *sequēns *partiēns _Fut._ *hortāturus *veritūrus *secūtūrus *partītūrus _Perf._ hortātus veritus secūtus partītus _Ger._ hortandus verendus sequendus partiendus
GERUND *hortandī, etc. *verendī, etc. *sequendī, etc. *partiendī, etc.
SUPINE *[[hortātus, -tū]] *[[veritum, -tū]] *[[secūtum, -tū]] *[[partītum, -tū]]
IRREGULAR VERBS
«494.» «sum», _am, be_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «sum, esse, fuī, futūrus» PRES. STEM es- PERF. STEM fu- PART. STEM fut-
INDICATIVE PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL sum, _I am_ sumus, _we are_ es, _thou art_ estis, _you are_ est, _he (she, it) is_ sunt, _they are_
IMPERFECT eram, _I was_ erāmus, _we were_ erās, _thou wast_ erātis, _you were_ erat, _he was_ erant, _they were_
FUTURE erō, _I shall be_ erimus, _we shall be_ eris, _thou wilt be_ eritis, _you will be_ erit, _he will be_ erunt, _they will be_
PERFECT fuī, _I have been, was_ fuimus, _we have been, were_ fuistī, _thou hast been, wast_ fuistis, _you have been, were_ fuit, _he has been, was_ fuērunt, fuēre, _they have been, were_
PLUPERFECT fueram, _I had been_ fuerāmus, _we had been_ fuerās, _thou hadst been_ fuerātis, _you had been_ fuerat, _he had been_ fuerant, _they had been_
FUTURE PERFECT fuerō, _I shall have been_ fuerimus, _we shall have been_ fueris, _thou wilt have been_ fueritis, _you will have been_ fuerit, _he will have been_ fuerint, _they will have been_
SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL sim sīmus essem essēmus sīs sītis essēs essētis sit sint esset essent
PERFECT PLUPERFECT fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissēmus fueris fueritis fuissēs fuissētis fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent
IMPERATIVE PRESENT _2d Pers. Sing._ es, _be thou_ _2d Pers. Plur._ este, _be ye_ FUTURE _2d Pers. Sing._ estō, _thou shalt be_ _3d Pers. Sing._ estō, _he shall be_ _2d Pers. Plur._ estōte, _ye shall be_ _3d Pers. Plur._ suntō, _they shall be_
INFINITIVE _Pres._ esse, _to be_ _Perf._ fuisse, _to have been_ _Fut._ futūrus, -a, -um esse or «fore», _to be about to be_
PARTICIPLE futūrus, -a, -um, _about to be_
«495.» «possum», _be able, can_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «possum, posse, potuī, ----»
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL _Pres._ possum pos´sumus possim possī´mus potes potes´tis possīs possī´tis potest possunt possit possint _Impf._ poteram poterāmus possem possē´mus _Fut._ poterō poterimus ---- ---- _Perf._ potuī potuimus potuerim potuerimus _Plup._ potueram potuerāmus potuissem potuissēmus _F.P._ potuerō potuerimus ---- ----
INFINITIVE _Pres._ posse _Perf._ potuisse
PARTICIPLE _Pres._ potens, _gen._ -entis, (adjective) _powerful_
«496.» «prōsum», _benefit_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus» PRES. STEM «prōdes-» PERF. STEM «prōfu-» PART. STEM «prōfut-»
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL _Pres._ prōsum prō´sumus prōsim prōsī´mus prōdes prōdes´tis prōsīs prōsī´tis prōdest prōsunt prōsit prōsint _Impf._ prōderam prōderāmus prōdessem prodessē´mus _Fut._ prōderō prōderimus ---- ---- _Perf._ prōfuī prōfuimus prōfuerim prōfuerimus _Plup._ prōfueram prōfuerāmus prōfuissem prōfuissēmus _F.P._ prōfuerō prōfuerimus ---- ----
IMPERATIVE _Pres. 2d Pers._ prōdes, prōdeste _Fut. 2d Pers._ prōdestō, prōdestōte
INFINITIVE _Pres._ prōdesse _Perf._ prōfuisse _Fut._ prōfutūrus, -a, -um esse
FUTURE PARTICIPLE prōfutūrus, -a, -um
«497.» [ «volō», «nōlō», «mālō»]
PRINCIPAL PARTS: «volō, velle, voluī», ----, _be willing, will, wish_ «nōlō, nōlle, nōluī», ----, _be unwilling, will not_ «mālō, mālle, māluī», ----, _be more willing, prefer_
«Nōlō» and «mālō» are compounds of «volō». «Nōlō» is for «ne» (_not_) + «volō», and «mālō» for «mā» (from «magis», _more_) + «volō». The second person «vīs» is from a different root.
INDICATIVE SINGULAR _Pres._ volō nōlō mālō vīs nōn vis māvīs vult nōn vult māvult
PLURAL volumus nōlumus mālumus vultis nōn vultis māvul´tis volunt nōlunt mālunt
_Impf._ volēbam nōlēbam mālēbam _Fut._ volam, volēs, etc. nōlam, nōlēs, etc. mālam, mālēs, etc. _Perf._ voluī nōluī māluī _Plup._ volueram nōlueram mālueram _F.P._ voluerō nōluerō māluerō
SUBJUNCTIVE SINGULAR _Pres._ velim nōlim mālim velīs nōlīs mālīs velit nōlit mālit
PLURAL velī´mus nōlī´mus mālī´mus velī´tis nōlī´tis mālī´tis velint nōlint mālint
_Impf._ vellem nōllem māllem _Perf._ voluerim nōluerim māluerim _Plup._ voluissem nōluissem māluissem
IMPERATIVE _Pres._ nōlī nōlīte _Fut._ nōlītō, etc.
INFINITIVE _Pres._ velle nōlle mālle _Perf._ voluisse nōluisse māluisse
PARTICIPLE _Pres._ volēns, -entis nōlēns, -entis ----
«498.» «ferō», _bear, carry, endure_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus» PRES. STEM fer- PERF. STEM tul- PART. STEM lāt-
INDICATIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE _Pres._ ferō ferimus feror ferimur fers fertīs ferris, -re ferimimī fert ferunt fertur feruntur _Impf._ ferēbam ferēbar _Fut._ feram, ferēs, etc. ferar, ferēris, etc. _Perf._ tulī lātus, -a, -um sum _Plup._ tuleram lātus, -a, -um eram _F.P._ tulerō lātus, -a, -um erō
SUBJUNCTIVE _Pres._ feram, ferās, etc. ferar, ferāris, etc. _Impf._ ferrem ferrer _Perf._ tulerim lātus, -a, -um sim _Plup._ tulissem lātus, -a, -um essem
IMPERATIVE _Pres. 2d Pers._ fer ferte ferre feriminī _Fut. 2d Pers._ fertō fertōte fertor _3d Pers._ fertō ferunto fertor feruntor
INFINITIVE _Pres._ ferre ferrī _Perf._ tulisse lātus, -a, -um esse _Fut._ lātūrus, -a, -um esse ----
PARTICIPLES _Pres._ ferēns, -entis _Pres._ ---- _Fut._ lātūrus, -a, -um _Ger._ ferendus, -a, -um _Perf._ ---- _Perf._ lātus, -a, -um
GERUND _Gen._ ferendī _Dat._ ferendō _Acc._ ferendum _Abl._ ferendō
SUPINE (Active Voice) _Acc._ [[lātum]] _Abl._ [[lātū]]
«499.» eō, _go_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «eō, īre, iī (īvī), ĭtum» (n. perf. part.) PRES. STEM ī- PERF. STEM ī- or īv- PART. STEM it-
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE SING. PLUR. _Pres._ eō īmus eam _2d Pers._ ī īte īs ītis it eunt _Impf._ ībam īrem _Fut._ ībō ---- _2d Pers._ ītō ītōte _3d Pers._ ītō euntō _Perf._ iī (īvī) ierim (īverim) _Plup._ ieram (īveram) īssem (īvissem) _F. P._ ierō (īverō)
INFINITIVE _Pres._ īre _Perf._ īsse (īvisse) _Fut._ itūrus, -a, -um esse
PARTICIPLES _Pres._ iēns, _gen._ euntis (§472) _Fut._ itūrus, -a, -um _Ger._ eundum
GERUND _Gen._ eundī _Dat._ eundō _Acc._ eundum _Abl._ eundō
SUPINE _Acc._ [[itum]] _Abl._ [[itū]]
_a._ The verb «eō» is used impersonally in the third person singular of the passive, as «ītur», «itum est», _etc._
_b._ In the perfect system the forms with «v» are very rare.
«500.» «fīō», passive of «faciō»; _be made, become, happen_
PRINCIPAL PARTS «fīō, fierī, factus sum»
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE _Pres._ fīō ---- fīam _2d Pers._ fī fīte fīs ---- fit fīunt _Impf._ fīēbam fierem _Fut._ fīam ----
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE _Perf._ factus, -a, -um sum factus, -a, -um sim _Plup._ factus, -a, -um eram factus, -a, -um essem _F.P._ factus, -a, -um erō
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES _Pres._ fierī _Perf._ factus, -a, -um _Perf._ factus, -a, -um esse _Ger._ faciendus, -a, -um _Fut._ [[factum īrī]]
APPENDIX II
«501.» RULES OF SYNTAX
NOTE. The rules of syntax are here classified and numbered consecutively. The number of the text section in which the rule appears is given at the end of each.
_Nominative Case_
«1.» The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the question Who? or What? §36.
_Agreement_
«2.» A finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject. §28.
«3.» A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb. §76.
«4.» An appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains. §81.
«5.» Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. §65.
«6.» A predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject of the main verb. §215.a.
«7.» A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number; but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause. §224.
_Prepositions_
«8.» A noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or ablative case. §52.
_Genitive Case_
«9.» The word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive and answers the question Whose? §38.
«10.» The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of «sum», and is then called the _predicate genitive_. §409.
«11.» Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as _the partitive genitive_. §331.
«12.» Numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective. §443.
_Dative Case_
«13.» The indirect object of a verb is in the dative. §45.
«14.» The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs «crēdō», «faveō», «noceō», «pāreō», «persuādeō», «resistō», «studeō», and others of like meaning. §154.
«15.» Some verbs compounded with «ad», «ante», «con», «dē», «in», «inter», «ob», «post», «prae», «prō», «sub», «super», admit the dative of the indirect object. Transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative. §426.
«16.» The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning _near_, also _fit, friendly, pleasing, like_, and their opposites. §143.
«17.» The dative is used to denote the _purpose_ or _end for which_; often with another dative denoting _the person or thing affected_. §437.
_Accusative Case_
«18.» The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and answers the question Whom? or What? §37.
«19.» The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative. §214.
«20.» The _place to which_ is expressed by «ad» or «in» with the accusative. Before names of towns, small islands, «domus», and «rūs» the preposition is omitted. §§263, 266.
«21.» _Duration of time_ and _extent of space_ are expressed by the accusative. §336.
«22.» Verbs of _making, choosing, calling, showing_, and the like, may take a _predicate accusative_ along with the direct object. With the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives. §392.
_Ablative Case_
«23.» _Cause_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what? §102.
«24.» _Means_ is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? or With what? §103.
«25.» _Accompaniment_ is denoted by the ablative with «cum». This answers the question With whom? §104.
«26.» The ablative with «cum» is used to denote the manner of an action. «Cum» may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? or In what manner? §105.
«27.» With comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the _measure of difference_. §317.
«28.» The ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance. This is called the _ablative absolute_. §381.
«29.» 1. Descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective. §444.
2. Descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective. §445.
«30.» The ablative is used to denote _in what respect_ something is true. §398.
«31.» The _place from which_ is expressed by «ā» or «ab», «dē», «ē» or «ex» with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? Before names of towns, small islands, «domus», and «rūs» the preposition is omitted. §§264, 266.
«32.» Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning. This is called the _ablative of separation_. §180.
«33.» The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition «ā» or «ab». This is called the _ablative of the personal agent_. §181.
«34.» The comparative degree, if «quam» is omitted, is followed by the separative ablative. §309.
«35.» The _time when or within which_ anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition. §275.
«36.» 1. The _place at or in which_ is expressed by the ablative with «in». This answers the question Where? Before names of towns, small islands, and «rūs» the preposition is omitted. §§265, 266.
2. Names of towns and small islands, if singular and of the first or second declension, and the word «domus» express the _place in which_ by the locative. §268.
_Gerund and Gerundive_
«37.» 1. The gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns. §406.1.
2. The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual. §406.2.
«38.» The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with «ad», or the genitive with «causā», is used to express purpose. §407.
_Moods and Tenses of Verbs_
«39.» Primary tenses are followed by primary tenses, and secondary by secondary. §358.
«40.» The subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the _purpose_ of the action in the principal clause. §349.
«41.» _A substantive clause of purpose_ with the subjunctive is used as object with verbs of _commanding, urging, asking, persuading_, or _advising_, where in English we should usually have the infinitive. §366.
«42.» Verbs of _fearing_ are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by «ut» (_that not_) or «nē» (_that_ or _lest_). §372.
«43.» _Consecutive clauses of result_ are introduced by «ut» or «ut nōn», and have the verb in the subjunctive. §385.
«44.» _Object clauses of result_ with «ut» or «ut nōn» are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about. §386.
«45.» A relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent. This is called the _subjunctive of characteristic or description_. §390.
«46.» The conjunction «cum» means _when, since_, or _although_. It is followed by the subjunctive unless it means _when_ and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place. §396.
«47.» When a direct statement becomes indirect, the principal verb is changed to the infinitive, and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive. §416.
«48.» The accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of _saying, telling, knowing, thinking_, and _perceiving_. §419.
«49.» A present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect, a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive, and a future indicative becomes future infinitive. §418.
«50.» In an _indirect question_ the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence. §432.
APPENDIX III
REVIEWS[1]
[Footnote 1: It is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned for a written test.]
[Transcriber’s Note: In this Review section, the lists of English words for translation may not be in the same order as in the original.]
I. REVIEW OF VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR THROUGH LESSON VIII
«502.» Give the English of the following words:[1]
NOUNS agricola «gallīna» ancilla iniūria «aqua» «īnsula» «casa» «lūna» «causa» «nauta» cēna «pecūnia» «corōna» puella «dea» «pugna» domina «sagitta» fābula «silva» «fera» «terra» «fīlia» «tuba» «fortūna» «via» «fuga» «victōria»
ADJECTIVES «alta» «magna» «bona» «mala» «clāra» «nova» «grāta» «parva» «lāta» «pulchra» «longa» «sōla»
VERBS amat «necat» «dat» «nūntiat» «est» «parat» habitat «portat» «labōrat» «pugnat» «laudat» «sunt» nārrat «vocat»
PREPOSITIONS «ā» or «ab» «ad» «cum» «dē» «ē» or «ex» «in»
PRONOUNS «mea» «tua» «quis» «cuius» «cui» «quem» «quid»
ADVERBS «cūr» «deinde» «nōn» «ubi»
CONJUNCTIONS «et» quia «quod»
INTERROGATIVE PARTICLE «-ne»
[Footnote 1: Proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in the reviews. Words used in Cassar’s “Gallic War” are in heavy type.]
«503.» Give the Latin of the following words:[1]
Underline the words you do not remember. Do not look up a single word till you have gone through the entire list. Then drill on the words you have underlined.
_flight_ _wide_ story tells _new_ _money_ lives (verb) _calls_ _away from_ _with_ _who_ _your_ _why_ _then, in the next place_ _forest_ _daughter_ _wreath_ _to whom_ _deep, high_ _fortune_ dinner _famous_ _out from_ _labors_ (verb) _my_ _kills_ _where_ _not_ _trumpet_ _in_ lady, mistress _and_ _whom_ _sailor_ _island_ farmer _goddess_ _what_ _wild beast_ _way_ _praises_ (verb) _bad_ _alone_ loves _pleasing_ _pretty_ _prepares_ _water_ _are_ _great_ _to_ _is_ _because_ _announces_ _arrow_ _injury, wrong_ _cottage_ _battle_ (noun) _gives_ _small_ girl _fights_ (verb) _good_ maid _carries_ _down from_ _chicken_ _long_ _victory_ _cause_ _land_ _whose_
[Footnote 1: The translations of words used in Cæsar are in italics.]
«504.» «Review Questions.» How many syllables has a Latin word? How are words divided into syllables? What is the ultima? the penult? the antepenult? When is a syllable short? When is a syllable long? What is the law of Latin accent? Define the subject of a sentence; the predicate; the object; the copula. What is inflection? declension? conjugation? What is the ending of the verb in the third person singular, and what in the plural? What does the form of a noun show? Name the Latin cases. What case is used for the subject? the direct object? the possessor? What relation is expressed by the dative case? Give the rule for the indirect object. How are questions answered in Latin? What is a predicate adjective? an attributive adjective? What is meant by agreement? Give the rule for the agreement of the adjective. What are the three relations expressed by the ablative? What can you say of the position of the possessive pronoun? the modifying genitive? the adjective? What is the base? What is grammatical gender? What is the rule for gender in the first declension? What are the general principles of Latin word order?
«505.» Fill out the following summary of the first declension:
THE FIRST OR Ā-DECLENSION 1. Ending in the nominative singular 2. Rule for gender 3. Case terminations a. Singular b. Plural 4. Irregular nouns
II. REVIEW OF LESSONS IX-XVII
«506.» Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION «agrī cultūra» «galea» «cōnstantia» «inopia» «cōpia» «lacrima» «dīligentia» «lōrīca» «fāma» «patria» fēmina «praeda»
NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION «ager» «līberī» «amīcus» magister «arma» (plural) «mūrus» «auxilium» «numerus» «bellum» «oppidānus» «carrus» «oppidum» «castrum» «pīlum» «cibus» «populus» «cōnsilium» «praemium» «domicilium» «proelium» dominus «puer» «equus» «scūtum» «fīlius» «servus» fluvius «studium» «frūmentum» «tēlum» «gladius» «vīcus» «lēgātus» «vir»
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS «aeger, aegra, aegrum» «alius, alia, aliud» «alter, altera, alterum» «armātus, -a, -um» «crēber, crēbra, crēbrum» «dūrus, -a, -um» «fīnitimus, -a, -um» «īnfīrmus, -a, -um» «legiōnārius, -a, -um» «līber, lībera, līberum» «mātūrus, -a, -um» «meus, -a, -um» «miser, misera, miserum» «multus, -a, -um» «neuter, neutra, neutrum» «noster, nostra, nostrum» «nūllus, -a, -um» «pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum» «sōlus, -a, -um» «suus, -a, -um» «tōtus, -a, -um» «tuus, -a, -um» «ūllus, -a, -um» «ūnus, -a, -um» «uter, utra, utrum» validus, -a, -um «vester, vestra, vestrum»
VERBS arat «cūrat» «dēsīderat» «mātūrat» «properat»
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN «is, ea, id»
CONJUNCTIONS «an» «-que» «sed»
ADVERBS «iam» quō «saepe»
PREPOSITION «apud»
«507.» Give the Latin of the following words:
_sword_ _shield_ (noun) _corselet_ _whole_ _man_ _it_ _your_ (plural) _aid_ (noun) _hasten_ _legionary_ _but_ _weak_ _among_ _arms_ _tear_ (noun) master (of school) _village_ _friend_ strong _neighboring_ _long for_ _sick_ _and_ (enclitic) _lieutenant_ _often_ _field_ _want_ (noun) _report, rumor_ _which_ (of two) _abode_ _care for_ _boy_ _or_ (in a question) _his own_ whither _alone_ _wagon_ _prize_ (noun) _townsman_ master (owner) _wretched_ _carefulness_ _ripe_ _plenty_ _war_ _troops_ _number_ _plan_ (noun) _my_ _people_ _free_ (adj.) _beautiful_ _children_ _no_ (adj.) _wall_ _our_ _grain_ _battle_ _weapon_ _spear_ _one_ _food_ plow (verb) _steadiness_ _this_ or _that_ _fatherland_ _already_ _town_ _helmet_ _fort_ river _camp_ _zeal_ _neither_ (of two) _any_ _much_ _he_ _agriculture_ _son_ _other_ _slave_ _the other_ (of two) _your_ (singular) _hard_ _she_ _booty_ _woman_ _frequent_ _horse_ _armed_
«508.» «Review Questions.» How many declensions are there? What three things must be known about a noun before it can be declined? What three cases of neuter nouns are always alike, and in what do they end in the plural? What two plural cases are always alike? When is the vocative singular not like the nominative? What is a predicate noun? With what does it agree? What is an appositive? Give the rule for the agreement of an appositive. How can we tell whether a noun in «-er» is declined like «puer» or like «ager»? Decline «bonus», «līber», «pulcher». How can we tell whether an adjective in «-er» is declined like «līber» or like «pulcher»? Why must we say «nauta bonus» and not «nauta bona»? Name the Latin possessive pronouns. How are they declined? With what does the possessive pronoun agree? When do we use «tuus» and when «vester»? Why is «suus» called a _reflexive_ possessive? What is the non-reflexive possessive of the third person? When are possessives omitted? What four uses of the ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in English by _with_? Give an illustration in Latin of the _ablative of manner_; of the _ablative of cause_; of the _ablative of means_; of the _ablative of accompaniment_. What ablative regularly has «cum»? What ablative sometimes has «cum»? What uses of the ablative never have «cum»? Name the nine pronominal adjectives, with their meanings. Decline «alius», «nūllus». Decline «is». What does «is» mean as a demonstrative adjective or pronoun? What other important use has it?
«509.» Fill out the following summary of the second declension:
THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION 1. Endings in the nominative 2. Rule for gender 3. Case terminations of nouns in «-us» a. Singular b. Plural a. The vocative singular of nouns in «-us» 4. Case terminations of nouns in «-um» a. Singular b. Plural 5. Peculiarities of nouns in «-er» and «-ir» 6. Peculiarities of nouns in «-ius» and «-ium»
III. REVIEW OF LESSONS XVIII-XXVI
«510.» Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION «disciplīna» rēgīna «fōrma» superbia «poena» «trīstitia» «potentia»
NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION lūdus «ōrnāmentum» sacrum «socius» «verbum»
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS «amīcus» īrātus «antīquus» «laetus» «fīnitimus» «molestus» «grātus» «perpetuus» «idōneus» «proximus» «inimīcus» «septem» «interfectus» «superbus»
ADVERBS hodiē «ibi» «maximē» mox «nunc» «nūper»
CONJUNCTIONS «etiam» «nōn sōlum ... sed etiam»
PERSONAL PRONOUN «ego»
VERBS CONJ. I volō, -āre
CONJ. II «dēleō, -ēre» «noceō, -ēre» «doceō, -ēre» «pāreō, -ēre» «faveō, -ēre» «persuādeō, -ēre» «habeō, -ēre» sedeō, -ēre «iubeō, -ēre» «studeō, -ēre» «moneō, -ēre» «videō, -ēre» «moveō, -ēre»
CONJ. III «agō, -ere» «fugiō, -ere» «capiō, -ere» «iaciō, -ere» «crēdō, -ere» «mittō, -ere» «dīcō, -ere» rapiō, -ere «dūcō, -ere» «regō, -ere» «faciō, -ere» «resistō, -ere»
CONJ. IV «audiō, -īre» «mūniō, -īre» «reperiō, -īre» «veniō, -īre»
IRREGULAR VERB «sum, esse»
«511.» «Give the Latin of the following words.» In the case of verbs always give the first form and the present infinitive.
_ancient_ _power_ _come_ _make, do_ _resist_ _injure_ _see_ _now_ _be_ _annoying_ fly _lead_ _I_ _move_ _proud_ soon _word_ _glad_ _sadness_ _punishment_ _find_ _believe_ _rule_ (verb) _advise_ _be eager for_ _especially, most of all_ _not only...but also_ angry _seven_ _beauty_ _ally, companion_ _say_ pride _command_ (verb) _fortify_ _there_ _send_ _slain_ sit _training_ _also_ _take_ school _have_ _hear_ to-day _hurl_ _unfriendly_ _persuade_ _drive_ _only_ _favor_ (verb) _nearest_ _suitable_ sacred rite _pleasing_ queen _teach_ _flee_ _neighboring_ _obey_ _destroy_ _lately_ _friendly_ _constant_ seize _ornament_
«512.» «Review Questions.» What is conjugation? Name two important differences between conjugation in Latin and in English. What is tense? What is mood? What are the Latin moods? When do we use the indicative mood? Name the six tenses of the indicative. What are personal endings? Name those you have had. Inflect sum in the three tenses you have learned. How many regular conjugations are there? How are they distinguished? How is the present stem found? What tenses are formed from the present stem? What is the tense sign of the imperfect? What is the meaning of the imperfect? What is the tense sign of the future in the first two conjugations? in the last two? Before what letters is a final long vowel of the stem shortened? What are the three possible translations of a present, as of pugnō? Inflect arō, sedeō, mittō, faciō, and veniō, in the present, imperfect, and future active. What forms of -iō verbs of the third conjugation are like audiō? what like regō? Give the rule for the dative with adjectives. Name the special intransitive verbs that govern the dative. What does the imperative mood express? How is the present active imperative formed in the singular? in the plural? What three verbs have a shortened present active imperative? Give the present active imperative of portō, dēleō, agō, faciō, mūniō.
IV. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXVII-XXXVI
«513.» Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION «āla» «cūra» «mora» «porta» «prōvincia» «vīta»
NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION «animus» «nāvigium» aurum ōrāculum «bracchium» «perīculum» «deus» «ventus» «locus» «vīnum» mōnstrum
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS «adversus» «dubius» attentus «maximus» «cārus» perfidus «commōtus» «plēnus» «dēfessus» saevus «dexter» «sinister»
ADVERBS «anteā» «ita» «celeriter» «longē» «dēnique» «semper» «diū» «subitō» «frūstrā» «tamen» «graviter» «tum»
CONJUNCTIONS «autem» «sī» «ubi»
PREPOSITIONS «dē» «per» «prō» «sine»
VERBS CONJ. I «adpropinquō» «servō» «nāvigō» «stō» «occupō» «superō» «postulō» «temptō» «recūsō» «vāstō» «reportō» «vulnerō»
CONJ. II «contineō» «egeō» «prohibeō» «respondeō» «teneō»
CONJ. III «discēdō» «gerō» «interficiō»
IRREGULAR VERB «absum»
«514.» Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.
_be away_ _heavily_ _wind_ monster _through_ _approach_ _if_ _nevertheless_ savage _place_ _wound_ (verb) _be without, lack_ _wine_ _moved_ _delay_ gold faithless _restrain, keep from_ _right_ _without_ _seize_ _hold_ _quickly_ _suddenly_ _before, in behalf of_ _dear_ _battle_ _always_ _down from_ or _concerning_ _god_ _moreover_ _hold in, keep_ _greatest_ _afar_ oracle _thus, so, as follows_ _danger_ _arm_ (noun) _lay waste_ _when_ _gate_ _in vain_ _doubtful_ _stand_ _opposite, adverse_ _bring back, win_ _demand_ _before, previously_ _finally_ _depart, go away_ attentive _province_ _then, at that time_ _care, trouble_ _weary_ _kill_ _overcome, conquer_ _reply_ (verb) _conquer_ _wing_ _boat, ship_ _mind, heart_ _sail_ (verb) _left_ (adj.) _life_ _bear, carry on_ _save_ _try_ _full_ _for a long time_ _refuse_
«515.» Give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs:
«sum» «faveō» «dō» «noceō» «teneō» «dīcō» «iubeō» «pāreō» «agō» «dūcō» «mittō» «faciō» «mūniō» «persuādeō» «moveō» «sedeō» «crēdō» «studeō» «rapiō» «fugiō» «reperiō» «veniō» «dēleō» «iaciō» «resistō» «videō» «audiō» «absum» «moneō» «egeō» «capiō» «gerō» «doceō» «stō» «regō»
«516.» «Review Questions.» What are the personal endings in the passive voice? What is the letter -r sometimes called? What are the distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations? What forms constitute the principal parts? What are the three different conjugation stems? How may they be found? What are the tenses of the indicative? of the infinitive? What tense of the imperative have you learned? What forms are built on the present stem? on the perfect stem? on the participial stem? What are the endings of the perfect active indicative? What is the tense sign of the pluperfect active? of the future perfect active? How is the present active infinitive formed? the present passive infinitive? How is the present active imperative formed? the present passive imperative? How is the perfect active infinitive formed? the perfect passive infinitive? How is the future active infinitive formed? What is a participle? How are participles in -us declined? Give the rule for the agreement of the participle. How are the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive indicative formed? Conjugate the verb «sum» in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it (§494). What is meant by the separative ablative? How is the place _from which_ expressed in Latin? Give the rule for the ablative of separation; for the ablative of the personal agent. How can we distinguish between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent? What is the perfect definite? the perfect indefinite? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect indefinite and the imperfect? What two cases in Latin may be governed by a preposition? Name the prepositions that govern the ablative. What does the preposition «in» mean when it governs the ablative? the accusative? What are the three interrogatives used to introduce _yes_-and-_no_ questions? Explain the force of each. What words are sometimes used for _yes_ and _no?_ What are the different meanings and uses of ubi?
V. REVIEW OF LESSONS XXXVII-XLIV
«517.» Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS FIRST DECLENSION SECOND DECLENSION «rīpa» «barbarī» «captīvus» «castellum» «impedīmentum»
THIRD DECLENSION «animal» «homō» «ōrdō» «arbor» «hostīs» «pater» «avis» «ignis» «pedes» «caedēs» «imperātor» «pēs» «calamitās» «īnsigne» pōns calcar «iter» «prīnceps» «caput» iūdex «rēx» «cīvis» «labor» «salūs» «cliēns» «lapis» «sanguis» «collis» «legiō» «soror» «cōnsul» «mare» tempus «dēns» «māter» «terror» «dux» «mēnsis» «turris» «eques» «mīles» «urbs» «fīnis» «mōns» «victor» «flūmen» «nāvis» «virtūs» fōns «opus» «vīs» «frāter» «ōrātor»
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS «barbarus» «dexter» «sinister» «summus»
PREPOSITIONS «in» with the abl. «in» with the acc. «trāns»
ADVERBS «cotīdiē» «numquam»
CONJUNCTIONS «nec, neque» «nec...nec», or «neque...neque»
VERBS CONJ. I CONJ. III «cessō» «accipiō» «oppugnō» «petō» «confirmō» «vincō» «vetō» «incipiō» «ponō» «vivō»
«518.» Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:
_forbid_ _in_ _rank, row_ _judge_ _brother_ _defeat, disaster_ _force_ _fire_ _across_ _tree_ _savages_ _foot soldier_ _horseman_ _receive_ _never_ _general_ _mountain_ _highest_ _manliness, courage_ _fountain_ _leader_ _orator_ _put, place_ _neither...nor_ _time_ _and not_ _savage, barbarous_ _left_ _sister_ _tooth_ _seek_ _soldier_ _captive_ _month_ _hindrance, baggage_ _city_ _captive_ _victor_ _hindrance, baggage_ _daily_ _man-of-war_ _live_ (verb) _conquer_ _redoubt, fort_ _consul_ _sea_ _mother_ _tower_ _retainer_ _drill_ (verb) _citizen_ _legion_ _head_ _terror_ _safety_ _into, to_ _assail, storm_ _right_ (adj.) _begin_ _stone_ _march_ _blood_ _decoration_ _labor_ (noun) _bridge_ _king_ _bird_ _spur_ _cease_ _chief_ _man_ _slaughter_ _river_ _strengthen_ _work_ (noun) _foot_ _and_ _enemy_ _ship_ _animal_ _bank_ _father_
«519.» «Review Questions.» Give the conjugation of «possum». What is an infinitive? What three uses has the Latin infinitive that are like the English? What is the case of the subject of the infinitive? What is meant by a complementary infinitive? In the sentence _The bad boy cannot be happy_, what is the case of _happy_? Give the rule. Decline «quī». Give the rule for the agreement of the relative. What are the two uses of the interrogative? Decline «quis». What is the base of a noun? How is the stem formed from the base? Are the stem and the base ever the same? How many declensions of nouns are there? Name them. What are the two chief divisions of the third declension? How are the consonant stems classified? Explain the formation of «lapis» from the stem «lapid-», «mīles» from «mīlit-», «rēx» from «rēg-». What nouns have «i»-stems? What peculiarities of form do «i»-stems have,--masc., fem., and neut.? Name the five nouns that have «-ī» and «-e» in the abl. Decline «turris». Give the rules for gender in the third declension. Decline «mīles», «lapis», «rēx», «virtūs», «cōnsul», «legiō», «homō», «pater», «flūmen», «opus», «tempus», «caput», «caedēs», «urbs», «hostis», «mare», «animal», «vīs», «iter».
«520.» Fill out the following scheme:
{ { Masculine { GENDER { Feminine { ENDINGS { Neuter { THE THIRD { { I. CONSONANT { _a_. Masc. and fem. DECLENSION { { STEMS { _b_. Neuters { CASE { { TERMINATIONS { { { { { II. _I_-STEMS { _a_. Masc. and fem. { { { _b_. Neuters { { IRREGULAR NOUNS
VI. REVIEW OF LESSONS XLV-LII
«521.» Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS FIRST DECLENSION «amīcitia» «hōra» «littera»
SECOND DECLENSION «annus» «supplicium», «modus» «supplicium dare» «nūntius» «supplicium sūmere dē» «oculus» «tergum», «rēgnum» «tergum vertere» «signum» «vestīgium»
THIRD DECLENSION «aestās» «nox» «corpus» «pars» «hiems» «pāx» «lībertās» rūs «lūx», «sōl» «prīma lūx» «vōx» «nōmen» «vulnus»
FOURTH DECLENSION «adventus» «impetus» «cornū» «lacus» «domus» «manus» «equitātus» «metus» «exercitus» «portus» «fluctus»
FIFTH DECLENSION «aciēs» «rēs», «diēs» «rēs gestae» «fidēs», «rēs adversae» «in fidem venīre» «rēs secundae» «rēs pūblica» «spēs»
INDECLINABLE NOUN «nihil»
ADJECTIVES FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS «dēnsus» «prīstinus» «invīsus» «pūblicus» «mīrus» «secundus» «paucī» «tantus» «prīmus» «vērus»
THIRD DECLENSION «ācer, ācris, ācre» «gravis, grave» «brevis, breve» «incolumis, incolume» «difficilis, difficile» «omnis, omne» «facīlis, facile» «pār, pār» «fortis, forte» «vēlōx, vēlōx»
PRONOUNS PERSONAL «ego» «nōs» «suī» «tū» «vōs»
DEMONSTRATIVE «hic» «īdem» «ille» «iste»
INTENSIVE «ipse»
INDEFINITE «aliquis, aliquī» «quīdam» «quis, quī» «quisquam» «quisque»
ADVERBS «nē...quidem» «quoque» ōlim «satis» «paene» «vērō»
CONJUNCTIONS «itaque» «nisi»
PREPOSITIONS «ante» «post» «propter»
VERBS CONJ. I CONJ. II «conlocō» «dēbeō» «convocō» «exerceō» «cremō» «maneō» «dēmōnstrō» «placeō» «mandō» «sustineō»
CONJ. III CONJ. IV «committō», «dēsiliō» «committere proelium» «dēcidō» «ēripiō» «sūmō», «sūmere supplicium dē» «trādūcō» «vertō»
«522.» Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs.
_if not, unless_ _adversity_ _on account of_ _former, old-time_ _public_ _all, every_ _commonwealth_ _any one_ (at all) _leap down, dismount_ _this_ (of mine) _unharmed_ _heavy, serious_ _lead across_ _hateful, detested_ _remain_ _true_ _call together_ _burn_ _friendship_ _snatch from_ _footprint, trace_ _letter_ _each_ _punishment_ _fear_ (noun) _inflict punishment on_ _hope_ _behind, after_ _therefore_ _suffer punishment_ _so great_ _liberty_ _equal_ _sun_ _in truth, indeed_ _sustain_ _that_ (yonder) _take up, assume_ _a certain_ _hour_ _fall down_ _reign, realm_ _owe, ought_ _messenger_ _measure, mode_ _part, direction_ _eye_ _body_ _name_ _harbor_ _wave, billow_ _faith, protection_ _thing, matter_ _of himself_ _exploits_ _also, too_ _republic_ _sufficiently_ _prosperity_ _you_ (plur.) _burn_ _peace_ _that_ (of yours) _back_ _before_ _turn the back, retreat_ _light_ _night_ _daybreak_ _hand, force_ _winter_ _lake_ _attack_ _day_ _line of battle_ _commit, intrust_ _army_ _a few only_ _drill, train_ _sharp, eager_ _join battle_ _we_ _house, home_ _turn_ _midday_ _you_ (sing.) _wonderful_ _I_ _brave_ _signal_ _almost_ _summer_ _the same_ _cavalry_ _some, any_ _wound_ _if any one_ _horn, wing_ _self, very_ _country_ _not even_ _second, favorable_ _easy_ _formerly, once_ _dense_ _short_ _point out, explain_ _voice_ _difficult_ _arrival_ _first_ _come under the protection of_ _arrange, station_ _nothing_ _please_ _swift_ _year_
«523.» «Review Questions.» By what declensions are Latin adjectives declined? What can you say about the stem of adjectives of the third declension? Into what classes are these adjectives divided? How can you tell to which of the classes an adjective belongs? Decline «ācer, omnis, pār». What are the nominative endings and genders of nouns of the fourth or «u»-declension? What nouns are feminine by exception? Decline «adventus, lacus, cornū, domus». Give the rules for the ordinary expression of the _place to which_, the _place from which_, the _place in which_. What special rules apply to names of towns, small islands, and «rūs»? What is the locative case? What words have a locative case? What is the form of the locative case? Translate _Galba lives at home, Galba lives at Rome, Galba lives at Pompeii_. What is the rule for gender in the fifth or «ē»-declension? Decline «diēs», «rēs». When is the long «ē» shortened? What can you say about the plural of the fifth declension? Decline «tuba», «servus», «pīlum», «ager», «puer», «mīles», «cōnsul», «flūmen», «caedēs», «animal». How is the _time when_ expressed? Name the classes of pronouns and define each class. Decline «ego, tū, is». What are the reflexives of the first and second persons? What is the reflexive of the third person? Decline it. Translate _I see myself, he sees himself, he sees him_. Decline «ipse». How is «ipse» used? Decline «īdem». Decline «hic», «iste», «ille». Explain the use of these words. Name and translate the commoner indefinite pronouns. Decline «aliquis», «quisquam», «quīdam», «quisque».
VII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LIII-LX
«524.» Give the English of the following words:
NOUNS FIRST DECLENSION «aquila» «fossa»
SECOND DECLENSION «aedificium» «negōtium» «captīvus» «spatium» «concilium» «vāllum» «imperium»
THIRD DECLENSION «agmen» «mors» «celeritās» «mulier» «cīvitās» «multitūdō» «clāmor» «mūnītiō» «cohors» «nēmō» «difficultās» «obses» «explōrātor» «opīniō» «gēns» «regiō» «lātitūdō» «rūmor» «longitūdō» «scelus» «magnitūdō» «servitūs» «mēns» «timor» «mercātor» «vallēs» «mīlle»
FOURTH DECLENSIONS «aditus» «passus» «commeātus»
FIFTH DECLENSION «rēs frūmentāria»
ADJECTIVES FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS «aequus» «pessimus» «bīnī» «plūrimus» «ducentī» «posterus» «duo» «prīmus» «exterus» reliquus «īnferus» «secundus» «maximus» «singulī» «medius» «superus» «minimus» «tardus» «opportūnus» «ternī» «optimus» «ūnus»
THIRD DECLENSION «alacer, alacris, alacre» «audāx, audāx» «celer, celeris, celere» «citerior, citerius» «difficilis, difficile» «dissimilis, dissimile» «facilis, facile» gracilis, gracile «humilis, humile» «ingēns, ingēns» «interior, interius» «lēnis, lēne» «maior, maius» «melior, melius» «minor, minus» «nōbilis, nōbile» «peior, peius» ----, «plūs» «prior, prius» «recēns, recēns» «similis, simile» «trēs, tria» «ulterior, ulterius»
ADVERBS «ācriter» «optimē» «audācter» «parum» «bene» «paulō» «facile» «plūrimum» «ferē» «prope» «fortiter» «propius» «magis» «proximē» «magnopere» «quam» «maximē» «statim» «melius» «tam» «minimē» «undique» «multum»
CONJUNCTIONS «atque, ac» «quā dē causā» «aut» «quam ob rem» «aut ... aut» «simul atque or» «et ... et» «simul ac «nam»»
PREPOSITIONS «circum» «contrā» «inter» «ob» «trāns»
VERBS CONJ. I CONJ. II «cōnor» «obtineō» «hortor» «perterreō» «moror» «valeō» «vexō» «vereor»
CONJ. III «abdō» «patior» «cadō» premō «cognōscō» «proficīscor» «cōnsequor» «prōgredior» «contendō» «quaerō» «cupiō» «recipiō» «currō» «relinquō» «dēdō» «revertor» «dēfendō» «sequor» ēgredior statuō «incendō» subsequor «incolō» «suscipiō» «īnsequor» «trādō» «occīdō» «trahō»
CONJ. IV «orior» perveniō»
«525.» Translate the following words. Give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs:
_on account of_ _width_ _nearly_ _scout_ _keenly, sharply_ _cohort_ _thousand_ _tribe, nation_ _two_ _business_ _opportune_ _by a little_ _remaining_ _somewhat_ _above_ (adj.) _crime_ _next_ _difficult_ _grain supply_ _equal_ _pace_ _move forward, advance_ _shout_ (noun) _further_ _from all sides_ _multitude_ _against_ _woman_ _around_ _desire_ (verb) _three_ _give over, surrender_ _line of march_ _kill_ _manor_ _overtake_ _region_ _hasten, strive_ _fortification_ _hide_ _eagle_ _one_ _almost_ _first_ _boldly_ _second, favorable_ _bravely_ _two hundred_ _across_ _former_ _between, among_ _inner_ _hither_ (adj.) _middle_ _so_ _low_ _less_ _outward_ _more_ _three by three_ _most_ _provisions_ _worst_ _speed_ _difficulty_ _ditch_ _hostage_ _wherefore_ or _therefore_ _death_ _length_ _command, power_ _for this reason_ _captive_ _fear_ (noun) _or_ _return_ _and_ _inquire_ _arrive_ _set out_ _attempt, try_ _move out, disembark_ _fear_ (verb) _leave_ _worse_ _abandon_ _greater, larger_ _be strong_ _two by two_ _receive, recover_ _least_ (adv.) _terrify, frighten_ _opinion, expectation_ _dwell_ _defend_ _state, citizenship_ _approach, entrance_ _valley_ _trader_ _slavery_ _magnitude, size_ _greatly_ _council, assembly_ _best of all_ (adv.) _space, room_ _better_ (adv.) _either ... or_ _well_ (adv.) _rise, arise_ _very much_ _suffer, allow_ _much_ _press hard_ _unlike_ _fall_ _like_ (adj.) _surrender_ _slow_ _set fire to_ _very greatly, exceedingly_ _possess, hold_ _building_ _delay_ (verb) _mind_ (noun) _nearest_ (adv.) _easily_ _nearer_ (adv.) _easy_ _better_ (adj.) _recent_ _well known, noble_ _huge, great_ _rampart_ _bold_ _mild, gentle_ _immediately_ _swift_ _as soon as_ _eager_ _for_ _low_ (adj.) _than_ _slender_ _best_ (adj.) _one by one_ _greatest_ _no one_ _follow close_ _least_ (adv.) _encourage_ _little_ (adv.) _annoy, ravage_ _learn, know_ _hide_ _drag_ _follow_ _undertake_ _pursue_ _run_ _both ... and_ _fix, decide_
«526.» «Review Questions.» What is meant by comparison? In what two ways may adjectives be compared? Compare «clārus, brevis, vēlōx», and explain the formation of the comparative and the superlative. What are the adverbs used in comparison? Compare «brevis» by adverbs. Decline the comparative of «vēlōx». How are adjectives in «-er» compared? Compare «ācer», «pulcher», «liber». What are possible translations for the comparative and superlative? Name the six adjectives that form the superlative in «-limus». Translate in two ways _Nothing is brighter than the sun_. Give the rule for the ablative with comparatives. Compare «bonus, magnus, malus, multus, parvus, exterus, īnferus, posterus, superus». Decline «plūs». Compare «citerior, interior, propior, ulterior». Translate _That route to Italy is much shorter_. Give the rule for the expression of measure of difference. Name five words that are especially common in this construction. How are adverbs usually formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions? from adjectives of the third declension? Compare the adverbs «cārē», «līberē», «fortiter», «audācter». What cases of adjectives are sometimes used as adverbs? What are the adverbs from «facilis»? «multus? prīmus? plūrimus»? «bonus»? «magnus»? «parvus»? Compare «prope», «saepe», «magnopere». How are numerals classified? Give the first twenty cardinals. Decline «ūnus, duo, trēs, mīlle». How are the hundreds declined? What is meant by the partitive genitive? Give the rule for the partitive genitive. What sort of words are commonly used with this construction? What construction is used with «quīdam» and cardinal numbers excepting «mīlle»? Give the first twenty ordinals. How are they declined? How are the distributives declined? Give the rule for the expression of duration of time and extent of space. What is the difference between the ablative of time and the accusative of time? What is a deponent verb? Give the synopsis of one. What form always has a passive meaning? Conjugate «amō», «moneō», «regō», «capiō», «audiō», in the active and passive.
VIII. REVIEW OF LESSONS LXI-LXIX
«527.» Review the vocabularies of the first seventeen lessons. See §§502, 503, 506, 507.
«528.» «Review Questions.» Name the tenses of the subjunctive. What time is denoted by these tenses? What are the mood signs of the present subjunctive? How may the imperfect subjunctive be formed? How do the perfect subjunctive and the future perfect indicative active differ in form? How is the pluperfect subjunctive active formed? Inflect the subjunctive active and passive of «cūrō», «dēleō», «vincō», «rapiō», «mūniō». Inflect the subjunctive tenses of «sum»; of «possum». What are the tenses of the participles in the active? What in the passive? Give the active and passive participles of «amō», «moneō», «regō», «capiō», «audiō». Decline «regēns». What participles do deponent verbs have? What is the difference in meaning between the perfect participle of a deponent verb and of one not deponent? Give the participles of «vereor». How should participles usually be translated? Conjugate «volō», «nolō», «mālō», «fīō».
What is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive in their fundamental ideas? How is purpose usually expressed in English? How is it expressed in Latin? By what words is a Latin purpose clause introduced? When should «quō» be used? What is meant by sequence of tenses? Name the primary tenses of the indicative and of the subjunctive; the secondary tenses. What Latin verbs are regularly followed by substantive clauses of purpose? What construction follows «iubeō»? What construction follows verbs of _fearing_? How is consequence or result expressed in Latin? How is a result clause introduced? What words are often found in the principal clause foreshadowing the coming of a result clause? How may negative purpose be distinguished from negative result? What is meant by the subjunctive of characteristic or description? How are such clauses introduced? Explain the ablative absolute. Why is the ablative absolute of such frequent occurrence in Latin? Explain the predicate accusative. After what verbs are two accusatives commonly found? What do these accusatives become when the verb is passive?
SPECIAL VOCABULARIES
The words in heavy type are used in Cæsar’s “Gallic War.”
[Transcriber’s Note:
Each chapter’s Special Vocabulary was included with its chapter text in addition to its original location here. Details are given in the Transcriber’s Note at the beginning of the text. In the printed book, the vocabularies for Lesson IV and Lesson V appeared on the same page; the Footnote about _conjunctions_ was shared by the two lists.]
LESSON IV, §39
NOUNS «dea», _goddess_ (deity) Diā´na, _Diana_ «fera», _a wild beast_ (fierce) Lātō´na, _Latona_ «sagit´ta», _arrow_
VERBS «est», _he (she, it) is_; «sunt», _they are_ «necat», _he (she, it) kills, is killing, does kill_
CONJUNCTION[A] «et», _and_
PRONOUNS «quis», interrog. pronoun, nom. sing., _who?_ «cuius» (pronounced _co͝oi´yo͝os_, two syllables), interrog. pronoun, gen. sing., _whose?_
[Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences.]
LESSON V, §47
NOUNS «corō´na», _wreath, garland, crown_ fā´bula, _story_ (fable) «pecū´nia», _money_ (pecuniary) «pugna», _battle_ (pugnacious) «victō´ria», _victory_
VERBS «dat», _he (she, it) gives_ nārrat, _he (she, it) tells_ (narrate)
CONJUNCTION[A] «quia» or «quod», _because_
«cui» (pronounced _co͝oi_, one syllable), interrog. pronoun, dat. sing., _to whom?_ _for whom?_
[Footnote A: A _conjunction_ is a word which connects words, parts of sentences, or sentences.]
LESSON VI, §56
ADJECTIVES «bona», _good_ «grāta», _pleasing_ «magna», _large, great_ «mala», _bad, wicked_ «parva», _small, little_ «pulchra», _beautiful, pretty_ «sōla», _alone_
NOUNS ancil´la, _maidservant_ Iūlia, _Julia_
ADVERBS[A] «cūr», _why_ «nōn», _not_
PRONOUNS «mea», _my_; «tua», _thy, your_ (possesives) «quid», interrog. pronoun, nom. and acc. sing., _what?_
«-ne», the question sign, an enclitic (§16) added to the first word, which, in a question, is usually the verb, as «amat», _he loves_, but «amat´ne?» _does he love?_ «est», _he is_; «estne?» _is he?_ Of course «-ne» is not used when the sentence contains «quis», «cūr», or some other interrogative word.
[Footnote A: An _adverb_ is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings _sweetly_; she is _very_ talented; she began to sing _very early_.]
LESSON VII, §62
NOUNS «casa, -ae», f., _cottage_ cēna, -ae, f., _dinner_ «gallī´na, -ae», f., _hen, chicken_ «īn´sula, ae», f., _island_ (pen-insula)
ADVERBS «de-in´de», _then, in the next place_ «ubi», _where_
PREPOSITION «ad», _to_, with acc. to express motion toward
PRONOUN «quem», interrog. pronoun, acc. sing., _whom?_
VERBS ha´bitat, _he (she, it) lives, is living, does live_ (inhabit) «laudat», _he (she, it) praises, is praising, does praise_ (laud) «parat», _he (she, it) prepares, is preparing, does prepare_ «vocat», _he (she, it) calls, is calling, does call; invites, is inviting, does invite_ (vocation)
LESSON VIII, §69
NOUNS «Italia, -ae», f., _Italy_ Sicilia, -ae, f., _Sicily_ «tuba, -ae», f., _trumpet_ (tube) «via, -ae», f., _way, road, street_ (viaduct)
ADJECTIVES «alta», _high, deep_ (altitude) «clāra», _clear, bright; famous_ «lāta», _wide_ (latitude) «longa», _long_ (longitude) «nova», _new_ (novelty)
LESSON IX, §77
NOUNS «bellum, -ī», n., _war_ (re-bel) «cōnstantia, -ae», f., _firmness, constancy, steadiness_ dominus, -ī, m., _master, lord_ (dominate) «equus, -ī», m., _horse_ (equine) «frūmentum, -ī», n., _grain_ «lēgātus, -ī», m., _lieutenant, ambassador_ (legate) «Mārcus, -ī», m., _Marcus, Mark_ «mūrus, -ī», m., _wall_ (mural) «oppidānus, -ī», m., _townsman_ «oppidum, -ī», n., _town_ «pīlum, -ī», n., _spear_ (pile driver) «servus, -ī», m., _slave, servant_ Sextus, -ī, m., _Sextus_
VERBS «cūrat», _he (she, it) cares for_, with acc. «properat», _he (she, it) hastens_
LESSON X, §82
NOUNS «amīcus, -ī», m., _friend_ (amicable) «Germānia, -ae», f., _Germany_ «patria, -ae», f., _fatherland_ «populus, -ī», m., _people_ «Rhēnus, -ī», m., _the Rhine_ «vīcus, -ī», m., _village_
LESSON XI, §86
NOUNS «arma, armōrum», n., plur., _arms_, especially defensive weapons «fāma, -ae», f., _rumor; reputation, fame_ «galea, -ae», f., _helmet_ «praeda, -ae», f., _booty, spoils_ (predatory) «tēlum, -ī», n., _weapon of offense, spear_
ADJECTIVES «dūrus, -a, -um», _hard, rough; unfeeling, cruel; severe, toilsome_ (durable) «Rōmānus, -a, -um», _Roman_. As a noun, «Rōmānus, -ī», m., _a Roman_
LESSON XII, §90
NOUNS «fīlius, fīlī», m., _son_ (filial) fluvius, fluvī, m., _river_ (fluent) «gladius, gladī», m., _sword_ (gladiator) «praesidium, praesi´dī», n., _garrison, guard, protection_ «proelium, proelī», n., _battle_
ADJECTIVES «fīnitimus, -a, -um», _bordering upon, neighboring, near to_. As a noun, «fīnitimī, -ōrum», m., plur., _neighbors_ «Germānus, -a, -um», _German_. As a noun, «Germānus, -ī», m., _a German_ «multus, -a, -um», _much_; plur., _many_
ADVERB «saepe», _often_
LESSON XIII, §95
NOUNS «ager, agrī», m., _field_ (acre) «cōpia, -ae», f., _plenty, abundance_ (copious); plur., _troops, forces_ «Cornēlius, Cornē´lī», m., _Cornelius_ «lōrī´ca, -ae», f., _coat of mail, corselet_ «praemium, praemī», n., _reward, prize_ (premium) «puer, puerī», m., _boy_ (puerile) «Rōma, -ae», f., _Rome_ «scūtum, -ī», n., _shield_ (escutcheon) «vir, virī», m., _man, hero_ (virile)
ADJECTIVES «legiōnārius, -a, -um»,[A] _legionary, belonging to the legion_. As a noun, «legiōnāriī, -ōrum», m., plur., _legionary soldiers_ «līber, lībera, līberum», _free_ (liberty) As a noun. «līberī, -ōrum,» m., plur., _children_ (lit. _the freeborn_) «pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum», _pretty, beautiful_
PREPOSITION «apud», _among_, with acc.
CONJUNCTION «sed», _but_
[Footnote A: The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in «-ius» ends in «-iī» and the vocative in «-ie»; not in «-ī», as in nouns.]
LESSON XIV, §99
NOUNS «auxilium, auxi´lī», n., _help, aid_ (auxiliary) «castrum, -ī», n., _fort_ (castle); plur., _camp_ (lit. _forts_) «cibus, -ī», m., _food_ «cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī», n., _plan_ (counsel) «dīligentia, -ae», f., _diligence, industry_ magister, magistrī, m., _master, teacher_[A]
ADJECTIVES «aeger, aegra, aegrum», _sick_ «crēber, crēbra, crēbrum», _frequent_ «miser, misera, miserum», _wretched, unfortunate_ (miser)
[Footnote A: Observe that «dominus», as distinguished from «magister», means _master_ in the sense of _owner_.]
LESSON XV, §107
NOUNS «carrus, -ī», m., _cart, wagon_ «inopia, -ae», f., _want, lack;_ the opposite of «cōpia» «studium, studī», n., _zeal, eagerness_ (study)
ADJECTIVES «armātus, -a, -um», _armed_ «īnfīrmus, -a, -um», _week, feeble_ (infirm) vali´dus, -a, -um, _strong, sturdy_
VERB «mātūrat», _he (she, it) hastens._ Cf. properat
ADVERB «iam», _already, now_
«-que», conjunction, _and_; an enclitic (cf. §16) and always added to the _second_ of two words to be connected, as «arma tēla´que», _arms and weapons_.
LESSON XVII, §117
NOUNS «agrī cultūra, -ae», f., _agriculture_ «Gallia, -ae», f., _Gaul_ «domicilīum, domīci´lī», n., _dwelling place_ (domicile), _abode_ «Gallus, -i», m., _a Gaul_ «lacrima, -ae», f., _tear_ «fēmina, -ae», f., _woman_ (female) «numerus, -ī», m., _number_ (numeral)
ADJECTIVE «mātūrus, -a, -um», _ripe, mature_
ADVERB quō, _whither_
VERBS arat, _he (she, it) plows_ (arable) «dēsīderat», _he (she, it) misses, longs for_ (desire), with acc.
CONJUNCTION «an», _or_, introducing the second half of a double question, as _Is he a Roman or a Gaul_, «Estne Romanus an Gallus?»
LESSON XVIII, §124
NOUNS lūdus, -ī, m., _school_ «socius, socī», m., _companion, ally_ (social)
ADJECTIVES «īrātus, -a, -um», _angry, furious_ (irate) «laetus, -a, -um», _happy, glad_ (social)
ADVERBS hodiē, _to-day_ «ibi», _there, in that place_ mox, _presently, soon_, of the immediate future «nunc», _now, the present moment_ «nūper», _lately, recently_, of the immediate past
LESSON XX, §136
NOUNS «fōrma, -ae», f., _form, beauty_ «regīna, -ae», f., _queen_ (regal) «poena, -ae», f., _punishment, penalty_ superbia, -ae, f., _pride, haughtiness_ «potentia, -ae», f., _power_ (potent) «trīstītīa, -ae», f., _sadness, sorrow_
ADJECTIVES «septem,» indeclinable, _seven_ «superbus, -a, -um», _proud, haughty_ (superb)
CONJUNCTIONS «nōn sōlum ... sed etiam», _not only ... but also_
LESSON XXI, §140
NOUNS sacrum, -ī, n., _sacrifice, offering, rite_ «verbum, -ī», n., _word_ (verb)
VERBS sedeō, -ēre, _sit_ (sediment) volō, -āre, _fly_ (volatile)
ADJECTIVES «interfectus, -a, -um», _slain_ «molestus, -a, -um», _troublesome, annoying_ (molest) «perpetuus, -a, -um», _perpetual, continuous_
«ego», personal pronoun, _I_ (egotism). Always emphatic in the nominative.
LESSON XXII, §146
NOUNS «disciplīna, -ae», f., _training, culture, discipline_ «Gāius, Gāī», m., _Caius_, a Roman first name «ōrnāmentum, -ī», n., _ornament, jewel_ Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m., _Tiberius_, a Roman first name
VERB «doceō, -ēre», _teach_ (doctrine)
ADVERB «maximē», _most of all, especially_
ADJECTIVE «antīquus, -qua, -quum», _old, ancient_ (antique)
LESSON XXVII, §168
NOUNS «āla, -ae», f., _wing_ «deus, -ī», m., _god_ (deity)[A] «monstrum, -ī», n., _omen, prodigy; monster_ ōrāculum, -ī, n., _oracle_
VERB «vāstō, -āre», _lay waste, devastate_
ADJECTIVES «commōtus, -a, -um», _moved, excited_ «maximus, -a, -um», _greatest_ (maximum) «saevus, -a, -um», _fierce, savage_
ADVERBS «ita», _thus, in this way, as follows_ «tum», _then, at that time_
[Footnote A: For the declension of «deus», see §468]
LESSON XXVIII, §171
VERBS «respondeō, -ēre», _respond, reply_ «servō, -āre», _save, preserve_
ADJECTIVE «cārus, -a, -um», _dear_ (cherish)
CONJUNCTION «autem», _but, moreover, now_. Usually stands second, never first
NOUN «vīta, -ae», f., _life_ (vital)
LESSON XXIX, §176
VERB «superō, -āre», _conquer, overcome_ (insuperable)
NOUNS «cūra, -ae», f., _care, trouble_ «locus, -ī», m., _place, spot_ (location). «Locus» is neuter in the plural and is declined «loca, -ōrum», etc. «perīculum, -ī», n., _danger, peril_
ADVERBS «semper», _always_ «tamen», _yet, nevertheless_
PREPOSITIONS «dē», with abl., _down from.; concerning_ «per», with acc., _through_
CONJUNCTION «si», _if_
LESSON XXX, §182
VERBS «absum», abesse, irreg., _be away, be absent, be distant_, with separative abl. «adpropinquō, -āre», _draw near, approach_ (propinquity), with dative[A] «contineō, -ēre», _hold together, hem in, keep_ (contain) «discēdō, -ere», _depart, go away, leave_, with separative abl. «egeō, -ēre», _lack, need, be without_, with separative abl. «interficiō, -ere», _kill_ «prohibeō, -ēre», _restrain, keep from_ (prohibit) «vulnerō, -āre», _wound_ (vulnerable)
NOUNS «prōvincia, -ae», f., _province_ «vīnum, -ī», n., _wine_
ADJECTIVE «dēfessus, -a, -um», _weary, worn out_
ADVERB «longē», _far, by far, far away_
[Footnote A: This verb governs the dative because the idea of _nearness to_ is stronger than that of _motion to_. If the latter idea were the stronger, the word would be used with «ad» and the accusative.]
LESSON XXXI, §188
NOUNS aurum, -ī, n., _gold_ (oriole) «mora, -ae», f., _delay_ «nāvigium, nāvi´gī», n., _boat, ship_ «ventus, -ī», m., _wind_ (ventilate)
VERB «nāvigō, -āre», _sail_ (navigate)
ADJECTIVES attentus, -a, -um, _attentive, careful_ «dubius, -a, -um», _doubtful_ (dubious) perfidus, -a, -um, _faithless, treacherous_ (perfidy)
ADVERB «anteā», _before, previously_
PREPOSITION «sine», with abl., _without_
LESSON XXXII, §193
NOUNS «animus, -ī», m., _mind, heart; spirit, feeling_ (animate) «bracchium, bracchī», n., _forearm, arm_ «porta, -ae», f., _gate_ (portal)
ADJECTIVES «adversus, -a, -um», _opposite; adverse, contrary_ «plēnus, -a, -um», _full_ (plenty)
PREPOSITION «prō», with abl., _before; in behalf of; instead of_
ADVERB «diū», _for a long time, long_
LESSON XXXIV, §200
ADVERBS «celeriter», _quickly_ (celerity) «dēnique», _finally_ «graviter», _heavily, severely_ (gravity) «subitō», _suddenly_
VERB «reportō, -āre, -āvī», _bring back, restore; win, gain_ (report)
LESSON XXXVI, §211
«dexter, dextra, dextrum», _right_ (dextrous) «sinister, sinistra, sinistrum», _left_ «frūstrā», adv., _in vain_ (frustrate)
«gerō, gerere, gessī, gestus», _bear, carry on; wear_; «bellum gerere», _to wage war_ «occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus», _seize, take possession of_ (occupy) «postulō, postulāre, postulāvī, postulātus», _demand_ (ex-postulate) «recūsō, recūsāre, recūsāvī, recūsātus», _refuse_ «stō, stāre, stetī, status», _stand_ «temptō, temptāre, temptāvī, temptātus», _try, tempt, test; attempt_ «teneō, tenēre, tenuī, ----», _keep, hold_ (tenacious)
The word «ubi», which we have used so much in the sense of _where_ in asking a question, has two other uses equally important:
1. «ubi» = _when_, as a relative conjunction denoting time; as, «Ubi mōnstrum audīvērunt, fūgērunt», _when they heard the monster, they fled_
2. «ubi» = _where_, as a relative conjunction denoting place; as, «Videō oppidum ubi Galba habitat», _I see the town where Galba lives_
«ubi» is called a _relative conjunction_ because it is equivalent to a relative pronoun. _When_ in the first sentence is equivalent to _at the time «at which»;_ and in the second, _where_ is equivalent to _the place «in which»._
LESSON XXXVII, §217
«neque» or «nec», conj., _neither_, _nor_, _and ... not_; «neque ... neque», _neither ... nor_ «castellum, -ī», n., _redoubt, fort_ (castle) «cotīdiē», adv., _daily_
cessō, cessāre, cessāvī, cessātus, _cease_, with the infin. «incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus», _begin_ (incipient), with the infin. «oppugnō, oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus», _storm, assail_ «petō, petere, petivi» or «petiī, petītus», _aim at, assail, storm, attack; seek, ask_ (petition) «pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positus», _place, put_ (position); «castra pōnere», _to pitch camp_ «possum, posse, potuī, ----», _be able, can_ (potent), with the infin. «vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus», _forbid_ (veto), vith the infin.; opposite of «iubeō», _command_ «vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus», _conquer_ (in-vincible) «vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, ----», _live, be alive_ (re-vive)
LESSON XXXIX, §234
«barbarus, -a, -um», _strange, foreign, barbarous_. As a noun, «barbarī, -ōrum», m., plur., _savages, barbarians_ «dux, ducis», m., _leader_ (duke). Cf. the verb «dūcō» «eques, equitis», m., _horseman, cavalryman_ (equestrian) iūdex, iūdicis, _m., judge_ «lapis, lapidis», m., _stone_ (lapidary) «mīles, mīlitis», m., _soldier_ (militia) «pedes, peditis», m., _foot soldier_ (pedestrian) «pēs, pedis»,[A] m., _foot_ (pedal) «prīnceps, prīncipis», m., _chief_ (principal) «rēx, rēgis», m., _king_ (regal) «summus, -a, -um», _highest, greatest_ (summit) «virtūs, virtūtis», f., _manliness, courage_ (virtue)
[Footnote A: Observe that «e» is _long_ in the nom. sing, and _short_ in the other cases.]
LESSON XL, §237
«Caesar, -aris», m., _Cæsar_ «captīvus, -ī», m., _captive, prisoner_ «cōnsul, -is», m., _consul_ «frāter, frātris», m., _brother_ (fraternity) «homō, hominis», m., _man, human being_ «impedīmentum, -ī», n., _hindrance_ (impediment); plur. «impedīmenta, -ōrum», _baggage_ «imperātor, imperātōris», m., _commander in chief, general_ (emperor) «legiō, legiōnis», f., _legion_ «māter, mātris», f., _mother_ (maternal) «ōrdō, ōrdinis», m., _row, rank_ (order) «pater, patris», m., _father_ (paternal) «salūs, salūtis», f., _safety_ (salutary) «soror, sorōris», f., _sister_ (sorority)
LESSON XLI, §239
«calamitās, calamitātis», f., _loss, disaster, defeat_ (calamity) «caput, capitis», n., _head_ (capital) «flūmen, flūminis», n., _river_ (flume) «labor, labōris», m., _labor, toil_ «opus, operis», n., _work, task_ «ōrātor, ōrātōris», m., _orator_ «rīpa, -ae», f., _bank_ (of a stream) «tempus, temporis», n., _time_ (temporal) «terror, terrōris», m., _terror, fear_ «victor, victōris», m., _victor_
«accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus», _receive, accept_ «cōnfirmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī, cōnfīrmātus», _strengthen, establish, encourage_ (confirm)
LESSON XLIII, §245
«animal, animālis (-ium[A])», n., _animal_ «avis, avis (-ium)», f., _bird_ (aviation) «caedēs, caedis (-ium)», f., _slaughter_ calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., _spur_ «cīvis, cīvis (-ium)», m. and f., _citizen_ (civic) «cliēns, clientis (-ium)», m., _retainer, dependent_ (client) «fīnis, fīnis (-ium)», m., _end, limit_ (final); plur., _country, territory_ «hostis, hostis (-ium)», m. and f., _enemy_ in war (hostile). Distinguish from «inimīcus», which means a _personal_ enemy «ignis, ignis (-ium)», m., _fire_ (ignite) «īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium)», n. _decoration, badge_ (ensign) «mare, maris (-ium[B])», n., _sea_ (marine) «nāvis, nāvis (-ium)», f., _ship_ (naval); «nāvis longa», _man-of-war_ «turris, turris (-ium)», f., _tower_ (turret) «urbs, urbis (-ium)», f., _city_ (suburb). An «urbs» is larger than an «oppidum».
[Footnote A: The genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark the i-stems.]
[Footnote B: The genitive plural of mare is not in use.]
LESSON XLIV, §249
«arbor, arboris», f., _tree_ (arbor) «collis, collis (-ium)», m., _hill_ «dēns, dentis (-ium)», m., _tooth_ (dentist) fōns, fontis (-ium), m.. _fountain, spring; source_ «iter, itineris», n., _march, journey, route_ (itinerary) «mēnsis, mēnsis (-ium)», m., _month_ «moenia, -ium», n., plur., _walls, fortifications_. Cf. «mūrus» «mōns, montis (-ium)», m., _mountain_; «summus mōns», _top of the mountain_ «numquam», adv., _never_ «pōns, pontis», m., _bridge_ (pontoon) «sanguis, sanguinis», m., blood (sanguinary) «summus, -a, -um», _highest, greatest_ (summit) «trāns», prep, with acc., _across_ (transatlantic) «vīs (vīs)», gen. plur. «virium», f. _strength, force, violence_ (vim)
LESSON XLV, §258
«ācer, ācris, ācre», _sharp, keen, eager_ (acrid) «brevis, breve», _short, brief_ «difficilis, difficile», _difficult_ «facilis, facile», _facile, easy_ «fortis, forte», _brave_ (fortitude) «gravis, grave», _heavy, severe, serious_ (grave) «omnis, omne», _every, all_ (omnibus) «pār», gen. «paris», _equal_ (par) «paucī, -ae, -a», _few, only a few_ (paucity) «secundus, -a, -um», _second; favorable_, opposite of adversus «signum, -ī», n., _signal, sign, standard_ «vēlōx», gen. «vēlōcis», _swift_ (velocity)
«conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus», _arrange, station, place_ (collocation) «dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus», _point out, explain_ (demonstrate) «mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus», _commit, intrust_ (mandate)
LESSON XLVI, §261
«adventus, -ūs», m., _approach, arrival_ (advent) «ante», prep, with acc., _before_ (ante-date) «cornū, -ūs», n., _horn, wing_ of an army (cornucopia); «ā dextrō cornū», _on the right wing_; «ā sinistrō cornū», _on the left wing_ «equitātus, -ūs», m., _cavalry_ «exercitus, -ūs», m., _army_ «impetus, -ūs», m., _attack_ (impetus); «impetum facere in», with acc., _to make an attack on_ «lacus, -ūs, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus», m., _lake_ «manus, -ūs», f., _hand; band, force_ (manual) «portus, -ūs», m., _harbor_ (port) «post», prep, with acc., _behind, after_ (post-mortem)
«cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus», _burn_ (cremate) «exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus», _practice, drill, train_ (exercise)
LESSON XLVII, §270
Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., _Athens_ Corinthus, -ī, f., _Corinth_ «domus, -ūs, locative «domī»», f., _house, home_ (dome). Cf. «domicilium» «Genāva, -ae», f., _Geneva_ Pompēii, -ōrum, m., plur., _Pompeii_, a city in Campania. See map «propter», prep. with acc., _on account of, because of_ rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. «rūra», n., _country_ (rustic) «tergum, tergī», n., _back_; «ā tergō», _behind, in the rear_ «vulnus, vulneris», n., _wound_ (vulnerable)
«committō, committere, commīsī, commissus», _intrust, commit;_ «proelium committere», _join battle_ «convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus», _call together, summon_ (convoke) «timeō, timēre, timuī, ----», _fear; be afraid_ (timid) «vertō, vertere, vertī, versus», _turn, change_ (convert); «terga vertere», _to turn the backs_, hence _to retreat_
LESSON XLVIII, §276
«aciēs, -ēī», f., _line of battle_ «aestās, aestātis», f., _summer_ «annus, -ī», m., _year_ (annual) «diēs, diēī», m., _day_ (diary) «fidēs, fideī, no plur.», f., _faith, trust; promise, word; protection_; «in fidem venīre», _to come under the protection_ «fluctus, -ūs», m. _wave, billow_ (fluctuate) «hiems, hiemis», f., _winter_ «hōra, -ae», f., _hour_ «lūx, lūcis», f., _light_ (lucid); «prīma lux», _daybreak_ «merīdiēs», acc. «-em», abl. «-ē», no plur., m., _midday_ (meridian) «nox, noctis (-ium)», f., _night_ (nocturnal) «prīmus, -a, -um», _first_ (prime) «rēs, reī», f., _thing, matter_ (real); «rēs gestae», _deeds, exploits_ (lit. _things performed_); «rēs adversae», _adversity_; «rēs secundae», _prosperity_ «spēs, speī», f., _hope_
LESSON XLIX, §283
«amīcitia, -ae», f., _friendship_ (amicable) «itaque», conj., _and so, therefore, accordingly_ «littera, -ae», f., _a letter_ of the alphabet; plur., _a letter, an epistle_ «metus, metūs», m., _fear_ «nihil, indeclinable», n., _nothing_ (nihilist) «nūntius, nūntī», m., _messenger_. Cf. «nūntiō» «pāx, pācis», f., _peace_ (pacify) «rēgnum, -ī», n., _reign, sovereignty, kingdom_ «supplicum, suppli´cī», n., _punishment_; «supplicum sūmere dē», with abl., _inflict punishment on_; «supplicum dare», _suffer punishment_. Cf. «poena»
«placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus», _be pleasing to, please_, with dative. Cf. §154 «sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus», _take up, assume_ «sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus», _sustain_
LESSON L, §288
«corpus, corporis», n., _body_ (corporal) «dēnsus, -a, -um», _dense_ «īdem, e´adem, idem», demonstrative pronoun, _the same_ (identity) «ipse, ipsa, ipsum», intensive pronoun, _self; even, very_ «mīrus, -a, -um», _wonderful, marvelous_ (miracle) «ōlim», adv., _formerly, once upon a time_ «pars, partis (-ium)», f., _part, region, direction_ «quoque», adv., _also_. Stands _after_ the word which it emphasizes «sōl, sōlis», m., _sun_ (solar) «vērus, -a, -um», _true, real_ (verity)
«dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus», _owe, ought_ (debt) «ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus», _snatch from_
LESSON LI, §294
«hic, haec, hoc», demonstrative pronoun, _this_ (of mine); _he, she, it_ «ille, illa, illud», demonstrative pronoun _that_ (yonder); _he, she, it_ «invīsus, -a, -um», _hateful, detested_, with dative Cf. §143 «iste, ista, istud», demonstrative pronoun, _that_ (of yours); _he, she, it_ «lībertās, -ātis», f., _liberty_ «modus, -ī», m., _measure; manner, way, mode_ «nōmen, nōminis», n., _name_ (nominate) «oculus, -ī», m., _eye_ (oculist) «prīstinus, -a, -um», _former, old-time_ (pristine) «pūblicus, -a, -um», _public, belonging to the state;_ «rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae», f., _the commonwealth, the state, the republic_ «vestīgium, vestī´gī», n., _footprint, track; trace, vestige_ «vōx, vōcis», f., _voice_
LESSON LII, §298
«incolumis, -e», _unharmed_ «nē ... quidem», adv., _not even_. The emphatic word stands between «nē» and «quidem» «nisi», conj., _unless, if ... not_ «paene», adv., _almost_ (pen-insula) «satis», adv., _enough, sufficiently_ (satisfaction) «tantus, -a, -um», _so great_ «vērō», adv., _truly, indeed, in fact_. As a conj. _but, however_, usually stands second, never first.
«dēcidō, dēcidere, dēcidī, ----», _fall down_ (deciduous) «dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī, dēsultus», _leap down, dismount_ «maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsūrus», _remain_ «trādūcō, trādūcere, trādūxī, trāductus», _lead across_
LESSON LIII, §306
«aquila, -ae», f., _eagle_ (aquiline) «audāx», gen. «audācis», adj., _bold, audacious_ «celer, celeris, celere», _swift, quick_ (celerity). Cf. «vēlōx» «explōratōr, -ōris», m., _scout, spy_ (explorer) «ingēns», gen. «ingentis», adj., _huge, vast_ «medius, -a, -um», _middle, middle part of_ (medium) «mēns, mentis (-ium)», f., _mind_ (mental). Cf. «animus» «opportūnus, -a, -um», _opportune_ «quam», adv., _than_. With the superlative «quam» gives the force of _as possible_, as «quam» audācissimī virī, _men as bold as possible_ «recens», gen. «recentis», adj., _recent_ «tam», adv., _so_. Always with an adjective or adverb, while «ita» is generally used with a verb
«quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītus», _ask, inquire, seek_ (question). Cf. «petō»
LESSON LIV, §310
«alacer, alacris, alacre», _eager, spirited, excited_ (alacrity) «celeritās, -ātis», f., _speed_ (celerity) «clāmor, clāmōris», m., _shout, clamor_ «lēnis, lēne», _mild, gentle_ (lenient) «mulier, muli´eris», f., _woman_ «multitūdō, multitūdinis», f., _multitude_ «nēmō», dat. «nēminī», acc. «nēminem» (gen. «nūllīus», abl. «nūllō», from «nūllus»), no plur., m. and f., _no one_ «nōbilis, nōbile», _well known, noble_ «noctū», adv. (an old abl.), _by night_ (nocturnal) «statim», adv., _immediately, at once_ «subitō», adv., _suddenly_ «tardus, -a, -um», _slow_ (tardy) «cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus», _desire, wish_ (cupidity)
LESSON LV, §314
«aedificium, aedifi´cī», n., _building, dwelling_ (edifice) «imperium, impe´rī», n., _command, chief power; empire_ «mors, mortis (-ium)», f., _death_ (mortal) «reliquus, -a, -um», _remaining, rest of_. As a noun, m. and n. plur., _the rest_ (relic) «scelus, sceleris», n., _crime_ «servitūs, -ūtis», f., _slavery_ (servitude) «vallēs, vallis (-ium)», f., _valley_
«abdō, abdere, abdidī, abditus», _hide_ «contendō, contendere, contendī, contentus», _strain, struggle; hasten_ (contend) «occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus», _cut down, kill_. Cf. «necō», «interficiō» «perterreō, perterrēre, perterruī, perterritus», _terrify, frighten_ «recipiō, recipere, recēpī, receptus», _receive, recover_; «sē recipere», _betake one’s self, withdraw, retreat_ «trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus», _give over, surrender, deliver_ (traitor)
LESSON LVI, §318
«aditus, -ūs», m., _approach, access; entrance_ «cīvitās, cīvitātis», f., _citizenship; body of citizens, state_ (city) «inter», prep, with acc., _between, among_ (interstate commerce) «nam», conj., _for_ «obses, obsidis», m. and f., _hostage_ «paulō», adv. (abl. n. of «paulus»), _by a little, somewhat_
«incolō, incolere, incoluī, ----», transitive, _inhabit_; intransitive, _dwell_. Cf. «habitō», «vīvō» «relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictus», _leave, abandon_ (relinquish) «statuō, statuere, statuī, statūtus», _fix, decide_ (statute), usually with infin.
LESSON LVII, §326
«aequus, -a, -um», _even, level; equal_ «cohors, cohortis (-ium)», f., _cohort_, a tenth part of a legion, about 360 men «currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus», _run_ (course) «difficultās, -ātis», f., _difficulty_ «fossa, -ae», f., _ditch_ (fosse) «gēns, gentis (-ium)», f., _race, tribe, nation_ (Gentile) «negōtium, negōtī», n., _business, affair, matter_ (negotiate) «regiō, -ōnis», f., _region, district_ «rūmor, rūmōris», m., _rumor, report_. Cf. fāma «simul atque», conj., _as soon as_
«suscipiō, suscipere, suscēpī, susceptus», _undertake_ «trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctus», _drag, draw_ (ex-tract) «valeō, valēre, valuī, valitūrus», _be strong_; plūrimum valēre, _to be most powerful, have great influence_ (value). Cf. validus
LESSON LVIII, §332
«commeātus, -ūs», m.. _provisions_ «lātitūdō, -inis», f., _width_ (latitude) «longitūdō, -inis», f., _length_ (longitude) «magnitūdō, -inis», f., _size, magnitude_ «mercātor, mercātōris», m., _trader, merchant_ «mūnītiō, -ōnis», f., _fortification_ (munition) «spatium, spatī», n., _room, space, distance; time_
«cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus», _learn_; in the perfect tenses, _know_ (re-cognize) «cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus», _collect; compel_ (cogent) «dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsus», _defend_ «incendō, incendere, incendī, incēnsus», _set fire to, burn_ (incendiary). Cf. «cremō» «obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentus», _possess, occupy, hold_ (obtain) «perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventus», _come through, arrive_
LESSON LIX, §337
«agmen, agminis», n., _line of march, column_; «prīmum agmen», _the van_; «novissimum agmen», _the rear_ «atque», «ac», conj., _and_; «atque» is used before vowels and consonants, «ac» before consonants only. Cf. «et» and «-que» «concilium, conci´lī», n., _council, assembly_ «Helvētiī, -ōrum», m., _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe «passus, passūs», m., _a pace_, five Roman feet; «mīlle passuum», _a thousand (of) paces_, a Roman mile «quā dē causā», _for this reason, for what reason_ «vāllum, -ī», n., _earth-works, rampart_
«cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrus», _fall_ (decadence) «dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditus», _surrender, give up_; with a reflexive pronoun, _surrender one’s self, submit_, with the dative of the indirect object «premō, premere, pressī, pressus», _press hard, harass_ «vexō, vexāre, vexāvī, vexātus», _annoy, ravage_ (vex)
LESSON LX, §341
«aut», conj., _or_; «aut ... aut», _either ... or_ «causā», abl. of «causa», _for the sake of, because of_. Always stands _after_ the gen. which modifies it «ferē», adv., _nearly, almost_ «opīniō, -ōnis», f., _opinion, supposition, expectation_ «rēs frūmentāria, reī frūmentāriae», f. (lit. _the grain affair_), _grain supply_ «timor, -ōris», m., _fear_. Cf. «timeō» «undique», adv., _from all sides_
«cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum», _attempt, try_ «ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum», _move out, disembark_; «prōgredior», _move forward, advance_ (egress, progress) «moror, morārī, morātus sum», _delay_ «orior, orirī, ortus sum», _arise, spring; begin; be born_ (_from_) (origin) «proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum», _set out_ «revertor, revertī, reversus sum», _return_ (revert). The forms of this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect system. Perf. act., «revertī» «sequor, sequī, secūtus sum», _follow_ (sequence). Note the following compounds of «sequor» and the force of the different prefixes: «cōnsequor» (_follow with_), _overtake_; «īnsequor» (_follow against_), _pursue_; «subsequor» (_follow under_), _follow close after_
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Translations inclosed within parentheses are not to be used as such; they are inserted to show etymological meanings.
[Transcriber’s Note: The “parentheses” were originally printed as [square brackets]. They are rendered here as [[double brackets]].]
A
«ā» or «ab», prep. with abl. _from, by, off_. Translated _on_ in «ā dextrō cornū», _on the right wing_; «ā fronte», _on the front_ or _in front_; «ā dextrā», _on the right_; «ā latere», _on the side_; etc. «ab-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus», _hide, conceal_ «ab-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus», _lead off, lead away_ «abs-cīdō, -ere, -cīdī,-cīsus» [[«ab(s)», _off_, + «caedō», _cut_]], _cut off_ «ab-sum, -esse, āfuī, āfutūrus», _be away, be absent, be distant, be off_; with «ā» or «ab» and abl., §501.32 «ac», conj., see «atque» «ac-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus» [[«ad», _to_, + «capiō», _take_]], _receive, accept_ «ācer, ācris, ācre», adj. _sharp_; figuratively, _keen, active, eager_ (§471) «acerbus, -a, -um», adj. _bitter, sour_ «aciēs, -ēī», f. [[«ācer», _sharp_]], _edge; line of battle_ «ācriter», adv. [[«ācer», _sharp_]], compared «ācrius, ācerrimē», _sharply, fiercely_ «ad», prep. with acc. _to, towards, near_. With the gerund or gerundive, _to, for_ «ad-aequō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _make equal, make level with_ «ad-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus», _lead to; move, induce_ «ad-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus», _go to, approach, draw near, visit_, with acc. (§413) «ad-ferō, ad-ferre, at-tulī, ad-lātus», _bring, convey; report, announce; render, give_ (§426) «ad-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus» [[«ad», _to_, + «faciō», _do_]], _affect, visit_ «adflīctātus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «adflīctō», _shatter_]], _shattered_ «ad-flīgō, -ere, -flīxī, -flīctus», _dash upon, strike upon; harass, distress_ «ad-hibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus» [[«ad», _to_, + «habeō», _hold_]], _apply, employ, use_ «ad-hūc», adv. _hitherto, as yet, thus far_ «aditus, -ūs», m. [[«adeō», _approach_]], _approach, access; entrance_. Cf. «adventus» «ad-ligō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _bind to, fasten_ «ad-loquor, -loquī, -locūtus sum», dep. verb [[«ad», _to_, + «loquor», _speak_]], _speak to, address_, with acc. «ad-ministrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _manage, direct_ «admīrātiō, -ōnis», f. [[«admīror», _wonder at_]], _admiration, astonishment_ «ad-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtus», _move to; apply, employ_ «ad-propinquō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _come near, approach_, with dat. «ad-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūres», _be present; assist_; with dat., §426 «adulēscēns, -entis», m. and f. [[part. of «adolēscō», _grow_]], _a youth, young man, young person_ «adventus, -ūs», m. [[«ad», _to_, + «veniō», _come_]], _approach, arrival_ (§466) «adversus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «advertō», _turn to_]], _turned towards, facing; contrary, adverse_. «rēs adversae», _adversity_ «aedificium, aedifi´cī», n. [[«aedificō», _build_]], _building, edifice_ «aedificō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus» [[«aedēs», _house_, + «faciō», _make_]], _build_ «aeger, aegra, aegrum», adj. _sick, feeble_ «aequālis, -e», adj. _equal, like_. As a noun, «aequālis, -is», m. or f. _one of the same age_ «aequus, -a, -um», adj. _even, level; equal_ «Aesōpus, -ī», m. _Æsop_, a writer of fables «aestās, -ātis», f. _summer_, «initā aestāte», _at the beginning of summer_ «aetās, -ātis», f. _age_ «Aethiopia, -ae», f. _Ethiopia_, a country in Africa «Āfrica, -ae», f. _Africa_ «Āfricānus, -a, -um», adj. _of Africa_. A name given to Scipio for his victories in Africa «ager, agrī», m. _field, farm, land_ (§462.c) «agger, -eris», m. _mound_ «agmen, -inis», n. [[«agō», _drive_]], _an army_ on the march, _column_. «prīmum agmen», _the van_ «agō, -ere, ēgī, āctus», _drive, lead; do, perform_. «vītam agere», _pass life_ «agricola, -ae», m. [[«ager», _field_, + «colō», _cultivate_]], _farmer_ «agrī cultūra, -ae», f. _agriculture_ «āla, -ae», f. _wing_ «alacer, -cris, -cre», adj. _active, eager_. Cf. «ācer» «alacritās, -ātis», f. [[«alacer», _active_]], _eagerness, alacrity_ «alacriter», adv. [[«alacer», _active_]], comp «alacrius, alacerrimē», _actively, eagerly_ «albus, -a, -um», adj., _white_ «alcēs, -is», f. _elk_ «Alcmēna, -ae», f. _Alcme´na_, the mother of Hercules «aliquis (-quī), -qua, -quid (-quod)», indef. pron. _some one, some_ (§487) «alius, -a, -ud» (gen. «-īus», dat. «-ī»), adj. _another, other_. «alius ... alius», _one ... another_. «aliī ... aliī», _some ... others_ (§110) «Alpēs, -ium», f. plur. _the Alps_ «alter, -era, -erum» (gen. «-īus», dat. «-ī»), adj. _the one, the other_ (of two). «alter ... alter», _the one ... the other_ (§110) «altitūdō, -inis», f. [[«altus», _high_]], _height_ «altus, -a, -um», adj. _high, tall, deep_ «Amāzonēs, -um», f. plur. _Amazons_, a fabled tribe of warlike women «ambō, -ae, -ō», adj. (decl. like «duo»), _both_ «amīcē», adv. [[«amīcus», _friendly_]], superl. «amīcissimē», _in a friendly manner_ «amiciō, -īre, ----, -ictus» [[«am-», _about_, + «iaciō», _throw_]], _throw around, wrap about, clothe_ «amīcitia, -ae», f. [[«amīcus», _friend_]], _friendship_ «amīcus, -a, -um», adj. [[«amō», _love_]], _friendly_. As a noun, «amīcus, -ī», m. _friend_ «ā-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus», _send away; lose_ «amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _love, like, be fond of_ (§488) «amphitheātrum, -ī», n. _amphitheater_ «amplus, -a, -um», adj. _large, ample; honorable, noble_ «an», conj. _or_, introducing the second part of a double question «ancilla, -ae», f. _maidservant_ «ancora, -ae», f. _anchor_ «Andromeda, -ae», f. _Androm´eda_, daughter of Cepheus and wife of Perseus «angulus, -ī», m. _angle, corner_ «anim-advertō, -ere, -tī, -sus [[animus», _mind_, + «advertō», _turn to_]], _turn the mind to, notice_ «animal, -ālis», n. [[«anima», _breath_]], _animal_ (§465.b) «animōsus, -a, -um», adj. _spirited_ «animus, -ī», m. [[«anima», _breath_]], _mind, heart; spirit, courage, feeling;_ in this sense often plural «annus, -i», m. _year_ «ante», prep, with acc. _before_ «anteā», adv. [[«ante»]], _before, formerly_ «antīquus, -a, -um», adj. [[«ante», _before_]], _former, ancient, old_ «aper, aprī», m. _wild boar_ «Apollō, -inis», m. _Apollo_, son of Jupiter and Latona, brother of Diana «ap-pāreō, -ēre, -uī», ---- [[«ad + pāreō», _appear_]], _appear_ «ap-pellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _call by name, name_. Cf. «nōminō, vocō» «Appius, -a, -um», adj. _Appian_ «ap-plicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _apply, direct, turn_ «apud», prep, with acc. _among; at, at the house of_ «aqua, -ae», f. _water_ «aquila, -ae», f. _eagle_ «āra, -ae», f. _altar_ «arbitror, -ārī, -ātus sum», _think, suppose_ (§420.c). Cf. «exīstimō, putō» «arbor, -oris», f. _tree_ (§247.1.a) «Arcadia, -ae», f. _Arcadia_, a district in southern Greece «ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsūrus», _be on fire, blaze, burn_ «arduus, -a, -um», adj. _steep_ «Arīcia, -ae», f. _Aricia_, a town on the Appian Way, near Rome «ariēs, -etis», m. _battering-ram_ (p. 221) «arma, -ōrum», n. plur. _arms, weapons_. Cf. «tēlum» «armātus, -a, -um», adj. [[«armō», _arm_]], _armed, equipped_ «arō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _plow, till_ «ars, artis», f. _art, skill_ «articulus, -ī», m. _joint_ «ascrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus» [[«ad», _in addition_, + «scrībō», _write_]], _enroll, enlist_ «Āsia, -ae», f. _Asia_, i.e. Asia Minor «at», conj. _but_. Cf. «autem, sed» «Athēnae, -ārum», f. plur. _Athens_ «Atlās, -antis», m. _Atlas_, a Titan who was said to hold up the sky «at-que, ac», conj. _and, and also, and what is more_. «atque» may be used before either vowels or consonants, «ac» before consonants only «attentus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «attendō», _direct_ (the mind) _toward_]], _attentive, intent on, careful_ «at-tonitus, -a, -um», adj. _thunderstruck, astounded_ «audācia, -ae», f. [[«audāx», _bold_]], _boldness, audacity_ «audācter», adv. [[«audāx», _bold_]], compared «audācius, audācissimē», _boldly_ «audāx, -ācis», adj. _bold, daring_ «audeō, -ēre, ausus sum», _dare_ «audiō, -īre, -īvī or -īī, -ītus», _hear, listen to_ (§§420.d, 491) «Augēās, -ae», m. _Auge´as_, a king whose stables Hercules cleaned «aura, -ae», f. _air, breeze_ «aurātus, -a, -um», adj. [[«aurum», _gold_]], _adorned with gold_ «aureus, -a, -um», adj.[[«aurum», _gold_]], _golden_ «aurum, -ī», n. _gold_ «aut», conj. _or_. «aut...aut», _either...or_ «autem», conj., usually second, never first, in the clause, _but, moreover, however, now_. Cf. «at, sed» «auxilium, auxi´lī», n. _help, aid, assistance;_ plur. _auxiliaries_ «ā-vertō, -ere, -tī, -sus», _turn away, turn aside_ «avis, -is», f. _bird_ (§243.1)
B
«ballista, -ae», f. _ballista_, an engine for hurling missiles (p. 220) «balteus, -ī», m. _belt, sword belt_ «barbarus, -ī», m. _barbarian, savage_ «bellum, -ī», n. _war_. «bellum īnferre», with dat. _make war upon_ «bene», adv. [[for «bonē», from «bonus»]], compared «melius, optimē», _well_ «benignē», adv. [[«benignus», _kind_]], compared «benignius, benignissimē», _kindly_ «benignus, -a, -um», adj. _good-natured, kind_, often used with dat. «bīnī, -ae, -a», distributive numeral adj. _two each, two at a time_ (§334) «bis», adv. _twice_ «bonus, -a, -um», adj. compared «melior, optimus», _good, kind_ (§469.a) «bōs, bovis» (gen. plur. «boum» or «bovum», dat. and abl. plur. «bōbus» or «būbus»), m. and f. _ox, cow_ «bracchium, bracchī», n. _arm_ «brevis, -e», adj. _short_ «Brundisium, -ī», n. _Brundisium_, a seaport in southern Italy. See map «bulla, -ae», f. _bulla_, a locket made of small concave plates of gold fastened by a spring (p. 212)
C
«C.» abbreviation for «Gāius», Eng. _Caius_ «cadō, -ere, ce´cidī, cāsūrus», _fall_ «caedēs, -is», f. [[«caedō», _cut_]], (_a cutting down_), _slaughter, carnage_ (§465.a) «caelum, -ī», n. _sky, heavens_ «Caesar, -aris», m. _Cæsar_, the famous general, statesman, and writer «calamitās, -ātis», f. _loss, calamity, defeat, disaster_ «calcar, -āris», n. _spur_ (§465.b) «Campānia, -ae», f. _Campania_., a district of central Italy. See map «Campānus, -a, -um», adj. _of Campania_ «campus, -ī», m. _plain, field_, esp. the _Campus Martius_, along the Tiber just outside the walls of Rome «canis, -is», m. and f. _dog_ «canō, -ere, ce´cinī», ----, _sing_ «cantō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus» [[«canō», _sing_]], _sing_ «Capēnus, -a, -um», adj. _of Capena_, esp. the _Porta Cape´na_, the gate at Rome leading to the Appian Way «capiō, -ere, cēpī, captus», _take, seize, capture_ (§492) «Capitōlīnus, -a, -um», adj. _belonging to the Capitol, Capitoline_ «Capitōlium, Capitō´lī», n. [[«caput», _head_]], _the Capitol_, the hill at Rome on which stood the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and the citadel «capsa, -ae», f. _box_ for books «captīvus, -ī», m. [[«capiō», _take_]], _captive_ «Capua, -ae», f. _Capua_, a large city of Campania. See map «caput, -itis», n. _head_ (§464.2.b) «carcer, -eris», m. _prison, jail_ «carrus, -ī», m. _cart, wagon_ «cārus, -a, -um», adj. _dear; precious_ «casa, -ae», f. _hut, cottage_ «castellum, -ī», n. [[dim. of «castrum», _fort_]], _redoubt, fort_ «castrum, -ī», n. _fort_. Usually in the plural, «castra, -ōrum», a military _camp_. «castra pōnere», _to pitch camp_ «cāsus, -us», m. [[«cadō», _fall_]], _chance; misfortune, loss_ «catapulta, -ae», f. _catapult_, an engine for hurling stones «catēna, -ae», f. _chain_ «caupōna, -ae», f. _inn_ «causa, -ae», f. _cause, reason_, «quā dē causā», _for this reason_ «cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessūrus», _give way, retire_ «celer, -eris, -ere», adj. _swift, fleet_ «celeritās, -ātis», f. [[«celer», _swift_]], _swiftness, speed_ «celeriter», adv. [[«celer», _swift_]], compared «celerius, celerrimē», _swiftly_ «cēna, -ae», f. _dinner_ «centum», indecl. numeral adj. _hundred_ «centuriō, -ōnis», m. _centurion, captain_ «Cēpheus» (dissyl.), «-eī» (acc. «Cēphea»), m. _Cepheus_, a king of Ethiopia and father of Andromeda «Cerberus, -ī», m. _Cerberus_, the fabled three-headed dog that guarded the entrance to Hades «certāmen, -inis», n. [[«certō», _struggle_]], _struggle, contest, rivalry_ «certē», adv. [[«certus», _sure_]], compared «certius, certissimē», _surely, certainly_ «certus, -a, -um», adj. _fixed, certain, sure_. «aliquem certiōrem facere» (_to make some one more certain_), _to inform some one_ «cervus, -ī», m. _stag, deer_ «cessō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _delay, cease_ «cibāria, -ōrum», n. plur. _food, provisions_ «cibus, -ī», _m.food, victuals_ «Cimbrī, -ōrum», m. plur. _the Cimbri_ «Cimbricus, -a, -um», adj. _Cimbrian_ «cīnctus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «cingō», _surround_]], _girt, surrounded_ «cingō, -ere, cīnxī, cīnctus», _gird, surround_ «circiter», adv. _about_ «circum», prep, with acc. _around_ «circum´-dō, -dare, -dedī, -datus», _place around, surround, inclose_ «circum´-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus», _go around_ «circum-sistō, -ere, circum´stetī», ----, _stand around, surround_ «circum-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus» (_come around_), _surround_ «citerior, -ius», adj. in comp., superl. «citimus», _hither, nearer_ (§475) «cīvīlis, -e», adj. [[«cīvis»]], _civil_ «cīvis, -is», m. and f. _citizen_ (§243.1) «cīvitās, -ātis», f. [[«cīvis», _citizen_]], (_body of citizens_), _state; citizenship_ «clāmor, -ōris», m. _shout, cry_ «clārus, -a, -um», adj. _clear; famous, renowned; bright, shining_ «classis, -is», f. _fleet_ «claudō, -ere, -sī, -sus», _shut, close_ «clavus, -ī», m. _stripe_ «cliēns, -entis», m. _dependent, retainer, client_ (§465.a) «Cocles, -itis», m. (_blind in one eye_), _Cocles_, the surname of Horatius «co-gnōscō, -ere, -gnōvī, -gnītus», _learn, know, understand_. Cf. «sciō» (§420.b) «cōgō, -ere, coēgī, coāctus» [[«co(m)-», _together_, + «agō», _drive_]], (_drive together_), _collect; compel, drive_ «cohors, cohortis», f. _cohort_, the tenth part of a legion, about 360 men «collis, -is», m. _hill_, «in summō colle», _on top of the hill_ (§247.2.a) «collum, -ī», n. _neck_ «colō, -ere, coluī, cultus», _cultivate, till; honor, worship; devote one’s self to_ «columna, -ae», f. _column, pillar_ «com- (col-, con-, cor-, co-)», a prefix, _together, with_, or intensifying the meaning of the root word «coma, -ae», f. _hair_ «comes, -itis», m. and f. [[«com-», _together_, + «eō», _go_]], _companion, comrade_ «comitātus, -ūs», m. [[«comitor», _accompany_]], _escort, company_ «comitor, -ārī, -ātus sum», dep. verb [[«comes», _companion_]], _accompany_ «com-meātus, -ūs», m. _supplies_ «com-minus», adv. [[«com-», _together_, + «manus», _hand_]], _hand to hand_ «com-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus», _join together; commit, intrust_. «proelium committere», _join battle_. «sē committere» with dat, _trust one’s self to_ «commodē», adv. [[«commodus», _fit_]], compared «commodius, commodissimē», _conveniently, fitly_ «commodus, -a, -um», adj. _suitable, fit_ «com-mōtus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «commoveō», _move_]], _aroused, moved_ «com-parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«com-», intensive, + «parō», _prepare_]], _prepare; provide, get_ «com-pleō, -ēre, -plēvī, -plētus» [[«com-», intensive, + «pleō», _fill_]], _fill up_ «complexus, -ūs», m. _embrace_ «com-primō, -ere, -pressī, -pressus» [[«com-», _together_, + «premō», _press_]], _press together, grasp, seize_ «con-cidō, -ere, -cidī», ---- [[«com-», intensive, + «cadō», _fall_]], _fall down_ «concilium, conci´lī», n. _meeting, council_ «con-clūdō, -ere, -clūsī, -clūsus» [[«com-», intensive, + «claudō», _close_]], _shut up, close; end, finish_ «con-currō, -ere, -currī, -cursus» [[«com-», _together_, + «currō», _run_]], _run together; rally, gather_ «condiciō, -ōnis», f. [[«com-», _together_, + «dicō», _talk_]], _agreement, condition, terms_ «con-dōnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _pardon_ «con-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus», _hire_ «cōn-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus», _bring together_. «sē cōnferre», _betake one’s self_ «cōn-fertus, -a, -um», adj. _crowded, thick_ «cōnfestim», adv. _immediately_ «cōn-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus» [[«com-», _completely_, + «faciō», _do_]], _make, complete, accomplish, finish_ «cōn-fīrmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _make firm, establish, strengthen, affirm, assert_ «cōn-fluō, -ere, -flūxī», ----, _flow together_ «cōn-fugiō, -ere, -fūgī, -fugitūrus», _flee for refuge, flee_ «con-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus» [[«com-», intensive, + «iaciō», _throw_]], _hurl_ «con-iungō, -ere, -iūnxī, -iūnctus» [[«com-», _together_, + «iungō», _join_]], _join together, unite_ «con-iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«com-», _together_, + «iūrō», _swear_]], _unite by oath, conspire_ «con-locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«com-», _together_, + «locō», _place_]], _arrange, place, station_ «conloquium, conlo´quī», n. [[«com-», _together_, + «loquor», _speak_]], _conversation, conference_ «cōnor, -ārī, -ātus sum», dep. verb, _endeavor, attempt, try_ «cōn-scendō, -ere, -scendī, -scēnsus» [[«com-», intensive, + «scandō», _climb_]], _climb up, ascend_. «nāvem cōnscendere», _embark, go on board_ «cōn-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus» [[«com-», _together_, + «scrībō», _write_]], (_write together_), _enroll, enlist_ «cōn-secrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«com-», intensive, + «sacrō», _consecrate_]], _consecrate, devote_ «cōn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum», dep. verb [[«com-», intensive, + «sequor», _follow_]], _pursue; overtake; win_ «cōn-servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«com-», intensive, + «servō», _save_]], _preserve, save_ «cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī», n. _plan, purpose, design; wisdom_ «cōn-sistō, -ere, -stitī, -stitus» [[«com-», intensive, + «sistō», _cause to stand_]], _stand firmly, halt, take one’s stand_ «cōn-spiciō, -ere, -spēxī, -spectus» [[«com-», intensive, + «spiciō», _spy_]], _look at attentively, perceive, see_ «cōnstantia, -ae», f. _firmness, steadiness, perseverance_ «cōn-stituō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus» [[«com-», intensive, + «statuō», _set_]], _establish, determine, resolve_ «cōn-stō, -āre, -stitī, -stātūrus» [[«com-», _together_, + «stō», _stand_]], _agree; be certain ; consist of_ «cōnsul, -ulis», m. _consul_ (§464.2.a) «cōn-sūmō, -ere, -sūmpsī, -sūmptus» [[«com-», intensive, + «sumō», _take_]], _consume, use up_ «con-tendō, -ere, -dī, -tus», _strain; hasten; fight, contend, struggle_ «con-tineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentus» [[«com-», _together_, + «teneō», _hold_]], _hold together, hem in, contain; restrain_ «contrā», prep, with acc. _against, contrary to_ «con-trahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctus» [[«com-», _together_, + «trahō», _draw_]], _draw together;_ of sails, _shorten, furl_ «contrōversia, -ae», f. _dispute, quarrel_ «con-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus» [[«com-», _together_, + «veniō», _come_]], _come together, meet, assemble_ «con-vertō, -ere, -vertī, -versus» [[«com-», intensive, + «vertō», _turn_]], _turn_ «con-vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«com-», _together_, + «vocō», _call_]], _call together_ «co-orior, -īrī, -ortus sum», dep. verb [[«com-», intensive, + «orior», _rise_]], _rise, break forth_ «cōpia, -ae», f. [[«com-», intensive, + «ops», _wealth_]], _abundance, wealth, plenty_. Plur. «cōpiae, -ārum», _troops_ «coquō, -ere, coxī, coctus», _cook_ «Corinthus, -ī», f. _Corinth_, the famous city on the Isthmus of Corinth «Cornēlia, -ae», f. _Cornelia_, daughter of Scipio and mother of the Gracchi «Cornēlius, Cornē´lī», m. _Cornelius_, a Roman name «cornū, -ūs», n. _horn; wing_ of an army, «ā dextrō cornū», _on the right wing_ (§466) «corōna, -ae», f. _garland, wreath; crown_ «corōnātus, -a, -um», adj. _crowned_ «corpus, -oris», n. _body_ «cor-ripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptus» [[«com-», intensive, + «rapiō», _seize_]], _seize, grasp_ «cotīdiānus, -a, -um», adj. _daily_ «cotīdiē», adv. _daily_ «crēber, -bra, -brum», adj. _thick, crowded, numerous, frequent_ «crēdō, -ere, -dīdī, -ditus», _trust, believe_, with dat. (§501.14) «cremō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _burn_ «creō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _make; elect, appoint_ «Creōn, -ontis», m. _Creon_, a king of Corinth «crēscō, -ere, crēvī, crētus», _rise, grow, increase_ «Crēta, -ae», f. _Crete_, a large island in the Mediterranean «Crētaeus, -a, -um», adj. _Cretan_ «crūs, crūris», n. _leg_ «crūstulum, -ī», n. _pastry, cake_ «cubīle, -is», n. _bed_ «cultūra, -ae», f. _culture, cultivation_ «cum», conj. with the indic. or subjv. _when; since; although_ (§501.46) «cum», prep, with abl. _with_ (§209) «cupidē», adv. [[«cupidus», _desirous_]], compared «cupidius, cupidissimē», _eagerly_ «cupiditās, -ātis», f. [[«cupidus», _desirous_]], _desire, longing_ «cupiō, -ere, -īvī» or «-iī, -ītus», _desire, wish_. Cf. «volō» «cūr», adv. _why, wherefore_ «cūra, -ae», f. _care, pains; anxiety_ «cūria, -ae», f. _senate house_ «cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«cūra», _care_]], _care for, attend to, look after_ «currō, -ere, cucurrī, cursus», _run_ «currus, -ūs», m. _chariot_ «cursus, -ūs», m. _course_ «custōdiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus» [[«custōs», _guard_]], _guard, watch_
D
«Daedalus, -ī», m. _Dæd´alus_, the supposed inventor of the first flying machine «Dāvus, -ī», m. _Davus_, name of a slave «dē», prep, with abl. _down from, from; concerning, about, for_ (§209). «quā dē causā», _for this reason, wherefore_ «dea, -ae», f. _goddess_ (§461.a) «dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus» [[«dē», _from_, + «habeō», _hold_]], _owe, ought, should_ «decem», indecl. numeral adj. _ten_ «dē-cernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētus» [[«dē», _from_, + «cernō», _separate_]], _decide, decree_ «dē-cidō, -ere, -cidī», ---- [[«dē», _down_, + «cadō», _fall_]], _fall down_ «decimus, -a, -um», numeral adj. _tenth_ «dēclīvis, -e», adj. _sloping downward_ «dē-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus», _give up, surrender_, «sē dēdere», _surrender one’s self_ «dē-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus» [[«dē», _down_, + «dūcō», _lead_]], _lead down, escort_ «dē-fendō, -ere, -dī, -fēnsus», _ward off, repel, defend_ «dē-ferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus» [[«dē», _down_, + «ferō», _bring_]], _bring down; report, announce_ (§426) «dē-fessus, -a, -um», adj. _tired out, weary_ «dē-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus» [[«dē», _from_, + «faciō», _make_]], _fail, be wanting; revolt from_ «dē-fīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus» [[«dē», _down_, + «fīgō», _fasten_]], _fasten, fix_ «dē-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus» [[«dē», _down_, + «iaciō», _hurl_]], _hurl down; bring down, kill_ «de-inde», adv. _(from thence), then, in the next place_ «dēlectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _delight_ «dēleō, -ēre, -ēvī, -ētus», _blot out, destroy_ «dēlīberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _weigh, deliberate, ponder_ «dē-ligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lēctus» [[«dē», _from_, + «legō», _gather_]], _choose, select_ «Delphicus, -a, -um», adj. _Delphic_ «dēmissus, -a, -um» [[part. of «dēmittō», _send down_]], _downcast, humble_ «dē-mōnstrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«dē», _out_, + «mōnstrō», _point_]], _point out, show_ «dēmum», adv. _at last, not till then_. «tum dēmum», _then at last_ «dēnique», adv. _at last, finally_. Cf. «postrēmō» «dēns, dentis», m. _tooth_ (§247.2.a) «dēnsus, -a, -um», adj. _dense, thick_ «dē-pendeō, -ēre», ----, ---- [[«dē», _down_, + «pendeō», _hang_]], _hang from, hang down_ «dē-plōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«dē», intensive, + «plōrō», _wail_]], _bewail, deplore_ «dē-pōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positus» [[«dē», _down_, + «pōnō», _put_]], _put down_ «dē-scendō, -ere, -dī, -scēnsus» [[«dē», _down_, + «scandō», _climb_]], _climb down, descend_ «dē-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scrīptus» [[«dē», _down_, + «scrībō», _write_]], _write down_ «dēsīderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _long for_ «dē-siliō, -īre, -uī, -sultus» [[«dē», _down_, + «saliō», _leap_]], _leap down_ «dē-spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«dē», _away from_, + «spērō», _hope_]], _despair_ «dē-spiciō, -ere, -spēxi, -spectus» [[«dē», _down_]], _look down upon, despise_ «dē-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus» [[«dē», _away from_, + «sum», _be_]], _be wanting, lack_, with dat. (§426) «deus, -ī», m. _god_ (§468) «dē-volvō, -ere, -volvī, -volūtus» [[«dē», _down_, + «volvō», _roll_]], _roll down_ «dē-vorō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«dē», _down_, + «vorō», _swallow_]], _devour_ «dexter, -tra, -trum» («-tera, -terum»), adj. _to the right, right_. «ā dextrō cornū», _on the right wing_ «Diāna, -ae», f. _Diana_, goddess of the moon and twin sister of Apollo «dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus» (imv. «dīc»), _say, speak, tell_. Usually introduces indirect discourse (§420.a) «dictātor, -ōris», m. [[«dictō», _dictate_]], _dictator_, a chief magistrate with unlimited power «diēs, -ēi» or «diē», m., sometimes f. in sing., _day_ (§467) «dif-ferō, -ferre, distulī, dīlātus» [[«dis-», _apart_, + «ferō», _carry_]], _carry apart; differ_. «differre inter sē», _differ from each other_ «dif-ficilis, -e», adj. [[«dis-», _not_, + «facilis», _easy_]], _hard, difficult_ (§307) «difficultās, -ātis», f. [[«difficilis», _hard_]], _difficulty_ «dīligenter», adv. [[«dīligēns», _careful_]], compared «dīligentius, dīligentissimē», _industriously, diligently_ «dīligentia, -ae», f. [[«dīligēns», _careful_]], _industry, diligence_ «dī-micō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _fight, struggle_ «dī-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus» [[«dī-», _off_, + «mittō», _send_]], _send away, dismiss, disband_. «dīmittere animum in», _direct one’s mind to, apply one’s self to_ «Diomēdēs, -is», m. _Dī-o-mē´dēs_, a name «dis-, dī-», a prefix expressing separation, _off, apart, in different directions_. Often negatives the meaning «dis-cēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessus» [[«dis-», _apart_, + «cēdō», _go_]], _depart from, leave, withdraw, go away_ «dis-cernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētus» [[«dis-», _apart_, + «cernō», _sift_]], _separate; distinguish_ «disciplīna, -ae», f. _instruction, training, discipline_ «discipulus, -ī», m. [[«discō», _learn_]], _pupil, disciple_ «discō, -ere, didicī», ----, _learn_ «dis-cutiō, -ere, -cussī, -cussus» [[«dis-», _apart_, + «quatiō», _shake_]], _shatter, dash to pieces_ «dis-pōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positus» [[«dis-», _apart_, + «pōnō», _put_]], _put here and there, arrange, station_ «dis-similis, -e», adj. [[«dis-», _apart_, + «similis», _like_]], _unlike, dissimilar_ (§307) «dis-tribuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus», _divide, distribute_ «diū», adv., compared «diūtius, diūtissimē», _for a long time, long_ (§477) «dō, dare, dedī, datus», _give_. «in fugam dare», _put to flight_. «alicui negōtium dare», _employ some one_ «doceō, -ēre, -uī, -tus», _teach, show_ «doctrīna, -ae», f. [[«doctor», _teacher_]], _teaching, learning, wisdom_ «dolor, -ōris», m. _pain, sorrow_ «domesticus, -a, -um», adj. [[«domus», _house_]], _of the house, domestic_ «domicilium, domici´lī», n. _dwelling; house, abode_. Cf. «domus» «domina, -ae», f. _mistress_ (of the house), _lady_ (§461) «dominus, -ī», m. _master_ (of the house), _owner, ruler_ (§462) «domus, -ūs», f. _house, home_. «domī», locative, _at home_ (§468) «dormiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus», _sleep_ «dracō, -ōnis», m. _serpent, dragon_ «dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _hesitate_ «dubius, -a, -um», adj. [[«duo», _two_]], (_moving two ways_), _doubtful, dubious_ «du-centī, -ae, -a», numeral adj. _two hundred_ «dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductus» (imv. «dūc»), _lead, conduct_ «dum», conj. _while, as long as_ «duo, duae, duo», numeral adj. _two_ (§479) «duo-decim», indecl. numeral adj. _twelve_ «dūrus, -a, -um», adj. _hard, tough; harsh, pitiless, bitter_ «dux, ducis», m. and f. [[cf. «dūcō», _lead_]], _leader, commander_
E
«ē» or «ex», prep, with abl. _out of, from, off, of_ (§209) «eburneus, -a, -um», adj. _of ivory_ «ecce», adv. _see! behold! there! here!_ «ē-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus» [[«ē», _out_, + «dūcō», _lead_]], _lead out, draw out_ «ef-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus» [[«ex», _thoroughly_, + «faciō», _do_]], _work out; make, cause_ «ef-fugiō, -ere, -fūgī, -fugitūrus» [[«ex», _from_, + «fugiō», _flee_]], _escape_ «egeō, -ēre, -uī», ----, _be in need of, lack_, with abl. (§501.32) «ego», pers. pron. _I_; plur. «nōs», _we_ (§480) «ē-gredior, -ī, ēgressus sum», dep. verb [[«ē», _out of_, + «gradior», _go_]], _go out, go forth_. «ē nāvī ēgredī», _disembark_ «ē-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus» [[«ē», _forth_, + «iaciō», _hurl_]], _hurl forth, expel_ «elementum, -ī», n., in plur. _first principles, rudiments_ «elephantus, -ī», m. _elephant_ «Ēlis, Ēlidis», f. _E´lis_, a district of southern Greece «emō, -ere, ēmī, ēmptus», _buy, purchase_ «enim», conj., never standing first, _for, in fact, indeed._ Cf. «nam» «Ennius, Ennī», m. _Ennius_, the father of Roman poetry, born 239 B.C. «eō, īre, iī» («īvī»), «itūrus», _go_ (§499) «eō», adv. _to that place, thither_ «Ēpīrus, -ī», f. _Epi´rus_, a district in the north of Greece «eques, -itis», m. [[«equus», _horse_]], _horseman, cavalryman_ «equitātus, -ūs», m. [[«equitō», _ride_]], _cavalry_ «equus, -ī», m. _horse_ «ē-rigō, -ere, -rēxī, -rēctus» [[«ē», _out_, + «regō», _make straight_]], _raise up_ «ē-ripiō, -ere, -uī, -reptus» [[«ē», _out of_, + «rapiō», _seize_]], _seize, rescue_ «ē-rumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptus» [[«ē», _forth_, + «rumpō», _break_]], _burst forth_ «ēruptiō, -ōnis», f. _sally_ «Erymanthius, -a, -um», adj. _Erymanthian, of Erymanthus_, a district in southern Greece «et», conj. _and, also_. «et ... et», _both ... and_. Cf. «atque, ac, -que» «etiam», adv. (rarely conj.) [[«et», _also_, + «iam», _now_]], _yet, still; also, besides_. Cf. «quoque». «nōn sōlum ... sed etiam», _not only ... but also_ «Etrūscī, -ōrum», m. _the Etruscans_, the people of Etruria. See map of Italy «Eurōpa, -ae», f. _Europe_ «Eurystheus, -ī», m. _Eurys´theus_, a king of Tiryns, a city in southern Greece «ē-vādō, -ere, -vāsī, -vāsus» [[«ē», _out_, + «vādō», _go_]], _go forth, escape_ «ex», see «ē» «exanimātus, -a, -um» [[part. of «exanimō», _put out of breath_ («anima»)]], adj. _out of breath, tired; lifeless_ «ex-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus» [[«ex», _out_, + «capiō», _take_]], _welcome, receive_ «exemplum, -ī», n. _example, model_ «ex-eō,-īre,-iī,-itūrus» [[«ex», _out_, + «eō», _go_]], _go out, go forth_ (§413) «ex-erceō, -ēre, -uī, -itus» [[«ex», _out_, + «arceō», _shut_]], _(shut out), employ, train, exercise, use_ «exercitus, -us», m. [[«exerceō», _train_]], _army_ «ex-īstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«ex», _out_, + «aestimō», _reckon_]], _estimate; think, judge_ (§420.c). Cf. «arbitror, putō» «ex-orior, -īrī, -ortus sum», dep. verb [[«ex», _forth_, + «orior», _rise_]], _come forth, rise_ «expedītus, -a, -um», adj. _without baggage_ «ex-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus» [[«ex», _out_, + «pellō», _drive_]], _drive out_ «ex-piō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«ex», intensive, + «pīo», _atone for_]], _make amends for, atone for_ «explōrātor, -ōris», m. [[«explōrō», _investigate_]], _spy, scout_ «explōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _examine, explore_ «ex-pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«ex», _out_, + «pugnō», _fight_]], _take by storm, capture_ «exsilium, exsi´lī», n. [[«exsul», _exile_]], _banishment, exile_ «ex-spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«ex», _out_, + «spectō», _look_]], _expect, wait_ «ex-struō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctus» [[«ex», _out_, + «struō», _build_]], _build up, erect_ «exterus, -a, -um», adj., compared «exterior, extrēmus» or «extimus», _outside, outer_ (§312) «extrā», prep, with acc. _beyond, outside of_ «ex-trahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctus» [[«ex», _out_, + «trahō», _drag_]], _drag out, pull forth_ «extrēmus, -a, -um», adj., superl. of «exterus», _utmost, farthest_ (§312)
F
«fābula, -ae», f. _story, tale, fable_ «facile», adv. [[«facilis», _easy_]], compared «facilius, facillimē», _easily_ (§322) «facilis, -e», adj. [[cf. «faciō», _make_]], _easy, without difficulty_ (§307) «faciō, -ere, fēcī, factus» (imv. «fac»), _make, do; cause, bring about_. «impetum facere in», _make an attack upon_. «proelium facere», _fight a battle_. «iter facere», _make a march_ or _journey_. «aliquem certiōrem facere», _inform some one_. «facere verba prō», _speak in behalf of_. Passive «fīō, fierī, factus sum», _be done, happen_. «certior fierī», _be informed_ «fallō, -ere, fefellī, falsus», _trip, betray, deceive_ «fāma, -ae», f. _report, rumor; renown, fame, reputation_ «famēs, -is» (abl. «famē»), f. _hunger_ «familia, -ae», f. _servants, slaves; household, family_ «fascēs, -ium» (plur. of «fascis»), f. _fasces_ (p. 225) «fastīgium, fastī´gī», n. _top; slope, descent_ «fātum, -ī», n. _fate, destiny_ «faucēs, -ium», f. plur. _jaws, throat_ «faveō, -ēre, fāvī, fautūrus», _be favorable to, favor_, with dat. (§501.14) «fēlīx, -īcis», adj. _happy, lucky_ «fēmina, -ae», f. woman. Cf. «mulier» «fera, -ae», f. [[«ferus», _wild_]], _wild beast_ «ferāx, -ācis», adj. _fertile_ «ferē», adv. _about, nearly, almost_ «ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus», _bear_. «graviter» or «molestē ferre», _be annoyed_ (§498) «ferreus, -a, -um», adj. [[«ferrum», _iron_]], _made of iron_ «fidēlis, -e», adj. [[«fidēs», _trust_]], _faithful, true_ «fidēs, fideī» _or_ «fidē», _trust, faith; promise, word; protection_. «in fidem venīre», _come under the protection_. «in fidē manēre», _remain loyal_ «fīlia, -ae» (dat. and abl. plur. «fīliābus»), f. _daughter_ (§461.a) «fīlius, fīlī» (voc. sing, «fīlī»), m. _son_ «fīnis, -is», m. _boundary, limit, end;_ in plur. _territory, country_ (§243.1) «fīnitimus, -a, -um», adj. [[«fīnis», _boundary_]], _adjoining, neighboring_. Plur. «fīnitimī, -ōrum», m. _neighbors_ «fīō, fierī, factus sum», used as passive of «faciō». See «faciō» (§500) «flamma, -ae», f. _fire, flame_ «flōs, flōris», m. _flower_ «fluctus, -ūs», m. [[of. «fluō», _flow_]], _flood, wave, billow_ «flūmen, -inis», n. [[cf. «fluō», _flow_]], _river_ (§464.2.b) «fluō, -ere, flūxī, fluxus», _flow_ «fluvius, fluvī», m. [[cf. «fluō», _flow_]], _river_ «fodiō, -ere, fōdī, fossus», _dig_ «fōns, fontis», m. _fountain_ (§247.2.a) «fōrma, -ae», f. _form, shape, appearance; beauty_ «Formiae, -ārum», f. _Formiae_, a town of Latium on the Appian Way. See map «forte», adv. [[abl. of «fors», _chance_]], _by chance_ «fortis, -e», adj. _strong; fearless, brave_ «fortiter», adv. [[«fortis», _strong_]], compared «fortius, fortissimē», _strongly; bravely_ «fortūna, -ae», f. [[«fors», _chance_]], _chance, fate, fortune_ «forum, -ī», n. _market place_, esp. the «Forum Rōmānum», where the life of Rome centered «Forum Appī», _Forum of Appius_, a town in Latium on the Appian Way «fossa, -ae», f. [[cf. «fodiō», _dig_]], _ditch_ «fragor, -ōris», m. [[cf. «frangō», _break_]], _crash, noise_ «frangō, -ere, frēgī, frāctus», _break_ «frāter, -tris», m. _brother_ «fremitus, -ūs», m. _loud noise_ «frequentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _attend_ «frētus, -a, -um», adj. _supported, trusting_. Usually with abl. of means «frōns, frontis», f. _front_, «ā fronte», _in front_ «frūctus, -ūs», m. _fruit_ «frūmentārius, -a, -um», adj. _pertaining to grain_. «rēs frūmentāria», _grain supplies_ «frūmentum, -ī», n. _grain_ «frūstrā», adv. _in vain, vainly_ «fuga, -ae», f. [[cf. «fugiō», _flee_]], _flight_. «in fugam dare», _put to flight_ «fugiō, -ere, fūgī, fugitūrus», _flee, run; avoid, shun_ «fūmō, -are, ------, ------», _smoke_ «fūnis, -is», m. _rope_ «furor, -ōris», m. [[«furō», _rage_]], _madness_. «in furōrem incīdere», _go mad_
G
«Gāius, Gāī», m. _Gaius_, a Roman name, abbreviated «C.», English form _Caius_ «Galba, -ae», m. _Galba_, a Roman name «galea, -ae», f. _helmet_ «Gallia, -ae», f. _Gaul_, the country comprising what is now Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and France «Gallicus, -a, -um», adj. _Gallic_ «gallīna, -ae», f. _hen, chicken_ «Gallus, -ī», m. _a Gaul_ «gaudium, gaudī», n. _joy_ «Genāva, -ae», f. _Geneva_, a city in Switzerland «gēns, gentis», f. [[cf. «gignō», _beget_]], _race, family; people, nation, tribe_ «genus, -eris», n. _kind, variety_ «Germānia, -ae», f. _Germany_ «Germānus, -ī», m. _a German_ «gerō, -ere, gessī, gestus», _carry, wear; wage_. «bellum gerere», _wage war_. «rēs gestae», _exploits_. «bene gerere», _carry on successfully_ «gladiātōrius, -a, -um», adj. _gladiatorial_ «gladius, gladī», m. _sword_ «glōria, -ae», f. _glory, fame_ «Gracchus, -ī», m. _Gracchus_, name of a famous Roman family «gracilis, -e», adj. _slender_ (§307) «Graeca, -ōrum», n. plur. _Greek writings, Greek literature_ «Graecē», adv. _in Greek_ «Graecia, -ae», f. _Greece_ «grammaticus, -ī», m. _grammarian_ «grātia, -ae», f. _thanks, gratitude_ «grātus, -a, -um», adj. _acceptable, pleasing_. Often with dat. (§501.16) «gravis, -ē», adj. _heavy; disagreeable; serious, dangerous; earnest, weighty_ «graviter», adv. [[«gravis», _heavy_]], compared «gravius, gravissimē», _heavily; greatly, seriously_. «graviter ferre», _bear ill, take to heart_ «gubernātor, -ōris», m. [[«gubernō», _pilot_]], _pilot_
H
«habēna, -ae», f. _halter, rein_. «habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus», _have, hold; regard, consider, deem_ «habitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[cf. «habeō», _have_]], _dwell, abide, inhabit_. Cf. «incolō, vīvō» «hāc-tenus», adv. _thus far_ «Helvētiī, -ōrum», m. _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe «Herculēs, -is», m. _Hercules_, son of Jupiter and Alcmena, and god of strength «Hesperidēs, -um», f. _the Hesperides_, daughters of Hesperus, who kept the garden of the golden apples «hic, haec, hoc», demonstrative adj. and pron. _this_ (of mine); as pers. pron. _he, she, it_ (§481) «hīc», adv. _here_ «hiems, -emis», f. _winter_ «hīnc», adv. [[«hīc», _here_]], _from here, hence_ «Hippolytē, -ēs», f. _Hippolyte_, queen of the Amazons «ho-diē», adv. [[modified form of «hōc diē», _on this day_]], _to-day_ «homō, -inis», m. and f. _(human being), man, person_ «honestus, -a, -um», adv. [[«honor», _honor_]], _respected, honorable_ «honor, -ōris», m. _honor_ «hōra, -ae», f. _hour_ «Horātius, Horā´tī», m. _Horatius_, a Roman name «horribilis, -e», adj. _terrible, horrible_ «hortor, -āri, -ātus sum», dep. verb, _urge, incite, exhort, encourage_ (§493) «hortus, -ī», m. _garden_ «hospitium, hospi´tī», n. [[«hospes», _host_]], _hospitality_ «hostis, -is», m. and f. _enemy, foe_ (§465.a) «humilis, -e», adj. _low, humble_ (§307) «Hydra, -ae», f. _the Hydra_, a mythical water snake slain by Hercules
I
«iaciō, -ere, iēcī, iactus», _throw, hurl_ «iam», adv. _now, already_. «nec iam», _and no longer_ «Iāniculum, -ī», n. _the Janiculum_, one of the hills of Rome «iānua, -ae», f. _door_ «ibi», adv. _there, in that place_ «Īcarus, -ī», m. _Ic´arus_, the son of Dædalus «ictus, -ūs», m. [[cf. «īcō», _strike_]], _blow_ «īdem, e´adem, idem», demonstrative pron. [[«is» + «dem»]], _same_ (§481) «idōneus, -a, -um», adj. _suitable, fit_ «igitur», conj., seldom the first word, _therefore, then_. Cf. «itaque» «ignis, -is», m. _fire_ (§§243.1; 247. 2.a; 465, 1) «ignōtus, -a, -um», adj. [[«in-», _not_, + «(g)notus», _known_]], _unknown, strange_ «ille, illa, illud», demonstrative adj. and pron. _that_ (yonder); as pers. pron. _he, she, it_ (§481) «illīc», adv. [[cf. «ille»]], _yonder, there_ «im-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus» [[«in», _against_, + «mittō», _send_]], _send against; let in_ «immolō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«in», _upon_, + «mola», _meal_]], _sprinkle with sacrificial meal; offer, sacrifice_ «im-mortālis, -e», adj. [[«in-», _not_, + «mortalis», _mortal_]], _immortal_ «im-mortālitās, -ātis», f. [[«immortālis», _immortal_]], _immortality_ «im-parātus, -a, -um», adj. [[«in-», _not_, + «parātus», _prepared_]], _unprepared_ «impedīmentum», -ī, n. [[«impediō», _hinder_]], _hindrance;_ in plur. _baggage_ «impedītus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «impediō», _hinder_]], _hindered, burdened_ «im-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus» [[«in», _against_, + «pellō», _strike_]], _strike against; impel, drive, propel_ «imperātor, -ōris», m. [[«imperō», _command_]], _general_ «imperium, impe´rī», n. [[«imperō», _command_]], _command, order; realm, empire; power, authority_ «imperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _command, order_. Usually with dat. and an object clause of purpose (§501.41). With acc. object, _levy, impose_ «impetus, -ūs», m. _attack_, «impetum facere in», _make an attack upon_ «im-pōnō, -ere, -posui, -positus» [[«in», _upon_, + «pōnō», _place_]], _place upon; impose, assign_ «in», prep, with acc. _into, to, against, at, upon, towards;_ with abl. _in, on_. «in reliquum tempus», _for the future_ «in-», inseparable prefix. With nouns and adjectives often with a negative force, like English _un-, in-_ «in-cautus, -a, -um», adj. [[«in-», _not_, + «cautus», _careful_]], _off one’s guard_ «incendium, incendī», n. _flame, fire_. Cf. «ignis, flamma» «in-cendō, -ere, -dī, -cēnsus», _set fire to, burn_ «in-cidō, -ere, -cidī, ----», [[«in», _in, on_, + «cadō», _fall_]], _fall in, fall on; happen_. «in furōrem incidere», _go mad_ «in-cipiō, -ere, -cēpi, -ceptus» [[«in», _on_, + «capiō», _take_]], _begin_ «in-cognitus, -a, -um», adj. [[«in-», _not_, + «cognitus», _known_]], _unknown_ «in-colō, -ere, -uī, ----», [[«in», _in_, + «colō», _dwell_]], _inhabit; live_ «incolumis, -e», adj. _sound, safe, uninjured, imharmed_ «in-crēdibilis, -e», adj. [[«in-», _not_, + «crēdibilis», _to be believed_]], _incredible_ «inde», _from that place, thence_ «induō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus», _put on_ «indūtus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «induō», _put on_]], _clothed_ «in-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus» [[«in», _into_, + «eō», _go_]], _go into; enter upon, begin_, with acc. (§413) «īn-fāns, -fantis», adj. [[«in-», _not_, + *«fāns», _speaking_]], _not speaking_. As a noun, m. and f. _infant_ «īn-fēlīx, -īcis», adj. [[«in-», _not_, + «fēlīx», _happy_]], _unhappy, unlucky_ «īnfēnsus, -a, -um», adj. _hostile_ «īn´-ferō, īnfer´re, in´tulī, inlā´tus» [[«in», _against_, + «ferō», _bear_]], _bring against or upon, inflict_, with acc. and dat. (§501.15). «bellum īnferre», with dat., _make war upon_ «īnferus, -a, -um», adj. _low, below_ (§312). «īn-fīnītus, -a, -um», adj. [[«in-», _not_, + «fīnītus», _bounded_]], _boundless, endless_ «īn-fīrmus, -a, -um», adj. [[«in-», _not_, + «fīrmus», _strong_]], _weak, infirm_ «ingenium, inge´ni», n. _talent, ability_ «ingēns, -entis», adj. _vast, huge, enormous, large_. Cf. «magnus» «in-gredior, -gredī, -gressus sum» [[«in», _in_, + «gradior», _walk_]], _advance, enter_ «inimīcus, -a, -um», adj. [[«in-», _not_, + «amīcus», _friendly_]], _hostile_. As a noun, «inimīcus, -ī», m. _enemy, foe_. Cf. «hostis» «initium, ini´tī», _entrance, beginning_ «initus, -a, -um», part. of «ineō». «initā aestāte», _at the beginning of summer_ «iniūria, -ae», f. [[«in», _against_, + «iūs», _law_]], _injustice, wrong, injury_. «alicui iniūriās īnferre», _inflict wrongs upon some one_ «inopia, -ae», f. [[«inops», _needy_]], _want, need, lack_ «in-opīnāns, -antis», adj. [[«in-», _not_, + «opīnāns», _thinking_]], _not expecting, taken by surprise_ «inquit», _said he, said she_. Regularly inserted in a direct quotation «in-rigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _irrigate, water_ «in-rumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptus» [[«in», _into_, + «rumpō», _break_]], _burst in, break in_ «in-ruō, -ere, -ruī,----» [[«in», _in_, + «ruō», _rush_]], _rush in_ «īn-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum», dep. verb [[«in», _on_, + «sequor», _follow_]], _follow on, pursue_ «īn-signe, -is», n. _badge, decoration_ (§465.b) «īnsignis, -e», adj. _remarkable, noted_ «īnstāns, -antis», adj. [[part, of «īnsto», _be at hand_]], _present, immediate_ «īn-stō, -āre, -stitī, -statūrus» [[«in», _upon_, + «stō», _stand_]], _stand upon; be at hand; pursue, press on_ «īnstrūmentum, -ī», n. _instrument_ «īn-struō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctus» [[«in», _on_, + «struō», _build_]], _draw up_ «īnsula, -ae», f. _island_ «integer, -gra, -grum», _untouched, whole; fresh, new_ «intellegō, -ere, -lēxī, -lēctus» [[«inter», _between_, +«legō», _choose_]], _perceive, understand_ (§420.d) «intentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _aim; threaten_ «inter», prep. with acc. _between, among; during, while_ (§340) «interfectus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «inter-ficiō», _kill_]], _slain, dead_ «inter-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus» [[«inter», _between_, + «faciō», _make_]], _put out of the way, kill_. Cf. «necō, occīdō, trucīdō» «interim», adv. _meanwhile_ «interior, -ius», adj. _interior, inner_ (§315) «inter-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus», _leave off, suspend_ «interpres, -etis», m. and f. _interpreter_ «inter-rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _question_ «inter-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus» [[«inter», _between_, +«sum», _be_]], _be present, take part in_, with dat. (§501.15) «inter-vāllum, -ī», n. _interval, distance_ «intrā», adv. and prep. with acc. _within, in_ «intrō, -āre, -āvi, -ātus», _go into, enter_ «in-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus» [[«in», _upon_, +«veniō», _come_]], _find_ «invīsus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «invideō», _envy_]], _hated, detested_ «Iolāus, -ī», m. _I-o-lā´us_, a friend of Hercules «ipse, -a, -um», intensive pron. _that very, this very; self, himself, herself, itself_, (§481) «īra, -ae», f. _wrath, anger_ «īrātus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «īrāscor», _be angry_]], _angered, enraged_ «is, ea, id», demonstrative adj. and pron. _this, that; he, she, it_ (§481) «iste, -a, -ud», demonstrative adj. and pron. _that_ (of yours), _he, she, it_ (§481) «ita», adv. _so, thus_. Cf. «sīc» and «tam» «Italia, -ae», f. _Italy_ «ita-que», conj. _and so, therefore_ «item», adv. _also_ «iter, itineris», n. _journey, march, route; way, passage_ (§§247.1.a; 468). «iter dare», _give a right of way, allow to pass_. «iter facere», _march_ (see p. 159) «iubeō, -ēre, iussī, iussus», _order, command_. Usually with the infin. and subj. acc. (§213) «iūdex, -icis», m. and f. _judge_ (§464.1) «iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«iūdex», _judge_]], _judge, decide_ (§420.c) «Iūlia, -ae», _Julia_, a Roman name «Iūlius, Iūlī», m. _Julius_, a Roman name «iungō, -ēre, iūnxī, iūnctus», _join; yoke, harness_ «Iūnō, -ōnis», f. _Juno_, the queen of the gods and wife of Jupiter «Iuppiter, Iovis», m. _Jupiter_, the supreme god «iūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _swear, take an oath_ «iussus, -a, -um», part. of «iubeō», _ordered_
L
«L.», abbreviation for «Lūcius» «labefactus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «labefaciō», _cause to shake_]], _shaken, weakened, ready to fall_ «Labiēnus, -ī», m. _La-bi-e´nus_, one of Cæsar’s lieutenants «labor, -ōris», m. _labor, toil_ «labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«labor», _labor_]], _labor; suffer, be hard pressed_ «lacrima, -ae», f. _tear_ «lacus, -ūs» (dat. and abl. plur. «lacubus»), m. _lake_ «laetē», adv. [[«laetus», _glad_]], compared «laetius, laetissimē», _gladly_ «laetitia, -ae», f. [[«laetus», _glad_]], _joy_ «laetus, -a, -um», adj. _glad, joyful_ «lapis, -idis», m. _stone_ (§§247.2.a; 464.1) «Lār, Laris», m.; plur. «Larēs, -um» (rarely «-ium»), _the Lares_ or _household, gods_ «lātē, »adv. [[«lātus», _wide_]], compared «lātius, lātissimē», _widely_ «Latinē», adv. _in Latin_. «Latīnē loquī», _to speak Latin_ «lātitūdō, -inis», f. [[«lātus», _wide_]], _width_ «Lātōna, -ae», f. _Latona_, mother of Apollo and Diana «latus, -a, -um», adj. _wide_ «lātus, -eris», n. _side, flank_. «ab utrōque latere», _on each side_ «laudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«laus», _praise_]], _praise_ «laurea, -ae», f. _laurel_ «laureātus, -a, -um», adj. _crowned with laurel_ «laus, laudis», f. _praise_ «lectulus, -ī», m. _couch, bed_ «lēgātus, -ī», m. _ambassador; lieutenant_ «legiō, -ōnis», f. [[cf. «legō», _gather_]], (_body of soldiers_), _legion_, about 3600 men (§464.2.a) «legiōnārius, -a, -um», adj. _legionary_. Plur. «legiōnariī, -ōrum», m. _the soldiers of the legion_ «legō, -ere, lēgī, lēctus», _read_ «lēnis, -e», adj. _gentle, smooth, mild_ «lēniter», adv. [[«lēnis», _gentle_]], compared «lēnius, lēnissimē», _gently_ «Lentulus, -i», m. _Lentulus_, a Roman family name «leō, -ōnis», m. _lion_ «Lernaeus, -a, -um», adj. _Lernæean_, of Lerna, in southern Greece «Lesbia, -ae», f. _Lesbia_, a girl’s name «levis, -e», adj. _light_ «lēx, lēgis», f. _measure, law_ «libenter», adv. [[«libēns», _willing_]], compared «libentius, libentissimē», _willingly, gladly_ «līber, -era, -erum», adj. _free_ (§469.b) «līberī, -ōrum», m. [[«līber», _free_]], _children_ «līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«līber», _free_]], _set free, release, liberate_ «lībertās, -ātis», f. [[«līber», _free_]], _freedom, liberty_ «līctor, -ōris», m. _lictor_ (p. 225) «līmus, -ī», m. _mud_ «littera, -ae», f. _a letter_ of the alphabet; in plur. _a letter, epistle_ «lītus, -oris», n. _seashore, beach_ «locus, -ī», m. (plur. «locī» and «loca», m. and n.), _place, spot_ «longē», adv. [[«longus», _long_]], comp. «longius, longissimē», _a long way off; by far_ «longinquus, -a, -um», adj. [[«longus», _long_]], _distant, remote_ «longitūdō, -inis», f. [[«longus», _long_]], _length_ «longus, -a, -um», adj. _long_ «loquor, loqui, locūtus sum», dep. verb, _talk, speak_ «lōrīca, -ae», f. [[«lōrum», _thong_]], _coat of mail, corselet_ «lūdō, -ere, lūsī, lūsus», _play_ «lūdus, -ī», m. _play; school_, the elementary grades. Cf. «schola» «lūna, -ae», f. _moon_ «lūx, lūcis», f. (no gen. plur.), _light_. «prīma lūx», _daybreak_ «Lȳdia, -ae», f. _Lydia_, a girl’s name
M
«M.», abbreviation for «Mārcus» «magicus, -a, -um», adj. _magic_ «magis», adv. in comp. degree [[«magnus», _great_]], _more, in a higher degree_ (§323) «magister, -trī», m. _master, commander; teacher_ «magistrātus, -ūs», m. [[«magister», _master_]], _magistracy; magistrate_ «magnitūdō, -inis», f. [[«magnus», _great_]], _greatness, size_ «magnopere», adv. [[abl. of «magnum opus»]], compared «magis, maximē», _greatly, exceedingly_ (§323) «magnus, -a, -um», adj., compared «maior, maximus», _great, large; strong, loud_ (§311) «maior, maius, -ōris», adj., comp. of «magnus», _greater, larger_ (§311) «maiōrēs, -um», m. plur. of «maior», _ancestors_ «mālō, mālle, māluī, ----» [[«magis», _more_, + «volō», _wish_]], _wish more, prefer_ (§497) «malus, -a, -um», adj., compared «peior, pessimus», _bad, evil_ (§311) «mandō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«manus», _hand_, + «dō», _put_]], _(put in hand), intrust; order, command_ «maneō, -ēre, mānsī, mānsūrus», _stay, remain, abide_ «Mānlius, Mānlī», m. _Manlius_, a Roman name «mānsuētus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «mānsuēscō», _tame_]], _tamed_ «manus, -ūs», f. _hand; force, band_ «Mārcus, -ī», m. _Marcus, Mark_, a Roman first name «mare, -is», n. (no gen. plur.), _sea_. «mare tenēre», _be out to sea_ «margō, -inis», m. _edge, border_ «marītus, -ī», m. _husband_ «Marius, Marī», m. _Marius_, a Roman name, esp. _C. Marius_, the general «Mārtius, -a, -um», adj. _of Mars_, esp. the _Campus Martius_ «māter, -tris», f. _mother_ «mātrimōnium, mātrimō´nī», n. _marriage_. «in mātrimōnium dūcere», _marry_ «mātūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _hasten_. Cf. «contendō», «properō» «mātūrus, -a, -um», adj. _ripe, mature_ «maximē», adv. in superl. degree [[«maximus», _greatest_]], compared «magnopere, magis, maximē», _especially, very much_ (§323) «maximus, -a, -um», adj., superl. of «magnus», _greatest, extreme_ (§311) «medius, -a, -um», adj. _middle part; middle, intervening_ «melior, -ius, -ōris», adj., comp. of «bonus», _better_ (§311) «melius», adv. in comp. degree, compared «bene, melius, optimē», _better_ (§323) «memoria, -ae», f. [[«memor», _mindful_]], _memory_. «memoriā tenēre», _remember_ «mēns, mentis», f. _mind_. Cf. «animus» «mēnsis, -is», m. _month_ (§247.2. a) «mercātor, -ōris», m. [[«mercor», _trade_]], _trader, merchant_ «merīdiānus, -a, -um», adj. [[«merīdiēs», _noon_]], _of midday_ «merīdiēs, ----» (acc. «-em», abl. «-ē»), m. [[«medius», _mid_, + «diēs», _day_]], _noon_ «metus, -ūs», m. _fear, dread_ «meus, -a, -um», possessive adj. and pron. _my, mine_ (§98) «mīles, -itis», m. _soldier_ (§464.1) «mīlitāris, -e», adj. [[«mīles», _soldier_]], _military_. «rēs mīlitāris», _science of war_ «mīlitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«mīles», _soldier_]], _serve as a soldier_ «mīlle», plur. «mīlia, -ium», numeral adj. and subst. _thousand_ (§479) «minimē», adv. in superl. degree, compared «parum, minus, minimē», _least, very little; by no means_ (§323) «minimus, -a, -um», adj. in superl. degree, compared «parvus, minor, minimus», _least, smallest_ (§311) «minor, minus, -ōris», adj. in comp. degree, compared «parvus, minor, minimus», _smaller, less_ (§311) «Mīnōs, -ōis», m. _Minos_, a king of Crete «minus», adv. in comp. degree, compared «parum, minus, minimē», _less_ (§323) «Minyae, -ārum», m. _the Minyae_, a people of Greece «mīrābilis, -e», adj. [[«mīror», _wonder at_]], _wonderful, marvelous_ «mīror, -ārī, -ātus sum», dep. verb [[«mīrus», _wonderful_]], _wonder, marvel, admire_ «mīrus, -a, -um», adj. _wonderful_ «Mīsēnum, -ī», _Mise´num_, a promontory and harbor on the coast of Campania. See map «miser, -era, -erum», adj. _wretched, unhappy, miserable_ «missus, -a, -um», part. of «mittō», _sent_ «mittō, -ere, mīsī, missus», _send_ «modicus, -a, -um» [[«modus», _measure_]], _modest, ordinary_ «modo», adv. [[abl. of «modus», _measure_, with shortened «o»]], _only, merely, just now_. «modo ... modo», _now ... now, sometimes ... sometimes_ «modus, -ī», m. _measure; manner, way; kind_ «moenia, -ium», n. plur. [[cf. «mūniō», _fortify_]], _walls, ramparts_ «molestē», adv. [[«molestus», _troublesome_]], compared «molestius, molestissimē», _annoyingly_. «molestē ferre», _to be annoyed_ «molestus, -a, -um», _troublesome, annoying, unpleasant_ (§501.16) «moneō, -ēre, -uī, -itus», _remind, advise, warn_ (§489) «mōns, montis», m. _mountain_ (§247.2. a) «mōnstrum, -ī», n. _monster_ «mora, -ae», f. _delay_ «moror, -ārī, -ātus sum», dep. verb [[«mora», _delay_]], _delay, linger; impede_ «mors, mortis», f. [[cf. «morior», _die_]], _death_ «mōs, mōris», m. _custom, habit_ «mōtus, -ūs», m. [[cf. «moveō», _move_]], _motion, movement_. «terrae mōtus», _earthquake_ «moveō, -ēre, mōvī, mōtus», _move_ «mox», adv. _soon, presently_ «mulier, -eris», f. _woman_ «multitūdō, -inis», f. [[«multus», _much_]], _multitude_ «multum (multō)», adv. [[«multus», _much_]], compared «plūs, plūrimum», _much_ (§477) «multus, -a, -um», adj., compared «plūs, plūrimus», _much_; plur. _many_ (§311) «mūniō, -īre, -īvī or -iī, -ītus», _fortify, defend_ «mūnītiō, -ōnis», f. [[«mūniō», _fortify_]], _defense, fortification_ «mūrus, -ī», m. _wall_. Cf. «moenia» «mūsica, -ae», f. _music_
N
«nam», conj. _for_. Cf. «enim» «nam-que», conj., a strengthened «nam», introducing a reason or explanation, _for, and in fact; seeing that_ «nārrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _tell, relate_ «nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum», dep. verb, _be born, spring from_ «nātūra, -ae», f. _nature_ «nātus», part. of «nāscor» «nauta, -ae», m. [[for «nāvita», from «nāvis», _ship_]], _sailor_ «nāvālis, -e», adj. [[«nāvis», _ship_]], _naval_ «nāvigium, nāvi´gī», n. _ship, boat_ «nāvigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«nāvis», _ship_, + «agō», _drive_]], _sail, cruise_ «nāvis, -is» (abl. -ī or -e), f. _ship_ (§243.1). «nāvem cōnscendere», _embark, go on board_. «nāvem solvere», _set sail_. «nāvis longa», _man-of-war_ «nē», conj. and adv. _in order that not, that_ (with verbs of fearing), _lest; not_. «nē ... quidem», _not even_ «-ne», interrog. adv., enclitic (see §§16, 210). Cf. «nōnne» and «num» «nec» or «neque», conj. [[«nē», _not_, + «que», _and_]], _and not, nor_. «nec ... nec» or «neque ... neque», _neither ... nor_ «necessārius, -a, -um», adj. _needful, necessary_ «necō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[cf. nex, _death_]], _kill_. Cf. «interficiō, occīdō, trucīdō» «negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _deny, say not_ (§420.a) «negōtium, negō´tī», n. [[«nec», _not_, + «ōtium», _ease_]], _business, affair, matter_. «alicui negōtium dare», _to employ some one_ «Nemaeus, -a, -um», adj. _Neme´an, of Neme´a_, in southern Greece «nēmō», dat. «nēminī» (gen. «nūllīus», abl. «nūllō», supplied from «nūllus»), m. and f. [[«nē», _not_, + «homō», _man_]], _(not a man), no one, nobody_ «Neptūnus, -ī», m. _Neptune_, god of the sea, brother of Jupiter «neque», see «nec» «neuter, -tra, -trum» (gen. «-trīus», dat. «-trī»), adj. _neither_ (of two) (§108) «nē-ve», conj. adv. _and not, and that not, and lest_ «nihil», n. indecl. [[«nē», _not_, + «hīlum», _a whit_]], _nothing_. «nihil posse», _to have no power_ «nihilum, -ī», n., see «nihil» «Niobē, -ēs», f. _Ni´obe_, the queen of Thebes whose children were destroyed by Apollo and Diana «nisi», conj. [[«nē», _not_, + «sī», _if_]], _if not, unless, except_ «nōbilis, -e», adj. _well known; noble_ «noceō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus» [[cf. «necō», _kill_]], _hurt, injure_, with dat. (§501.14) «noctū», abl. used as adv. [[cf. «nox», _night_]], _at night, by night_ «Nōla, -ae», f. _Nola_, a town in central Campania. See map «nōlō, nōlle, nōluī», ---- [[«ne», _not_, + «volō», _wish_]], _not to wish, be unwilling_ (§497) «nōmen, -inis», n. [[cf. «nōscō», _know_]], _(means of knowing), name_ «nōminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«nōmen», _name_]], _name, call_. Cf. «appellō, vocō» «nōn», adv. [[«nē», _not_, + «ūnum», _one_]], _not_. «nōn sōlum ... sed etiam», _not only ... but also_ «nōn-dum», adv. _not yet_ «nōn-ne», interrog. adv. suggesting an affirmative answer, _not?_ (§210). Cf. «-ne» and «num» «nōs», pers. pron. _we_ (see «ego») (§480) «noster, -tra, -trum», possessive adj. and pron. _our, ours_. Plur. «nostrī, -ōrum», m. _our men_ (§98) «novem», indecl. numeral adj. _nine_ «novus, -a, -um», adj. _new_. «novae rēs», _a revolution_ «nox, noctis», f. _night_, «multā nocte», _late at night_ «nūllus, -a, -um» (gen. «-īus», dat. «-ī») adj. [[«nē», _not_, + «ūllus», _any_]], _not any, none, no_ (§108) «num», interrog. adv. suggesting a negative answer (§210). Cf. «-ne» and «nōnne». In indir. questions, _whether_ «numerus, -ī», m. _number_ «numquam», adv. [[«nē», _not_, + «umquam», _ever_]], _never_ «nunc», adv. _now_. Cf. «iam» «nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«nūntius», _messenger_]], _report, announce_ (§420.a) «nūntius, nūntī», m. _messenger_ «nūper», adv. _recently, lately, just now_ «nympha, -ae», f. _nymph_
O
«ob», prep. with acc. _on account of_. In compounds it often means _in front of, against_, or it is intensive. «quam ob rem», _for this reason_ (§340) «obses, -idis», m. and f. _hostage_ «ob-sideō,-ēre,-sēdī, -sessus» [[«ob», _against_, + «sedeō», _sit_]], _besiege_ «obtineō, -ēre, -uī, -tentus» [[«ob», _against_, + «teneō», _hold_]], _possess, occupy, hold_ «occāsiō, -ōnis», f. _favorable opportunity, favorable moment_ «occāsus, -ūs», m. _going down, setting_ «occīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsus» [[«ob», _down_, + «caedō», _strike_]], _strike down; cut down, kill_. Cf. «interficiō, necō» «occupō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«ob», _completely_, + «capiō», _take_]], _seize, take possession of, occupy_. Cf. «rapio» «oc-currō, -ere, -currī, -cursus» [[«ob», _against_ + «currō», _run_]], _run towards; meet_, with dat. (§426) «ōceanus, -ī», m. _the ocean_ «octō», indecl. numeral adj. _eight_ «oculus, -ī», m. _eye_ «officium, offi´cī», n. _duty_ «ōlim», adv. _formerly, once upon a time_ «ōmen, -inis», n. _sign, token, omen_ «ō-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus» [[«ob», _over, past_, + «mittō», _send_]], _let go, omit_. «consilium omittere», _give up a plan_ «omnīnō», adv. [[«omnis», _all_]], _altogether, wholly, entirely_ «omnis, -e», adj. _all, every._ Cf. «tōtus» «onerāria, -ae», f. [[«onus», _load_]], with «nāvis» expressed or understood, _merchant vessel, transport_ «onus, -eris», n. _load, burden_ «opīniō, -ōnis», f. [[«opīnor», _suppose_]], _opinion, supposition, expectation_ «oppidānus, -ī», m. [[«oppidum», _town_]], _townsman_ «oppidum, -ī», n. _town, stronghold_ «opportūnus, -a, -um», adj. _suitable, opportune, favorable_ «op-primō, -ere, -pressī, -pressus» [[«ob», _against_, + «premō», _press_]], (_press against_), _crush; surprise_ «oppugnātiō, -ōnis», f. _storming, assault_ «oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«ob», _against_, + «pugnō» _fight_]], _fight against, assault, storm, assail_ «optimē», adv. in superl. degree, compared «bene, melius, optimē», _very well, best of all_ (§323) «optimus, -a, -um», adj. in superl. degree, compared «bonus, melior, optimus», _best, most excellent_ (§311) «opus, -eris», n. _work, labor, task_ (§464.2.b) «ōrāculum, -ī», n. [[«ōrō», _speak_]], _oracle_ «ōrātor, -ōris», m. [[«ōrō», _speak_]], _orator_ «orbis, -is», m. _ring, circle_. «orbis terrārum», _the earth, world_ «orbita, -ae», f. [[«orbis», _wheel_]], _rut_ «Orcus, -ī», m. _Orcus, the lower world_ «ōrdō, -inis», m. _row, order, rank_ (§247.2.a) «orīgo, -inis», f. [[«orior», _rise_]], _source, origin_ «orior, -īrī, ortus sum», dep. verb, _arise, rise, begin; spring, be born_ «ōrnāmentum, -ī», n. [[«ōrnō», _fit out_]], _ornament, jewel_ «ōrnātus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «ōrnō», _fit out_]] _fitted out; adorned_ «ōrnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _fit out, adorn_
P
«P.», abbreviation for «Pūblius» «paene», adv. _nearly, almost_ «palūdāmentum, -ī», n. _military cloak_ «palūs, -ūdis», f. _swamp, marsh_ «pānis, -is», m. _bread_ «pār, paris», adj. _equal_ (§471. III) «parātus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «parō», _prepare_]], _prepared, ready_ «parcō, -ere, peper´cī» («parsī»), «parsūrus», _spare_, with dat. (§501.14) «pāreō, -ēre, -uī, ----», _obey_, with dat. (§501.14) «parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _prepare for, prepare; provide, procure_ «pars, partis», f. _part, share; side, direction_ «parum», adv., compared «minus, minimē», _too little, not enough_ (§323) «parvus, -a, -um», adj., compared «minor, minimus», _small, little_ (§311) «passus, -ūs», m. _step, pace_. «mīlle passuum», _thousand paces, mile_ (§331.b) «pateō, -ēre, patuī, ----», _lie open, be open; stretch, extend_ «pater, -tris», m. _father_ (§464.2.a) «patior, -ī, passus sum», dep. verb, _bear, suffer, allow, permit_ «patria, -ae», f. [[cf. «pater», _father_]], _fatherland_, (_one’s_) _country_ «paucus, -a, -um», adj. (generally plur.), _few, only a few_ «paulisper», adv. _for a little while_ «paulō», adv. _by a little, little_ «paulum» adv. _a little, somewhat_ «pāx, pācis», f. (no gen. plur.), _peace_ «pecūnia, -ae», f. [[«pecus», _cattle_]], _money_ «pedes, -itis», m. [[«pēs», _foot_]], _foot soldier_ «pedester, -tris, -tre», adj. [[«pēs», _foot_]], _on foot; by land_ «peior, peius, -ōris», adj. in comp. degree, compared «malus, peior, pessimus», _worse_ (§311) «pellis, -is», f. _skin, hide_ «penna, -ae», f. _feather_ «per», prep. with acc. _through, by means of, on account of_. In composition it often has the force of _thoroughly, completely, very_ (§340) «percussus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «percutiō», _strike through_]], _pierced_ «per-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus» [[«per», _through_, + «dūcō», _lead_]], _lead through_. «fossam perdūcere», _to construct a ditch_ «per-exiguus, -a, -um», adj. [[«per», _very_, + «exiguus», _small_]], _very small, very short_ «perfidus, -a, -um», adj. _faithless, treacherous, false_ «per-fringō, -ere, -frēgī, -frāctus» [[«per», _through_, «frangō», _break_]], _shatter_ «pergō, -ere, perrēxī, perrēctus» [[«per», _through_, + «regō», _conduct_]], _go on, proceed, hasten_ «perīculum, -ī», n. _trial, test; danger_ «peristȳlum, -ī», n. _peristyle_, an open court with columns around it «perītus, -a, -um», adj. _skillful_ «perpetuus, -a, -um», adj. _perpetual_ «Perseus, -eī», _Perseus_, a Greek hero, son of Jupiter and Danaë «persōna, -ae», f. _part, character, person_ «per-suādeō, -ēre, -suāsī, -suāsus» [[«per», _thoroughly_, + «suādeō», _persuade_]], _persuade, advise_, with dat. (§501.14), often with an object clause of purpose (§501.41) «per-terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itus» [[«per», _thoroughly_, + «terreō», _frighten_]], _thoroughly terrify, alarm_ «per-veniō, -īre, -vēnī, -ventus» [[«per», _through_, + «veniō», _come_]], _arrive, reach, come to_ «pēs, pedis», m. _foot_. «pedem referre», _retreat_ (§247.2.a) «pessimus, -a, -um», adj. in superl. degree, compared «malus, peior, pessimus», _worst_ (§311) «petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītus», _strive for, seek, beg, ask; make for, travel to_. Cf. «postulō, quaerō, rogō» «Pharsālus, -ī», f. _Pharsa´lus_ or _Pharsa´lia_, a town in Thessaly, near which Cassar defeated Pompey, 48 B.C. «philosophia, -ae», f. _philosophy_ «philosophus, -ī», m. _philosopher_ «pictus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «pingō», _paint_]], _colored, variegated_ «pīlum, -ī», n. _spear, javelin_ (§462.b) «piscīna, -ae», f. [[«piscis», _fish_]], _fish pond_ «piscis, -is», m. _fish_ «pīstor, -ōris», m. _baker_ «placeō. -ēre, -uī, -itus», _please, be pleasing_, with dat. (§501.14) «plānitiēs, -ēī», f. [[«plānus», _level_]], _plain_ «plānus, -a, -um», adj. _level, flat_ «plēnus, -a, -um», _full_ «plūrimum», adv. in superl. degree, compared «multum, plūs, plūrimum», _very much_. «plūrimum valēre», _be most influential_ (§322) «plūrimus, -a, -um», adj. in superl. degree, compared «multus, plūs, plūrimus», _most, very many_ (§311) «plūs, plūris», adj. in comp. degree, compared «multus, plūs, plūrimus»; sing. n. as substantive, _more_; plur. _more, several_ (§311) «pluteus, -ī», m. _shield, parapet_ «poena, -ae», f. _punishment, penalty_ «poēta, -ae», m. _poet_ «pompa, -ae», f. _procession_ «Pompēiī, -ōrum», m. _Pompeii_, a city of Campania. See map «Pompēius, Pompē´ī», m. _Pompey_, a Roman name «pōmum, -ī», n. _apple_ «pōnō, -ere, posuī, positus», _put, place_. «castra pōnere», _pitch camp_ «pōns, pontis», m. _bridge_ (§247.2.a) «popīna, -ae», f. _restaurant_ «populus, -ī», m. _people_ «Porsena, -ae», m. _Porsena_, king of Etruria, a district of Italy. See map «porta, -ae», f. _gate, door_ «portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _bear, carry_ «portus, -ūs», m. [[cf. «porta», _gate_]], _harbor_ «possideō, -ēre, -sēdī, -sessus», _have, own, possess_ «possum, posse, potuī, ----», irreg. verb [[«potis», _able_, + «sum», _I am_]], _be able, can_ (§495). «nihil posse», _have no power_ «post», prep, with acc. _after, behind_ (§340) «posteā», adv. [[«post», _after_, + «eā», _this_]], _afterwards_ («posterus»), «-a, -um», adj., compared «posterior, postrēmus» or «postumus», _following, next_ (§312) «postquam», conj. _after, as soon as_ «postrēmō», adv. [[abl. of «postrēmus», _last_]], _at last, finally_. Cf. «dēmum, dēnique» (§322) «postrīdiē», adv. [[«posterō», _next_, + «diē», _day_]], _on the next day_ «postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _ask, demand, require_. Cf. «petō, quaerō, rogō» «potentia, -ae», f. [[«potēns», _able_]], _might, power, force_ «prae-beō, -ēre, -uī, -itus» [[«prae», _forth_, + «habeō», _hold_]], _offer, give_ «praeda, -ae», f. _booty, spoil, plunder_ «prae-dīcō, -ere, -dīxī, -dictus» [[«prae», _before_, + «dīcō», _tell_]], _foretell, predict_ «prae-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus» [[«prae», _before_, + «faciō», _make_]], _place in command_, with acc. and dat. (§501.15) «prae-mittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missus» [[«prae», _forward_, + «mittō», _send_]], _send forward_ «praemium, praemī», n. _reward, prize_ «praeruptus, -a, -um» [[part. of «prae-rumpō», _break off_]], _broken off, steep_ «praesēns, -entis», adj. _present, immediate_ «praesertim», adv. _especially, chiefly_ «praesidium, praesi´di», n. _guard, garrison, protection_ «prae-stō, -āre, -stitī, -stitus» [[«prae», _before_, + «sto», _stand_]], (_stand before_), _excel, surpass_, with dat. (§501.15); _show, exhibit_ «prae-sum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus» [[«prae», _before_, + «sum», _be_]], _be over, be in command of_, with dat. (§501.15) «praeter», prep, with acc. _beyond, contrary to_ (§340) «praetereā», adv. [[«praeter», _besides_, + «eā», _this_]], _in addition, besides, moreover_ «praetextus, -a, -um», adj. _bordered, edged_ «praetōrium, praetō´rī», n. _prætorium_ «prandium, prandī», n. _luncheon_ «premō, -ere, pressī, pressus», _press hard, compress; crowd, drive, harass_ («prex, precis»), f. _prayer_ «prīmō», adv. [[«prīmus», _first_]], _at first, in the beginning_ (§322) «prīmum», adv. [[«prīmus», _first_]], _first_. «quam primum», _as soon as possible_ «prīmus, -a, -um», adj. in superl. degree, compared «prior, prīmus», _first_ (§315) «prīnceps, -cipis», m. [[«prīmus», _first_, + «capiō», _take_]], (_taking the first place_), _chief, leader_ (§464.1) «prior, prius, -ōris», adj. in comp. degree, superl., «prīmus», _former_ (§315) «prīstinus, -a, -um», adj. _former, previous_ «prō», prep, with abl. _before; for, for the sake of, in behalf of; instead of, as_ (§209). In composition, _forth, forward_ «prō-cēdō, -ere, -cussī, -cessūrus» [[«prō», _forward_, + «cēdō», _go_]], _go forward, proceed_ «procul», adv. _far, afar off_ «prō-currō, -ere, -currī» («-cucurrī»), «-cur-sus» [[«prō», _forward_, + «currō», _run_]], _run forward_ «proelium, proeli», n. _battle, combat_. «proelium committere», _join battle_. «proelium facere», _fight a battle_ «profectiō, -ōnis», f. _departure_ «proficīscor, -ī, -fectus sum», dep. verb, _set out, march_. Cf. «ēgredior, exeō» «prō-gredior, -ī, -gressus sum», dep. verb [[«prō», _forth_, + «gradior», _go_]], _go forth, proceed, advance_. Cf. «pergō, prōcēdō» «prōgressus», see «prōgredior» «prohibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus» [[«prō», _forth, away from_, + «habeō», _hold_]], _keep away from, hinder, prevent_ «prō-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -mōtus» [[«prō», _forward_, + «moveō», _move_]], _move forward, advance_ «prō-nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«prō», _forth_, + «nūntiō», _announce_]], _proclaim, declare_ «prope», adv., compared «propius, proxi-mē», _nearly_. Prep, with acc. _near_ «prō-pellō, -ere, -pulī, -pulsus» [[«prō», _forth_, + «pellō», _drive_]], _drive forth; move, impel_ «properō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«properus», _quick]], go quickly, hasten_. Cf. «contendō, maturō» «propinquus, -a, -um», adj. [[«prope», _near]], near, neighboring_ «propior, -ius, -ōris», adj. in comp. degree, superl., «proximus», _nearer_ (§315) «propius», adv. in comp. degree, compared «prope, propius, proximē», _nearer_ (§323) «propter», prep. with acc. _on account of, because of_ (§340) «prō-scrībō, -ere, -scrīpsī, -scriptus» [[«prō», _forth_, + «scribō», _write_]], _proclaim, publish_. Cf. «prōnūntiō» «prō-sequor, -sequī, -secūtus sum», dep. verb [[«prō», _forth_, + «sequor», _follow]], escort, attend_ «prō-sum, prōdesse, prōfuī, prōfutūrus» [[«prō», _for_, + «sum», _be_]], _be useful, benefit_, with dat. (§§496; 501.15) «prō-tegō, -ere, -tēx=i], -tēctus» [[«prō», _in front_, + «tegō», _cover]], cover in front, protect_ «prōvincia, -ae», f. _territory, province_ «proximē», adv. in superl. degree, compared «prope, propius, proximē», _nearest, next; last, most recently_ (§323) «proximus, -a, -um», adj. in superl. degree, compared «propior, proximus», _nearest, next_ (§315) «pūblicus, -a, -um», adj. [[«populus»,_people_]], _of the people, public_, «res pūblica», _the commonwealth_ «puella, -ae», f. [[diminutive of «puer», _boy_]], _girl, maiden_ «puer, -eri», m. _boy; slave_ (§462.c) «pugna, -ae», f _-fight, battle._ Cf. «proelium» «pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«pugna», _battle]], fight_. Cf. «contendō, dīmicō» «pulcher, -chra, -chrum», adj. _beautiful, pretty_ (§§469.b; 304) «Pullō, -ōnis», m. _Pullo_, a centurion «pulsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _strike, beat_ «puppis, -is» (acc. «-im», abl. «-ī»), f. _stern_ of a ship, _deck_ «pūrē», adv. [[«pūrus», _pure_]], comp. «pūrius», _purely_ «pūrgō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _cleanse, clean_ «purpureus, -a, -um», adj. _purple, dark red_ «putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _reckon, think_ (§420,_c_). Cf. «arbitror, exīstimō» «Pȳthia, -ae», f. _Pythia_, the inspired priestess of Apollo at Delphi
Q
«quā dē causā», _for this reason, wherefore_ «quā rē», _therefore, for this reason_ «quaerō, -ere, -sīvī, -sītus», _seek, ask, inquire_. Cf. «petō, postulō, rogō» «quālis, -e», interrog. pronom. adj. _of what sort, what kind of_. «talis ... qualis», _such ... as_ «quam», adv. _how_; after a comparative, _than_; with a superlative, translated _as...as possible_, «quam prīmum», _as soon as possible_ «quantus, -a, -um», adj. [[«quam», _how]], how great, how much_, «tantus ... quantus», _as great as_ «quārtus, -a, -um», numeral adj. [[«quattuor», _four_]], _fourth_ «quattuor», indecl. numeral adj. _four_ «quattuor-decim», indecl. numeral adj. _fourteen_ «-que», conj., enclitic, _and_ (§16). Cf. «ac, atque, et» «quī, quae, quod», rel. pron. and adj. _who, which, what, that_ (§482) «quia», conj. _because_. Cf. «quod» «quīdam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam)», indef. pron. and adj. _a certain one, a certain, a_ (§485). «quidem», adv. _to be sure, certainly, indeed_, «nē ... quidem», _not even_ «quiēs, -ētis», f. _rest, repose_ «quiētus, -a, -um», adj. _quiet, restful_ «quīndecim», indecl. numeral adj. _fifteen_ «quīngentī, -ae, -a», numeral adj. _five hundred_ «quīnque», indecl. numeral adj. _five_ «quīntus, -a, -um», numeral adj. _fifth_ «quis (quī), quae, quid (quod)», interrog. pron. and adj. _who? what? which?_ (§483). «quis (quī), qua (quae), quid (quod)», indef. pron. and adj., used after «sī, nisi, nē, num», _any one, anything, some one, something, any, some_ (§484). «quisquam, quicquam» or «quidquam» (no fem. or plur.), indef. pron. _any one_ (at all), _anything_ (at all) (§486). «quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque)», indef. pron. and adj. _each, each one, every_ (§484). «quō», interrog. and rel. adv. _whither, where_ «quō», conj. _in order to, that_, with comp. degree (§350). «quod», conj. _because, in that_. Cf. «quia» «quoque», conj., following an emphatic word, _also, too_. Cf. «etiam» «quot-annīs», adv. [[«quot», _how many_ + «annus», _year_]], _every year, yearly_ «quotiēns», interrog. and rel. adv. _how often? as often as_
R
«rādīx, -īcis», f. _root; foot_ «rapiō, -ere, -uī, -tus», _seize, snatch_ «rārō», adv. [[«rārus», _rare_]], _rarely_ «rārus, -a, -um», adj. _rare_ «re-» or «red-», an inseparable prefix, _again, back, anew, in return_ «rebelliō, -ōnis», f. _renewal of war, rebellion_ «recēns, -entis», adj. _recent_ «re-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus» [[«re-», _back_, + «capiō», _take_]], _take back, receive_. «sē recipere», _withdraw, retreat_ «re-clīnātus, -a, -um», part. of «reclīnō», _leaning back_ «re-creātus, -a, -um», part. of «recreō», _refreshed_ «rēctus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «regō», _keep straight_]], _straight, direct_ «re-cūsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _refuse_ «red-āctus, -a, -um», part. of «redigō», _reduced, subdued_ «red-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus» [[«red-», _back_, + «eō», _go_]], _go back, return_ (§413). Cf. «revertō» «reditus, -ūs», m. [[cf. «redeō», _return_]], _return, going back_ «re-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus» [[«re-», _back_, + «dūcō», _lead_]], _lead back_ «re-ferō, -ferre, rettulī, -lātus» [[«re-», _back_, + «ferō», _bear_]], _bear back; report_. «pedem referre», _withdraw, retreat_ «re-ficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus» [[«re-», _again_, + «faciō», _make_]], _make again, repair_. «sē reficere», _refresh one’s self_ «rēgīna, -ae», f. [[«rēx», _king_]], _queen_ «regiō, -ōnis», f. _region, district_ «rēgnum, -ī», n. _sovereignty; kingdom_ «regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctus» [[cf. «rēx», _king_]], _govern, rule_ (§490) «re-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus» [[«re-», _back_, + «iaciō», _hurl_]], _hurl back; throw away_ «re-linquō, -ere, -līquī, -lictus» [[«re-», _behind_, + «linquō», _leave_]], _leave behind, leave, abandon_ «reliquus, -a, -um», adj. [[cf. «relinquō», _leave_]], _left over, remaining_. As a noun, plur. _the rest_ «remōtus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «re-moveō», _remove_]], _remote, distant_ «re-moveō, -ēre, -mōvī, -motus» [[«re-», _back_, + «moveō», _move_]], _remove_ «rēmus, -ī», m. _oar_ «re-periō, -īre, repperī, repertus», _find_ «re-portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«re-», _back_, + «portō», _carry_]], _carry back, bring back, win, gain_ «rēs, reī», f. _thing, business, matter, deed, event, circumstance_ (§467). «quam ob rem», _for this reason_. «rēs adversae», _adversity_. «rēs frūmentāria», _grain supplies_. «rēs gestae», _exploits_. «rēs militāris», _science of war_. «rēs pūblica», _the commonwealth_. «rēs secundae», _prosperity_ «re-scindō, -ere, -scidī, -scissus» [[«re-», _back_, + «scindō», _cut_]], _cut off, cut down_ «re-sistō, -ere, -stitī», ---- [[«re-», _back_, + «sistō», _cause to stand_]], _oppose, resist_, with dat. (§501.14) «re-spondeō, -ēre, -spondī, -spōnsus» [[«re-», _in return_, + «spondeō», _promise_]], answer, reply (§420.a) «re-vertō, -ere, -ī», ----, or dep. verb «re-vertor, -ī, -sus sum» [[«re-», _back_, + «vertō», _turn_]], _turn back, return_. Usually active in the perf. system «re-vinciō, -īre, -vīnxī, -vīnctus» [[«re-», _back_, + «vinciō», _bind_]], _fasten_ «rēx, rēgis», m. [[cf. «regō», _rule_]], _king_ «Rhēnus, -ī», m. _the Rhine_, a river of Germany «rīpa, -ae», f. _bank_ «rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _ask_. Cf. «petō, postulō, quaerō» «Rōma, -ae», f. _Rome_. See map «Rōmānus, -a, -um», adj. [[«Rōma», _Rome_]], _Roman_, follows its noun. As a noun, m. and f. _a Roman_ «rosa, -ae», f. _rose_ «rōstrum, -ī», n. _beak_ of a ship. In plur., _the rostra_, the speaker’s stand in the Roman Forum «rota, -ae», f. _wheel_ «Rubicō, -ōnis», m. _the Rubicon_, a river in northern Italy. See map «rūmor, -ōris», m. _report, rumor_ «rūrsus», adv. [[for «reversus», _turned back_]], _again, in turn_ «rūs, rūris» (locative abl. «rūrī», no gen., dat., or abl. plur.), n. _the country_ (§501.36.1). Cf. «ager, patria, terra»
S
«Sabīnus, -a, -um», adj. _Sabine_. As a noun, m. and f. _a Sabine_. The Sabines were an ancient people of central Italy. See map «sacrum, -ī», n. [[«sacer», _consecrated_]], _something consecrated, sacrifice;_ usually in plur., _religious rites_ «saepe», adv., compared «saepius, saepissimē», _often, frequently_ «saevus, -a, -um», adj. _cruel, savage_ «sagitta, -ae», f. _arrow_ «saliō, -īre, -uī, saltus», _jump_ «salūs, -ūtis», f. _safety; health_. «salūtem dīcere», _send greetings_ «salūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«salūs», _health_]], _greet, salute_ «salvē», imv. of «salveō», _hail, greetings_ «sanguis, -inis», m. _blood_ (§247.2.a] «sānitās, -ātis», f. [[«sānus», _sound_]], _health, sanity_ «sapiēns, -entis», adj. [[part. of «sapiō», _be wise_]], _wise, sensible_ «satis», adv. and indecl. noun, _enough, sufficient, sufficiently_ «saxum, -ī», n. _rock, stone_ «scelus, -eris», n. _crime, sin_ «scēptrum, -ī», n. _scepter_ «schola, -ae», f. _school_, the higher grades. Cf. «lūdus» «scientia, -ae», f. [[«sciēns», _knowing_]], _skill, knowledge, science_ «scindō, -ere, scidī, scissus», _cut, tear_ «sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus», _know_ (§420.b). Cf. «cognōscō» «scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus», _write_ «scūtum, -ī», n. _shield, buckler_ «sē», see «suī» «sēcum» = «sē» + «cum» «secundus, -a, -um», adj. [[«sequor», _follow_]], _following, next, second; favorable, successful_. «rēs secundae», _prosperity_ «sed», conj. _but, on the contrary_. «nōn sōlum ... sed etiam», _not only ... but also_ «sēdecim», indecl. numeral adj. _sixteen_ «sedeō, -ēre, sēdī, sessus», _sit_ «semper», adv. _always, forever_ «senātus, -ūs», m. [[cf. «senex», _old_]], _council of elders, senate_ «sentiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsus», _feel, know, perceive_ (§420.d). Cf. «intellegō», «videō» «septem», indecl. numeral adj. _seven_ «septimus, -a, -um», numeral adj. _seventh_ «sequor, -ī, secūtus sum», dep. verb, _follow_ (§493) «serpēns, -entis», f. [[«serpō», _crawl_]], _serpent, snake_ «sertae, -ārum», f. plur. _wreaths, garlands_ «servitūs, -ūtis», f. [[«servus», _slave_]], _slavery, servitude_ «servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _save, rescue, keep_ «servus, -ī», m. _slave_ «sēsē», emphatic for «sē» «sex», indecl. numeral adj. _six_ «Sextus, -ī», m. _Sextus_, a Roman first name «sī», conj. _if_ «sīc», adv. _thus, in this way_. Cf. «ita», «tam» «Sicilia, -ae», f. _Sicily_. See map «sīc-ut», _just as, as if_ «signifer, -erī», m. [[«signum», _standard_, + «ferō», _bear_]], _standard bearer_ (p. 224) «signum, -ī», n. _ensign, standard; signal_ «silva, -ae», f. _wood, forest_ «similis, -e», adj., compared «similior, simillimus», _like, similar_ (§307) «simul», adv. _at the same time_ «simul ac» or «simul atque», conj. _as soon as_ «sine», prep. with abl. _without_ (§209) «singulī, -ae, -a», distributive numeral adj. _one at a time, single_ (§334) «sinister, -tra, -trum», adj. _left_ «Sinuessa, -ae», f. _Sinues´sa_, a town in Campania. See map «sitis, -is» (acc. «-im», abl. «-ī», no plur.), f. _thirst_ «situs, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «sinō», _set_]], _situated, placed, lying_ «socius, socī», m. _comrade, ally_ «sōl, sōlis» (no gen. plur.), m. _sun_ «soleō, -ēre, solitus sum», semi-dep. verb, _be wont, be accustomed_ «sollicitus, -a, -um», adj. _disturbed, anxious_ «sōlum», adv. [[«sōlus», _alone_]], _alone, only_. «nōn sōlum ... sed etiam», _not only ... but also_ «sōlus, -a, -um» (gen. «-īus», dat. «-ī»), adj. _alone, only_ (§108) «solvō, -ere, solvī, solūtus», _loosen, unbind_. «nāvem solvere», _set sail_ «somnus, -ī», m. _sleep_ «soror, -ōris», f. _sister_ «spatium, spatī», n. _space, distance; time; opportunity_ «spectāculum, -ī», n. [[«spectō», _look at_]], _show, spectacle_ «spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _look at, witness_ «spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[spēs, _hope_]], _hope, expect_ (§420.c) «spēs, speī», f. _hope_ (§273.2) «splendidē», adv. [[«splendidus»]], compared «splendidius, splendidissimē», _splendidly, handsomely_ «splendidus, -a, -um», adj. _brilliant, gorgeous, splendid_ «Stabiānus, -a, -um», _Stabian_ «stabulum, -ī», n. [[cf. «stō», _stand_]], _standing place, stable, stall_ «statim», adv. [[cf. «stō», _stand_]], _on the spot, at once, instantly_ «statua, -ae», f. [[«sistō», _place, set_]], _statue_ «statuō, -ere, -uī, -ūtus» [[«status», _station_]], _decide, determine_ «stilus, -ī», m. _iron pencil, style_ (p. 210) «stō, -āre, stetī, status», _stand_ «strātus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «sternō», _spread_]], _paved_ (of streets) «strepitus, -ūs», m. [[«strepō», _make a noise_]], _noise, din_ «stringō, -ere, strīnxī, strictus», _bind tight; draw, unsheathe_ «studeō, -ēre, -uī, ----», _give attention to, be eager_, with dat. (§501.14) «studium, studī», n. [[cf. «studeō», _be eager for_]], _eagerness, desire, zeal, devotion_ «stultus, -a, -um», adj. _foolish, stupid_ «Stymphālis, -idis», adj. f. _Stymphalian, of Stympha´lus_, a lake in southern Greece «Stymphālus, -ī», m. _Stympha´lus_, a district of southern Greece with a town, mountain, and lake, all of the same name «suādeō, -ēre, -sī, -sus», _advise, recommend_, with subjv. of purpose (§501.41) «sub», prep, with acc. and abl. _under, below, up to; at_ or _to the foot of_ «sub-igō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctus» [[«sub», _under_, + «agō», _drive_]], _subdue, reduce_ «subitō», adv. [[«subitus», _sudden_]], _suddenly_ «sub-sequor, -ī, -secūtus sum», dep. verb [[«sub», _below_, + «sequor», _follow_]], _follow close after, follow up_ «suc-cēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessus» [[«sub», _below_, + «cēdō», _go_]], _follow, succeed_ «suī», reflexive pron. _of himself (herself, itself, themselves)_ (§480). «sēcum» = «sē» + «cum». «sēsē», emphatic form of «sē» «sum, esse, fuī, futūrus», irreg. verb, _be; exist_ (§494) «summus, -a, -um», adj. in superl. degree, compared «superus, superior, suprēmus» or «summus» (§312), _supreme, highest; best, greatest_. «in summō colle», _on the top of the hill_ «sūmō, -ere, sūmpsī, sūmptus», _take up; assume, put on_. «sūmere supplicium dē», _inflict punishment on_ «super», prep. with acc. and abl. _over, above_ «superbia, -ae», f. [[«superbus», _proud_]], _pride, arrogance_ «superbus, -a, -um», adj. _proud, haughty_ «superior», comp. of «superus» «superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«superus», _above_]], _go over; subdue, overcome; surpass, excel_ «super-sum, -esse, -fuī, ----», _be over, survive_, with dat. (§501.15) «superus, -a, -um», adj., compared «superior, suprēmus» or «summus», _above, upper_ (§312) «supplicium, suppli´cī», n. [[«supplex», _kneeling in entreaty_]], _punishment, torture_. «supplicium sūmere dē», _inflict punishment on_. «supplicium dare», _suffer punishment_ «surgō, -ere, surrēxī», ---- [[«sub», _from below_, + «regō», _straighten_]], _rise_ «sus-cipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptus» [[«sub», _under_, + «capiō», _take_]], _undertake, assume, begin_ «suspicor, -ārī, -ātus sum», dep. verb, _suspect, surmise, suppose_ «sus-tineō, -ēre, -tinuī, -tentus» [[«sub», _under_, + «teneō», _hold_]], _hold up, bear, sustain, withstand_ «suus, -a, -um», reflexive possessive adj. and pron., _his, her, hers, its, their, theirs_ (§98)
T
«T.», abbreviation of «Titus» «taberna, -ae», f. _shop, stall_ «tabula, -ae», f. _tablet_ for writing «tālis, -e», adj. _such_. «tālis ... quālis», _such ... as_ «tam», adv. _so, such_. Cf. «ita, sīc» «tamen», adv. _yet, however, nevertheless_ «tandem», adv. _at length, finally_ «tangō, -ere, tetigī, tāctus», _touch_ «tantum», adv. [[«tantus»]], _only_ «tantus, -a, -um», adj. _so great, such_. «tantus ... quantus», _as large as_ «tardus, -a, -um», adj. _slow, late; lazy_ «Tarpēia, -ae», f. _Tarpeia_ (pronounced _Tar-pē´ya_), the maiden who opened the citadel to the Sabines «Tarquinius, Tarqui´nī», _Tarquin_, a Roman king. With the surname «Superbus», _Tarquin the Proud_ «Tarracīna, -ae», f. _Tarraci´na_, a town in Latium. See map «taurus, -ī», m. _bull_ «tēctus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «tegō», _cover_]], _covered, protected_ «tēlum, -ī», n. _weapon_ «temerē», adv. _rashly, heedlessly_ «tempestās, -ātis», f. [[«tempus», _time_]] _storm, tempest_ «templum, -ī», n. _temple, shrine_ «tempto, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _try, test; make trial of, attempt_ «tempus, -oris», n. _time_ (§464.2.b). «in reliquum tempus», _for the future_ «teneō, -ēre, tenuī», ----, _hold, keep_ «tergum, -ī», n. _back_, «ā tergō», _on the rear_, «tergum vertere», _retreat, flee_ «ternī, -ae, -a», distributive numeral adj. _three each, by threes_ (§334) «terra, -ae», f. _earth, ground, land_. «orbis terrārum», _the whole world_ «terror, -ōris», m. [[cf. «terreō», _frighten_]], _dread, alarm, terror_ «tertius, -a, -um», numeral adj. _third_ «Teutonēs, -um», m. _the Teutons_ «theātrum, -ī», n. _theater_ «Thēbae, -ārum», f. _Thebes_, a city of Greece «Thēbānī, -ōrum», m. _Thebans_, the people of Thebes «thermae, -ārum», f. plur. _baths_ «Thessalia, -ae», f. _Thessaly_, a district of northern Greece «Thrācia, -ae», f. _Thrace_, a district north of Greece «Tiberius, Tibe´rī», m. _Tiberius_, a Roman first name «tībīcen, -īnis», m. [[cf. «tībia», _pipe_]], _piper, flute player_ «timeō, -ēre, -uī», ----, _fear, be afraid of_. Cf. «vereor» «timor, -ōris», m. [[cf. «timeō», _fear_]], _fear, dread, alarm_. Cf. «metus» «Tīryns, Tīrynthis», f. _Ti´ryns_, an ancient town in southern Greece, where Hercules served Eurystheus «toga, -ae», f. [[cf. «tegō», _cover_]], _toga_ «tormentum, -ī», n. _engine of war_ «totiēns», adv. _so often, so many times_ «tōtus, -a, -um», (gen. «-īus», dat. «-ī»), adj. _all, the whole, entire_ (§108) «trā-dō, -ere, -didī, -ditus» [[«trāns», _across_, + «dō», _deliver_]], _give up, hand over, surrender, betray_ «trā-dūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus» [[«trāns», _across_, + «dūcō», _lead_]], _lead across_ «trahō, -ere, trāxī, trāctus», _draw, pull, drag_. «multum trahere», _protract, prolong much_ «trā-iciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectus» [[«trāns», _across_, + «iaciō», _hurl_]], _throw across; transfix_ «trā-nō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«trāns», _across_, + «nō», _swim_]], _swim across_ «trāns», prep. with acc. _across, over_ (§340) «trāns-eō, -īre, -iī, -itus» [[«trāns», _across_, + «eō», _go_]], _go across, cross_ (§413) «trāns-fīgō, -ere, -fīxī, -fīxus» [[«trāns», _through_, + «fīgō», _drive_]], _transfix_ «trānsitus», ---- (acc. «-um», abl. «-ū»), m. [[cf. «trānseō», _cross over_]], _passage across_ «trēs, tria», numeral adj. _three_ (§479) «trīduum, trīduī», n. [[«trēs», _three_, + «diēs», _days_]], _three days’ time, three days_ «trīgintā», indecl. numeral adj. _thirty_ «triplex, -icis», adj. _threefold, triple_ «trīstis, -e», adj. _sad; severe, terrible_ «trīstitia, -ae», f. [[«trīstis», _sad_]], _sadness, sorrow_ «triumphō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«triumphus», _triumph_]], _celebrate a triumph_ «triumphus, -ī», m. _triumphal procession, triumph_. «triumphum agere», _celebrate a triumph_ «trucīdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _cut to pieces, slaughter._ Cf. «interficiō», «necō», «occīdō» «tū, tuī» (plur. «vōs»), pers. pron. _thou, you_ (§480) «tuba, -ae», f. _trumpet_ «Tullia, -ae», f. _Tullia_, a Roman name «tum», adv. _then, at that time_ «turris, -is», f. _tower_ (§465.2) «tūtus, -a, -um», adj. _safe_ «tuus, -a, -um», possessive adj. and pron. _your, yours_ (§98)
U
«ubi», rel. and interrog. adv. _where, when_ «ūllus, -a, -um» (gen. «-īus», dat. «-ī»), adj. _any_ (§108) «ulterior, -ius, -ōris», adj. in comp. degree, superl. «ultimus», _farther, more remote_ (§315) «ultimus, -a, -um», adj. in superl. degree (see «ulterior»), _farthest_ (§315) «umbra, -ae», f. _shade_ «umerus, -ī», m. _shoulder_ «umquam», adv. _ever, at any time_ «ūnā», adv. [[«ūnus», _one_]], _in the same place, at the same time_ «ūndecimus, -a, -um», numeral adj. [[«ūnus», _one_, + «decimus», _tenth_]], _eleventh_ «undique», adv. _from every quarter, on all sides, everywhere_ «ūnus, -a, -um» (gen. «-īus», dat. «-ī»), numeral adj. _one; alone_ (§108) «urbs, -is», f. _city_ (§465.a) «urgeō, -ēre, ursī», ----, _press upon, crowd, hem in_ «ūrus, -ī», m. _wild ox, urus_ «ūsque», adv. _all the way, even_ «ūsus, -ūs», m. _use, advantage_ «ut», conj. with the subjv. _that, in order that, that not_ (with verbs of fearing), _so that, to_ (§350.1) «uter, -tra, -trum» (gen. «-īus», dat. «-ī»), interrog. pron. _which of two? which?_ (§108) «uterque, utraque, utrumque», indef. pron. _each of two, each, both_. «ab utrāque parte», _on both sides_ «ūtilis, -e», adj. [[«ūtor», _use_]], _useful_ «utrimque», adv. [[«uterque», _each of two_]], _on each side, on either hand_ «ūva, -ae», f. _grape, bunch of grapes_ «uxor, -ōris», f. _wife_
V
«vāgīna, -ae», _sheath, scabbard_ «vagor, -ārī, -ātus sum», dep. verb, _wander_ «valeō, -ēre, -uī, -itūrus», _be powerful, be well_; in the imperative as a greeting, _farewell_. «plūrimum valēre», _have the most power_ «valētūdō, -inis», f. [[«valeō», _be well_]], _health_ «validus, -a, -um», adj. [[cf. «valeō», _be strong_]], _strong, able, well_ «vallēs, -is», f. _valley_ «vāllum, -ī», n. _rampart, earthworks_ «varius, -a, -um», adj. _bright-colored_ «vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«vāstus», _empty_]], _(make empty), devastate, lay waste_ «vectīgal, -ālis», n. _tax, tribute_ «vehementer», adv. [[«vehemēns», _eager_]], compared «vehementius, vehementissimē», _eagerly, vehemently_ «vehō, -ere, vexī, vectus», _convey, carry_. In the passive often in the sense of _ride, sail_ «vel», conj. _or_. «vel ... vel», _either ... or_. Cf. «aut» «vēlōcitās, -ātis», f. [[«vēlōx», _swift_]], _swiftness_ «vēlōx, -ōcis», adj. _swift, fleet_ «vēlum, -ī», n. _sail_ «vēndō, -ere, vēndidī, vēnditus», _sell_ «veniō, -īre, vēnī, ventus», _come, go_ «ventus, -ī», m. _wind_ «verbum, -ī», n. _word_. «verba facere prō», _speak in behalf of_ «vereor, -ērī, -itus sum», dep. verb, _fear; reverence, respect_ (§493). Cf. «timeō» «Vergilius, Vergi´lī», m. _Vergil_, the poet «vergō, -ere, ----, ----», _turn, lie_ «vērō», adv. [[«vērus», _true_]], _in truth, surely;_ conj. _but, however_. «tum vērō», _then you may be sure_, introducing the climax of a story «vertō, -ere, -tī, -sus», _turn, change_. «tergum vertere», _retreat, flee_ «vērus, -a, -um», _true, actual_ «vesper, -erī», m. _evening_ «vester, -tra, -trum», possessive adj. and pron. _your, yours_ (§98) «vestīgium, vestī´gī», n. [[cf. «vestīgō», _track_]], _footstep, track, trace_ «vestīmentum, -ī», n. [[«vestis», _clothing_]], _garment_ «vestiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus» [[«vestis», _clothing_]], _clothe, dress_ «vestis, -is», f. _clothing, attire, garment, robe_ «vestītus, -a, -um», adj. [[part. of «vestiō», _clothe_]], _clothed_ «Vesuvius, Vesu´vi», m. _Vesuvius_, the volcano near Pompeii. See map «veterānus, -a, -um», adj. _old, veteran_ «vetō, -āre, -uī, -itus», _forbid, prohibit_ «vexō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _trouble, annoy_ «via, -ae», f. _way, road, street; way, manner_. Cf. «iter» «viātor, -ōris», m. [[«via»]], _traveler_ «victor, -ōris», m. [[«vincō», _conquer_]], _conqueror, victor_. In apposition, with adj. force _ victorious_ «victōria, -ae», f. [«victor», _victor_], _victory_ «vīcus, -ī», m. _village_ «videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsus», _see, perceive_. Pass. _be seen; seem_ (§420.d) «vigilia,-ae», f. [[«vigil» _awake_]], watch. «dē tertia vigilia», _about the third watch_ «vīgintī», indecl. numeral adj. _twenty_ «vīlicus, -ī», m. [[«vīlla», _farm_]], _steward, overseer of a farm_ «vīlla, -ae», f. _farm, villa_ «vinciō, -īre, vīnxī, vīnctus», _bind, tie,fetter_ «vincō, -ere, vīcī, victus», _conquer, defeat, overcome_. Cf. «subigō, superō» «vīnea, -ae», f. _shed_ (p. 219) «vīnum, -ī», n. _wine_ «violenter», adv. [[«violentus», _violent_]], compared «violentius, violentissimē», _violently, furiously_ «vir, virī», m. _man, husband; hero_ (§462.c) «virīlis, -e», adj. [[vir, _man_]], _manly_ «virtūs, -ūtis», f. [[«vir», _man_]], _manliness; courage, valor; virtue_ (§464.1) «vīs», («vīs»), f. _strength, power, might, violence_ (§468) «vīta, -ae», f. [[cf. «vīvō», _live_]], _life_, «vītam agere», _spend or pass life_ «vīto, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _shun, avoid_ «vīvō, -ere, vīxī, ----», _live_. Cf. «habitō, incolō» «vīvus, -a, -um», adj. [[cf. «vīvō», _live_]], _alive, living_ «vix», adv. _scarcely, hardly_ «vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus», _call, summon, invite_. Cf. «appellō, nōminō» «volō, -āre, -āvī, -ātūrus», _fly_ «volō, velle, voluī, ----», irreg. verb, _will, be willing; wish_ (§497). Cf. «cupio» «volūmen, -inis», n. _roll, book_ «Vorēnus, -ī», m. _Vore´nus_, a centurion «vōs», pers. pron.; _you_ (see «tū») (§480) «vōtum, -ī», n. [[neut. part. of «voveō», _vow_]], _vow, pledge, prayer_ «vōx, vōcis», f. [[cf. «vocō», _call_]], _voice, cry; word_ «vulnerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus» [[«vulnus», _wound_]], _wound, hurt_ «vulnus, -eris», n. _wound, injury_ «vulpēs, -īs», f. _fox_
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY
This vocabulary contains only the words used in the English-Latin exercises. For details not given here, reference may be made to the Latin-English vocabulary. The figures 1, 2, 3, 4, after verbs indicate the conjugation.
A
«a, an», _commonly not translated_ «able (be)», possum, posse, potuī, ----(§495) «abode», domicilium, domici´lī, _n._ «about» (_adv._), circiter «about» (_prep._), dē, _with abl._ «about to», _expressed by fut. act. part._ «abundance», cōpia, -ae, _f._ «across», trāns, _with acc._ «active», ācer, ācris, ācre «advance», prōgredior, 3 «advantage», ūsus, -ūs, _m._ «advise», moneō, 2 «after» (_conj_.), postquam; _often expressed by the perf.part._ «after» (_prep._), post, _with acc._ «against», in, contrā, _with acc._ «aid», auxilium, auxi´lī, _n._ «all», omnis, -e; tōtus, -a, -um (§108) «allow», patior, 3 «ally», socius, socī, _m._ «almost», paene; ferē «alone», ūnus, -a, -um; sōlus, -a, -um (§108) «already», iam «also», quoque «always», semper «ambassador», lēgātus, -ī, _m._ «among», apud, _with acc._ «ancient», antīquus, -a, -um «and», et; atque (ac); -que «and so», itaque «Andromeda», Andromeda, -ae, _f._ «angry», īrātus, -a, um «animal», animal, -ālis, _n._ «announce», nūntiō, 1 «annoying», molestus, -a, -um «another», alius, -a, -ud (§109) «any», ūllus, -a, -um (§108) «any one, anything», quisquam, quicquam _or_ quidquam (§486) «appearance», fōrma, -ae, _f._ «appoint», creō, 1 «approach», adpropinquō, 1, _with dat._ «are», _used as auxiliary, not translated_; _as a copula_, sum (§494) «arise», orior, 4 «arm», bracchium, bracchī, _n._ «armed», armātus, -a, -um «arms», arma, -ōrum, _n. plur._ «army», exercitus, -ūs, _m._ «around», circum, _with acc._ «arrival», adventus, -us, _m._ «arrow», sagitta, -ae, _f._ «art of war», rēs mīlitāris «as possible», _expressed by_ quam _and superl._. «ask», petō, 3; quaerō, 3; rogō, 1 «assail», oppugnō, 1 «at», in, _with acc. or abl.; with names of towns, locative case or abl. without a preposition_ (§268); _time when, abl._ «at once», statim «at the beginning of summer», initā aestāte «Athens», Athēnae, -ārum, _f._ «attack», impetus, -us, _m._ «attempt», cōnor, 1; temptō, 1 «away from», ā _or_ ab, _with abl._
B
«bad», malus, -a, -um «baggage», impedīmenta, -ōrum, _n. plur._ «bank», rīpa, -ae, _f._ «barbarians», barbarī, -ōrum, _m. plur._ «battle», proelium, proelī, _n._; pugna, -ae. _f._ «be», sum (§494) «be absent, be far», absum (§494) «be afraid», timeō, 2; vereor, 2 «be away», absum (§494) «be in command of», praesum, _with dat._ (§§494, 426) «be informed», certior fīō «be off, be distant», absum (§494) «be without», egeō, _with abl._ (§180) «beast (wild)», fera, -ae, _f._ «beautiful», pulcher, -chra, -chrum «because», quia; quod «because of», propter, _with acc._; _or abl. of cause_ «before, heretofore» (_adv._), anteā «before» (_prep._), ante, _with acc._; prō, _with abl._ «begin», incipiō, 3 «believe», crēdō, 3, _with dat._ (§153) «belong to», _predicate genitive_ (§409) «best», optimus, _superl. of_ bonus «betray», trādō, 3 «better», melior, _comp. of_ bonus «between», inter, _with acc._ «billow», fluctus, -us, _m._ «bird», avis, -is, _f._ (§243.1) «blood», sanguis, -inis, _m._ «body», corpus, -oris. _n._ «bold», audāx, -ācis; fortis, -e «boldly», audācter; fortiter «boldness», audācia, -ae, _f._ «booty», praeda, -ae, _f._ «both, each» (_of two_), uterque, utraque, utrumque «both ... and», et ... et «boy», puer, -erī, _m._ «brave», fortis, -e «bravely», fortiter «bridge», pōns, pontis, _m._ «bright», clārus, -a, -um «bring back», reportō, 1 «bring upon», īnferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus, _with acc. and dat._ (§426) «brother», frāter, -tris, _m._ «building», aedificium, aedifi´cī. _n._ «burn», cremō, 1; incendō, 3 «business», negōtium, negō´tī, _n._ «but, however», autem, sed «by», ā, ab, _with abl._; _denoting means, abl. alone_; _sometimes implied in a participle_ «by night», noctū
C
«Cæsar», Caesar, -aris, _m._ «calamity», calamitās, -ātis, _f._ «call», vocō, 1; appellō, 1; nōminō, 1 «call together», convocō, 1 «camp», castra, -ōrum, _n. plur._ «can, could», possum, posse, potuī, ---- (§495) «capture», capiō, 3; occupō, 1 «care», cūra, -ae, _f._ «care for», cūrō, 1 «careful», attentus, -a, -um «carefulness», dīligentia, -ae, _f._ «carry», ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus (§498); portō, 1 «carry on», gerō, 3 «cart», carrus, -ī, _m._ «cause», causa, -ae, _f._ «cavalry», equitātus, -ūs, _m._ «cease», cessō, 1 «Cepheus», Cēpheus, -ī, _m._ «certain (a)», quīdam, quaedam, quoddam (quiddam) (§485) «chicken», gallīna, -ae, _f._ «chief», prīnceps, -cipis, _m._ «children», līberī, -ōrum, _m.plur._ «choose», dēligō, 3 «choose, elect», creō, 1 «citizen», cīvis, -is, _m. and f._ (§243.1) «city», urbs, urbis, _f._ «clear», clārus, -a, -um «cohort», cohors, -rtis, _f._ «come», veniō, 4 «command», imperō, 1, _with dat._ (§45); iubeō, 2; praesum, _with dat._ (§426) «commit», committō, 3 «commonwealth», rēs pūblica, reī pūblicae «concerning», dē, _with abl._ «conquer», superō, 1; vincō, 3 «construct» (_a ditch_), perdūcō, 3 «consul», cōnsul, -ulis, _m._ «contrary to», contrā, _with acc._ «Corinth», Corinthus, -ī, _f._ «Cornelia», Cornēlia, -ae, _f._ «Cornelius», Cornēlius, Cornē´li, _m._ «corselet», lōrīca, -ae, _f._ «cottage», casa, -ae, _f._ «country», _as distinguished from the city_, rūs, rūris, _n.; as territory_, fīnēs, -ium, _m., plur. of_ fīnis «courage», virtūs, -ūtis, _f._ «crime», scelus, -eris, _n._ «cross», trānseō, 4 (§499) «crown», corōna, -ae, _f._
D
«daily», cotīdiē «danger», perīculum, -ī, _n._ «daughter», fīlia, -ae, _f._ (§67) «day», diēs, -ēī, _m._ «daybreak», prīma lūx «dear», cārus, -a, -um «death», mors, mortis, _f._ «deed», rēs, reī, _f._ «deep», altus, -a, -um «defeat», calamitās, -ātis, _f._ «defend», dēfendō, 3 «delay» (_noun_), mora, -ae, _f._ «delay» (_verb_), moror, 1 «demand», postulō, 1 «dense», dēnsus, -a, -um «depart», discēdō, 3; exeō, 4; proficīscor, 3 «dependent», cliēns, -entis, _m._ «design», cōnsilium, consi´lī _n._ «desire», cupiō, 3 «destroy», dēleō, 2 «Diana», Diāna, -ae, _f._ «differ», differō, differre, distulī, dīlātus (§498) «different», dissimilis, -e «difficult», difficilis, -e «difficulty», difficultās, -ātis, _f._ «diligence», dīligentia, -ae, _f._ «dinner», cēna, -ae, _f._ «disaster», calamitās, -ātis, _f._ «distant (be)», absum, -esse, āfuī, āfutūrus (§494) «ditch», fossa, -ae, _f._ «do», agō, 3; faciō, 3; _when used as auxiliary, not translated_ «down from», dē, _with abl._ «drag», trahō, 3 «drive», agō, 3 «dwell», habitō, 1; incolō, 3; vīvō, 3 «dwelling», aedificium, aedifi´cī, _n._
E
«each», quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) (§484) «each of two», uterque, utraque, utrumque «each other», inter _with acc. of a reflexive_ «eager», ācer, ācris, ācre; alacer, alacris, alacre «eager (be)», studeō, 2 «eagerness», studium, studī, _n._ «eagle», aquila, -ae, _f._ «easily», facile «easy», facilis, -e «either ... or», aut ... aut «empire», imperium, impe´rī, _n._ «employ», negōtium dō «encourage», hortor, 1 «enemy», hostis, -is, _m. and f._; inimīcus, -ī, _m._ «enough», satis «entire», tōtus, -a, -um (§108) «expectation», opīniō, -ōnis, _f._ «eye», oculus, -ī, _m._
F
«faithless», perfidus, -a, -um «famous», clārus, -a, -um «far», longē «farmer», agricola, -ae, _m._ «farther», ulterior, -ius «father», pater, patris, _m._ «fatherland», patria, -ae, _f._ «favor», faveō, 2 «favorable», idōneus, -a,-um; secundus, -a, -um «fear», metus, -ūs, _m._; timor, -ōris, _m._ «fear, be afraid», timeō, 2 «few», paucī, -ae, -a «field», ager, agrī, _m._ «fifteen», quīndecim «fight», contendō, 3; pugnō, 1 «find», reperiō, 4 «finish», cōnficiō, 3 «fire», ignis, -is, _m._ (§243.1) «firmness», cōnstantia, -ae, _f._ «first», prīmus, -a, -um «flee», fugiō, 3 «flight», fuga, -ae, _f._ «fly», volō, 1 «foe», see «enemy» «follow close after», subsequor, 3 «food», cibus, -ī, _m._ «foot», pēs, pedis, _m._ «foot-soldier», pedes, -itis, _m._ «for» (_conj._), enim, nam «for» (_prep._), _sign of dat._; dē, prō, _with abl.; to express purpose_, ad, _with gerundive; implied in acc. of time and of extent of space_ «for a long time», diū «forbid», vetō, 1 «forces», cōpiae, -ārum, _f., plur. of_ cōpia «forest», silva, -ae, _f._ «fort», castellum, -ī, _n._; castrum, -ī, _n._ «fortification», mūnitiō, -ōnis, _f._ «fortify», mūniō, 4 «fortune», fortūna, -ae, _f._ «fourth», quārtus, -a, -um «free», līber, -era, -erum «free, liberate», līberō, 1 «frequent», crēber, -bra, -brum «friend», amīcus, -ī, _m._ «friendly» (_adj._), amīcus, -a, -um «friendly» (_adv._), amīcē «friendship», amīcitia, -ae, _f._ «frighten», perterreō, 2 «from», ā _or_ ab, dē, ē, ex, _with abl._ _Often expressed by the separative ablative without a prep._ «from each other», inter, _with acc. of a reflexive pron._ «full», plēnus, -a, -um
G
«Galba», Galba, -ae, _m._ _garland_, corōna, -ae, _f._ «garrison», praesidium, praesi´dī, _n._ «gate», porta, -ae, _f._ «Gaul», Gallia, -ae, _f._ «Gaul» («a»), Gallus, -ī, _m._ «general», imperātor, -ōris, _m._ «Geneva», Genāva, -ae, _f._ «gentle», lēnis, -e «German», Germānus, -a, -um «Germans» («the»), Germānī, -ōrum, _m. plur_. «Germany», Germānia, -ae, _f._ «get» (_dinner_), parō, 1 «girl», puella, -ae, _f._ «give», dō, dare, dedī, datus «give over, surrender», dēdō, 3; trādō, 3 «give up», omittō, 3 «go», eō, 4 (§499) «go forth», prōgredior, 3 «god», deus, -ī, _m._ (§468) «goddess», dea, -ae, _f._ (§67) «gold», aurum, -ī, _n._ «good», bonus, -a, -um «grain», frūmentum, -ī, _n._ «grain supply», rēs frūmentāria «great», ingēns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um «greatest», maximus, -a, -um; summus, -a, -um «guard», praesidium, praesi´dī, _n._
H
«hand», manus, -ūs, _f._ «happy», laetus, -a, -um «harbor», portus, -ūs, _m._ «hasten», contendō, 3; mātūrō, 1; properō, 1 «hateful», invīsus, -a, -um «haughty», superbus, -a, -um «have», habeō, 2 «have no power», nihil possum «he», is; hic; iste; ille; _or not expressed_ «head», caput, -itis, _n._ «hear», audiō «heart», animus, -ī, _m._ «heavy», gravis, -e «Helvetii» («the»), Helvētiī, -ōrum, _m. plur._ «hem in», contineō, 2 «hen», gallīna, -ae, _f._ «her», eius; huius; istīus; illīus; _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (§116) «hide», abdō, 3 «high», altus, -a, -um «highest», summus, -a, -um «hill», collis, -is, _m._ «himself», suī. See «self» «hindrance», impedīmentum, -ī, _n._ «his», eius; huius; istīus; illīus; _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (§116) «hither», citerior, -ius (§315) «hold», teneō, 2 «home», domus, -ūs, _f._ (§468). «at home», domī (§267) «hope» (_noun_), spēs, speī, _f._ «hope» (_verb_), spērō, 1 «horse», equus, -ī, _m._ «horseman», eques, -itis, _m._ «hostage», obses, -idis, _m. and f._ «hostile», inimīcus, -a, -um «hour», hōra, -ae, _f._ «house», domicilium, domici´lī, _n._; domus, -ūs, _f._ (§468) «hurl», iaciō, 3
I
«I», ego (§280); _or not expressed_ «if», sī. «if not», nisi «ill», aeger, -gra, -grum «immediately», statim «in» (_of place_), in, _with abl._; (of time or of specification) _abl. without prep._ «in order that», ut, _with subjv._; «in order that not, lest», nē, _with subjv._ «in vain», frūstrā «industry», dīligentia, -ae, _f._ «inflict injuries upon», iniūriās īnferō _with dat._ (§426) «inflict punishment on», supplicium sūmō de «inform some one», aliquem certiōrem faciō «injure», noceō, 2, _with dat._ (§153) «injury», iniūria, -ae, _f._ «into», in, _with acc._ «intrust», committō, 3; mandō, 1 «invite», vocō, 1 «is», _used as auxiliary, not translated_; _as a copula_, sum (§494) «island», īnsula, -ae, _f._ «it», is; hie; iste; ille; _or not expressed_ «Italy», Italia, -ae, _f._ «its», eius; huius; istīus; illīus; _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (§116) «itself», suī. See «self»
J
«join battle», proelium committō «journey», iter, itineris, _n._ (§468) «judge» (_noun_), iūdex, -icis, _m._ «judge» (_verb_), iūdicō, 1 «Julia», Iūlia, -ae, _f._ «just now», nūper
K
«keep», contineō, 2; prohibeo, 2; teneō, 2 «keep on doing something», _expressed by the impf. indic._ «kill», interficiō, 3; necō, 1; occīdō, 3 «king», rēx, rēgis, _m._ «kingdom», rēgnum, -ī, _n._ «know», cognōscō, 3, _in perf._; sciō, 4
L
«labor» (_noun_), labor, -ōris, _m._ «labor» (_verb_), labōrō, 1 «lack» (_noun_), inopia, -ae, _f._ «lack» (_verb_), egeō, 2, _with abl._ (§180) «lady», domina, -ae, _f._ «lake», lacus, -ūs, _m._ (§260.2) «land», terra, -ae, _f._ «language», lingua, -ae, _f._ «large», ingēns, -entis; magnus, -a, -um «larger», maior, maius «lately», nūper «Latona», Lātōna, -ae, _f._ «law», lēx, lēgis, _f._ «lay waste», vāstō, 1 «lead», dūco, 3 «leader», dux, ducis, _m. and f._ «learn, know», cognōscō, 3 «leave, depart from», discēdō, 3 «leave behind, abandon», relinquō, 3 «left», sinister, -tra, -trum «legion», legiō, -ōnis, _f._ «legionaries», legiōnāriī, -ōrum, _m. plur._ «length», longitūdō, -inis, _f._ «lest», nē, _with subjv._ «letter» (_of the alphabet_), littera, -ae, _f_; (_an epistle_) litterae, -ārum, _f. plur_. «lieutenant», lēgātus, -ī, _m._ «light», lūx, lūcis, _f._ «like» (_adj._), similis, -e «like, love», amō, 1 «line of battle», aciēs, aciēī, _f._ «little», parvus, -a, -um «live», habitō, 1; incolō, 3; vīvō, 3 «long», longus, -a, -um «long, for a long time», diū «long for», dēsīderō, 1 «look after», cūrō, 1 «love», amō, 1
M
«maid, maid servant», ancilla, -ae,_f._ «make», faciō, 3 «make war upon», bellum īnferō _with dat._ (§426) «man», homō, -inis, _m. and f._; vir, virī, _m._ «man-of-war», nāvis longa «many», multī, -ae, -a, _plur. of_ multus «march», iter, itineris, _n._ (§468) «Mark», Mārcus, -ī, _m._ «marriage», mātrimōnium, mātrimō´nī, _n._ «master», dominus, -ī, _m._; magīster, -trī, _m._ «matter», negōtium, negō´tī, _n._; rēs, reī, _f._ «means, by means of», _the abl._ «messenger», nūntius, nūntī, _m._ «midnight», media nox «mile», mīlle passuum (§331.b) «miles», mīlia passuum «mind», animus, -ī, _m._; mēns, mentis, _f._ «mine», meus, -a, -um «mistress», domina, -ae, _f._ «money», pecūnia, -ae, _f._ «monster», mōnstrum, -ī, _n._ «month», mēnsis, -is, _m._ «moon», lūna, -ae, _f._ «more» (_adj._), plūs, plūris (§313); _or a comparative. Adverb_, magis «most» (_adj._), plūrimus, -a, -um; _superl. degree. Adverb_, maximē; plūrimum «mother», māter, mātris, _f._ «mountain», mōns, montis, _m._ «move», moveō, 2 «moved», commōtus, -a, -um «much (by)», multō «multitude», multitūdō, -inis. _f._ «my», meus, -a, -um «myself», mē, _reflexive_. See «self»
N
«name», nōmen, -inis, _n._ «nation», gēns, gentis, _f._ «near», propinquus, -a, -um «nearest», proximus, -a, -um «nearly», ferē «neighbor», fīnitimus, -ī, _in._ «neighboring», fīinitimus, -a, -um «neither», neque _or_ nec; «neither ... nor», neque (nec) ... neque (nec) «never», numquam «nevertheless», tamen «new», novus, -a, -um «next day», postrīdiē eius diēī «next to», proximus, -a, -um «night», nox, noctis, _f._ «nine», novem «no», minimē; _or repeat verb with a negative_ (§210) «no, none», nūllus, -a, -um (§109) «no one», nēmō, nūllīus «nor», neque _or_ nec «not», nōn «not even», nē ... quidem «not only ... but also», nōn sōlum ... sed etiam «nothing», nihil _or_ nihilum, -ī, _n._ «now», nunc «number», numerus, -ī, _m._
O
«obey», pāreō, 2, _with dat._ (§153) «of», _sign of gen._; dē, _with abl._; «out of», ē _or_ ex, _with abl._ «often», saepe «on» (_of place_), in, _with abl._; (_of time_) _abl. without prep._ «on account of», propter, _with acc._; _or abl. of cause._ «on all sides», undique «once» (_upon a time_), ōlim «one», ūnus, -a, -um (§108) «one ... another», alius ... alius (§110) «only» (_adv._), sōlum; tantum «opportune», opportunus, -a, -um «opposite», adversus, -a, -um «oracle», ōrāculum, -ī, _n._ «orator», ōrātor, -ōris, _m._ «order», imperō, 1; iubeō, 2 «ornament», ōrnāmentum, -ī, _n._ «other», alius, -a, -ud (§109) «others (the)», reliquī, -ōrum, _m. plur._ «ought», dēbeō, 2 «our», noster, -tra, -trum «ourselves», nōs, _as reflexive object._ See «self» «overcome», superō, 1; vincō, 3 «own (his, her, its, their)», suus, -a, -um
P
«part», pars, partis, _f._ «peace», pāx, pācis, _f._ «people», populus, -ī, _m._ «Perseus», Perseus, -ī, _m._ «persuade», persuādeō, 2, _with dat._ (§153) «pitch camp», castra pōnō «place» (_noun_), locus, -ī, _m._ «place, arrange», conlocō, 1 «place, put», pōnō, 3 «place in command», praeficiō, 3, _with acc. and dat._ (§426) «plan (a)», cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī, _n._ «please», placeō, 2, _with dat._ (§154) «pleasing», grātus, -a, -um «plow», arō, 1 «Pompeii», Pompēiī, -ōrum, _m. plur._ «possible (as)», _expressed by_ quam _and superl_. «powerful (be)», valeō, 2 «praise», laudō, 1 «prefer», mālō, mālle, māluī, ---- (§497) «prepare for», parō, 1, _with acc._ «press hard», premō, 3 «protection», fidēs, fideī, _f._ «province», prōvincia, -ae, _f._ «public», pūblicus, -a, -um «Publius», Pūblius, Pūblī, _m._ «punishment», poena, -ae, _f._; supplicium, suppli´cī, _n._ «purpose, for the purpose of», ut, quī, _or_ quō, _with subjv._; ad, _with gerund or gerundive_; causā, _following the genitive of a gerund or gerundive_ «pursue», īnsequor, 3
Q
«queen», rēgīna, -ae, _f._ «quickly», celeriter «quite», _expressed by the comp. degree_
R
«rampart», vāllum, -ī, _n._ «rear», novissimum agmen «reason», causa, -ae, _f._ «receive», accipiō, 3; excipiō, 3 «recent», recēns, -entis «recently», nūper «redoubt», castellum, -ī, _n._ «refuse», recūsō, 1 «remain», maneō, 2 «remaining», reliquus, -a, -um «reply», respondeō, 2 «report» (_noun_), fama, -ae, _f._; rūmor, -ōris, _m._ «report» (_verb_), adferō; dēferō; referō (§498) «republic», rēs pūblica «require», postulō, 1 «resist», resistō, 3, _with dat._ (§154) «rest (the)», reliquī, -ōrum, _m. plur._ «restrain», contineō, 2 «retainer», cliēns, -entis, _m._ «retreat», pedem referō; terga vertō «return», redeō, 4; revertor, 3 «revolution», rēs novae «Rhine», Rhēnus, -ī, _m._ «right», dexter, -tra, -trum «river», flūmen, -inis, _n._; fluvius, fluvī, _m._ «road», via, -ae, _f._ «Roman», Rōmānus, -a, -um «Rome», Rōma, -ae, _f._ «row», ōrdō, -inis, _m._ «rule», regō, 3 «rumor», fāma, -ae, _f._; rūmor, -ōris, _m._ «run», currō, 3
S
«sacrifice», sacrum, -ī, _n._ «safety», salūs, -ūtis, _f._ «sail», nāvigō, 1 «sailor», nauta, -ae, _m._ «sake, for the sake of», causā, _following a gen._ «same», īdem, eadem, idem (§287) «savages», barbarī, -ōrum, _m. plur._ «save», servō, 1 «say», dīcō, 3 «school», lūdus, -ī, _m._; schola, -ae, _f._ «scout», explōrātor, -ōris, _m._ «sea», mare, -is, _n._ «second», secundus, -a, -um «see», videō, 2 «seek», petō, 3 «seem», videor, 2, _passive of_ videō «seize», occupō, 1; rapiō, 3 «self», ipse, -a, -um (§286); suī (§281) «send», mittō, 3 «set fire to», incendō, 3 «set out», proficīscor, 3 «seven», septem «Sextus», Sextus, -ī, _m._ «she», ea; haec; ista; illa (§115); _or not expressed_ «ship», nāvis, -is, _f._ (§243.1) «short», brevis, -e «shout», clāmor, -ōris, _m._ «show», dēmōnstrō, 1 «Sicily», Sicilia, -ae, _f._ «sick», aeger, -gra, -grum «side», latus, -eris, _n._ «siege», obsidiō, -ōnis, _f._ «since», cum, _with subjv._ (§396); _the abl. abs._ (§381) «sing», canō, 3; cantō, 1 «sister», soror, -ōris, _f._ «sit», sedeō, 2 «size», magnitūdō, -inis, _f._ «skillful», perītus, -a, -um «slave», servus, -ī, _m._ «slavery», servitiūs, -ūtis, _f._ «slow», tardus, -a, -um «small», parvus, -a, -um «snatch», rapiō, 3 «so», ita; sīc; tam «so great», tantus, -a, -um «so that», ut; «so that not», ut nōn «soldier», mīles, -itis, _m._ «some», _often not expressed_; quis (quī), qua (quae), quid (quod); aliquī, aliqua, aliquod «some one», quis; aliquis (§487) «some ... others», aliī ... aliī (§110) «something», quid; aliquid (§487) «son», fīlius, fīlī, _m._ «soon», mox «space», spatium, spatī, _n._ «spear», pīlum, -ī, _n._ «spirited», ācer, ācris, ācre; alacer, alacris, alacre «spring», fōns, fontis, _m._ «spur», calcar, -āris, _n._ «stand», stō, 1 «state», cīvitās, -ātis, _f._ «station», conlocō, 1 «steadiness», cōnstantia, -ae, _f._ «stone», lapis, -idis, _m._ «storm», oppugnō, 1 «story», fābula, -ae, _f._ «street», via, -ae, _f._ «strength», vīs, (vīs), _f._ «strong», fortis, -e; validus, -a, -um «sturdy», validus, -a, -um «such», tālis, -e «suddenly», subitō «suffer punishment», supplicium dō «sufficiently», satis «suitable», idōneus, -a, -um «summer», aestās, -ātis, _f._ «sun», sōl, sōlis, _m._ «supplies», commeātus, -ūs, _m._ «surrender», trādō, 3 «suspect», suspicor, 1 «swift», celer, -eris, -ere; vēlōx, -ōcis «sword», gladius, gladī, _m._
T
«take, capture», capiō, 3 «take part in», intersum, -esse, -fuī, -futūrus, _with dat._ (§426) «take possession of», occupō, 1 «tall», altus, -a, -um «task», opus, operis, _n._ «teach», doceō, 2 «teacher», magister, -trī, _m._ «tear» (_noun_), lacrima, -ae, _f._ «tell», dīcō, 3; nārrō, 1 «ten», decem «terrified», perterritus, -a, -um «terrify», perterreō, 2 «than», quam «that» (_conj. after verbs of saying and the like_), _not expressed_ «that» (_pron._), is; iste; ille «that, in order that», _in purpose clauses_, ut; _after verbs of fearing_, nē (§§349, 366, 372) «that not, lest», _in purpose clauses_, nē; _after verbs of fearing_, ut (§§349, 366, 372) «the», _not expressed_ «their», _gen. plur. of_ is; _reflexive_, suus, -a, -um (§116) «their own», suus, -a, -um (§116) «then, at that time», tum «then, in the next place», deinde, tum «there», _as expletive, not expressed_ «there, in that place», ibi «therefore», itaque «they», iī; hī; istī; illī; _or not expressed_ «think», arbitror, 1; exīstimō, 1; putō, 1 «third», tertius, -a, -um «this», hic, haec, hoc; is, ea, id «though», cum. _with subjv._ (§396) «thousand», mīlle (§479) «three», trēs, tria (§479) «through», per, _with acc._ «thy», tuus, -a, -um «time», tempus, -oris, _n._ «to», _sign of dat._; ad, in, _with acc._; _expressing purpose_, ut, quī, _with subjv._; ad, _with gerund or gerundive_ «to each other», inter, _with acc. of a reflexive pron._ «to-day», hodiē «tooth», dēns, dentis, _m._ «top of», summus, -a, -um «tower», turris, -is, _f._ (§243.2) «town», oppidum, -ī, _n._ «townsman», oppidānus, -ī, _m._ «trace», vestīgium, vestī´gī, _n._ «trader», mercātor, -ōris, _m._ «train», exerceō, 2 «tree», arbor, -oris, _f._ «tribe», gēns, gentis, _f._ «troops», cōpiae, -ārum, _f. plur._ «true», vērus, -a, -um «trumpet», tuba, -ae, _f._ «try», cōnor, 1; temptō, 1 «twelve», duodecim «two», duo, duae, duo (§479)
U
«under», sub, _with acc. or abl._ «undertake», suscipiō, 3 «unharmed», incolumis, -e «unless», nisi «unlike», dissimilis, -e «unwilling» («be»), nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ---- (§497) «up to», sub, _with acc._ «us», nōs, _acc. plur. of_ ego
V
«very», _superl. degree_; maximē; ipse, -a, -um (§285) «victor», victor, -ōris, _m._ «victory», victōria, -ae, _f._ «village», vīcus, -ī, _m._ «violence», vīs, (vīs), _f._ «violently», vehementer «voice», vōx, vōcis, _f._
W
«wage», gerō, 3 «wagon», carrus. -ī, _m._ «wall», mūrus, -ī, _m._ «want», inopia, -ae, _f._ «war», bellum, -ī, _n._ «watch», vigilia, -ae, _f._ «water», aqua, -ae, _f._ «wave», fluctus, -ūs, _m._ «way», iter, itineris, _n._ (§468); via, -ae, _f._ «way, manner», modus, -ī, _m._ «we», nōs, _plur. of_ ego; _or not expressed_ «weak», īnfīrmus, -a, -um «weapons», arma, -ōrum, _n. plur._; tēla, -ōrum, _n. plur._ «wear», gerō, 3 «weary», dēfessus, -a, -um «what», quis (quī), quae, quid (quod) (§483) «when», ubi; cum (§396); _often expressed by a participle_ «where», ubi «which», quī, quae, quod (§482); «which of two», uter, utra, utrum (§108) «while», _expressed by a participle_ «whither», quō «who» (_rel._), quī, quae (§482); (_interrog._) quis (§483) «whole», tōtus, -a, -um (§108) «whose», cuius; quōrum, quārum, quōrum, _gen. of_ quī, quae, quod, _rel._; _or of_ quis, quid, _interrog_. «why», cūr «wicked», malus, -a, -um «wide», lātus, -a, -um «width», lātitūdō, -inis, _f._ «wild beast», fera, -ae, _f._ «willing» («be»), volō, velle, voluī, ---- (§497) «win» (_a victory_), reportō, 1 «wind», ventus, -ī, _m._ «wine», vīnum, -ī, _n._ «wing», cornū, -ūs, _n._ «winter», hiems, -emis, _f._ «wisdom», cōnsilium, consi´lī, _n._ «wish», cupiō, 3; volō, velle, voluī, ---- (§497); «wish not», nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ---- (§497) «with», cum, _with abl.; sometimes abl. alone_ «withdraw», sē recipere «without», sine, _with abl._ «woman», fēmina, -ae, _f._; mulier, -eris, _f._ «wonderful», mīrus, -a, -um «word», verbum, -ī, _n._ «work», labor, -ōris, _m._; opus, -eris, _n._ «worse», peior, peius, _comp. of_ malus «worst», pessimus, -a, -um, _superl. of_ malus «wound» (_noun_), vulnus, -eris, _n._ «wound» (_verb_), vulnerō, 1 «wreath», corōna, -ae, _f._ «wretched», miser, -era, -erum «wrong», iniūria, -ae, _f._
Y
«year», annus, -ī, _m._ «yes», certē; ita; vērō; _or, more usually, repeat the verb_ (§210) «yonder (that)», ille, -a, -ud «you», _sing_. tū; _plur_. vōs (§480); _or not expressed_ «your», _sing_. tuus, -a, -um; _plur._ vester, -tra, -trum (§98.b)
Z
«zeal», studium, studī, _n._
INDEX
The numbers in all cases refer to sections.
«ā»-declension of nouns, 57, 461 «ā»-verbs, conjugation of, 488 «ablative» case, 48, 50 absolute, 381 after a comparative, 309 of accompaniment, 104 of agent, 181 of cause, 102 of description, 444, 445 of manner, 105 of means or instrument, 103 of measure of difference, 317 of place from which, 179 of place where, 265 of separation, 180 of specification, 398 of time, 275 «accent», 14-16 «accompaniment» abl. of, 104 «accusative» case, 33 as subject of the infinitive, 214 object, 37 of duration and extent, 336 of place to which, 263, 266 predicate, 392 with prepositions, 340 «adjectives», 54, 55 agreement, 65 comparison regular, 301 by adverbs, 302 irregular, 307, 311, 312, 315 declension of comparatives, 303 of first and second declensions, 83, 93, 469 of third declension, 250-257, 471 with the dative, 143 «adverbs», 319 comparison, 320, 323 formation regular, 320, 321 irregular, 322, 323 «agent» expressed by the abl. with _ā_ or _ab_, 181 «agreement» of adjectives, 65, 215.a of appositives, 81 of predicate nouns, 76 of relative pronouns, 224 of verbs, 28 «aliquis», 487 «alius», 108, 110, 470 «alphabet», 1-3 «alter», 108, 110 «antepenult», 9.3; accent of, 15 «apposition», 80, 81 «article» not used in Latin, 22.a
«base», 58
«cardinal numerals», 327-329, 478 «case», 32.2 «causal clauses» with _cum_, 395, 396 «cause», expressed by the abl., 102 «characteristic» subjv. of, 389, 390 «comparative» declension of, 303 «comparison» abl. of, 309 degrees of, 300 of adjectives, 300-315 irregular, 311-315, 473, 475 of adverbs regular, 320-476 irregular, 323, 477 positive wanting, 315 six adjectives in _-lis_, 307 «complementary infinitive», 215 «compound verbs» with the dative, 425, 426 «concessive» «clauses» with _cum_, 395, 396 «conjugation stems», 184 «conjugations» the four regular, 126, 488-491 irregular, 494-500 «consonants», 2 «copula», 21 «cum» conjunction, 395 «cum» preposition, 209
«dative» case, 43 of indirect object, 44, 45 of purpose, or end for which, 437 with adjectives, 143 with compound verbs, 426 with special verbs, 153 «dea» declension of, 67 «declension», 23, 32 «degree of difference» expressed by the abl., 317 «demonstrative adjectives and pronouns», 112-115, 290-292, 481 «deponent verbs», 338, 339, 493 «descriptive ablative and genitive», 441-445 «descriptive relative clause» with the subjv., 389, 390 «deus» declension of, 468 «difference, measure of», 316, 317 «diphthongs», 6 «direct statements», 414 «distributive numerals», 327.3, 334 «domī» locative, 267 «domus» declension of, 468 «duo» declension of, 479 «duration» of time, expressed by the acc., 336
«ē»-declension of nouns, 272, 273, 467 «ē»-verbs, conjugation of, 489 «ĕ»-verbs, conjugation of, 490 «ego» declension of, 280, 480 «enclitics», 16 «eō» conjugation of, 499 «extent» of space expressed by the acc., 336
«fearing» subjv. after verbs of, 370-372 «ferō» conjugation of, 498 «fifth or ē-declension», 272, 273, 467 «fīlia» declension of, 67 «fīlius» declension of, 87-89 «finite verb» defined, 173 «fīō» conjugation of, 500 «first conjugation», 488 «first or ā-declension», 57, 461 «fourth conjugation», 491 «fourth or u-declension», 259, 260, 466 «from» how expressed, 178-181 «future participle» formation of, 374.c «future perfect» formation of active, 187.3 passive, 202 «future tense» formation of, 137, 156
«gender» in English and in Latin, 60 in the first declension, 61 in the second declension, 72 in the third declension, 247 in the fourth declension, 260 in the fifth declension, 272 «general observations on declension», 74 «genitive» case English equivalents of, 33 of description, 443, 445 of nouns in _-ius_ and _-ium_, 87 partitive, 331 possessive, 38, 409 «gerund» a verbal noun, 402, 403 «gerundive» a verbal adjective, 404 with _ad_ to express purpose, 407
«hic» declension and use of, 290, 291 «how to read Latin», 17
«i» consonant, 3 «i»-stems of nouns, 231, 241-244 «ī»-verbs conjugation of, 491 «īdem» declension of, 287, 481 «iēns» declension of, 472 «ille» declension and use of, 290-293, 481 «imperative» formation of, 161, 175 irregular, 161.2 in commands, 161 «imperfect indicative», formation and use of, 133, 134, 165.1 «imperfect subjunctive», 354 «indefinite pronouns and adjectives», 296, 297, 484-487 «independent clauses», 219 «indirect object», 44, 45 «indirect questions», 430-432 «indirect statements», 414-419 «infinitive» as object, 213 as subject, 216 complementary, 215 definition of, 173 does not express purpose, 352 formation of, 126, 174, 205, 206 in indirect statements, 415-410 used as in English, 213-216 «inflection» defined, 23 «instrument» abl. of, 100.b, 103 «intensive pronoun» _ipse_, declension and use of, 285, 286, 481 «interrogative pronouns and adjectives», 225-227, 483 «intransitive verbs», defined, 20.a with the dative, 153 «iō-verbs of the third conj.», 492 «ipse» declension and use of, 285, 481 «irregular adjectives», 108 «irregular comparison» of adjectives, 307 311, 312 of adverbs, 323 «irregular nouns», 67, 246, 468 «irregular verbs», 494-500 «is» declension and use of, 113-116 «iste» declension and use of, 290, 292, 481 «iter» declension of, 468
«Latin word order», 68 «locative» case, 267
«magis and maximē» comparison by, 302 «mālō» conjugation of, 4.97 «manner» abl. of, 105 «means» abl. of, 103 «measure of difference» abl. of, 316, 317 «mīlle», declension of, 479 construction with, 331.a,b «moods», defined, 121
«-ne», enclitic in questions, 210 «nē», conj., _that not, lest_ with negative clauses of purpose, 350.II with verbs of fearing, 370 «nine irregular adjectives», 108-110 «nōlō» conjugation of, 497 «nominative» case, 35, 36 «nōnne» in questions, 210 «nōs» declension of, 280, 480 «nouns», 19. 2 first declension, 57, 461 second declension, 71-74,87-92,462 third declension, 230-247, 463-465 fourth declension, 259, 260, 466 fifth declension, 272, 273, 467 «num», in questions, 210 «number», 24 «numerals», 327-334, 478, 479
«o»-declension of nouns, 71-74, 87-92, 462 «object», 20 direct, 37 indirect, 44, 45 «order of words», 68 «ordinal numerals», 327. 2, 478
«participial stem», 201.2 «participles», defined, 203 agreement of, 204 formation, of present, 374.b of perfect, 201 of future, 374.c,d of deponent verbs, 375 tenses of, 376 translated by a clause, 377 «partitive genitive», 330, 331 «passive voice» defined, 163 formation of, 164, 202 «penult», 9.3 accent of, 15 «perfect indicative» formation, in the active, 185, 186 in the passive, 202 meaning of, 190 definite, 190 indefinite, 190 distinguished from the imperfect, 190 «perfect infinitive» active, 195 passive, 205 «perfect passive participle», 201 «perfect stem», 185 «perfect subjunctive» active, 361 passive, 362 «person», 122 «personal endings» active, 122 passive, 164 «personal pronouns», 280, 480 «place» where, whither, whence, 263-265 names of towns and _domus_ and _rūs_, 266-268 «pluperfect indicative» active, 187.2 passive, 202 «pluperfect subjunctive» active, 361 passive, 363 «plūs» declension of, 313 «possessive pronouns», 97, 98 «possum» conjugation of, 495 «predicate» defined, 19 «predicate adjective» defined, 55 «predicate noun», 75, 76 «prepositions» with the abl., 209 with the acc., 340 «present indicative», 128, 130, 147 «present stem», 126.a «present subjunctive», 344 «primary tenses», 356 «principal parts», 183 «pronouns» classification of, 278 defined, 19.2.a demonstrative, 481 indefinite, 297, 484-487 intensive, 285, 286, 481 interrogative, 483 personal, 480 possessive, 97, 98 reflexive, 281 relative, 220, 221 «pronunciation», 4-7 «prōsum» conjugation of, 496 «purpose» dative of, 436, 437 expressed by the gerund or gerundive with _ad_, 407 not expressed by the infinitive, 352 subjunctive of, 348-350, 365-367
«quality» gen. or abl. of, 441-445 «quam» with a comparative, 308 «quantity», 11-13 «questions» direct, 210 indirect, 430-432 «quī» declension and use of, 220,221, 482 «quīdam» declension of, 485 «quis» declension and use of, 225-227, 483 «quisquam» declension of, 486 «quisque» declension of, 484
«reflexive pronouns», 281 «relative clauses of characteristic or description», 389, 390 «relative clauses of purpose», 348, 349 «relative pronouns», 220, 221 «result clauses», 384-387 «reviews», 502-528 «rūs» constructions of, 266
«sē» distinguished from _ipse_, 285.a «second conjugation», 489 «second or o-declension», 71-93, 462 «sentences» simple, complex, compound, 219 «separation» abl. of, 180 «separative ablative», 178-181 «sequence of tenses», 356-358 «space» extent of, expressed by the acc., 336 «specification» abl. of, 398 «stems» of nouns, 230 of verbs, 184 «subject» defined, 19.2 of the infinitive, 213, 214 «subjunctive» formation of the present, 344 of the imperfect, 354 of the perfect, 361, 362 of the pluperfect, 361.c, 363 «subjunctive constructions» characteristic or description, 389, 390 indirect questions, 430-432 purpose, 349, 366, 372 result, 385, 386 time, cause, or concession, with _cum_, 395, 396 «subjunctive ideas», 346 «subjunctive tenses», 342, 343 «subordinate clauses», 219 «suī» declension of, 281, 480 «sum» conjugation of, 494 «suus» use of, 98.c, 116 «syllables», 8 division of, 9 quantity of, 13 «syntax» rules of, 501
«temporal clauses» with _cum_, 395, 396 «tense» defined, 120 «tense signs» imperfect, 133 future, 137, 156 pluperfect active, 187.2 future perfect active, 187.3 «tenses» primary and secondary, 356 sequence of, 357, 358 «third conjugation», 490, 492 «third declension of nouns» classes, 231, 463 consonant stems, 232-238, 464 gender, 247 i-stems, 241-244, 465 irregular nouns, 246 «time» abl. of, 275 «time» acc. of, 336 «towns» rules for names of, 266, 267, 268 «transitive verb», 20.a «trēs» declension of, 479 «tū» declension of, 280, 480 «tuus» compared with _vester_, 98. b
«u»-declension of nouns, 259, 260, 466 «ultima», 9. 3
«verbs» agreement of, 28 conjugation of, 126, 488-491 deponent, 338, 339, 493 irregular, 494-500 personal endings of, 122, 164 principal parts of, 183 «vester» compared with _tuus_, 98.b «vīs» declension of, 468 «vocabularies» English-Latin, pp. 332-343 Latin-English, pp. 299-331 special, pp. 283-298 «vocative» case, 56.a of nouns in _-us_ of the second declension, 73.b of proper nouns in _-ius_ and of _fīlius_, 88 «voice» defined, 163 «volō» conjugation of, 497 «vōs» declension of, 280, 480 «vowels» sounds of, 5, 6 quantity of, 12
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Two grammatical diagrams were given as images. They are shown here in plain-text format. Prepositions, section 179: _________ ā or ab | | ē or ex /____________| _____|_____________\ \ | Place | / |_________| | | dē | V Demonstrative pronouns, section 290: hic iste ille SPEAKER ---------->-------------->----------------> _this_, _he_; _that_, _he_; _that_, _he_ (near); (remote); (more remote)